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PHlJDNli TRINH VA BAT PHlJDNli
TRiNH 51EU VI(;T
Bai giang nay d~ c~p d~n cac phuong phap co ban giai phuong trlnh va b5t phtrong trlnh sieu viet (ten goi chung cua plurong trlnh bc1t phuong trinh mil va logarit). Cac dang bai toan nay Ilion luon co m~t trong cac o~ thi tuyen sinh vao D~i hoc, Cao dang trong nhirng nam 2002-2009, nh5t la voi cac d~ thi & phan ur chon cho trong chuong trinh nang cao.
§1. PHUONG TRINH MO vA PHUONG TRINH LOGARIT
D~ giai plurong trinh mii va plurong trinh logarit ta lam nlur sau:
- D~t dieu kien d~ phuong trinh co nghTa. Chu y rAng ngoai cac oi~u kien thong thtrong, cc1n nho d~n dieu kien sau:
D~ 10gf\x)g(X) co nghia ta cc1n co:
{f(X»O'f(X)~1 g (x) > 0
- Bang cac phep bi~n d6i co ban v~ ham s6 mil hoac logarit, hoac dung phep d~t An phu, phep logarit hoa ta quy phuong trlnh oa cho v~ cac phirong trlnh mii, plurong trlnh logarit co ban sau:
afh)= b, a>O 10gf\x)g(X) = 10gf(\)h(x)
Cac dang toan co ban:
Loai 1: Phuong phap d~t ~n phu d~ giai plurong trinh sieu viet:
BAng each d?t An phu ta quy phuong trlnh mil, phuong trlnh logarit ban dAu v~ phuong trlnh d~i s6 thong tlurong (phuong trlnh chua hoac khong chua can tlurc). Giai cac plurong trinh trung gian nay, sau d6 se quy v~ giai cac phirong trinh mil, logarit CO' ban d~ tim ra nghiem cua plurong trinh ban dAu.
Thi du I: (D2 IIIi luyJII sill" D{li IUlc kluJi A - 2008)
Giai phuong trinh: 10g~x_1 (2x~ + x-I)+ 10g'''1 (2x-I)~ =4 (I).
GhH
Di~u kien d~ (I) co nghiern la
{2X - 1 > 0, 2x - 1 ~ 1 { 1 x>-
x + 1 > 0, x + I ~ I<=>' 2 (2).
2x~ + x -1> 0 x ~ I
358
Ap dung cong tlurc d6i cc 56, ta co: 10gHI (2x2 + x -I)
(I)~ () +210gx+I(2x-I)=4
10gx+1 2x-1
logx+I(2x-I)+logx+l(x+l) '1 ('1 _ )._
~ () + _logx+1 _x I - 4
10gx+1 2x-1
I
~ 1+ ( ) +210gx+I(2x-I)=4 (3).
10gx+1 2x-1
D~t t = IOg,+1(2x - I), khi do (3) co dang
2t + ~ - 3 = 0 ~ 2t2- 3t + I = 0 ~ [t = II
t t =-
2
rIOgX+I(2X-I)=1 [X+I=2X-1 {X=21 [X=2
I ~ ~ x~-,x:;t:1 ~ 5
logx+I(2x-I)=- ~ =2x-1 2 X=-.
2 4x2-5x=0 4
TIIi dl! 2: (DJ thl luyill sinh kllai A - 2006)
Giai phirong trinh: 3.8' + 4. 12" - 18" - 2.27" = 0 (I).
Vi 27'> 0 nen ta co
( 8 )X ( 12 )X (18 )X
(I) ~ 3 - +4 - - - -2=0
27 27 27
(2 )3X ( 2 )2X ( '1 )X
~ 3"3 + 4"3 . - ~ - 2 = 0 (2).
D~t t = (% r > 0, khi do (2) co dang
3e+4e-t-2=0 ~ (t+ 1)2(3t-2)=0 ~ t= ~ (dot>O). 3
V~y ta co: (%r =% ~ x =1.
