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PRACTICE YOUR GRAMMAR 1

compiled,produced
and editedby

ipek Ekmekqi & QigdemOnat

Ankara2003

Middle EastTechnicalUniversity
Departmentof BasicEnglish
TABLE,OF CONTENTS

1. VERB TENSES PAGE


1 . 1 S i m p l ep r e s e natn dc o n t i n u o u. .s. . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Simplepastand continuous ll
1.3 Future 17
............
perfectsimpleandcontinuous
1.4 Present 25
1.5 Pastperfectsimpleand continuous............ 41

2. PRONOUNS
2.1 Personal
Dronouns 59

4. QUESTTONS
4.1 Yes/ no. 'wh-', subject/ objectandinformationquestions B8
l0t

5. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS


5.1 Adjectivesandadverbs 104
5.2 Adjectivesendingin-ing and-ed 105
5.3 Adjectivesand prepositions 105
5.4 Numbersusedas adjectives 108
5.5 Adjective order 108
5.6 Comparativesand superlatives 109
5.1 . .s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D o u b l ec o m p a r a t i v e t20
5.8 Adverbs modifying adjectivesand otheradverbs 121

lil
6. N,IODALS
6 . 1 A b i l i t y( C a n/ C o a l d/ B e a b l et o ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. .2. 3
6 . 2 P e r m i s s i o(nM a y/ C o u l d/ C a n1 . . . ). . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . 1. 2 5
6.3 Requests (Would/ Will/ Could/ Canyou...) ............. 126
6.4 Suggestions (Let's/ why don't / shall we/ could / How-whatabout)..... r2i
6.5 Offers(ShallI /I'll / Wouldyou like).......... . ...... 128
6.6 Obligationandnecessity(Must/ Haveto / Should/ Oughtto /

6.1
6 . 8 Lack of necessity (Don't have to / Needn't / Don't need to /
Didn't have to / Didn't needto ) ................ I -1-1

6 . 9 Advisability ( Should / Ought to / Had better) ... .. ..... . 134


6 . 1 0 Expectations(Should) ..............
. r35
6 . 11 Criticismand regret ( Shouldhave/ Ought to have) . .. .............
. ....... . 136
6 . 1 2 Degreesof certainty ( Must / May / Might / Could / Can't / Couldn't /
May not / Might not / Must have / May-Might have / Could have /
Can't-Couldn'thave/ May-Might not have) ................ ...........136
6 .l 3 P r e f e r e n c e( W o u l dr a t h e r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l.4. .l.
6 . 1 4 P r o g r e s s i vf eo r m so f m o d a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .4. 3
6 . 1 5 R e v i e wo f m o d a l s . . . . . . . . . . . .t.4. .3

7 . THE PASSIVE
7.1 Simplepresent andcontinuous ............ ... 157
7 . 2 S i m p l ep a s ta n dc o n t i n u o u s . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .5. .8
7.3 Present perfectsimple ........160
7.4 Pastperfectsimple ....... ...... I 6 I
7.5 Future . . . . ... . . . 1 6 3
7.6 Modals .............164
-7
. 7 R e v i e wo f a c t i v ea n dp a s s i vveo i c e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .6. 5

8. CONDITIONAL SENTENCESAND WISHBS


8 . 1 T y p e0 . . . . . . . . . .t.6. .7
8 . 2 T y p e1 . . . . . . . . . .1. .6. 1
8.3 Conditionals with unless ... 169
8.4 Possibiliw t yi t hi n c a s e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .6. 9
8.5 Conditionals withprovidedandas longas .............. l7l
8.6 Type2 . . . .. . . . . . 1. 72
8 . 7 T y p e3 ..............114
8 . 8 M i x e dc o n d i t i o n a l s ....... ..176
8.9 Wishes .............1'76
8 . 1 0 R e v i e wo f c o n d i t i o n a l s . . . . . .1. 7 9

9. NOUN CLAUSES
9 . 1 R e p o r t e ds p e e c h ............ 184
9.2 Indirectquestions . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .9.0
9.3 Noun clausesbeginningwith questionwords ..........192
9 . 4 N o u nc l a u s eb s e g i n n i n gw i t h t h a t . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..... .. 193
9 . 5 U s i n g- e v e r w o r d s . . . . . . . . . . . 1. .9. 6
9 . 6 U s i n gt h e s u b j u n c t i vien n o u nc l a u s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..196

1V
IO. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
l0.l Non-defining................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' .1. .9.8. . .
10.2 Defining .....'200
10.3 Omission . . . . .2 0 6
10.4 Reduction ....207
10.5 Usingexpressions of quantity ........... 208
10.6 N o u n + o ; f w h i c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
10.7 Pronouns usedastheobjectof the prepositions ..-.209
1 0 . 8 R e v i e wo f a d i e c t i vcel a u s e s ......--......210

11. PARTICIPLES.......... 217

12. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES


12.1 A l l o w ,m a k e, l e t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............'....221
12.2 E n o u g ha n d t o o( . . . t o.). . . . . . . . ..............222
12.3 F o r m so f u s e dt o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. 2
. .6-
12.4 C a u s a t i vvee r b s. . . . . . . . . .....228
12.5 V e r b so f p e r c e p t i o. .n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. .2 9
12.6 Reviewof gerunds andinfinitives .............. .........230

1 3 . CONNECTIVES
238
causeandeffectusingso/ such...that................
13.1 Expressing
purposeusingso that,in orderto andbecause
13.2 Expressing ....239

14. EMPHATIC STRUCTURES


l 4 . l C l e f ts e n t e n c .e. s. . . . . . . . . . . ..........-..........243
14.2 Inversions ....245

1 5 . GENERAL REVISION
15.1 Clozetests........... ........--.250
1 5 . 2 M u l t i p l ec h o i c et e s t s. . . . . . . . . . . ........---...265

A N S W E RK E Y " " " " ' ""' 306


1. VERB TENSES
1.1SIMPLE PRESENTAND CONTINUOUS

A. Fill in the blanks with suitableverbs in their correct forms.

Bridget Damon is a housewife.She doesn'twork so she has a lot of free time. Bridget
(l) getting up early so she gets up at 6:30 every morning. Then, she
(2) breakfast. After breakfast, she (3) the dishes.
Bridget (4) for a walk in the park every day. In the afternoons. she
(s) physicalexercisesbecauseshe wants to (6) weight.
On weekendsBridget sometimes(7) solf with her friends.

***

YolandaSmith is from Oxford, London.She is a studentandsheis l7 yearsold. Yolanda


Sheusually(8)
goesto schoolby br"rs. out of the window when sheis on
the bus. She (e) a sandwich for lunch or she sometimes
(l0) to the cafeteria. When she is at the dormitory, she
(lt) television or (12\ to music. Sometimes she
(l3) cardswith her friends or (14) a book.

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.

Bob and Cindy ( l) (be) married. They live in London but they
(2) (be) from England. They are from Australia. They
(3) (have) a son. His name (4) (be) Peter. He
(s) (have) blue eyes and black hair. Peter (6) (be).r
student.He is just two yearsold.

Jaya Rajah is fifteen, but he (7) (go) to high school. He studies


medicine at New York University. His class-mates(8) (be) in their

twenties.Jayawas born in Madras,India, but his family moved to the U.S.A. when he was
two He (9) (live) in a house in New York with his parents and his
younser brother.His fatheris a doctor.Jaya(10) (havegot) any friends.
He never (1 I ) (go) out in the evenings, but he sometimes
(12) (watch) TV. He says, "I live for one thing - I
(13) (want) to be a doctor beforeI'm seventeen.Other children of my
age are not lnterestlng T h e y ( 1 4 ) (understand)me. so I don't
usuallytalk to them."

Mike Parrish ( l5) (be) a modern cowboy. He


(16) (live) in a small caravan in the rnountains. He
(t7) (get up/ always) with the sun -- about hall' past four i n the
summerand half past sevenin the winter.For breakfasthe (18) ( e a t ) t"]DO5( '"q.

sausagesand potatoes. His dog. Lance. is always by his side. At the momel.)r, he
(le) (make)coffee for himself. There are birds (20) 1f1y)
i n t h es k y .a n dL a n c e ( 2 l ) (watch)them.

Dear Sir,

I (22) (write) because (23) ( s e e m) t o l n c

that far too many changes(24) (take)place in my countrythese

days and consequently, we (25) (lose) our identity. I

(26) (live) in a small town, but even this town

(21) (change) before my eyes. For instance. they

( 2 8) ( b u i l d ) a burger bar in the place of my favouriterestaurant.Our

culture(29) (belong)to everyone,and I (30) (understand


)

why the authorities(31) tdol anything to prescrveit. In I'uct.I

(321 (think) of starting an action group. I (33)

lappear)on TV 4's "You Talk" programmeon Friday night to make people aware of the

importance of this issue. It's time for us to start doine somethins before it

(34) (get) too late.

Yourssincerely.

And Archer
Rupert Hi Nigel! How are you?

Nigel Fine. fine. It's beena long time, hasn'tit? So tell me about yourself.

Rupert Well, for the time being I (35) (work) in a


language school in Cairo but I want to change my job as soon as I
(161 (find) a better-paidone.

Nigel I see.What (37) (do/you) here in London?

Rupert I (38) (have)a holiday.

Nigel That s lovely.And what (39) (think/you)of


Cairo'l

Rupert Actually. I like it very much. It is a very excitingplace.

Nigel And what aboutyour job? Is it difficult?

Rupert Not really. I (40) (teach/ usually) from I I


a.m. to I p.-. and then later again from 6.30 to 9.30. In the evenrngs.my
friends and I (41) (go) into town very
often. We nrefer to cometosetherat eachother'shousesand chat.

Nigel You (42) (seem) to enjoy your days in


Cairo.So when areyou going back?

Rupert Next week on Friday.My plane (43) ( l e a v )e


early,at about7.00 a.m.

Nigel : By the way, how is your brother?

Rupert : Chris... oh. he's OK. He is married with two children and as usual he
(44) (stop) telling me that I should settle
down and get married.Thesedayshe (45) (play)a
lot of football.I (46) (guess)he wants to
get fir!

41. Alice is an annoyingguest;she (constantly/ complain)that


the houseis cold.

48. My dog is very intelligent.It (understand)everythingI say.

49. The white building oppositethe street (belong)to a famous


pop-singerbut sheis planningto sell it.

50. You shouldn'tlift that heavybox. You (expect)a baby.

***
A : W h y( 5 1 ) you (wear) a suit and a tie?

B: I have a iob interview this afternoon.I (52) (want) to look good.

***

53. A: you (remember)your first day at school?

B: Yes. What aboutyou?

54. A: What'sall that noise?

B: Our neishbours (have)a party.

***

A: Where is Jane this morning? (55) she (bath) the


baby?

B: No. She(56) (bath)him in the evenings.

x**

A: why (57) (Bill/try) to finish the report so quickly?

B: It's Tuesday. He (58) (give) his reports to his boss to be


checkedon Tuesdays.

A: Where is your fiance?I haven'tseenhim recently.

B: He (59) (work) as a receptionist at a hotel in Leeds for the


summer.

A: Ohl (60) he (come) back for our class reunion in


July?

B : N o . b u t h e ' l l b e b a c k a s s o o na s h e ( 6 1 ) (earn) enough money to


get married becausehe isn't very happy there. He (62) (seem)to
get on with the manager.

63. A: Barbara! Can't you hear? Someone (ring) the doorbell!


My handsare greasy.Could you pleaseopen the door for me?

B: Sure.mum....Oh, it's Uncle Harry!


October 1997

Hi. Teresa!

I (64) (write) this letter from Berlin. It's a very big city
Thereare a lot of interestingpeoplehere.School is greatl

Our classes (65) (finish) ar 1 p.m. We


(66) (usually/have)lunch in the restaurantopposite the

school. The food very good and quite cheap there. In the afternoon we
(61) (often/visit) a museum, but this afternoon w e
(68) (go) swimming in the big swimming pool

HeidelbergPark.
Hope to hear from you soon.

Love, Hugo

It's Saturday night, and I'm at home. That's very unusual. I

(691 (often/stay)at home on a Saturday night, but today I

(70) (have) a terrible headache.I (71) (slt)

in my balcony to get somefresh air now. It's a warm night and the streetsare crowded.ln

front of the cinema.thereis an old woman (72) (sell)flowers.

S h e( 7 3 ) (wear; a long colourful skirt.

>k>kt

We (14) (like) spending time at home and we

(7s) (never/go)out in the evenings,but at the moment our friend

from the States(76) (visit)us and we (77) (take)

theatresand many other interestingplacesin the evenings.


him to restaurants,

***
C. Ask questions.

Linda and Mark Nelson are from Canada.They have two children - a girl and a boy.

Their daughter,Sue, is 3 yearsold. She doesn'tgo to school.Their son, Tom. is 12. He

goesto secondaryschool.The Nelsonslive in a beautiful housein Toronto. Their housers

big. There are five bedrooms,three bathrooms,a living room, a dining room and a hrig

kitchen.There is also a garagebehindthe house.

l. ?
No, shedoesn't.Sheis onlv 3 vearsold.
2.
It's in Toronto.
3.
Five.

Yes.thereis.It'sbehindthehouse.

Completethe questions.

ClarissaandRobertaretalking:

Robert (5) Clarissa?

Clarissa I'm an accountant.

Robert (6) in a bank?

Clarissa Yes. I do. In CentralBank

Robert (7) CentralBank?

Clarissa It's in High Streetoppositethe SportsCentre.

Robert SeltonSportsCentre?

Clarissa Yes. Jack and I go swimrningat the Centreevery day.

Robert (8) Jack?

Clarissa Jack'smy husband.We've got two daughters.

Robert (e) theri ?

Clarissa Janeis five and Mary is sevenyearsold


10. A lunch?
B Mv husband?At the restaurantnext to his office.

ll. A
B I boughtit tenyearsago.
One.It's an old Volkswagen.

12. A in thrscity?
B No. They live in Cambridge.

13. A after dinner ?


B Well, we usually watch TV. And when the weatheris good, we go out for a
walk.

Alice and Marco meet at a party for the first time.

Alice Hello. My nameis Alice. What'syours?

Marco It's Marco.

Alice (14)

Marco Italian.I cameto London in 1992.

Alice (15) . Marco ?

Marco In the Italian restaurantin Maple Street.I'm a cook there.

(1 6 ) Italian food?

Alice Yes, I have.I think it's delicious.Are you married?

Marco Yes. i am

Alice (17) at home?

Marco My wife does.She is a very good cook

***

Alberto Hello. I'm Alberto.


Brenda Oh, hi. I'm Brenda.
Alberto (1 B )
Brenda I'm from the USA.
Alberto Really!I'm from Italy. (19) cill?

Brenda That'sLisa.
Alberto (20) friend?

Brenda No, sheisn't.Sheis my sister.


Alberto : (21)

Brenda : She'sseventeen.

Alberto : (22)

Brenda : No. I'm not a student.Actuallv. I'm a teacher.

Mary is talkingto her mother abouther new friend, Linda.

Mary Linda is a new studentin our class.She is stayingat the school dormrtory.

Her mother I see.(23)

Mary Her parents?Well, they live in North Carolina.

Her mother t)4t to North Carolina at


weekends?

Mary No, she doesn't.She has a part-timejob in a restauranton Saturdaysand


Sundays.She wantsto savesomemoney.

Her mother (2s) to savemoney?

Mary Becauseshe is planningto buy herselfa new computer.

Her mother I see.Why don't you invite Linda over for dinner?I really want to meet her.

Mary That'sa good idea.

Martin is talking to Sally on the phone.

Martin I want to go to the library tomorrow morning. I need to get some information
about new computerprograms.

Sally Let's go there togetherafter school.

Martin OK but my lessonfinishesat 5 o'clock.(26)


,|

Sally It closesat 7 o'clock.


Martin That'sgood. Let's go togetherafter schoolthen.
D. SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS?
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form: the 'present simple' or 'present
continuous'.

A : Oh, the house( 1) (smel1)wonderful.

B : I've just bakeda chocolatecake.

A : Where is John?

B : He is in his room. Pleasedon't disturbhim. He (2) (study)

A : Have you finally found a good job?

B : No, not yet. I've got a part-time job at a club downtown. I


(3) (serve)drinks at the bar.

A : Tell me what you (4) (rhink)of ir.

B : It5t (like) working at late hours.It's very tiring.

The album I bought fbr Jenny (6) (hold) more than 100
photographs.She can put all her holidayphotographsin it.

***

A : Do you like it herein Cambridge?

B : Yes, very much. I (7) (have)a wonderful time. There


is so much to see.

x>F>r

A : Don't forget to tell Paul aboutthe meeting.

B : Don't worry. I'll do that as soonas he (8) ( arrive).

*>k*

9. On my desk I have an old mug that (hold) thingslike pens.


pencilsor paperclips.

I 0. When you are travellingby underground,you have to be quick and get off as soon as
ll (stop).

11. Tell me what you (think) aboutin front of that fire place.

12. Now I (see)what to do in caseof emersencv.Thanks fbr


teachingme.
1 3 .W h y (clean/ you) your car?Look at the dark clouds in the sky.
It's going to rain.

14. I (see)some customersso I can't deal with thesepeople at the


moment.

15. The new pub has beendecoratedin such a way that it ( l o o k )l i k e


an ancientcastle.

I6. Why (still / think / you) about what has happened?Let's forget
all about it and try to cheerup.

17. John (go) to the cinematwice a month.

18. She looks very thoughtful. Do you know what she t t h i n k )a b o u tl

19. ShespeaksFrench,but she (come)from France.

20.r (feel) depressedeverytimeI hear that song.

21.Tom (meet)the companydirectorin a few minutes

22. The Smiths (have)a cottagein the mountains.

23. Charlieand Janeare in the laboratory.They (do) an experiment.

24. My secretaryis away for a fortnight, so I (type) my own letters.

2 5 .O i r (float) on water.

26. We (give) a party tonight to celebrateour first wedding anniversary.

27. A: Are you still living with your parents?


B : Y e s ,b u t I (think) of moving into a flat of my own soon.
A: How will you afford to pay the rent then?
B: I'm not sure.PerhapsI'll get a part-timejob.

28. Look at the liquid in the testtube in my hand.It ( b o i l )a t 1 0 9 ' C .

29. He'll send me an e-mail messaseas soon as he (finish) the


exoerimentso I'll meethim to talk aboutthe resultshe obtained.

l0
30. She hasn't decidedwhich bar of soap to buy yet; she lsmelll the
nink one.

31. How often (they/hold) a committee meeting? I'd like to


know aboutthe regulareventsin their firm.

'k I wonder about the bowl which you (32) (hold).How much
sugar(33) (it/contain)?

**r.

'o Listen to thatl I (34) (hear)some lovely piano music. I


)
1-35 (think) it's from the next-doorneighbour

3 6 .Y o u (always/find)excusesfor being late. I am beginning to


losemy patiencewith you.

37. David (write) a new book called"Up in the Mountains"while


his wife is on vac;rtion.

-18.Jeffrey (feel) that his life as an athletewill soon be over.

39. Don't disturbme, please.I (have)my dinner

1.2SIMPLE PAST AND CONTINUOUS

A. Mark the bestchoice.

5:55p.m.and7:30p.m.on December
Between (l)
20th,somebody Mrs

Haan'sorecious diamond necklacefrom her room in the Excelsior Hotel. At the time.

Mrs. Haan was in her room. She (2) a bath. The police think Sandy, the

chambermiiid,is the thief.

I. a) stole 2. a) had
b) is stolen b) has beenhaving
c) has stolen c) has had
d) stealing d) was having

3. She her back while she somefurniture


a) hurt....was
carrying c) is hurting....has carried
b) was hurtrng....carried d ) h u r t s . . . . icsa r r y i n g

ll
usingeitherthe 'past simple'or 'past continuous'.
B. Completethe sentences

1. Theyhaven'tgot a caranymore.
it lastmonth
(sell)

2.A (watch) TV at 9 o clock?


B: No, I wasn't.I was havingdinnerwith Tom

3. A: (he/buy)this car?
B: Threemonthsago.

4. She was injured in the accidentbecauseshe ( w e r r )a s e t th e l t

5. Jane : Richard is in hospitalwith a broken leg.


Anne : (break)his leg'?
Jane : During his trip to the Alps.

6. Olivia Bates (live) in Brighton between1982 and 1992.

l. A: (do) when you hurt your back?


B: I was carrying a big box of books when it happened.

Bruno and his family arrivedin the United Stateson March 1, 1999.In the beginning,they
stayedat their relatives'house becausetheir money was not enough to rent a house. Two
months later, Bruno s father found a well-paid job. Today, he earns $2000 a month and the
family is very happy but they say they miss Italy a lot.

8 when they arrivedin the United States'l


No, they didn't. That'swhy they stayedat their relatives'house.

9.
$2000.

1 0 .A : (go) to Jane'swedding last month?


B: BecauseI was on a businesstrip in France.How was it?

11. Look at the sun! Can you believethat this time yesterdaywe (make)
a snowman?

12. Last yearSusan (seek)a well-paidjob but shecouldn'rfind one


so shesetup her own business.

13. When his father (swear)at the other drivers, the little boy told
his fatherthat swearinswas a bad habit

1 4 .I (ust / begin)to study when the lights went off.

12
C. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

I.

Detective What (l) (do/you) when you


(2) (hear)the shot last night?

Andy I was in the Iiving room (3) (watch) TV.

Detective I see.What (4) (do / you) then?

Andy I immediately(5) (run) to the window to look out

There were two men (6) (run) towards a car

and one of them (7) (hold) a gun in his hand.

Detective Was thereanyonein the car?

Andy Yes, a young woman (8) (sit) in the driving

seat.The two men (9) (get) in the car and she


(1 0 ) (drive) away While the car
(11) (drive) away, I (12) (write)

down the car'sregistrationnumber.Here it is.

Detective Thank you very much for your cooperation.I will let you know as soon
as I learn something.

hate travelling. It makes me very nervous. Yesterday. I


(t3) (fly) from London to New York. When the plane

landedat the airport,that strangefeeling ( 14) (start)again


- a feeling of fear in my stomach.Was my passportstill in my briefcase?Had I forgotten

the visa? Had someoneput diamonds in my bag? I turned to look at the other people
aroundme. None of them seemedto be worried.Thev (15) (walt)

patiently in the queue.My heart (16) (continue)beating

hard until I went through the customs. When everything was over, I
(11) (take) a deep breath.
***:

DearAnna.
I'M sorry about taking so long to write my first letter. As you know. I
(18) (move) to Long Beach two months ago. At the moment, I
(1 e ) (stay) with my cousin Jefferson until I find a flat at a

t3
reasonableprice. Jeffersonand I (20) (attend) English classesat a
communitycollegethesedays.In Long Beach,it usually(21) (raln)

in Septemberbut today it is quite hot and the sun (22) ( s h i n e )N


. ow I'm
in Audubon Park. There are a lot of studentsaround (23) (enjoy) the
sunnyday in Long Beach.
Every weekend my cousin Jefferson (24) (take) me sightseeine
around Long Beach . Last weekendwe (25) (visit) CatalinaIsland.It
(26) (be) fun !
This is all for now. Pleasewrite me soon.I want to hear the latestgossipl
Love, Blanca

At 10:30 last Saturdaynight, there was a power failure in the city. Ian Jones,a barman,i s

describinghis experience:
"At l0:30 last Saturdav nieht the pub was full of customers. All the people
(21\ (talk) at the same time. Some students (28) (sing)a
. nd

therewere somecustomers (29) ( n lay) darts.I (30) (pour.1

out a drink for someone when the lights (31) (go) out. I

(32) (drop) the glass, and t11l (break) it. While I

(3+ ; (try) to pick up the glass,r (3s) ( c u t )m y h a n d . '

t *>k

It was a beautiful Sundaymorning. While Mark and Paul (36) (walk) along

the beach carrying their surfboards,they (37) (come) to a sign which read

"No Swimming - Sharks". They (38) (pay) attention to the sign and

(3e) (go) into water. They (40) lsurf-; when u shurk


(4t) (appear)a few meters away. "Mark! Jump onto my board and push

yours towardsthe shark,"Paul shoutedand Mark did so. When they t 4 ) r ( b e)

safe on the beach, they (43) (look) at each other. Both of them

G4) (know) that they were lucky to be alive.

A : Mum, do you rememberthe blue hat that Lauren gave me for my birthday?
B : Yes. your favouriteone.
A Well, the wind (45) (blow) it away while Jack and I
(46) (try) out his new speedboat. We returned to look for it,
but with no luck

14
: I'm sorrv to hear that.
>k**

A: Did you manageto talk to her last night?


'ortunately (be) out when
B: Unf not. She (47)
(48) (phone)her.

TI.
T h e d e t e c t i v e s( l ) (wait) for flight SA 140 from Johannesburg,

South Afiica. The plane was late and with every passing minute they

(2) (get) more and more impatient.They (3) (expect)

a valuableparcelof diamonds.A few hours earlier,someonehad told the oolice that some

thieves would try to steal the diamonds.When the plane (4)


(arrive/finally), some of the detectives (5) (sit) inside the main

building while others (6) (stand) on the airfield. T'"vo men

(1) (take) the parcel off the plane. After they (8) (carry)lt

to the CustomsHouse, theY (e) (open) it. To their surprise,the precious

parcelwas full of stonesand sandI

I'd like to d e s c r i b e a s c e n e l ( 1 0 ) ( w i t n e s s) s e l ' c r l l

yearsago. At the time of the incidence,I ( 11) (live) in Hawaii.

One morning, returning from a nearby building to my office' I

(12) (come) upon three or four dozen mynah birds. As they

(13) (make) an incredible amount of noise. I

(14) (decide)to investigate.The mynah birds were in a large circle

in the shade of a kiawe tree. In the center of this circle, two birds

(ts) (fight) while the others( l6) (have) a great

time watching the fieht. After a few minutes, one of the mynah birds

(t7) (drop) to the ground.The other bird (18) (walk)

oroudlv for a few secondsand then (19) (fly) away. I have no

icleaabout the reasonfor the fight betweenthe two mynah birds, but the behaviourof the

other birds clearly proved that human beings are not the only members of the animal

kingdom that enjoy a good fight.

t -)
Linda is talking abouthow she startedher job at the 'Your House' magazine.

Well, | (20) (see) the advertisement in the paper and


(21) (decide)to apply immediately.r (22) (call) for an

interview a week \ater. I (23) (arrive) there half an houl: before the

interview. One other person, a middle-aged man with hi o briefcase.


r)4t (wait) in the secretary'sroom.I (25) (be) a very

sociableperson and I normally (26) (like) talking to strangers,so we

(21) (sit) there in silence.waiting for our turn to go in. More than an

hourpassedlike that.I (28) (get) rather angry when the interviewer

finally (29) ( i n v i t e )m e i n . I ( 3 0 ) (have) much

hope of getting the job, but to my surprise,I (31) (tell) to start the

following Monday. That was five years ago. I am the editor of the magazine now. It

(32) (publish) every two weeks. More and fitore people


| 111 (become) interested in their homes these days so we

(3+1 (work) on a big advertisingcampaignto increaseour circulation.

We hope we will be more successfulin the future.

Last night, Cheryl (3s) (feel) the ground


(36 ; (shake)for a second She(37) ( l i e )i n h e r b e d

and (38) (read) a book at the time. S h e ( 3 9 ) fopti

fiightened and (40) (sit) up in her bed, wondering whether it was an

earthquakeor not.

This time yesterdayI 1 4 1 . 1 (give) blood in a hospital.I wanr to tell

you about the experiencethat I had as I believeeveryoneshould give blood at leastonce in his

or her lif-etime.The idea of donatingblood didn't come to me suddenly.I had had the intention

ever sinceI (42) (receive) someoneelse'sblood to savemy life. I was

just waiting for the right time to do it.

t6
Lasr night, while I (43) (drive) home from work, I

(44) (hear) an announcementon the radio. The doctors at St.

Mary'sHospital(45) (look) for blood type AB Rh(-) to be given

to a patientwho had beenseriouslyinjured in a car accident.

As the blood tvpe mentioned was the same as mine, I drove to the hospital

immediately.When I (46) (arrive) there, the nurses first made

certainthat my blood wasn'tcontaminatedand that I was healthy.

After everythingwas over, I (47) (give) a big glassof orange

iuice and had to rest for a while. When I (48) (get) home, I was a

little tired, but it was worth it sinceI (49) (feel) very happy.

using the clues.


D. Rewrite the sentences

1. Theyarenot marriedanymore.
last month
(get divorced)

2. I was making a saladwhen my mother arrived.

(while)

3. He starteddoing the experimentat 6.00 and finished at 8.00.


the experiment.
(take)

4. Our teachersaw the mouseunder the table. She screamed.

(when)

5. On my way to school,I found a purse.


While
(gol

1.3FUTURE
A. Complete the sentences.Use be going to.

I. I f-eelterrible.I have a toothache.I

2. There are dirty disheseverywhere.She

3. It's warm and sunnyoutside.They

4. I'm writing an article.I don't know how to spell a word. I

t'7
5. Larry is thirsty.He

6. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are going to the swimming pool. They
-1.
It's late at night. I feel tired and sleepy.I

8. It's freezinsoutside.He

9. Our TV doesn'twork properly.My father

[0. I haven'tgot enougheggsto make a cake.I

with your own predictions.IJse


B. Completethe sentences will.
l. In the year2100 there (be) enoughfood to eat.

2. Ir (be) snowy next week

3. Brazil (win) the next football World Cup.

4. The weather (get) much colder in the next few years.

5. Buses (disappear)beforethe year 2100.

C. Complete the sentencesusing will or be going to and the verbs in brackets.

1. Look at that presnantwoman over there.I think she ( h a v e )u b u b v


very soon.

2. I expectshe (lend)us somemoney.

3. Oh, no! Look at thatboyl He (drop) and break that vase.

4. Look at her facel She looks terrible.I think she (faint)

5. A: Why don't you come to the party tonight?


B: O.K.I (come)at 9:30.

D. Look at Barbara'sdiary. Write down what sheis doing next Monday.

June,12th Monday
9:30 playtennis
I l:00 meetDavid
13:15 h a v el u n c hw i t hS a l l y
15:00 go to a party
19:30 meethusband in his office

t8
Next Monday at 9:30 I am

'presentcontinuous','presentsimple' or
E . Complete the sentencesusing the
going to.

l. Be careful! You (fall) into the lake.

2 . A: What'sthe weatherreport?
B: It (rarn)tomorrow.

3 . The lecture (start) at B:40 and (finish)


at9:30.

4. Hurryup! We (miss) the train.

5. I've bought some cheese and eggs. Tonight we (eat) ln


omelette.

6. The plane to New York (take offl at" 9 o'clock atnd


(arrive)thereat 12 o'clock.