TIIf dl! 3: (Bi II,i luyi" sinl: kllai B - 2007)
Giai phuong trinh: (J;. - I r + ( J2 + I r - 2J2 = 0 (I).
Ghii
Do (J2 - 1)( J2 + I) = I nen n~lI d~t t = (J2 -I r > 0, thi
(I) ~ t+~ -2J2 =0 ~ t2 -2J2t + 1 =0
t
359
[t =.fi - 1 [( J2 -I r = J2 -I [X = 1
t=J2+1 ~ (J2-lf =(J2-lrl ~ x=-J.
TIJi dfl 4: (Di 1/,; fuyin sinl: kh6; D - 2007) .
Giai phirong trinh: log2 (4)( + 15.2)( + 27) + 21og2 I = 0 (I).
4.2)( -3
GhU
Di~u kien d~ (I) co ngia la 4.2)( - 3> 0 ~ 2x ; ~ (2).
4
Khido(l) ~ log2(4x +15.2)( +27)-2Iog2(4.2x -3)=0
~ log2 (4x + 15.2x + 27) = log , (4.2)( _ 3)2
~ 4x +15.2x +27=(4.2x _3)2 =0 (3)
D~t 2"== t> 0 khi do ta co:
(3) ~ t2+15t-27==(4t-3)2 ~5t2-13t-6=0 ~ t=3(dot>0) ~ 2x= 3 ~ X = IOg23.
TIJi dfl 5: (Bi 1/,; luyill sinh kh6i D - 2003)
Giai phuong trinh: 2x2-x - 22+)(-x2 = 3 (I).
Giii D~t t = 2)( > 0, khi do tl1 (I) ta co: .
4 2
t - - = 0 ~ t - 3t - 4 = 0 <=> t = 4 (do t>O)
t
2
~ til -x = 4 ~ x2 - X = 2 <=> x ==1 va x =2.
Thl dfl 6: (Di thi fuyin sinh D{l; hpc khO; D - 2002)
{23X = 5y2 - 4y (I)
Giai h~ phuong trlnh: 4x + 2x+1
2x+2 =s (2)
GhU 2x(2x+2)
Taco(2)~y= =2x.(3)
2x +2
Thay (3) vao (1) ta co:
y3 == 5 y2 _ 4 Y ~ Y (y2 - 5 Y + 4) == 0 ~ y2 - 5 Y + 4 == 0 (do y>O)
~ [y = I ~ [2X == 1 ~ [x == 0
y == 4 2x == 4 x == 2.
V~y (0; 1) va (2;4) la hai nghiem cua h~ (1) (2).
360
TIIi d(l 7: (DJ thi tuyill sill" Dpi "pc k"ai A - 2002) Cho plurong trinh: log~ x + ~Iog~ x + I - 2m -1 = 0 (I). II Giai (1) khi m = 2.
21 Tim III d~ ( I) co it nhAt mQt nghiem thuoc doan [1;3v'3 J ..
Giai
II Khi m = 2 thl (I) co dang : log~ x + ~r-io-g-~ -x-+-I - S = 0 (2) Di~u kien d~ (2) co nghia la: x>O.
D~t t = ~Jog~ x + I ~ I khi do (2) co dang
t2 + t - 6 = 2 ¢:> t = 2 (do t 2: 1)
¢:> ~Iog~ x + I = 2 <::> log~ x = 3 <::> log, x = ±-J3 <::> x = 3J3 va x = rv'3 .
21 D{lt t = ~Iog~ x + 1, khi x E [1;3v'3] thi 1 St S2 .
. {f{t)=t2+t-2=2m{3)
Bai toan tro thanh: Tim m de he co nghiem .
• t s t s z (4)'
Ta co: f'(t) = 2t + I, nen co bang bi~n thien sau:
f '(t)
2
2
f(t)
+
o 4
Ttl do suy ra h~ (3) (4) co nghiem khi va chi khi 0 S 2m S 4 <::> 0 SillS 2. Till d(18:
Giai cac phirong trinh sau:
11 (26+IS-J3f +2(7+4-J3f -2(2-FJf =1 (I)
21 (S+2J6)(S-2J6)=10 (2)
Ghli
I/D{lt (2+FJf' =t>O,khido(l) <=:> t3+2t2-7=I<=:>t4+2t3-t-2=0
<::> (t + 2)(t~ - I) = 0 <::> t = 1 (do t> 0) <::> (2 + FJf = 1 <::> x = O.
2/D~ (S+2J6)(S-2J6)=1 nen dat t = (~S+2J6r >0 thi
(2) <::> t + ! = 10<::> t2 -lOt + 1 = 0 <::> t = S ± 2.)6 .
t
361
~ [( 5 + 2#)i ~ 5 + 2# <c> [ x ~ 2
(5 + 2J6)~ = 5 -2J6 =(5 + 2J6t x = -2.
T"I (II! 9:
Giai cac phuong trinh sau:
II log2(4x+1 + 4).log2(4x + 1)=3 (I)
21 log, 3 + log , x = logJ; 3 + log, J;.. + ~ (2).
Giili
I/Taco (I) ~ [IOg24+IOg2(4X+I)]tog2(4X+1)=3. D~t t = IOg2(4' + I). Khi do
[t = I [IOg2 (4x + 1) = I [4X + 1= 2
(I) ~ (t+2)t=3 ~ _ ~ . ~ x I ~x=O.
t - -3 log2 (4x + I) = -3 4 + 1= 8
21 Di~u ki~n d~ (2) co nghia la: x>O, x oj:. I. D~t t = log,x oj:. O.
Khi do (I) ~ ! + t = ~ + _!_ t + _!_ ~ t2 - t - 2 = 0
t t 2 2
[t = -I [IOg3 x = -I [X =_!_
~ ~ ~ 3
t=2 log3x=2 x=9.
Lo\ti 2: Phuong phap dira v~ cung mot co s6 giai plurong trinh va h~ plurong trinh sieu viet:
Bang each Slr dung cac cong thirc co ban cua ham mil, ham logarit ta quy phirong trinh, h~ plurong trinh dff cho v~ plurong trinh, h~ phirong trinh sieu viet co ban da trinh bay a ph~n mo d5u cua bai giang,
or nhien day la plurong phap thong dung, CO' ban nhung ciing khong h~ kern hieu qua.
Xet cac thi du sau day:
Till til! 1: (DJ IIIi luyin sill" D(li live k"Oi A - 2009)
{ log2 ( x 2 + y2 ) :;:: I + log2 (xy ) Giai he phuong trinh:
• x2_xv+).2
3' .. =81
(I) (2)
Ta co (I )(2)
{logz(x2+y2)=log2(2XY) {x2+y2=2XY [x=y [X=Y=2
~ , <::;> 2 2 <::;> 2 <::;> _ _ (4)
3X~-xy+y2 = 34 X - xy + y = 4 x = 4 x - Y --2
R6 rang (4) thoa man (3) nen lit ngh iern cua ( I ) (2).
362
Till (/I! 2: (Di tki luy2n sill" kluJi B - 20()5)
{rx=J+.J2-Y=1 (I)
Giili M phuong trinh: ( 2) 3
31og9 9x -log3y =3 (2)
Giiii
Di~u kien d~ h~ (I )(2) co nghia 1<1: x ~ I; 0 < Y :s; 2.
Ta co (2) ~ 3( 1 + log, X2) - 31og2 Y = 3
~ 1 + log.x - IOg3Y == 1 ~ logjx = IOg3Y ~ X == y. (Chu Y do x ~ I x>O IOg9X2 == Iog.x)
{y=X (3)
V~y M(I)(2) ~ r=r; a=": -Jx-I+-J2-x=1 (4)
- . r=; ~ [X = 1
De thay -J x - I + -J 2 - x := 1 <::> x = 2.
V~y h~ (I )(2) co hai nghiern (I; I) vii (2; 2).