1 . I've bought the tickets and packedmy suitcases.I (leave)for


Antalya tonight.

F. Mark the best choice.

We usually_( 1)- to Spainon holiday,but next year we _(2)_ to Florida.

're
1. a) havebeen 2. a) flying
've
b) go b) flown
'd
c) are going c) like
d) havegone d) like flying

Galatasarayis 3-2 ahead,and there is only five minutes left. Milan -(3)- the
game.In that case,they _(1)_ attendthe UEFA championship.

3. a) loses 4. a) won't be ableto


b) going to lose b) don't haveto
c) lost c) mustn't
d) will probablylose d) ought not to

19
The new tunnel will -(5)- by a Japanesefirm. In 5 years'time, they _(6)_ it and
thousandsof drivers-(1)- it during the rush hours.

5. a) construct 6. a) are finished 7. a) will beusing


b) be constructing b) will be finished b) will be used
c) have constructed c) will have finished c) are used
d) be constructed d) are going to finish d) will haveused

with excellentskills and qualifications.She's definitely going to


Pat is a salesrepresentative
get a promotion. You'll see,in about three months' time she -(8)- the salesmanager.
And this time next year,she-(9)- our firm in Paris.

B. a) becomes 9. a) will berepresenting


b) has become b) will represent
c) will have become c) will have represented
dt will be becoming d) will be represented

We are writing to confirm your travel arrangementsfrom London to Ankara. The plane
_(10)_ the Heathrow airport at 10 a.m. so you have to check in at 9 a.m. When you get to
istanbul, you _(11)_ change planes becausethere is no direct flight to Ankara. Your
journey to Ankara is on flight OA 512 at 4 p.m. local time if there -(12)- no delay.We
exDectvou ( 13) in Ankara at about5 o'clock.
One of your guides _( 14)_ for you when you get there.It is a good idea to confirm your
return flight before you leave the airport becauseby the time you get to the city centre,the
travelagency_(15)-.

10. a) will be left | 1. a) won't be ableto 12. a) will be


b) leaves b) will haveto b) isn't
c) going to leave c) won't have to c) hasn'tbeen
d) will have been leaving d) will be able to d) is

13. a) will arrive 14. a) will wait 15. a) is closed


b) can arrive b) is waiting b) will be closing
c) must arrive c) will be waiting c) will close
d) are arriving d) will have waited d) will haveclosed

16. I'll havefinisheduniversity


a ) s i n c e1 9 9 4 c) in 1996
b) 3 yearsago d) by nextJune

20
17. I've found a job in Italy. I've alreadyrented a flat there. I on the 22nd.
've moved c) going to move
a)
b) am moving d) was moving

18. A : Janetand I are going to study at the library this afternoon.


B : Is it all right if I come at 5 o'clock?
A : Five is fine. We -- our studiesby then.
a) have finished c) will be finished
b) are finishing d) will have finished

G. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

l. Alice (probably/go) to universityafter shefinisheshigh


school.She wants to get marriedand becomea housewife.

2. Don't tell dad about my bad gradesor I (lend) you my car


next weekend.

3. A: I told you not to stayout after midnight without my permission.


B: I know, and I promiseI (do) it again.

4. If we keep to our schedule,we (rest) in our hotel at this time


tomorrow.

If nothing goes wrong, we (5) (construct)this bridge by the end of May


and the tourist coaches(6) (have to / use) the rocky road into
the village any longer.

1. A: I didn't know that you were t*itJlo lessons!


B : W e l l , I a m .I (learn)judo for a year by next June.

8. He's going into surgeryat I :30 this afternoon.I expecthe (be)


tired after the operation,so let's wait until tomorrow to visit him.

At this time tomorrow, Mr. Higgins (9) (have) a press

so you (10)
conference, (be able to / see)him then. However, he

will be free after the conference.

A : Haveyou got any ideawhat You(11) (do) this time next year?

B : Who knows? However, I know that I (12) (move) to New York

by next month.

21
: Really?I didn'tknow that you wereplanningto move.

A (1 3 ; (you / able to / support)yourselfin New


York? It is difficult ro find a good position over rhere. I cloubt if you
(t4) (find) a job as good as the one you have
now.

B I don't worry aboutfinding a job. We talkedthis over with my uncle.Fred. He is the


owuer of a softwarecompanythere.I ( I 5) ( w o r k )i n h i s c o m p a n y .

A That soundsgreat.So you haveplannedeverything.

B Oh, yes.However, I (16) (miss / probably) my friends very


much.

1 7 .W e've waited long enough.Pay us our wagesor we (go) on a strike!

1 8 .A What are you doing?

I'm preparingthe guestroom. I expectRoger and Helen (he)


tired after the long journey. They may wanr to rest right away.

1 9 "A Do you think you can get away with what you have done?

B I'm sorry. I know that I shouldn't have cheated during the exatn. I
promise, I (do / never)it again.Please,don't sendme to rhe
principal.

It's 8 o'clock in the morning.Joe is phoning nO O""r neighbourBill.


"*,
Joe Good morning,Bill. I know it's earlybut my car broke down and I havean imporranr
meetingthis morning (20) (can/ borrow) your car?

Bill Yes.of courseyou can.

Joe Oh, great!Is it OK with you if I come and get the car keys?

Bill : Don't come now. I have to take the childrento schoolbut it won't take lons. Whv
don't you come round at about8:30?I (21) (drive)the childrenro
schoolby then.
Joe : B:30! But that's too late. The meeting startsat 8:30. If I don't get there on time. I
\221 (look for) anotherjob pretty soon.

23. A : I don't know London very well. I might ger lost.

B : Don't worry! I (wait) for you at the station when your trarn
arrives.

22
24. Please,hurryup. By thetime you finishgerringready,we ( m l s s)
thetrain.

My husbanclis an ambulanceman. I wish * r.r""', I want him to be fit and well when
he (25) (retire) but he (26) (probably / be) so,
becausethe pressureof doing such a stressfuljob may ruin his health.

21. A I have lost the car key.


B I (help) you look for it.

28.A Why are you carryingthat ladder?


B I (change)a broken bulb downstairs.

Cindy Why have you spentso much money on that strangedress,Sally?

Sally Well, you know, next Saturday is my birthday and I


(29) (intend)to (30) (give) a fancy dress
party in my flat. I (31) (wear) this dressat the party.

32. I'm looking forward to reading his new book. people say
they (publish)it by the end of this month.
33. It looks like everyoneis againstus. I doubt if we
(give) anotherchanceto completethe project.
34. I (watch) my favourite TV programmefrom nine to
ten tomorrow evening,so pleasecall rne beforethat.
ktr*

A : Mr. Preston(35) (probably/ get) the most votes in the elecrion


tomorrow.
B : Who'sMr. Preston?

A : He's the presidentof the company.In fact, he (36) ( r u n) t h i s


c o m p a n ye v e r s i n c eh e t 3 7 ; (elect)presidentin 1987,and he's
such a successfuladministratorthat the staff (38) (certainly/vote)
for the other candidate,who they know almostnothing about.

H. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. Sharoncallsher fiiend Judy.

Sharon: Judy,I havesomethingimportantto tell you. Can we meet at 12:30in your


office?

L-1
24. Please,hurry up. By the time you finish getting ready,we (miss)
the train.

My husbandis an ambulanceman. I wish he weren't.I want him to be fit and well when
he (25) (retire)but he (26) (probably / be) so,
becausethe pressureof doing such a stressfuljob may ruin his health.
x**

27. A I have lost the car kev.


B (help) you look for it.

28.A Why are you carryingthat ladder?


B I (change)a brokenbulb downstairs.

Cindy Why have you spentso much money on that strangedress,Sally?

Sally Well, you know, next Saturday is my birthday and t


(2e) (intend)to (30) (give) a fancy dress
partyin my flat. I (31) (wear) this dressat the party.

32. I'm looking forward to reading his new book. people say
they (publish)it by the end of this month.
33. It looks like everyoneis againstus. I doubt if we
(give) anotherchanceto completethe project.
34. I (watch) my favourite TV programmefrom nine ro
ten tomorrow evening,so pleasecall me befbrethat.
>lt<*

A : Mr. Preston(35) (probably/ get) the most votes in the elecrion


tomorrow.
B : Who'sMr. Preston?

A : He's the presidentof the company.In fact, he (36) (run) this


companyever sincehe (37) (elect)presidentin 1987,and he's
such a successfuladministratorthat the staff (38) (certainly/vote)
for the other candidate,who they know almostnothing about.

H. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. Sharoncallsher fiiend Judy.

Sharon: Judy,I havesomethingimportantto tell you. Can we meet at 12:30in your


office?

23
Judy : Well, I (have) lunch with a group of businessmenfrom
Turkey then, but I don't have anythingelse to do after 2 o'clock. Is it all right
if we meet some time after 2 o'clock?
Sharon : Sure.I'll come to your office around2:30.

2. I (repair)that chair for you, if you like.

3. I'm gettingold. I ( b e )5 6 n e x tM o n d a y .

4. Jenny : John hasn'tphonedme yet.

Mary : Don't worry. I'm surehe (call) soon.

5. I wonderif he (still / love) me when I'm 64.

6. A: Is it all right if I come and seeyou at 5 tomorrow?


B: Sure.I (cook) the dinner then but you can sit in the kitchen,
chat with me and then we can eat together.

i. Sam and Linda are at Mr. Brown, J;:" talking about the yearly budget of the
company.
Sam : Linda, look at Mr. Brown. He looks awfully pale. I think he
(faint).

Linda: Well, I guessyou are right. Sorry,Mr. Brown, are you feeling OK?

8. Helga is talking to her son'sEnglish teacher,Ms. Gold.


Helga : Do you think my son will be readyto take the TOEFL exam this spring?

Ms. Gold : Sure.The testis in June.By that time, he (study)for


the exam for more than six months.

9. Bill is talking to his father,Frank.


Frank : How did your job interviewgo today?
Bill : Well. I doubtif I (get) the job. I guess they are
looking for someonewith more job experiencethan I have. but knowing
Spanishmight be an advantage.

10. Bob is talking to his girlfriend,Liz, on the phone.


Bob: I've made a reservationat a nice Italian Restaurantfor 7 o'clock tonight.
Liz : That'ssreatbut I (have)an importantmeetingwith the
sales representativesof the company at the time. Can you change the
reservationto 9 o'clock?I'll be free then.
Bob: Sure.

4,4
I. Rewrite the following.

I. The plane takesoff in forty minutes and it'll take us an hour to set to the airnort.
By the time we get to the airport,

2. I will finish the decorationbeforeyou come home.


By the time

3. We moved to this flat on December1't this year.


By December1" next year. for exactly a year.

4. Would you like me to help you with your homework?


I'lI

5. This report will take me threehoursto type.


In threehours'time.I

I.4 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS

A. Use the list and write down what you have done or what you haven't done so far
today.

Have a shower Do homework


Eat breakfast Comb hair
Drink tea or coffee Brush teeth
Readnewspaper Have a pop quiz
Watch TV Make bed
Make a phonecall Wash the dishes

eg. I hove eoten breokfost.


I hoven't hod o shower.

25
B. You have come across an old school friend. Read the information given in the
'present perfect simple' tense.
bubbles and tell her the latest news by using the

I/gotothe
Far East.

E9. My sister hos got morried.


l.
2.

4.
5.
6.

C. Tom is a doctor in Los Angeles. His life was different 2 years ago. Study the
table and write about the changesin his life.

2 vearsa Now

I lived in New York. I live in Los Angeles.


I was a rnedicalstudent. I am a doctor.
My eyesightwas good. My eyesightis poor.
I was single. I am engaged.
I was very thin. I am a bit overweight
I usedto play video games I don't have any fr". ti,o..
I didn't havea beard. I have a beard.

Eg.He hos movedto Los Angeles.


I
)

/o
3.
4.

5.
6.

D. Complete these conversations.


eg. A: ever/go tolcircus? Hove you eve? been to o circus?
B: yes. Yes, I hove.
A: when? When did you go there?
B: 11 years old. I went there when I wos llyeors old.
A: ever/eat/sushi?
B: yes.
A: where?
B: Tokyo.

A: ever/do/rockclimbing?
B: yes.
A: what/be/like?
B: exciting.

3 . A: ever/write/story?
B: yes.
A: when?
B: 2 yearsago.

1. A: ever/plant/tree?
B: yes.
A: when?
B: lastspring.

B. There will be a party at Mary's flat at the weekend. Today is Friday and she is
at home. She is making the preparations. Look at her list and make sentences
using jusf, yet and,already.

Decoratethe flat-yet CIeanthe flaralready


Make sandwiches-already Tidy up the living room-yet
Buy drinks-just Blow the balloons-just
lnvite the suest-alread Lav the table-

)-l
Eg. She hosn't decoroted the flot yet.
1

2.
J.

1.

5.

6.

1.

F. Fill in the gaps using gone or been.

l. Tom isn't at homenow. He's to school.

2. Oh, hello Jim! I was looking for you. Where have you _?

3. I'm sorryI'm late.I've _ to the hairdresser's.

4. There isn't anybodyat home.I think they've away for the meeting.

5.PeterknowsalotaboutLosAngeles.He'S-theremanytimes.

'Have you
6. ever to Miami?' 'No, never.'

7. There is a very good caf6 in Elm street.Have you there?

B. Alice is on holidaynow. She's to Madrid.

G. Read the dialogue and complete the sentencesusing the given information and the
clues. Usejrsf, yet or already.
Jim has invrtedhis girlfriend to meet his parents.They are going to have dinner at Jim's house.
Jim Where are my trousers,Mum?
Mum I took them to the dry cleaner'stwo days ago. I called him today and he said, "You can
-qetyour trousers.They are ready."But I didn't have enoughtirne to go and get them.
Jirn O h . w e l l . I h a r e l . ow e a rm y j e a n s .
Mum I ironed them this morning.I put them on your bed.
Jim Thanks.Mum.
Mum Can you make the salad,Jim?
Jim Of course,I czrn.I'll makeit in a few minutes.Don't worry. Where'sDad? He is late.
Mum I think he is still at work. Oh, wait! Listenl I think that is your father'scar.
Jim Yes. I think that'shim.

28
l. Jim'sparents
(meet )

2. The dry cleaner's


(clean)

3. Jim'smum
(iron)
4. Jim
(make)

5. Jim's father
(arrive)

H. Rewrite/Complete the sentencesbelow using the clues where given.

l. He died two yearsago.


He two years.

2. This will be our third holiday abroad.


We two tlmes.
(be / already)

3. This is my fourthjob thisyear.


this year^
(change)

4. They are still looking for the burglar.


yet.
(find)

5. Tom is going to Englandfor the first time.

(never.)

6. This is Alex, my husband.


We married for only a week.
(be)

1. Samis hungry
Sam dinner yet.

8. Amy bought a car two months ago.

(for)

I paintedmy first picturefour yearsago.I've just finishedmy l00thone.


[00 picturessincethen.

10. We settleddown in Chicagothreeyearsago.


We three yezrrs.
(live)

2L)
I l. He has stoppedplaying cards
any more.

12. She hasn'tfound a flat yet.


She a flat.
(lookfor / still)

13. She'sstill in her office.


her otfice yet.

14. He'sstillworkingfor Mrs.Robbins.


J. ..

(get the sack)


15.A: the report yet, have you?
(wnte)
B : Y ou're right. I haven't.But don't worry, I'm going to write it this afternoon.

1 6 . M o l l ys' kitchen is still very dirty.


Molly
(yet)

17. Jack last watcheda play at the Royal Theatrelast year.

(slnce)

18. He becamefamous after he oublishedhis book on scandals.


h i s b o o ko n s c a n d a l s
(ever since)

19. Shehasn'thad a check-upfbr a long time.


It's a check-up

20. They haven'tvisited their grandparents


for ages.
It's
t:*,<

2l . The last time I rode a horsewas fifteen yearsago


It's a horse.

22. The last time we saw them was at university.


We at university.
(since)

23. The last time I went to the theatrewas yearsago.


It's

30
24. She hasn'tridden a bike sinceshewas at high school.
The lasttime

25. He hasn'tseenan operasincehe was 25.


The lasttime

l. Complete the conversational exchangesusing the given words.

l. A: Is Peterstill lookinefor a iob?


B: Yes. Unfortunatelv (find/one/yet).

to drink?
2. A: Wouldyou like something
B: No. thanks. (ust / have / sometea).

3. A: What's the matterwith Joanne?


B: (break/ leg).

4. A : I ' m waiting for Ann.


B: Oh, (leave/ already).

5. A: Can you lend me f 10?


B: Sorry, (not/be /bank/today)

6. A: Why don't you askPaulto help you?


B: (already/ ask) but he's busy.

1. A: Be carefuM (paint/ door /1ust).


B: Oh dear.Why didn't you tell me when I camein?

8. A: Would you like a pieceof cake?


B: No. thanks. (ust/have/one).

9. A: Don't forget to Postthe letter


B: (already/ post).

10. A: Is Janestill writing the report?


B: Yes (finish / yet).

J. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

l . I n t h el a s ts i x m o n t h s , I (complete)two English courses.

2. Work on the new buildine (begin).

3. Fred (serve)in Northern Ireland and in Cyprus.

4. Flisht707from Amsterdam (land)

5. How long (you / know) him?

6. I (knock)five times.I don't think anybodyis in.

1. TheBrowns (find) a flat yet. They (still / look for) one

3l
with the 'presentperfect'or 'simplepast'.
K. Completethe sentences

L More than ten students (send)abroad by our university


over the last two years.

2. I (have)trouble sleepingall last week

3. He (be) unemployed ever since he (finish)


university.

4. I feel sorry for Jane.She (have)trouble all her life.

5. We (not/learn)much in that course

6. The children (feel) ill before the New Year, but they
(be) bettersincethen.

7. She (not / work) hard when she (be) at high school

8. Jenny (want) to be a pilot until she (be) fifteen

9. In thosedayswe (often / visit) our grandparents.

10. ElvisPresley (be) a famous rock slnger.


His albums (be) popular sincehis death.

1 1 .W e (live) in Lisbon for two yearsbefore we sot married.

12. How many letters (you / typet today'/

13. Joe and I (play) a lot of basketballthis rnonth

1 4 .I (neveri try) cooking Chinesefood before.

15. How many times (you / be) in love?

r 6 .I (never/ enjoy) a Christmasas much as this one.

17. A : Canyou ice-skate?


B : I usedto whenI wasa child.but I'm not sureif I can now. It's agessinceI last
(skate).

32
L. Read the situation and ask a question.

I. Mary bought a winter housein the Alps in 1981. Jack asksHelen about it.
..)
Jack :
H e l e n : S i n c e1 9 8 1 .

2. Jack is in a Frenchrestaurant.He is not surewhetherto order snailsor not; he doesn't


know how they taste.You ask Eric aboutJack.
You :
Eric : No. never.

3. You are at a cafd with your friend. He wantsto go to Spain and he asksyou about it.
Tom ?
You : Yes. I have.I was therelast summer.

1. Nicky and Victor are talking about their old classmateJohn. Nicky asks Victor trbout
John.
Nicky :
Victor : Yes,I have.I phonedhim yesterday.

A. Completethe conversationsusing the cluesin brackets.


'You
l. A look tired.'
' (paint
B the ceiling)

2. A : 'Are you hungry?'

'No, .' (eatall day)


B :
'Why is the room so untidy?'
3. A :

B :' .' (Ann/ study)


'Mary
4. A : seemsexhausted.'

B: .' (wash/ clothes)

'Why are her eyesred?'


5. A :

B :' .'(cry)
'You look hot.'
6.A :

' (play
B / tennis)

-) l)
B. Rewrite or complete the following using the clues if given.

1. He startedstudying3 hours ago.He is still studying.


He
(for)

2. I startedwatchingTV at 9 o'clock and I am still watching.

(since)
3. A : Is Tommy still in front of the computer?

B : I'm afraid he is. He (play)thatsilly computergamefor


hours.

A : I thinkhe shouldturnit off andso to bednow.

4. Tom : It's 5 o'clock.Why isn'tJanegoinghome?Shelookstired.

Bill : Yes, I think she is very tired. (type)


the boss'letterssince9 o'clock this mornins.

5. A: TV?
(watch)
B:No t for very long. Jack and T turnedit on only 10 minutesago.

6. A: on that report?
(work)
B : Since9 this morning,and I haven'tfinishedyet.

7. I startedreadingthis book two hours ago. I'm still readingit.


two hours.

8. A : You look exhausted.


B:I (go) to bed late recently.

9. Alex seesTom waitine in the rain in front of the cinema.

Alex : Tom, you're wet all over. You're going to catch a cold.
(wait) here in the rain'J

Tom : For half an hour. Janetis late.I hope she comessoon.

10. The studentsat the D.B.E. startedlearningEnglish two months ago.


two months.

34
C. Write what these people have been doing using since.
eg. The workers got a pay rise a month ago.

l. Janestarteduniversitythreemonthsago.

2. Stevehad a car accidentlast month.

J, Grahamcameout of prison a year ago.

4. The Baileyswon a large amountof money on the football pools six months ago.

5. Tony had a nervousbreakdownsometime ago.

D. Write two sentencesfor each situation using the 'present perfect simple' and
'continuous'.

eg. The secretarystartedtyping an hour ago. Five lettersare ready now.


5he's been typing for an hour.
5he's typed five letters so far.

l. Bill is a fashionphotographer.He cameinto the studioat ten this morningand is


leavinsin a minutewith six usedrollsof film.

2. Hay Campbell, the famous heart- surgeon,becamea doctor 40 years ago. A lot of
natientsrememberhim with his successfuloperations.

3. Andy smokesa lot when he is working. He openeda packet of cigarettesand lit the
first one a few hours ago and now there is an empty packet in front of him.

35
4. The room was in a terrible mess when Bill started cleaning an hour ago. He hasn't
finishedyet but now at leastthe floor is cleanand the bookcaseis tidv.

E. Ask and answer questions using the given words.


eg. learn English / September
start English classes/ several months

How long have you been learning English?


Since Sepfember.

Several months ago.


l. move to this house/ lastyear
live in this house/ lastyear

2. know your friend Bill / ten years


meet your friend Bill I ten years

3. John,break,leg / October
Walk on crutches/ severalweeks

36
4. be ill / a long time
becomeill / a long time

5. buy this car / last August


have this car / last Ausust

F. Ask two questions for each situation, in the 'present perfect' and 'simple past'
and give short answers as in the example.

eg. Dan Riley was born in India and lived there until he was twenty. Then he went to
England. He k thirty now and is still living there.

How long did he live in India? For twenty years.

How long has he been living in England? For ten years.

1. It startedraining early this morning and hasn't stoppedyet. It also rained yesterday.
but only for half an hour.

2. Mary got a job as a translator5 yearsago. She left the job only last week and started
teachingin a school.

3'7
3. John Graine travelledall over the world as a pilot for 40 years.He retired two yearsago
and bought a housein the country.Now he enjoys living there.

III. REVIEW OF THE PRESENTPERFECTSIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

Nancy Hi, Kathy.It's Nancy.

Kathy Oh, hi, Nancyl Where are you? I (1) (phone) you or.)
Tuesday,Wednesdayand last night, but you (2) (be) at
home.

Nancy You'reright.I (3) (be) at home. I'm not in London. I'm


in Turkey!I (4) (call) vou from Istanbulnow.

Kathy Istanbul?Oh, my god! What (5) (you / do) there?

Nancy Visiting somefriends with my brother,Tom. We're here on holiday.

Kathy That'sgreat.How long (6) (vou / be) in Istanbul'l

Nancy For 5 days.We (7) (arrive)on Tuesday.

Kathy (8) (you / visit) the Topkapr Palaceand the Blue Mosque
yet?

Nancy We (9) (already/ be) to the Blue Mosque. but we


(t0) (see) the Topkapr Palace yet. We
(l l) (go) there tomorrow. Two daiys a-qo we
(12) (go) on a city tour by bus. Istanbulis a wonderful
city.( 13) (you/ ever/ eat)kebabs?

Kathy No, what are they like?

Nancy They're small pieces of meat. They're delicious. Yesterday we


(14) (drink)someTurkishcoffee.too.

38
Kathy (1 s ) (you/ like) it?

Nancy Yes.very much. I had two cups!

Kathy (16) (Tom / be) with you now? I'd like to talk to him. too.

Nancy Oh, yes.Tom, come here! Nancy wantsto talk to you.

B.

CharlesringsPeterat J a . m .

Charles : r ( l ) (go) fishing now, Peter.Would you like


to come with me?

Peter But it's so early. I (2) (have) breakfastyet.


Whv didn't vou tell me last nisht?

C h a r l e s : A c t u a l l y ,I ( 3 ) (call) you severaltimes but


you (4) (be) home Anyway, we can go
tosethernext week then.

C.

In spiteof the forty years she has spent on stage,the 58-year-oldactressRaga Woods
(lt (affect) bv time so far. Althoush she is in her fifties. she
(2) (look) about 35. "Oh yes," she says. "Some people
(3) (think) it is genetic,but it may be the vegetarianism.I
(4) (eat) any red meat since I had a heart attack." Right now
Mrs.Woods(5) (appear)in a new play by Samuel Dawson.
S h e( 6 ) (expect)this play to continuefor a long time

D.

Mike and Anna (l) (get) married next month. They

(2) (already / buy) a fridge. a sofa, a bed and some

armchairs but they (3) (find) a f l a r y e t . They

(4) (look) at the newspaper a d v e r t i s e m e n tnso w . Mike

(5) (ust / read) about a flat in Elm Street.It s in a busy

street,but they don't mind (6) (live) in the city center.

39
E.

Dear Peter,

Hello from Hotel Talya in Antalyal What is the weatherlike in London? It is hot and
sunnyhere.Our hotel (1) (be) near the beach, but it has gor a big
swimming pool. There are also three tennis courts. We (2)
(play/usually)tennisin the morning.

There are a lot of interestingplaces to see. We (3)


(see/already)Manavgat and Side. The food here is excellent. Last nieht. we
(4) (eat) fish at a beautiful restaurant.

We (5) (be) to Alanya yet. We


(6) (drive) there tomorrow. My parents want to go to the
disco tonight but I want to stay at the hotel. You know, I (7)
(hateidance).

Seeyou soon.
Love
Jud

F.

My parents( 1) (have) a beautiful house in the country. They

(2) (buy) it when I was 8. It (3) (be) very big-only

l r ooms and a living room, but my parentslike it. They (4) ( l i v e ) t h e r ef o r

20 years. My father ( 5 ) (spend)all his time in the garden and my mother

(6) (go) for long walks in the beautifulcountryside.I always tell them to

come to London and live with me, but they say rhey (7) (want) to leave

their quiet home.

G.
M r s . S i m m s1 l ) (do) her shopping with her husband. Mr.Simms, on
Saturdaymornings. They go to the bazaar.Mr. Simms never enjoys these visits, but Mrs.
Simms comes to the bazaarto buy fresh fruit and vegetables.The fruit and vegetablesin the
bazaar are very fresh becausethey (2) (grow) by the farmers in the area.
Last Saturdaythe bazaar(3) (be) very crowdedso Mr. Simms said."I don't

40
want (4) (come) with you. I (5) (wait) for you

here." Mrs. S i m m s ( 6 ) (leave) Mr. Simms in front of the bazaar.Two

hours later,M r . S i m m s ( 7 ) (wait I still) for his wife when a man

(B) (come)up to him. He said, "Excuseme. Is your name Simms?Your

wife (9) (finish / just) shopping,but her bags are very heavy. She is
"I
asking you to carry them home for her." Mr. Simms was very angry. He said.
(l 0 ) (stand)herefor two hours and I am very tired. She can carry the

bagsalone.I am going home!"

H.
Andrew Pollard IS successful 3O-year-old journalist from London. He

(l) (arrive) in New York a year ago and since then he

(2 ) (work) for the New York Times. In addition to this. he

(3 ) (study) graphic design part time at Hunter College, but he

(4) (pass)his final exams yet. His boss at the newspaperis very

happy wrth his work and Andrew (5) (ust/give) a promotion. He

will startworking as an editor soon.However,Andrew still finds time to do other things.He


likes the night life in New York and (6) (go) out to bars quite ofien

recently.He also travelsat weekendswith his new friends.He (7) (visit)

several different cities, including Los Angeles, Boston and Denver. Last summer' he
(8) (spend)a weekend in San Franciscoand he wants to go there

againas soon as possible.

1 . 5PAST PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS


A . Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.
I.
SandyStewartis an American.She was fifteen when this happened:
''I (l) (go) to the supermarketwith my mother one day, and over the
car radio came Want To Hold Your Hand. They were the Beatles and I
(2) (hear/not) them before. I went, Wowl What a strange soundl I
(3) (affect) deeply by the tune of the song. No tune
(4) (impress) me so much until that moment. Later. I
(s) (find) that a lot of girls at school (6) (hear/also)it and
felt the same.I (7) (remember)walking down the street with two of my
friendsand discussingthem. We all saidthey (8) (look)ugly in their
photographs, especially with no collars on their jackets. The music
(e) (be) great,we (10) l t h i n k l . b u t t h e yd i d l o o k
ugly."
***

,11
II.

l. W h e nw e (enter) the hotel lobby, we realized that the curtains


(change)to match the furniture.

2' Before boardingthe plane, I wanted to buy a magazineto read


during the flight. I didn't
want to carry my heavy luggageinto the store, so I left it
outside.When I came out, it
wasn'tthereany more. Someone_ _ (steal)it.

3. She (lay) the table long before the guestsarrived but she
forgot
the salt and pepper

+. The strikersweregettingrestlessbecausethey.._.-=_- (stand)in front of


thecompanydirector's officefor five hours,waitingfor a response.
**>k

Thirty yearsago, Suzy Szabowas the greatestfilm star in the world.


She usedto live in a big
housein Hollywood where she (5) (have)twelve servants.When we asked
people about her, many thought that she (6)
(already I dte). Thar's
becauseMs Szabo (7) (give) any interviewsto the press since 1972.
Where is she now?

Ms Szabo(8) (still/be)a very rich woman but she (9) (live)


in Hollywood any more. Twenty years ago, she moved to a small
villase in the south of
France, where the sun ( l0) (always/shine). These days, she
(l l) (have) a wonderful time with her husbandon a cruise
in the Greek
Islands.

Last month one of our reportersaskedpermissionto publish Ms Szabo's


memories.At the
m o m e n ts h e ( 1 2 ) (think) about whether it's a good idea to have her
biographypublishedor not. She is a little worried about having her recent
picturesraken and
p r i n t e di n l h e n e w s p a p e rass s h et l 3 ) (believe)that she has chanseda lor.