TI1i (/(13: (Di thl luy21l sill" D(li hoc, Cao (flillg k"ai A - 2004)
{log, (y-X)-log4_!_=1 (I)
Giai M plurong trinh: 4 y
x2 + y2 = 25 (2)
Ghli
Ta co he: (I )(2) ~
y-x >O;y >0
1 1
log, -- -log4 - = 1 ¢::>
y-x Y
y-x >O;y >0 log4-y-=1 y-x
{y-X>O,y>O
¢::> y=4y-4x ~
x2+y2=25
x2 + y2 = 25 x2 + / = 25
y-x >O,y >0
4
y==-x
3
~{X=3 y=4.
2 16 2
x +-x =25
9
Thi tI(1 4: Giai phirong trinh: ~ logn (x + 3) + llog4 (x - 1)8 == log2 (4x) . (I) GHli
{X +3> 0
Di~u kien d~ (I) co nghia Iii: (x _1)8 > 0 ¢::> {x > 0 (2). x:;t 1
4x >0
Voi dieu kien (2)thi logn(x+3)=log2(x+3)2=2Iog2(x+3);
363
IOg2( 4x) = 2 + IOg2X; lo~(x - 1)8 = IOg2(X - 1)4 = 41og21x - II.
Khi do: (I) ~ log2 (x +3) + log21x -11-log2 x = 2
(x+3)lx-11 ()
~ log2 = 2 ~ x + 3 I x - 11= 4x
x
t:+13)(X + I) = 4x
~
{o < x < I
(x+3)(I-x)=4x TIIi til! 5:
Giai M plurong trinh sau:
{log2 x + log, Y + log , z = 2 (I)
log) y + log., Z + log9 X = 2 (2)
IOg4 z + logl6 X + IOgl6 Y = 2 (3).
{x> I .
XL -2x-3=0
~ x = 3; x = -3 + 2 J3 .
{o < x < I
x2 + 6x - 3 = °
Ghii
Di~u kien d~ (I )(2)(3) co nghia In x> 0, y > 0, x> 0, khi do
{ log, X 2 + log, Y + log, z = 2 IOg4 ( X 2 yz ) = 2
(I )(2)(3) ~ log, /2 + log, z + log, X = 2 ~ log., ( x/z) = 2
logl6 Z + logl6 X + logl6 Y = 2 I ( 2) ")
ogl6 xyz =-.
{., .
x=yz = 16
~ X/~=81 ~ xyz = 256
") x=-
3
27 y=- 8
32
z=-.
3
TIIi til! 6:
{logy FY = log, Y (I)
Giai h~ plurong trinh sau: .
2x+2Y=3 (2)
Ghii
Di~uki~n d~ (I) (2) co nghia lei x > 0, y > 0, x =II va y =I I. Khi do ta co
(I) ~ ~(log)'X+I)=logxy (3).
D~t log.y = t, ta co~( ~ + I) = t ~ 2t2 - t -I = ° (suy tir (3»
364
[t=1 [IOgXY=1 [x=Y
<:::> 1 <:::> 1 <:::> I
t=-"2 logxY=-"2 Y= s;
I
Thay y = ~ vao (2) va co 2' + 2 J;. = 3 (4)
I
- N~u x> 1 thi 2x > 2 va 2 J;. >0 => YT (4) >3: YO nghiern.
I
, -F
- Neu O<x<1 thi 2"x >2 va 2'>0 YT (4»3: Yo nghiern.
Tom lai: x = y = log % la nghiem duy I1h5t ella h¢ (I )(2). Lo~i 3: Phuong phap logarit hoa giai phuong trinh sieu viet:
I_()g_x+~
Giai phU011g trinh: x -' ::.:: Ig 1 OS+lgx (I)
Ghii Di~u kien d~ (I) co nghla hi x>O. Khi do
( IgH5] I
- ")(+5
(I) <:::> Ig x J ::.::lgIO<:::>~-·3-lg)(=5+lgx (2)
D~t t = lgx, khi do tir (2) ta co: t2+2t-15=0
[ 3 [ I 3 [X = 1 000
t = gx =
~ <:::> <=> - 1
=-5 Igx=-5 X::.::---
100000
TIIi ti!I 2:
Gilii plurong trinh 51gx = 50xlg5 (I).
Ghii
Di~u kien d~ (I) co nghia la x>O . Ap dung cong thirc a10gh C ::.:: e10gh a, ta co:
(I) ~ 51gx =50-5Igx ~51g:\ =52 <:::>x=IOO.
Loai 4: M9t Sl\ phuoug phap d~e biet giai phuoug trinh sieu viet:
Nguoi ta hay sir dung hai plurong phap d~c biet sau day: + Phuong phap chieu bien thien ham 56.
+ Phuong phap ddnh gin hai v~ dJ giai mQt lop plurong triuh sieu viet. Till till 1: (DJ III; 11I)'~" sinh D!I; II!}e kluJi D - 2{}()6)
{ex -eY =11l(1+x)-ln(l+y) (I)
Cho h¢ phirong trinh: y _ x = a (2)
Chung minh r~ng voi 1119i a, h¢ co nghiern duy nh5t.
365
Ghli
{y=x+a (3)
Ta co (I )(2) <=>
ex+a - eX + In (I + x) - In (I + a + x) = 0 (4)
Nlur v(ly h~ (1 )(2) co nghiem duy nhAt khi va chi khi phuong trinh f(x)=cHa _ex + 1n(1 + x)-ln(1 +a + x) =0
co nghiern duy nhAt tren khoang (-1: + 00 ).
H'\ xii
Taco f'(x) = e ' -c +------
l-s x l r a t x
Do a > 0 nen f(x»O \;j x>-I ~ f(x) la ham dong bi~n khi x>-I
T ' I' f'{x ] I' x (a I) I' I I - x
a co 1111 x = 1111 C e - + lin n--- = +00,
,\-4+Cf) \-4+£ \-~+:r 1 + x + a
con lim f(x)==-oo
'-4-1+
Nhir vay do tinh lien tuc cua y = fix) suy ra plurong trinh f(x)=O co nghiem duy nhAt tren khoang (-1; + 00 ) ~ dpcm.
TIIi d(1 2:
Giai plnrong trinh: 2~ = _x2 + 8x -14 (I) Ghli
Di~u kien d~ (I) co nghia hi x S 3.--
D~tf(x)= 2~ ~f'(X)= ~2J.3-\ In2<0.
2..;3-x
Vay g(x) = _x2 + 8x -14f(x) la ham nghjch bien khi x S 3. Mat khac fn) = g(3) = I, nen (I) co nghiem duy nhAt x = 3. NMII xet:
Ta sir dung ket qua quen bi~t sau dfiy. Xet plurong trinh f(x) = g(x), xED.
N~u tren mi6n 0, itx) la 11<1m dong bien, con g(x) la ham nghich bien. Hun 11I1a phU011g trinh co nghiern tren D. Khi do plnrong trinh co nghiern duy nhAt tren D.
TIIi d{1 3:
Giai phuong trinh:
, , , , I I I 3 '
5' + 4' + 3' + 2' = - + - + -- - 2 x + 5 x - - 7 x + I 7 (I).
2' 3' 6'
Ghii
Taco
(I) <=> 5' +4' +3' +2' _(._1 +_1 +_1-. )=-2X3 +5x2 -7x+17 (2). 2' 3' 6'
_ {VT = f( x) Dat
. VP=g(x)
D~ th:1y f(x) la hieu cua ham dong bien y = 5\ + 4' + 3' +2' va ham ughich bien
366
I I I A • I' I' d~ b'~ A llJ)
- + - + - nen no a lam ong len tren lN,. •
2x 3x 6x
M~t khac, g'(x = - 6x2 + lOx - 7 < 0 'it x E lR, nen g(x) Ia ham nghjch bi~n tren lR . Lai eo f( I) = g( I) = 13. Ttl' do (I) eo nghiem duy nhfit x = 1.