There was nobody at home when I came back from work. Jrm's wardrobe
was empty. h i s
clothes were gone. However, he (14) (leave) me a note on the
kitchen table. After reading it, I realizedt h a t h e ( 1 5 )
(want) to see
me any more.
*x*

A motorist saw two m e n w h o 1 1 6 ) (carry) heavy h a q s along a


lonely country road. Earlier that day he (17)
(read) rn the

42
newspaperabouttwo thieveswho (18) (stop) a train and stolen

mail-bagscontaininga lot of money,so he (19) (infonn) the police

immediately.The police soon arrived on the scene.They questionedthe men but neither of

them was able to speakEnglish.The men tried hard to resist the arrest.When they arrived at

the police station,the bags(20) (open)at once.A terrible mistake

(21) (make)! The men were French onion-sellersand their bass were

full of onionsl

The first man to jump out of an aeroplanewhen travelling at a speedgreaterthan sound was

Arthur Ray Hawk. Up to that time, jumps of this sort (22)

(regard)as impossiblebut this outstandingUnited StatesNavy pilot proved the world that

suchjumps(23) (be)possible.

During an air show over Mississippiin 1954,Hawk (24) (fly) an

entirely new, type of plane when, at 40,000 feet, the nose of the plane

(2s) (dip) sharply.As Hawk (26) (try) to

pull the plane out of the dive, he noticedthe speedometer(27) (go)

up very fast. A few minutes later it reached a speed faster than sound.

(28) (trap) in his seat, and hanging upside-down, the pilor

I2gl (be able / press) the button that would put the plane on

aulomaticpilot. Near him. however,there was anotherbutton which was to be used only in

timesof greatdanger.Hawk pressedit, the glassshell abovehis head openedup and he was

thrown up into the air. Then he went down with great speed,

(30) (try) to pull the ribbon which would open his parachute.He

failed in his attempt.He was fortunate becauseif his parachutehad opened, at that rate of

s p e e di ,t ( 3 1 ) (tear) to piecesby such a strong wind. At about

29,000 feet, Hawk managedto open his parachute.Soon afterwards,he landed safely in a

field of cotton.
Last week I (32) (have) the strangest experience when I
r33) (take) my poodle, Suzettefor a walk on the 5th Avenue. We
(34) (geVjust) to the corner when
r15t (notice) a man a few houses behind me. He
(3 6 ) (walk) with his large Doberman pinscher. so I quickly
(37) (move) to the other side of the street to let them
(38) (pass).Suzene(39) (have) a fight and
she (40) (bite) by another dog the week before so I
(41) (want) her to get into trouble. I (42)
(start)walking really fast in order to keep far aheadof them. Suddenly,the man called out and
askedme to stop. He said that his dog really (43) (like) poodles.
He also added that he was hopine our doss could meet! I told him that I
(44) (allow/never)my dog to make friends with strangerstill that
time and that I (45) (be) glad if he left us alone. Without savins
anything,the man walkedaway with his dog.

***

Yesterdayduring the final exam, Lata (46) (daydream)at her desk


in the examination r o o m w h i l e t h e o t h e r s t u d e n t s ( 4 7 ) - - ( a n s w e r ) t h e
questions.Lata (48) (attend)all the lecturesthroughoutthe year. and on the
day of the final exam, she was really determinedto do well. However. she couldn't help
thinking about the boy she (49) (start) going out the week before the
finals.
When the invigilator announcedthe time left, Lata (50) (realise)that

she (5| )_ (answer) even a single question and imrnediatell'


r5?\ (begin) to answer the questions.L e a v i n gt h e e x a m i n a t i o nr t r o m .

Lata was upset as she was sure she (53) (do) badly in the exam but

when she saw her boyfriend who (54) (wait) for her for two hours

outside,she stoppedworrying aboutthe exam.

Let tell you what happened today at the store where I work. It
(551 (be) the end of the day about 7.00 pm. We
(s6) (sefYe) customers for more than eight hours. t
(s7) (think) of going home and taking a nice hot shower when I
noticedJulie, one of the cashiers,(58) (put) a bundle of hundred-
dollarnotesin her purse.She(59) (take) the bills from the open till

44
in front of her. As the girl (60) (always/be)nice to me before,I
( 6 1) - (know) what to do - report her to the manageror ignore

the whole thing. By that time, almosteveryone(62) (leave)the store.I

could hear the cleaning women (63) (talk) among themselves.

S u d d e n l y J. u l i e ( 6 4 ) (walk) up to me and said she


(6s) (have) financial difficulties for the past three months.

Surprisedby this confession,I

The room (66) (be) in the children


(67) (throw) everythingon the floor.
***

After Alan (68) (leave) for the airport, I


(6e) (realise)that he (70) (take) his

passportwith him.

There 01) (be) any apples in the fridge. My brother


(125 (eat)them all.
***

I once had a part - time job in a big departmentstorein Liverpool.I'll alwaysremember

the first day of the sales.I (73) (reach)the store half an hour

before the opening time and saw that hundredsof people (14)

(wait) outside the doors. The crowd was quite impatient to get in. I could see why our

boss(75) (plan) the sale like a military operationthe previous

day. At five to nine the crowd...

Yesterdayevening r (76) (run) into Mr. Page, who was mY


physics teacher at high school. I (77) (look) at the new

publicationswhen he entereclthe bookstore. I immediately recognised him as he


(78) (change)much. He looked almostthe sameexceptthat he
(7e) (wear)glassesat school.You know, at thosetimes contact
lenseswere not so common. Anyway, we talked about the good old days for sometime
and then I invited him to have a cup of tea at my place. He kindly turned down my
i n v i t a t i o nb, u t s a i dt h a th e ( 8 0 ) (visit)me soon.
A: Yesterdaymorning was a nightmare.

Why?What(81) (happen)?

A: Well, I overslepIbecause
I 182.; (forget) to set the alarm clock the
nightbefore.Not surprisingly,
I waslate for the mid-term.When I got to the classroom,the
teacher (83) (let) me in as she (84)
(start)readingthe listeningsection.I waited until ...

***

I (85) (feel) terribly embarrassed when I realized that I


(86) (leave)my wallet at home. It was the first tirne Debraand I wcre
goingout and I (87) (haveto/ask)her to pay the bill.

Yesterday while my two brothers and I ( 8 8 ) (paint) my room, my sister


(8e) (open) the door suddenly Nobody(90) ( t e l lt
her that we would be there. So insteadof painting the wall, we spentall morning cleanin-{the
paint on the carpet.
*t<t<

Studentsin Terror Ride


The driver of a school bus was questioned
by policeyesterday
afterparentscomplained
thathe
(el) (take)twentyof theirchildrenon a highspeedrerrorrideandlefi
them thirty miles away from home. When the students(92) (-qet)out
of the bus, they telephonedtheir parents.The studentsexplainedthat some of them were not rn
their seatsand when the driver noticedthem (93) (run) up and down
the aisle in the bus, he got angry and accelerated. Anxious parenrs
(94) (telephone)the bus company and the school as their children
(9s) (return/still).Mrs. Ann Stalker,whose children were on the bus.
said "Anything (96) (can/happen).It was quite wrong to drop them
thirty miles away from home. Most of the children (97) (have) no
money. I am extremely angry." A spokesman for the bus company said thev
(98; (look) into the matterand that there were some other complaints
aboutthis driver as he (99) (drive) very fast for some time.

Join the following sentencesusing when,

He worked for 10 yearsat the bank.He becamethe manager.

2. He gainedsomeexperience.He receiveda promotion.

+t)
3. The police suppliedevidence.The man was convicted.

4. They moved to a differenttown. He died.

5. He kissedthe children.He left the house.

6. They becamemembersof the club. They changedall the rules

7. They consulteda lawyer.They bought the house.

8. He drove through the red light. He got a fine.

9. She did all the shopping.He camein and offered to help.

C. Put the verbs in brackets into their 'simple past' or 'past perfect simple /
continuous'forms.

l. They (neverfind) where he (hide) the knife.

2. As my sister (forget) to tell people about the party, it


(be) a completefailure.

3. Most of the guestswe (invite) came,but the one who was supposed
to give a speech (appear).

4. I arrived at the bus stop and I suddenly lrealise; that I


(leave)the electriccooker on.

5. We (feel) too tired as we (work) in the garden for


so long.

6. Most of the houses (be) under water as it ( rarn.;


heavily all day long.

1. Sincehe (have)his car servicedfor a lons time. it


(break)down.

8. After I (do) exercisefor about an hour. I (stop)


and (decide)to have somethingto drink.

9. She (look) a lot healthierbecauseshe (giveup)


smoking.

10. When we (finish) painting the living room, we


(realised) that the colour (go) with the
furniture so we (decide)to changeit.

1"7
1.6REVIEW OF TENSES
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.
A.
Mike and Anna (I ) (get) married next month. They
(2) (already/buy)a fridge, a sofa, a bed and some armchairsbut they
(3) (find) a flat yet. They (4) (look) at the
now. Mike (5)
newspaperadvertisements (ust/read) about a f-latin Elm
Street.It's in a busy street.but they don'tmind living in the city center.

B.
I'm BernardLesling. I ( 1 ) (work) in the Los AngelesZoo.I'n
the managerthere. It's one of the largestzoos in the world. There are all kinds of animals:
kangaroos, crocodiles, tigers, penguins and even chameleons. Last month. I
\2) (receive) a letter from the zoo in Peking, China. The letter was
about a female baby panda called Ling Ling. My assistant,Mrs. Parker, and I immediately
(3) (fly) to Peking to seeit.
We're in Peking now. We (4) (stay)at a hotel near the Peking Zoo.
I can't forget the moment I saw Ling Ling. It (5) (sleep)on her mother's
s t o m a c h . L i n g L i n g i s very healthy, and we're very happy about that. Pandas
(6) (eat) bamboo, but Ling Ling is too young to eat it. She
(1) (probably/ start)eatingbamboonext month.
Mrs. Parker is very busy today. She (8) (organize) a press
conference.We (9) (have) the conf'erencetomorrow. I expect there
(l0) (be) lots of journalists. Some of the reporters
(ll) There is one taking photosin front of Ling Ling's
(already/arrive).
cageright now.

C.
TonightI ( l ) (go) to a Beethoven concert. I want to tell you about
Beethoven He is a famous composer. He was born l n B o n n , i n 1110. He
(2) (work) as a pianist there. In 1792, he ( 3 ) (go) to
Vienna.He (a) (study) with Haydn. He (5) (die) in
Vienna,in 1827.

D.
I r hought everythingwas ready for the party and steppedinto the gardento have a final look.
Just then I realized that there were no sandwiches left for,quests. I
our
(1) (prepare) them myself and put them on the tables in the
garden, but they were not there. Obviously, our neighbour's dogs
(l )_ (eat) theml I was mad and immediately
(3) (ring) their door to complain aboutthe situation

48
"Mrs. Meyer," I shouted angrily, "You'd better start preparing some sandwiches
before this place (4) (get) crowded becauseI believe your dogs
havefinished all of them, leavingnot even one to our guests."Mrs. Meyer respondedvery
calmly. "If I were you, I would ask your children and their friends before accusingmy
dogs. becauseI (5 ) (see) them running away with the
"
sandwiches.

E.

A: Mav I talk to Bobv?

B: I'm afraid he (1) (sleep)at the moment. Jane also wanted to talk to
him but I didn't want to wake him up when I (2)- (see) him sleepingon
the couch. He must have been very tired when he came in from school.I'll tell him
that you've called as soon as he ( 3 ) (wake) up.

A: Thanks,Mrs. Meadows.

F.
Last Saturdayan old friend from abroad. whom I was expectrngto stay wltn me,
telephonedfrom the airportto tell m e t h a lh e ( l ) (arrive).I was still
at the office at the time, but I (2) (make) arrangementsfor his
arrival. After I (3) (explain) where my flat was, I told him that the
key was under the door-mat.

Trvo hours later, my friend phoned me from the flat. He said that at that moment he
\4) (listen) to some of mv records.When I asked him i1' he had
reachedthe flat without difficulty, he answeredthat he hadn't been able to find the key
under the door-mat,but luckily the living-room window just by the apple tree had been
left open and he had climbed in. I realizedthat he (5) (enter) the
wrong flat. He was lucky becausemy neighbours(6) (be) away for
the weekend.If they had beenat home,they would have calledthe police.

G.
have pen-friend in England. His name ls Ken Roberts. I
(1) (know) him very well, but I
()\ (never/meet)him. We often write to each other. Ken i s
in 1992.He (3)
a writer. His first book was published (be) a very
popularwriter sincethen.
H.
CarlosSantoya(l) (come) to the United Stares fiom Mexico six
months ago. He (2) (live) with his aunt and uncle in Burbank.
Californiasincethen.When he (3) (be) in High Schoolin Mexico City,
Carlos(4) (study)English and computerscienceso after his arrival in
California,he (5) (get) a job as an office assistantfor a small companv
that sellsbusinessmachines.Then one day, while he (6) (chat)with his
friendsfrom work, Carlos(7) (hear)about GlendaleCommunitv Collese.
which has a good data processingprogram to train studentsfor future employment.Althoush
Carlosenjoys working as an office assistant,h e ( 8 ) (plan) to apply for the
program to improve his computer skills because he believes that he will have better
employmentopportunitiesif he successfullycompletesthe dataprocessingprogram at Glenclale
Community College.

I.
Dear Julie,
As you know. I (1) (arrive) in Paris a week ago but there was a
problem with mv suitcases.Unfortunatelv. thev had been sent to Madrid instead
of Paris.
Yesterday,they (2) (call) me from the airport in the afternoon to go
there and pick them up. That's why I (3) (be) at home when you
(4) (phone). At the time, I (5) (tryt to find my suitcuscs
amongthosewhich had arrived at HeathrowAirport frorn Madrid. You know what? It took me
the whole afternoonto do that. Well, I'm sure you are curious about what's going on here in
Paris.
The family who I (6) (stay) with now are very nice. Thev treat rne
exactly Iike one of the family. They (7) (introduce/already)me to all
their fiiends. I share a room with Penny, the dauehter of the family. who is my age. It is
amazing...Every morning her mother (8) (wake) us up with a cup of teal
Mr. Phillips, Penny'sfather. is also very nice. He (9) (let) Penny and me do
everythingwe want. He even allows us to borrow his car if we needto go somewherefar.
Tomorrow will be my first day at the languageschool and I'm really looking forward to lt.
They told me to be there at 9 o'clock. I (10) (take) a placementtest i n
the morning.I expectthey (11) (announce)the results by the end of
the day. As soon as I learn which level I'm a r ,I ( 1 2 ) (give) you a call.
Well. that'sall from me now. Pleasewrite soon.I really would like to know what's goin_e
on there.

Love, Claire

50
J.
The day after the big marathon,I was still in bed, trying to relieve the pains in my legs."
What a close race," I thought to myself and turned to have a look at my beautiful trophy
sparklingon the top shelf of my bookcase.My family and I ( I )
(put) it there hoping that others would follow it. The pride and joy that I felt each trme I
looked at it was indescribable.Realizing that I (2) (spend)too
much time resting, I decided to get some exercisebecauseI knew that a short workout
would do my legs good. The sun (3) (shine), so I thoughtit
would be a good idea to ride my bike aroundthe block for a while.
| (4) t c y c l e )d o w n t h e h i l l w h e nI ( 5 ) ( s e e )a c a r

travelling towards me at top speed.I hoped it would slow down, but it didn't. I didn't have
enoughtime to escapeand it (6) (crash)right into me, knocking
me off rny bike. There was no sign of the driver after the accident. The police are still
searching. They (1) (look) for him everywhere since the
accident. Unfortunately, they (8) (can/find) him yet. The
doctorstold me that I (9) (never/ableto/run) again.And. I guess
this trophy will be the only one I'll ever have on my shelf.