Thl d{l4:
Giai plurong trinh: log" ( I + Fx) = log, x (I).
Ghii
Di~u kien d~ (I) eo nghia 1(\ x>O. D~t t = log,x, Khi do
(I) ~ log, (I + J3'} I = I +( v'l)'= 21 ~ Gl' +[ ~)' = I (2).
Vi f(1) = (~)' + [ ~)' I. ham nghich bi~n tren 11<. Lai co f(2) = I. V ~y (2) co
nghiem duy nhat t = 2, nrc 1(\ x = 9 la nghiem duy nhat cua (I).
Nh(/II xet:
Ta dii dung k~t qua quen bi~t sau:
Xet plnrong trinh f(x) = m, XED. N~u tren mien 0, f(x) la ham 56 hoac la luon luon d6ng bien (hoac luon luon nghjch bien) va phirong trinh eo nghiem tren D. Khi do plurong trinh eo nghiem duy nhfit tren D.
Thi d{l5 :
Giai plurong trinh: 4( x - 2)[log2 [x -3) + log) [x - 2)J = 15( x + I) (I).
Ghii Di~u kien d~ (I) eo nghia la x > 3.--
Taeo(l) ~ log2(x-3)+log,(x-2)= 15 4t,,+_12)
D~ thay f(x) = log2(x - 3) + log,(x - 2) 1(\ ham dong bien khi x>3.
g(x)=.!2X+1 la ham nghich bien khi xc-Lrdo g'(x)= -45 J <0)
4 x-2 4(x-2t
Lai eo f(ll) = g(ll) = 5. V~y x = II 1(\ nghiern duy nhfrt cua (I). Thi d{1 6:
Giai plurong trinh: x iog2 9 = X 2 .3illg2 x _ x iog2 3 (I).
Voi di~u kien x> 0, ta eo: (I)
~ 9iog2 x = x2 .3iog2 x _ 3illg2 x ~ 3illgp = x2 _I (2) (do 31og, x >0). D~tlog2x=t,khido(2)~ 31=41_1 ~ f(t)=(%}+(~}=1 (3)
Vi f(t) la ham nghjch bien tren !R va t( I) = I, nen (3) eo nghiem duy nhfrt t = I, nrc 1(\ x = 2 la nghiern duy nh:}t cua (I).
367
§2. BAT PHUONG TRiNH MO vA LC>GARIT
Ta luon Slr dung cac k~t qua co ban sau day trong viec giai bAt phuong trinh sieu viet:
+ N~u a> I, thi
{af(X) > ag(x) {f(X) > g(x)
II ~
XED xED
{'Oga f( X) > log, g( X) {f( X) > g( X) > 0
21 ~
xED xED
Cr day D 1ft t~p xac dinh cua bAt plurong trinh, + N~u O<a<1 thi
{af(X»ag(X) {t(X)<g(x)
II ~
XED xED
{'Oga f(x»logag(x) {O<f(X)<g(x)
21 ~
xED xED
Loai 1: SU dung cac phep bi~n d(\i dtra b~t plurong trinh v~ dang bAt phuong trinh CCY han:
Till 11(1 1: (DJ IIIi Il~rdll sill" D{li "()e kluji D-20(8)
~
G"'b~ I . I I x--3x+2 0 (I)
un at p urong trin 1: og J ---- ~ •
~ x
Ghli
!X2-3X+2>0 (2)
Ta co: (I) ~ x
x2 -3x+2:::; I (3) x
Dc thAy nghiern cua (2) Iii 0 < x < I hoac x > 2, con ngh iern cua (3) Iii x <O
hoac 2 - J2 :::; x :::; 2 + 2 J2 .
Tlr do nghiern dn tim hi 2-J2 < x < 1 hoac 2 <x s 2+ J2 Till d(1 2: (DJ IIIi Il~~ill siutr klujj B - 20()8)
Giai b~t plurong trinh: logO.7 ('Og6 x2 + xl < 0 (I). x+4
368
x2 + x -->0
x+4
X2 + x
Ta co: (I) <=> log, -- > 0 <=>
x+4
x2 + x log6-->I x+4
..,
x" + x
~>O jX2+X
2 -->1 ("»
x +x I x+4 ....
-.--> <=>
x+4 x2 +x
2 --<6 . (3).
x +x<6 x+4
x+4
_ , [-4<X<-3
H~ (2) (3) de dang gia] duoc (ban doc ttr nghiem lay) va ta co: 8
x> .
Til; (/(13: (DJ 1/'; luyi" sinh D(li IIpc Allai A - 2007)
Giai b~t phiroug trinh: 21og3 (4x -3)+ lo g , (2x + 3) ~ 2 (I). 3
{ 3 jx >~
x>- 4
Ta co ( I) <=> 4 <=> 2
2Iog3(4x-3)-log3(2x+3)~2 log, (4x-3) ~2
2x+3
jx >~ {3
4 x>-
<=> 2 <=> 4
(4x-3) 3
..o___...:.__ ~ 9 (4x - 3) ~ 18x + 27
2x+3
3 {x >~ 3
(do x>- 2x + 3 > O)<=> 4 <=> -<x < 3.
4 4 -
8x2 -2Ix-9~0
Thl d(l4:
Giai bAt plnrong trinh: S2x-IO-3rx=2 - 4.Sx-5 < SI+3rx=2 (1).
Giai
Taco:
S2x-IO ~ 2 r+x ( ,.-;:;)
(1) <=> - 4.Sx-5 < SI+3"x-2 <=> (SX-2) _ 4.Sx-5.S3vx-2 _ S. S3vx-2 < 0
S3M
<=> (SX-5 + S3rx:::i)( Sx-5 _ S.S3M) < 0 <=> Sx-5 < SI+3M
<=> x - S < I + 3J x - 2 <=> x - 6 < 3J x - 2 <=> 2 s x ~ 18 (ban doc tl,l nghiern lai k~t qua nay).
Lo,i 2: D~t an phu d~ dira bAt phuong trinh sieu vi~t v~ bAt phuong trinh dai s6 trung gian.
Phuong phap giai nhtr loai I, § I. Xet cac thi du sau:
369
Thi d(1 I: (DJ thi IlIyJIl sill" D{li "{)C klll;i B - 2006)
Giai b~t phuong trinh: logs ( 4\ + 144) - 410gs 2 < 1 + logs (2\-2 + I) (I).
Ghii
4' + 144 [ (" )] 4' + 144 (" )
Ta co (I) <=> logs 16 < logs 5 2\-2 + I <=> 16 < 5 2,-2 + I (2)
D~t t = 2' > 0 khi do (2) co dang:
t2 - 20t + 64 < 0 <=> 4< t < 16 <=> 4 < 2' < 16 <=> 2 < x < 4. ru tI(1 2:
Giai bAt phirong trinh sau: log2 (2\ -1) log ~ (2\+1 - 2) > -2 (I).
" 2
Ghii
Ta co t l ) <=> log2(2x -1)log2(2x+I_2)<2
<=> log2 (2\ - 1)[ 1 + log2 (2\ -I)] - 2 < 0 (2).
D~t t = log2(2'-1 ), nen (2) co dang:
t(t + I) - 2 < 0 <=> t2 + t - 2 < 0 <=> -2 < t < 1
1 x 5 x
<=> - < 2 - 1 < 1 <=> - < 2 < 3 <=> -2 + log , 5 < x < log, 3 .
4 4 ~ ~
T"l d(1 3:
Giai b<1t plurong trinh sau: 252\-\2+1 + 9.22\-\2+1 ~ 34.152X-\2 (I).
Ghii
( 9 )2\_\2 ( 15 )2X-X2
Ta co: (I) <=> 25 + 9 25 - 34 25 ~ 0
2x-x2
<=>9t2-34t+25~0(&diiyt =(i) " >0)
"l'SI Gr" sl [2X-x2~O
<=> 25 <=> <=>.,
1>9 (~r-"" ~ 2x-x· s-2
<=> x s 1 - Jj hoac 0 S x S 2 hoac x 2: 1 + Jj.