K.
The first man to jump out of an aeroplanewhen travelling at a speedgreaterthan sound was
Arthur Ray Hawk. Up to that time, jumps of this sort had beenregardedas impossiblebut this
outstanding United States Navy pilot proved the world that such jumps
(1) (be)possible.
During an air show over Mississippiin 1954,Hawk (2) (fly) an

entirely new type of plane when, at 40,000 feet, the nose of the PrqrlL

(3) (dip) sharply.As Hawk (4) (try) to pull


going up very fast. A few minutes later
the plane out of the dive, he noticedthe speedometer
it reacheda speedfasterthan sound.Trapped in his seat,and hangingupside-down,the pilot
(s) (be able / press) the button that would put the plane on

automaticpilot. Near him, however,there was anotherbutton which was to be used only in
times of greardanger.Hawk pressedit, the glassshell above his head openedup and he was
thrown up into the air. Then he went down with great speed,trying to pull the ribbon which
would open his parachute.However,he (6) (fail) in his attempt.He was

fortunatebecauseif his parachutehad opened,at that rate of speed,it would have beentorn to
piecesby such a strong wind. At about 29,000 feet, Hawk managedto open his parachute.
Soon afterwards,he landedsafelyin a field of cotton.

5r
L.
JunkoTabei,a Japanese
frornHokkaido,wasthefirst womanto climb Mount Everest.In 1975.a
Tokyo newspaper-televisioncompany (i7 (choose) fifteen women

from mountaineeringclubs to go to Nepal. The group (2) (climb)


Mount Everest for severaldays. Then there was an avalanche.B ecauseof the heavy ice and

snow, ten of the women (3) (want) to continue the climb. Arnong the
otherfive, only

Mrs. Tabei was able to climb the last 70 meters. Today, 24 years after her worldwide success.

Mrs. Tabei still (4) (go) mountain climbing every year. Her husband

and children (s) (like) climbing mountains, too but they


(6) (have)enoughtime to go with her all the rime.

Mrs. Tabei is very busy these days. She (7)_ (work) on her rhird book.
which includes her experiencesof her latest adventures.She expects that her third book

(B) (be) as popular as the other two. When Mrs. Tabei


(9) l f i n i s h , th e r b o o k , s h e ( 1 0 ) (travel) around the

United Statesto give lecturesat severaluniversities.

M.
Matt is talking to Mary, a memberof the police force.

Matt Hi. I'm Matt Rotell.a friend of Alice's.

Mary O h , y e s .A l i c e ( 1 ) (mention) you the other day. Gee!


You (2) (look) like a detective.

Matt Well, that'sgood,I guess.lt meansI don't have to disguisemyself in order not to be
recognized.

Mary Tell me, when (3) (decide / you) to become an


undercoverpolice?

Matt Well, my interestin detectivesand their storiesbeganwhen I was ten yearsold. one
day, I (4) (wander) around the bookstore lookins for
somethinginterestingto read. An old man holding an Agatha Christie book in his
hand (5) (approach)me. He advised that I should buy
one of Agatha Christie'sdetectivestories.Taking his advice into consideration,I
bought my first Agatha Christiebook that day.

1Z
Mary : I see. Well. as far as I know, you (6) (attend) law
schoolthesedays.

Matt : R i g h t .I ( 7 ) (mind) being on the police force when I


(8) (be) single but ever sinceI got married to Nicole,
r (e) (consider)doing somethinglessdangerous.

Mary : I understand.By the way, have you had any luck yet with thosecounterf-eiters'l

Matt : W e l l .I i l 0 r (fbllow) them for the last threemonthsbut so


farl(11) (succeed)in catchingthem in act.
I (r2) (think) that, by the time they are caught. I'll have my
law degree.
Mary : In that case,yolr might defendtheml

N.

Batman.one of the most popular twentieth-centuryfictional heroes.has a long past"He first

(l) (save) Gotham City from evil, in a comic book in 1939 and

(2) (fight) crime with his partner,Robin, for the past fifty-eight years.

They (3) (make) three TV series so far. Batman

('t) (appear)in a few movies recently,too. With criminals like the

Penguin,CatwomanandtheJokeraddedto thestoryeachtime,he (5)

(probably/ live) on in fictionin thefuture.

1.7TI]VIEEXPRESSIONS
A. Mark the bestchoice.
l. The shopkeeperwaited all the customershad left the shop.He then
put up a'closed'sign and startedcleaningup the shop.
a) before b) as soonas c) until d) when

2. Mrs. Riggsrushedto thehospital sheheardaboutthe accident


a) by the time b) firstly c) afterwards d) as soon as

3. She'll be ready in ten minutes. , we can take a look at her wedding


photos.
a) While b) Meanwhile c) During d) After

4. rny brother.loinedthe army',he had neverbeen abroad.


a) Since b) While c) During d) Llntil
August 1995 was the hottestAugust -(5)- Britain has ever had. Some unusualthings
happenedin London -(6)- this extremely hot period. Twenty cars fell off window ledges
-(1)- they were sleepingin the sun. -(8)- this, two rhinos at the London Zoo haclto
havesun creamon their backsto stop their skin from burning.

5. a) of which 6. a) until
b) when b) during
c) for
d) where d) on

7. a) while 8. a) Apart from


b) before b) Despite
c) after c) Becauseof
d) and d) In spiteof

9. This is the fourth quiz we've had two weeks.


a) for b) i n c) during d) at

10. It wasn't she left college that she realized how much she had enjoyed her time
there.
a) as soonas b) meanwhile until d) when

I I . It really wasn'tsuch a revolutionaryidea as it had seemed


a) at first b) firstly c) afterwards d) lastly

12. The teacherwill not begin the lesson ail the studenrsare qulet.
a) until b) when c) by d) after

B.
I. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. use them onlv ONCE.

L going on a holiday,you shouldreservea room at a hotel

2 . He was onlv 19 vearsold he graduatedfrom university.

-). using the electricdrill, he injured his finger. He immediatelystoppedthe


machineand went to the hospital.

il. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them onlv ONCE.

Emma was having a shower ( l ) the telephonerang, so she didn't hear it.
The telephonerang again (2) she was getting out of the shower.This time
Emma heardit. She quickly put on her bathrobe13) she ran to the living
room to answerthe phone.It was her friend,Sally.This is their telephoneconversation:

54
Sally Let's go to the cinema(4) schooltoday.
Emma I can't.I have to so to the librarv to do mv sciencehomework.
Sally You can go to the library (5) the lunch break.
Emma That'sa good idea.I'll do that.
Sally OK. Seeyou later.
Emma Bye.

III. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. You can use the words more
than ONCE.

X when during at the


until on so for such

I can't forget ( I ) dinner(2) we had at Jack's

house. The food and the drinks were (3) good and we had

(4) a good time that we didn't leave (5)

dawn. The sun was about to rise (6) we sot into our cars and drove

off to our homes. It was (7) three o'clock in the afternoon

(8) I woke up and had (9) breakfast.I had

to drink four cups of coffee before I was able to really wake up and get ready to catch

(1 0 ) four o'clock bus to Oxford, where I had promisedto meet a

friend.

IV. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.

during meanwhile previously while since


afterwards as soon as until at first lastly
firstl at last as b for

1. We can leave I finish typing this letter.

2. Usine this machineis not as difficult as it seems. , make sure


that all the green buttons are lit. You can do this by pushing this knob. Next. adjust
the volumeby ....

3. The students silently watched the documentaryand had a


discussionaboutit.

4. I'm afraid you can't seeMr. Brian on Monday. He's on a businesstrip and won't be
back Wednesday

5. I'm sorry for making you wait. It won't take long. I'll be ready in ten minutes
, you can make yourself a cup of coffee or watch TV.

55
I r a n i n t o J a c k i n r pub the other day. We hadn't seen each other for twelve yeiirs.
, I didn't recognizehim. He had grown a beardand lost most of his
hair. What made me rememberhim, however,was the look in his eyes.It hadn'tchangedat
all.

7. You can reachme in the morning and in the afternoon.Don't call me


my lunch break becauseI'm not in my office then.

V. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.

then lastly so that as soon as while


fi durins until in order to after that

Scrabbleis a very popular game all around the world. You need a Scrabbleboard.a set of
tileswith lettersof the alphabeton them.a pencil and somepaper(l) play
scrabble.
(2) each person takes one tile from the bag and the person with the
numberon his tile will startthe game.(3)
hi-qhest each person takes S I X
more lettersfiom the bag becauseeveryonein the gamemust have sevenletters.
The first player startsby making a word which covers the star in the centre of the board
(4) the next player makes another word by either creating a new word
w h i c h crosses the original word or by adding more letters to the original word.
(s) players make a word, they must take more letters from the ba-l
(6) they always have sevenletters.All the playerscontinue making words
in this way (7) thereare no more lettersin the bas and one Dersonhas used
a l l h i st i l e s .
(B) playing, players try to cover the coloured squaresbecausethese
the numberof pointson the tile. (9)
increase the game.one personkeepsthc
scoreby adding up all the numbersin each word played.(10) , when the
gameis over. eachplayer addsup the numberof pointson his remainin-g
tiles and subtractsit
from the total.
It should be rememberedthat Scrabblecan take a long time if the players are really keen
and.of course.playersget betterwith practice.

VI. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.

immediately afterwards previously finally


later then after first
as soon as meanwhile

M i n a C a h i l l a r r i v e dh o m eq u i t el a t e .( l ) she saw her fiont door open.


sherealizedthat someonehad brokeninto her house.When shesaw the man in her lir,'ingroom.
sheknew at once that he was a dangerouscriminal who had escapedfrom prison a f-ewdays ago

56
becauses h e h a d ( 2 ) sgen him on TV. The man wils busy goin-e

through the dra'uvers so h e d i d nol n o l i c e Mina^ Trying to be quiet, she


(3) went into the kitchen and phoned the policc"

(4) the man had left the living room. He was walking througtr the

hallwaytowardsthe kitchen.At (5) Mina did not know what to do

but (6) she decidedto hide behind the kitchen door. A few minutes
(7) the rnan enteredthe kitchen.(8) turnln-g

the light o n , h e went straightto the refrigeratorand helped himself to somefood. Mina was
relievedrvhen she heard the sound of police sirens.They had (9)
arrived.( 1 0 ) _ Mina learntthat the man was sentto Brixton Prison to

servea lif'e sentence.

VU. t'ill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.

from time to time on time at the time after a time


at one time at the same time for a time

l. I alwaysfind it difiicult to do two things

2 . He chattedto us . thcn left.

3 . Don't panic! This is the kind of problemthat we have


Thereforc.I know what we shoulddo.

4. I was a studentin the 1950's,and thingswere very different

The meetingstartsat l0 a.rn.sharp. Be here

Otherwrse.the bosswill go crazy!

6. At the party, I f-elt verv restlc'ssat first. However.


startedenjoyingmyself.

VIII. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE,.

i at the same time from time to time after a time


for a time at the time on time
in time at one time some time I

peoplebelievedthat the eirrthu,asflat.

2. I can't give you an exacttime, but I'll call you in the lrftcrnoon.

We didn't have to wait for our flight-the platte'uvas


exactly

4. I didn't hearyou call me. I was listenitlgto mttsic

5. I f'eelhome sick but on the ivhole I can sav I anr used


to living in a loreigncountry.
C. Rewrite the sentencesusing the clues given.
1. Paul broke his arm while he was playing football
Paul
(during)

2. The orchestrahad played for severalhours. The embassyprovided the musicians with
refreshments.

(after)

3. You visit Washington.Where do you stay there?

(when)

4. It was only when we startedworking on the sameproject that I realisedhow ambitiousshe


was.

(until)

D. Put in during, while or before.

l. The teacherdidn't speak the exam.

2. I was asleeo.I fell out of bed.

3. Mary boughtnicepresents
_ Christmas.

4. The studentsenjoyedthemselvesa lot their visit to the nruseum.

5. leavingfor Rome, he had his car serviced

6. He doesn'tusuallysmoke he goesto bed.

1. Your parentscalledyou up you were away.

B. the day she is full of energybut at night shefeels terribly tired.

9. you buy a new food product,you must checkthe additivesrn it.

58
2. PRONOUNS
2.1PERSONALPRONOUNS
A. Usethe table to fill in the blanks.You can usethem more than once.

they're my he's ours we these


they her there it our this
it's one me him mine theirs
his who's whose hers

M v brother gave me and my sister, Felicia, two very nice Chinese blouses.

(l ) made of silk and have got big flowers oll them.

(1\ blouse is more colorful than Felicia'sblouse. I think the best and

alsothe cheapestsilk blousesare made in China.

Mrs. Palmer,the teacher.is talking to her studentsin the classroom.

Teacher (3) umbrellasare (4)

Tom I think the blue (5) is Susan'sumbrella.

Jenny No, it's not (6) . The red one is Susan's.

Susan Yes.Mrs. Palmer.Jenny'sright.The red umbrellais (7)


yesterday.
Thankyou.I left it in theclassroom

Teacher And whatabouttheblueumbrella?

Susan Ir'sBilly's,but (8) not in the classroomtoday. I can take


the umbrellaand give it to (9) this afternoon^We're
neighbours.
***

Jackand Mary are leaving the party at Laura's flat


Laura : Are theseyour jackets?

Mary : No, they aren't. (10) upstairs.


(ll) is blue and Jack'sis black.

It was (12) birthday yesterday.I'm twenty-five! Some friends took


(l 3 ) to a restaurantlast night. (14) all had przzas.

(l5) were very good. At the end of the dinner, Janet opened
(l6) bag and took out a small package.

*>k*

59
Our son. Tom, broke ( 17) arrn last night. My rvife and I took
(1 B ) to the hospital right away. All the doctors \ /ere very busy when
(l 9 ; gor (20) . Fortunately,a beautiful young nurse saw us
( 2 1) was very helpful and took us to the emergency roolr.t.
(22) was quite a largeroom with cupboardsfull of medicine.

B. Substitute pronouns for the italicized words.

Eg. George and John like comedyfihns.


They Iike them.
I. Mr.Sntith eatsspoghetti every week.

2. Tomrrtyund I playfootbull very often.

3. This c:oJfeeis for Mary ancl her -frientls.

4. Mr. tutclMrs.Brttu.,nsell eggs.

5. Teuclrersask questionsto students.

6. Edvt,ttrtl knows the ansytter

1. My brother and I havea bis hluse

8. Mt, morhercooks theJood.

C. Conrplete the sentenceswith somebody,anybody,everybody,or nobody.

l. This problemis too dilficult can solveit.

2. lt's verv easvto cook omelette can do it.

is knocking tlie door, can yoll hear it?

4. Thereisn't to help us.

5. There is at home. This is the third time I'm phoning and


answers.

6. Can curr.ythi\ suilcuscl'orme.)

1 was tired alter the picnic as r.vedid a lot of things

60
8. I d i d n ' ts e e there.

9. Why isn't phoning me?

10. Helen gave the packetto but we don't know who.

2.2 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Fill in the blanks with the suitable reflexive pronouns myself, yourself, himself,
yourselves.
ourselves,
herself, itself,themselves,

1. Tom did the housework

2. The studentstalked among

3. The stewardess signedthe letter.

4. If you want it to be well done,do it

5. We looked at in the mirror.

6. He went to Eneland

7. The dog openedthe door

8. Alice startedsingingto

9. You andyour sistermustfinishthereport

10. I lookedafterthebaby-- for 10 months.

2.3 FORMS OF OTHER


Fill in eachblank with one of the words in the box.
other the other another others one another

l. There are many kinds of insects in the world. Ant is one kind. The wasp is

2. There are two books on the table One is a novel. is a coursebook.

3. He had a really seriousaccident.He is alright but his car is badly damaged.He needs
to get car.

4. I have two sisters.One is namedMarv. is namedSylvia.

5. There are many kinds of trees in the world. The oak is one kind. Some
are pine trees,willows, sycamores.

6. There are many kinds of treesin the world. The oak is one kind. Some
kinds are willows. svcamores.

6l
1. It snoweda lot this morning, and from the looks of thosedark clouds,there is going to be
snowstorm.

R Of the four girls, one of them is blonde. are quite dark.

9 . There are four girls. One of them is blonde girls arequitedark.

1 0 . There are many tourists from different countries. Many of them are from Japan
are from Germany.Enelandand the U.S.A.

1 1 . Mr. And Mrs. Miller are a happily married couple. They love ver)
much.

12. One commonillnessamongchildrenis chickenpox. common one ls


mumps. are yellow fever, measles.

13. One of the two countriesI would like to visit is Tibet. is India. Of
course,besidesthesetwo , thereare mysticalplacesI would like to see.

14. Some studentsare hardworking; are lazy. Still are indiff'erent


to everything.

15. They have four children.One is married is a graduateof universityand


hasa nicejob two are hish school students.

oz
3. NOUNS
3.1 SUBJECT.VERB AGREEMENT
Choose the correct answers in parentheses.

1. There (isn't, aren't) any lettersin the mail for you today.

2. There (isn't, aren't) any mail for you today.

3. There(is, are)a lot of problemsin the world.

4. There (is. are) an insectin this room. Where is the insecticide?

5. There (is, are) over 600,000kinds of insectsin the world.

6. How many kinds of birds (is. are) therein the world?

1. Why (isn't. aren't) therea hospitalcloseto thosevillages?

8. There (is, are) a greenpen on Tim's desk.

9. There (is, are) a blue pen and a yellow notebookon Sue's desk

10. There (is, are) somepens and notebookson Jack's desk.

1l. Someof the furniture in my house(needs,need)painting.

12. Someof my books(was.were)stolen.

13. Physics(is, are) the most difficult coursefor me.

14. The police always(comes.come) late in Turkish fihns.

15. Two thousandmiles (is, are)too much to go by train.

16. Japanese(is, are) one of the most difficult languagesto learn.

17. One of the languagesI want to learn (is, are) German.

18. Every child (needs,need)love and affection.

19. A million dollars (is, are) enoughfor him.

20. Most of the students(lives,live) in the dormitories.

21. The blind always(needs.need)help.

22. Most of the food in the fridge (is, are) delicious.

23. Someof that information(is, are) wrong.

24. Eachof the students(is, are) readyfor the examination.

25. Five hours of sleep(is, are) not enoughfor a child.


26. Half of my money (was, were) stolen.

27. Everybody(like, likes) chocolate.

28. The peoplein my country (is, are)friendly.

29. Everyone(has,have)his own ideas.

30. A coupleof people(is, are) demonstratingin front of the parliament.

31. Mary and Tim were on time for the meeting,but the rest of us (was, were) late.

32. (Is , Are) baconand eggswhat you want to eat?

33. If everybody(want, wants)to come to the convention,they have to registerfirst.

34. Not only her family but also her relatives(was,were) at the conferenceto listen to her.

35. A group of us (have,has)decidedto stay at the hotel.

36. The youth of today (don't, doesn't)know manners.

37. What (is , are) the percentageof nitrogenin the air?

38. 50Vaof oxygen in the air ( is, are) wastedin theprocess.

39. 507cof students(is, are) likely to fail.

40. There (seem,seems)to be a few minor points of disagreementyet to be settled.

41. NeitherMark nor Kate (love, loves)pets.

42. NertherMark nor his sisters(love, loves)pets.

43. Not only Mark but also Kate (attend,attends)classesregularly.

44. Not only Mark but also his sisters(study,studies)regularly.

45. Both Mark and Kate (was. were) in the class.

46. Both Mark and his sisters(was, were) at the party.

3.2 THERE+BE AND HAVE GOT


Rewrite / Complete the sentencesusing there is/are or has/have (got).

l. city and it
Denveris an interesting lots of theatresand art salleries.

2. The classroomshave eot white boards.


in the classrooms

3. There'sa rack at the top of the car.


The car top.

64
A: Excuseme, (4) a chemist in the town?
B : Y e s ,( 5 ) one in Elm Street,oppositethe bank.

Sam and Mark are talking aboutthe hotel they are planningto stay at during their holiday.

Sam (6) swimming pool at the hotel?

Mark Yes. thereare two. Rememberit's a five-starhotel.

Sam OK. What about the rooms? (7) TV


sets?There'sa very importantmatch on Sundayand I don't want to miss tt.

Mark Of course,they have.Don't worry. The hotel has all kinds of facilities.

Jack doesn'tknow much about Wilmington becausehe hasjust moved there.He has a lot
of questionsaboutthe town. He is talking to his neighbour,Peter.

Jack : I like reading very much. (8) a library near


here?

Peter Yes, the Lincoln Library is in Olden Street.It's a very big library with many
books and also a nice selectionof magazines.

Jack What aboutpubs?When I was in London, my friends and I went to a pub every
weekend.(9) any good onesin Wilmington?

Peter Sure.Wilmington is famousfor its pubs.The music in thesepubs is excellent.

Jack That'sgreat.We can go to one tonight.

Peter Fine, but I'm very hungry right now. Let's eat something.

Jack What about Chinesefood?

Peter I'm afraid (10) a Chinese restaurant in


Wilmington.

Jack I saw a small restaurantacrossthe street.Let's go there.

Peter but it (11)


That's a nice steak-house, got any
vegetarianfood.

Jack I'm not a vegetarian.

Peter But I am.


**x

65
We live in a small,old housein Guilford. Ir (12) two bedrooms.a living
room. a dining room. a kitchen and a bathroom, of course. In the livins rooln.
(1 3 ) two blue armchairsand a red sofa.We also ( l4)
television,a video and a radio.In the evenings,we sit in the living room and watchtelevision
or listen to music. ln the dining room, (15) a table and four chairs. The
kitchenis new.We havebreakfast
in the kitchen,but we havelunchanddinnerin the tlinine
room.

3.3ARTICLES
Put a, an, the or X in exercises
A, B, C, D and E.
A.
We were so tired when we arrived in New York that we wanted to go straislrt to
(l) bed.We rook (2) taxi from the airport to the celttre of town.
(-l) taxi-driverwho took us to our hotel told us that (zl) streetso{'
Manhattanwere not crowded becausemost people do not go to work on (5)______
Saturdays.

B.

L Haroldis most interestingpersonI know

2 . D i a n ai s very nlceperson.

3 . Last night we went out for meal.

4. Toni-ghtwe are probablygoing to eat in hotel restaurantand then set tc)


bed early.I hatestayingin hotelsbut it's part of thejob.

-5. I can't rememberif I saw that fllm on televisionor lt ctnema.

6 . I'm sureit won't be long beforepeopleare living and working in ___ sp.rce
1 . Have you alreadyhad lunch?

8 . I spoketo severalpeopleat the cocktailparty. Was John one with the red
hair?

9 . I'd like to invite him to dinnernext week.if that'sOK with you?

i 0 . Could you close door.please?It's reallycold.

l l . We have got new offices near centerof the city.

1 2 . Have your new olficesgot canteen?

I.J. For lunch I had a sandwich I can't rememberwhat fillins was m


sandwich.

oo
14. When you come out of the lift, you'll see two doors, red one and
blue one.My door is red one.

15. We needto do more for poor.

16. The greatestinventionof the 20'hcenturyis computer.

1 7 . I ' m l o o k i n gf o r newjob.

18. I saw man going into the office. I don't know who
man was.

19. When you are ready,I'll takeyou to alrport.

20. United Nationsis an internationalorganization.

C.
l. Watchoutl Therets pollceman comlng.

2. Phil wantedto see photoswhich Janetook on holiday.

3. Many peoplebelievethat honestyis best


policy.
4. [t's known thilt Japaneseare very hard-working
5. Shebought furniture for her ner,vflat.
6. It is verv important to have varied diet and not to eat
unhealthyfood
1. Her flitt is on first floor.
8. It's gettinglate.The childrenmust go to bed.
9. What would be bestway to get to the nearestbank?

10. A : I'm starving.I haven'thad anythingto eat since lunch


they servedus on the plane.
B : I know an Italranrestaurantdown the street.Let's go there.

Anne: Jack. you're here! I wasn't you until (11)


"^0.:;;,
dinnertime.
Jack : I managedto find a ticketand cameon (12) earlytrain.

>k*)k

13. As he missed 7.30 train to New York, Mark couldn't attendthe


party that was organizedto celebratehis exceptionalprogressat work.

If you are pl anning to get therebefore (14) sunset,you haveto sel otf
e a r l yi n ( 1 5 ) mornlng.
(l6) tea Sam brewed from different herbs for (17)
breakfastwas extremelydelicious.

D.

Many common objects are named after (l) famous people who used or
'Wellington'
inventedthem. One of (2) most famous examplesof these are
'Wellington' got its name from (4)
boots. (3) Duke ol

Wellington,w h o w a s ( 5 ) famous British general.Among other things, he was

responsiblefor defeating (6) Napoleon at (7)_ Battle of

Waterloo in 1 8 1 5W
. e l l i n s t owanted
n (8) specialpair of boots made for him.

He asked(9) bootmakerto make (10) boots from rubber so

they would be both comfortable as well as waterproof. Wellington was very pleased with

(t l) boots and wore them constantlywhile he was campaigning.As he was

(12) famous military figure, a lot of (13) people startedto

u s e( l 4 ) samekind of boots, which soon becamevery popular. It is also true

that this type of boot is perf-ectfor (15) B r i t i s h c l i m a t ew


. h i c h i s c o l d a n dr . r c t

for much of the time. Today ( 16) British still use Wellington boots, or

wellies'.

RogerSpentthreemonthsin(17)-Himalayas.Hetriedclimbing(lB)-

MountEverest,butwithnoluck.Hewascaughtin(19)-SnowStormandhadto

return. Now, he is in Brazil discovering the secrets of (20)- Amazon river. I

SuppoSehe'llnevergiveupbeing(21)-adventurousperSon.

E.

1. I come home on 8.30 train every evening.If I miss it, I either have to
wait for two hours or take a taxi. which costsa fortune.

2. Linda prefers to go out for lunch becauseshe doesn'tlike eatins in the


office.

68
Lasr Sundaymy friends and I decidedto go to Kartalkaya.We set off at (3)
sunriseso that we could get thereearly in (4) morning and spendthe whole
day skiing but becauseof the bad weather,we were not able to reach the mountain until
(5) noon.

t<>k*

Sally met Linda at a party.

Sally : What lovely (6) earringslWhere did you get them from?

Linda : Do you remember(7) girl I introducedyou at John'swedding?


She gave them to me as a birthdaypresent.

8. As Bob Golden was sentencedto life-long imprisonmentfor killing his wife and her
lover, he is going to spendthe rest of his life in pnson.

*>F>*

We spentour holiday at (9) nice hotel near (10) Rrver

Thames.Although (l l) hotel was not as good as we had expected,we


still had a lot of fun.

12. We camehere by - car we bought last month.

13. I haven'tbeento -open-air theatrebefore.

14. Let's have a holiday in -- AlPs.

15. We need-- thousandPounds.

16. Can you pass marmalade?

17. ThamesRiver flows into - North Sea.

18. Sallv spentsix weeksout of -- work.

19. Whereare scissorsyou borrowedlast week?

20. dinner we had with my sister'sfriends was very nice. We really enjoyedit.

21. To startour journey we had to get up at dawn

22. I alwaystake 7.45busto school.

69
3.4 PREPOSITIONS
A. Mark the best choice.

l. Janethas decidedto study hard becauseshe has a very important exam


the end of December.
a) in b) on n\ cf
d) since

2. My sisteris 7 monthspregnant.She is going to have a baby -_-- 2 months


a) at b) on c) next d) in

3. I'm sorry for breakingyour favouritevase.Itjust happened accident.


a) on b) for c) by d) in

4. cecilia is my bestfriend from school.she is Peruvian.cecilia is a tall eirl in her twenties


dark greeneyes.She is a hard-workingstudent.She gets very high gradesin all
her examsbut becauseshe is modest,she neverboasts.That'swhy I like her verv much.
a) has b) and c) with dt-

5. I received a letter of congragulationfrorn mv teachers my finishin-e


universityin the top five list.
a) on bt with ^\:-
L,, rlt d) of

6. It's 7:00 now. The train leavesat 8:00. We must hurry or we will never set to the station
time to catchthe train.
a) at b) in c) by d) on

1. Sheis gettingmarried two weeks.


a) next b) in c) about d) this

B. Sheis still young.Sheis her early twenties.


a) in b)on c) about d) at

9. There is an index of this book.


a) in the end b) at the end c) in the final d) at last

10. Sheneverknows what to do difficulty


a) out of b) in c) at d) on

70
B.
I. Look at the map and fill in the blanks using the words in the box.

in front of next to tn convenient


behind opposite at the front reliable

t!ml I live in North Street. Mv f-lat is


very (l )
Carpark

**;;f", Caf6 Bank Shop


for the shops. I can walk to the
bank, to the cinema or to the
library. When I have a lot of
NoRTH STREET shoppingto do, I take my car to
5Bus
pstop the supermarket.I can park my
-----+ car very easily there,becausethe

Museum My car parkis just (2)


Cinema Library Pub Shop
hous the supermarket.My school ts
outsidethe city.

I go thereby bus every day. The bus stop is (3) the museum.
When I needmoney, I go to the bank. It's (4) lny house.

II. Look at the map below and fill in the blanks.

Bcclcsfcr cldo- duld-en Kid Tales is a bookshop. It is


(1) the first
floor of a big building. The shop is
n (2) 9 in the
morning to B in the evening.It rs
Vichr.,:srette;
also open (3)
ardCD; the weekend. When you go
(4)_ the shop,
there plcture books
(5) the left.
(6) thesebooks,
there are shelves of videos and
cassettes. There are also some CDs
(7) theseshelves.

(8) the videos. cassettesand CDs there are books for older
children.There are puzzles(9) the opposite corner. There are
lots ( l 0 ) puzzles here. The counter is (l 1)
the puzzlesand the shopwindow. The shopassistant sits(12) the
counter.

1l
III. Study the pictures and fill in eachblank with ONE WORD ONLY to complete
the texts.

*#a
tffi= +
'
|]--1

f- ('

I live in a small town called Saxborrow.It's a quiet little town. There ( I ) any

big cinemas,restaurantsor crowded pubs there.I live in a flat (2) the post

office. There is a news-standin (3) of the post office. I always buy my

newspapersand magazinesthere.

My living room is not very large but it's


very nice. It's got two big armchairsand a
sofa. There's also a television set
(4\ the room. lt's
the two
armchairs sofa is
(6) the televisionset.
lt's very comfortable and I usually lie on
(7) and relax affer
work. My grandfatherdied 5 yearsago and
I put his picture(8) the
wall (9) the television
set. There isn't ( 10)
table in my living room but there's
(11) in the kitchen. I
have my meals there and I don't mind it,
becauseit's a big kitchen.