Loai 3: S.:r dung di~lI ki~n co nghia cua b<it phirong trlnh d~ dan gian hoa phep giai:
TId (/(11: (Di II,i luyill sill" D(li Ii!,c kllai B - 2002)
Giai bAt phuong trinh: log, (log) (9x - 72)) ~ 1 (I).
370
Ghii
19' -72 > 0
Dibu kien c1~ (I) co nghia hi log) (9' - 72) > 0 ~ 9' - 72 > 1 ~ 9' > 73 (2).
x >0, x"* 1 •
Tir (2) suy ra noi rieng x > I. Vi th~
f 9' > 73 {9X > 73 {3' >.Jii
(I)~I ~ ~ ~
llog) (9' -72) ~ x 9' -72 ~ 3' (3' r - 3' - 72 ~ 0
~> J73 < 3' ~ 9 ~ log , .Jii < x s 2 ~ log., 73 < x ~ 2 .
Nh(in xet:
M~c du an S(\ ella x nam a co s6, nen v~ li thuyet thi phai xet hai kha nang x > I va 0 < x < I. Tuy uhien, do o' day ur di~u kien (2) suy ra x> I. nho \'~y phep giai don gian di,
Till till 2:
Giai bAt plurong trinh:
Sx+J6x2 +x3 -x-l log2X>(x2 -x)log2x+SJ6+x-x2 (I).
Ghii
D·l kie d" I)' 1- I' {6+X-x2~0 0 -. '")
leu uen c( co ngma a: ~ -c x s s .(~
x>O
De dang bi~n o(\i bang each nh6m va d~t thua s6 chung, ta co:
(I) <::> (Xlog2X-S)(J6+x-x2 +I-X»O (3)
Do dieu kien (2) ncn ta co: x log2 x - 5 ~ 310g2 3 - 5 = log2 27 - 5 < o.
V i th~ (3) ~ J 6 + x - x 2 + I - x < 0 ~ J 6 + x - x 2 < x - I ~ ~ < x ~ 3 . 2
Nh(in xet:
NIH) co dieu kien (2) voi nhan xet XIOg2X-S<0 nen phep giai (3) don gian di qua nhieu!
B(;; J:
Giai plurong trinh: log; 2 + 210g2x 4 = log fb. 8 .
Dap so: x = 2.
Biii 2: Giai plurong trinh: log) (3x - I) log) (3\+1 - 3) = 6.
lx = log310
Dap s6: 28
x = 10gl-' . 27
371
Btli 3:
G iai phuong trinh: logJ2.J;:+i -Iog}_ (3 - x) - logs ( x-1)3 = 0 . 2
D': I+m
ap so: X= .
2
BtU 4:
Giai plurong trinh: 9,2+:1;-1 _10.3,2+,-2 + 1= o. Dup .w;" x = 0, X = ± 1: x = -2.
BtU 5:
{6' - 2.3v = 12 Giai h~ plnrong trinh:
6'.3Y =12
Dap .wi: x = I, Y = log,2.
BtU 6:
jlOg (x2+y2)=5
Giai h~ phirong trinh: 2
21og4 X + log2 y = 4.
Dtips6: x = Y = 4. Bili 7:
{X - 41 y 1 +3 = 0
Giai h~ plurong trinh: tc:': tc::': ~t1og4 X - v'log2 Y = o.
Dap s6: (I; I) va (9;3).
BtU 8
Gicii bAt phuong trinh: ~IOg~ X + log, x2 - 2 > 0 .
D' : I I
ap so: - < x < - .
16 2
Btii 9:
Giai bAt plurong trinh: 32x+4 + 45.6X _9.2x+2 s o.
Dap sci: x s -2.
BtU 10:
Giai bAt phuong trinh: 4x + 8J2 - x2 > 4 + (x2 - x )2x + x.2x+1 J2 - x2 .
Dap s6: -1 <x s J2 .
372