72
IV. Martin is giving a party at his housethis evening.He gavehis friends a map to help
them find his house more easily. Look at the map and complete the following
directionsto Martin's house.Fill in eachblank with ONE word only.

Martints House
CITY PARK
,' i:rl- 'rnjI-l'

#ru.
r---JH------ldL-J
r-::-::---1
M
ilffi ffit
w
I
ffi N

A
II
I
I
I
BRowN STREET
G
carlton -tsrl

S
T
R.

T,AKE COLLEGB
DORMITORY
EI
T
I

You are here

.G
rO out of the Lake College dormitory. W a l k ( l ) Main Street and so under

i rlton Bridge. Carry on walking (2)


C ar you get to the florist's, then turn

t1 i) (4) White Street. Walk (5)

Citv Park.You will see my house (6) your right. It is at the end of the

street,(7) the supermarket.'

'73
V. Study the picture and fill in the blanks with the words in the box.

Oak Hill
SPORTSCENTRE

above next to tn in front of


behind between OI ite below

l. There is a caf6 the gym and the swimmingpool.

z . The shopis the gym.

3 . The running track is the swimmingpool.

+ . There is a toilet the caf6.

aA
vI.
Look at the picture and fill in the blanks with a suitable word/phrase from the
box. Use each only once. Be careful! There are more words than you need.

Mr. Smith's Flat

SUPBRMARKET

below convenient above crowded


on behind comfortable dangerous
in front of next to at the end of between
ite reliable

Mr. Smith has got aflat in Main Street.He lives (l)

the pub. There is a suPermarket(2) the pub and the

newsagent. Mr. Smith bought this flat because lt rs very

(3) for shopping. Main Steet is a

(4) street.There are always a lot of people and cars. Look

at the picture.Can you seeMr. Smith? He is carrying a briefcase.He is talking to a man

(s) the pub. And can you seehis car?He hasparkedit

(6) the newsagent Mr. Smithworks


andthe supermarket.

i n a t o y s h o p .I t i s ( 7 ) the caf6.

l5
C. Fill in the blanks using the words in the boxes.
I.

past out of until from


through into along on

Jamesis in the train station.He is talkins to the man at the information desk.

James : Excuseme, can you tell me the way to the public library?

Theman : Yes, of course. Go (1) the station and turn left


(2) Main Street.Walk (3)
Main Street. Turn left again at the end of the street. Carry on
(4) you get to the town square. Go
(s) the town squareand you'll see the public library
(6) your right.

II.

by with to on
for at between in
l. She'sstill going out the sameboy. I think they are going to get
married.
2 . I'd like to invite you the concertat the exhibition center.
J. Preo School studentsset to class 8:40 everyday.
+. I usuallyhave salad lunch.
5 . In Turkey planes never leave or arrive time.

III.

by with to on between
for at in from off
I. As soon as I get the car. I fastenmv seatbelt
2. Chicken d la Basque is a kind of casserole.It's made
chicken.wine. tomatoesand sarlic.
3. If you catchthe 8 o'clock bus you can get school on time
4. Nowadays a lot of people have toast and tea or coffee
breakfast.
5. The train to istanbulleaves 9:30 from olatform4. We'd
betterhurrvun or we'llmissit

76
IV.

from in about of over into


uD with for round at on

The workers didn't agree(l) the company manager (2)

the rate of increaseto their wages.The manageraccusedthe workers (3)


asking for an unreasonableamount of increase,which made them even more furious.
Workers claim that the manager'srude attitude discouragethem (4)-

working efficiently. They also add that they came up againstsimilar problems with the
previousmanager.who wasjust as uncompromising.

***

Two days ago, we went to the Italian restaurantthat my wife and I had been to several
times previously. We were planning to spend a pleasantevening and at the same time
celebrateour tenth wedding anniversarybut thingsdid not go as we had expected.You just
cannot imagine how furious we were (5) the waiter

(6) servingus most unsatisfactorily.When we arrived,we discovered

that our table overlookingthe gardenhad beenallocatedto someother customers.The new


table we eventually received was by the door. I complained to the waiter

(7) the table we had got. In responseto my complaint,he just laughed.

He seemedto be fed up (8) what he was doing. That may be the reason

why he servedthe food so casuallyand at the end collectedthe plates in a most messy

fashion.In addition to the low quality of the service,the food was not good, either. It did
not live (9) to our expectationsat all. On the menu it was statedthat

coffee was free (10) charge.However, when I receivedthe bill, I saw

that they had charged us $10 for the coffee we had had after dinner. I immediatelycalled

the waiter over and tried to explain it to him but he didn't seem to catch
(11) so I gave up and paid $10 for the coffee. As I was extremely

a n n o y e d( 1 2 ) what had happenedat the restaurant,I wrote a letter of

complaintto the managerthe next day.

'71
D. Fill in the blanks with suitableprepositionswhere necessary.
I.

1. My husbandis veryupset.He'shada fight with his boss.He camehomeat l l:30 a.m.erncl


startedto drink midday.

2. Felicia'sbirthdayis November30th. I'm going to buy her a blouse

3. Mr. Sanderswill be at a meetins 10 a.m.till lunch time.

4. Brightonis the southcoast England.

5 . T h eb o yw h os i t s my rightis Spain.

6. Harvardis not far Boston.

7. The train was passing a tunnel.

8. Simon is taking Janet a party tomorrow night.

9. The student's composition was quite good except a few spelling


mistakes.

10. Contrary all advice, he didn't quit smoking and had another heart
attack.

The train to oxford leaves(11)_London at 9 pm. It arrives(12)-_-- oxford


at I I p.m.. I prefer trains, becausethey are never late. They're always (13)-_-- time.
But buses are not very reliable. Last month I travelled from Brighton to Lexington. We
reached(14)-- Lexington at 2 in the morning. All the passengerswere very tired
when the bus got to the station.
**>k

1 5 .A : Where did he spendhis holiday last year?


B: Italy.

16.A: Where did they go?


B Miami.

1 1 .A Where are Jack and Susan?


B Berlin.

1 8 .A When are your parentscoming back?


B June6th.

1 9 .A How longdid Alice staythere?


B two weeks.

20. A When'sthe bossgoing to leave?


B two weeks.

78
2 1 .A When did they get married?
B January,1976.

2 2 .A When were they in Hawaii?


B - July.

Roger Monroe visited Banskok last summer. Bangkok is a big city


(23) Thailand. Roger travelled (24) plane. He flew
(2s) London to Banskok and he arrived there (26), July
lzth. He stayed there (27) three weeks. He got back to London
(28) August.

TI.

We've got a cafe near Lake Bismark. It's open from May to October, but it's closed
(l) the winter. It's (2) a lovelv oosition.It looks out
(3) a park and has got a wonderful view (4) the
forest. It's a family business.We opened it three years ago, (5) May.
(6) Last Tuesday, a group of Japanesetourists came. They sat in the
garden,ate cheesecake and took hundredsof photographs.

1 . I don't think Sue will get thatjob. She has no experience computerwork

8.Wi1liamcanhelpyourepairyourcar.Hehasagoodknowledge-car
engines.

Simon is a studentat Oxford University. He lives in an attic room (9) the


third floor of an old house. His room has got a sloping ceiling because it's j u s t
(l 0 ) the roof. The room is quite small. There's a bed
(l l) thecorner.(12)-tothebed,there'sanarmchair.

***

1 3 . My parentsgot married l2th August 1 9 6 8T. h i s


year,they gave a gardenparty to celebratetheir 30th anniversary.

14. Mike usuallyplaystennis the weekendsbut Iast


weekendhe stayedat home becausehe had flu.

15. I startedwriting my thesisthreemonths ago and I hope I will finish it


four months.Otherwise.I will be dismissed.

16. Her parentscalled Sally yesterdaymorning. When they called, l t


was 7 o'clockand Sally was asleepso she didn't hear the phone.

1c)
17. Is it too late for the 8.45 train?
Oh. ves. its 8.50 now and the train left 5 minutes

18. I'll seeyou lunch time.

19. I wasborn 1972.

20. Saturdays,I usually work the morning but


last SaturdayI didn't work.

21. I am planningto go and seemy grandparents this afternoon.

22. Shecameto seeme 25thMay.

23. We are going to Spain March.

24. I prefer going to the cinema the weekend.

25. Are you interested antiques?

26. Shewassurprised how cheapthe watercolourwas.

27. Is he aware how lons we have been waitine for the tour to start?

28. Pisais famous its LeaningTower.

29. When I was at school.I was reallv bad history.

30. We wereextremelyimpressed the guided tour.

31. Thisfestivalis similar the one in Rio.

32. The flood was responsible damagingthe statue.

33. I'm reallytired- lookingat monuments.

34. She was terribly disappointed the tour.

35. This oortrait of her is completelvdifferent that one.

36. We're not keen visitinstheruins.

37. I'm sorry being so late.I had to go back my camera.

38. Sorry the delay.We should still get to the museumbefore it closes.

80
III.
1. BernhardGoetzwasconvicted illegal gun possession.
2.Hewasfined$5,000-hiscrime,andhewaSSentenced-six
monthsin jail.
3. He was acquitted attemptedmurder.
4. In bad weather,we can't rely public transportation.
5. Bus driversin New York are sometimesrude passengers.

6. Smoking is prohibitedon public transportationbecauseit's harmful - the


healthof the passengers.
7. We need to allocatemore money masstransit.
8. New Yorkers often complain the problems in the subway.
Straphangers'Campaignis trying to do something them.
9. In some subway stations there are always beggars asking
money.
10. When a policemanstopssomeone speeding,he always wants to look
the driver's licenseand the car registration.
I l. If you run gas on the highway, you may have to walk to the nearest
gas station.
12. Robert wants to transfer the state university, where he is now.
a smallcollege.
13. What are his reasons wanting to transfer?
14. He says that the professors at a small college really care
individuals.
15. If you want a good grade,nevershout yourprofessor!
16. There is a book written by children called Cry for Our Beautiful World, the aim
which is to bring adults' attention to the state of the world
which we live today.
11. They hatedthe food Spain.Nonetheless,they enjoyedthe weatherand
the Spanish.
18. Here is the list of videoswe can select
,)
19. Which was the newspaperyou saw the advert
20. Motivation is essential being successfulin whatever you
are doing.
21. She has to give up the habit drinking too much coffee.
22. Water is vital all living things.
23. If you wantto go on workinghere,you haveto learntheart
cooperatlon.
24. We have decided to cut down on transportationexpensesso I go to school
Ioot.
25. Thev won't let vou unlessyou havea tie.
therestaurant

8l
26. The governmentis trying hard to cope the high ratesof inflation.
21. He'snot conscious his bad mannersand keepscomplainingthatpeople
do not undersrand
him at all.
28. She is verv easygoingso shegets well rvithpeoplc-.
29. The town councildecidedto turn the old school a musellm.
30. They usu:illygo out Saturdayevenin-qs,
but tonight thev rvill
stayin.
31. What kind musrc ale children ntost intcrestccl

32. Shedoesn'tf"eelwell. Sheis lvins bed


33. As soonas he gets the car,he switches the radio.
34. Her husbandisn't work today,he is at home.
35. S h ei s l i s t e n i n g the news TV.
36. Her youngestsisteris engaged an engrneer
31- The rich businessmanhad just got out off his car when sol1eone walked
him and shothirn right the eyes.

3.5EXPRESSIONSOF QUANTITY AND NIJNIBER


A. Fill in the blankswith quantity expressions.

Bob Jack!Waitl I'r'egot somerhingto tell you!


Jack Is it irnportant?I haven't_sot(1) time-only ierrntinutcs
My classstartsat 3 o'clock.
Bob It won't takelong.
Jack O.K" Go ahead.What is it that you wanr to tell me?
>k':*

Pctcr Do you like your new flat?


Paula Imafiaidldon't.
Peter Why not.l
Paula It's on a busy street.It's very noisy'.Therc is (2) lnuch
traffic.
Peter Oh. I'rn sorry to hear that.
Paula T h a t ' sn o t a l l . T h e r ei s n ' t ( 3 ) h o t w a t e r !C a n y o r -br e l i e r ei t l
Peter That'sten'ible.What do you do with the dishes?
Prrulrr : I heatthe water fbr the washin-eup.
Peter : It's a furnishedflat, isn'tit'l
Ptrula : Y r ' s .t h c r c i s t 4 ) _ f'urniturein it. Only a bed. a wardrobe.a
bookshell-. and a table.When rny lriendscomc io visit me. somehave to sit olt my
bed.There arent (,5) chairs- only two

82
Peter '. Why don't you mLrveto anotherf'lat?
Paula '. I can't afford a betterflat.

Dear Mom and Dad,


This is my secondweek at school.I like my schoolbut I don't like the city. There is
too (6) noise from traffic. I have classesfrom 8:30 a.m. to
3:30 p.m. I go to schoolon foot" It takesabout l5 minutesto get to school.Last Friday I
got up lateand got to classat 8:29.iust in time beforethe bell"
Mv rooln rn the dormitory is on the .first f-loor. It hasn't got
furniture so it is not cluttered.I put someof my books on
the bookshelvesbut some of them are still on the floor because there aren't
bookshelves.My room looks out on a beautiftrlpark. My desk is by
the window. I am this letter at my desk and I can see tl'repark. Therc ate some
"vriting
studentssittingon the grass.
I have got a room mate.She rs Spanish.I don't know her rvell b u t I t h i n k w c ' l l b c
good friends.You know, I haven'tgot (9) fiiends here - -just
one or two peoplefrom my class.
I don't go out very often, onlv on Saturdays.I have to study a lot.
This is all ior now. I'll write againsoon.
Love. Sarah

B. Chooseone expressionfrom Column A and one from B and fill in the blanks.

COLUMN A COLUMN N
wasn't
weren't anv
isn't ennrroh

aren't much
was many
are quite a lot
is
were

I went to Country Restauranton Thursday evening. There ( I a)


(1 b ) three-butstill the waiterswere ver)' slor.vto serve
customers-only
me

I looked at lhe menu and wanted some tomato soutl The waiter said: "I'm afiaid. there
(2a) (lb) tomato soup". so I askcd for thcir
mushroom soup. It w:is O.K., br"rt t( hr o
r L' ol L i i,. r
\-,q,

(3b) salt in it, so I arddedsomemore.

Next, I orderedthe home-cookedcheesepie. It was terrible.i.t was calledir cheesepie but it


was more like a potatopie. There (4a)
potatoesin it. I didn't enjoy,'itat all and I don't think I'il evergo thereagain.
8l
C. Rewrite the following without changing the meaning.
1. Janeworks in a bank, and so doesher sister.
Both
2. Mary and I have not beento France.
Neither
3. Both Martin and Frank are sinsle.
Neither
4. We can eat before or after the show.

(either...or)
5. I feel miserableand tired.

(notonly...but
also)

D. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. You can use them more than
once.

many quite much enough


some not a

A I'dlike 11.1 eggs,please.


B How (2) wouldyou like?
A Six,please.
t<**

A Is there (3) petrol in the car?


B Yes, there is (4) , but (5) much. I have
to fill it up at the nearestpetrol station.
*x*
A I want to buy this book but I can't pay for it because I haven't got
(6) money.I've got only f30
B How (7) do you need?
A f20. The book costsf50.
B Here you are.
A Oh, thanksa lot.

A How was the party last night?


B Not very good. There were too (8) people. You know. I hate
crowdedparties.You can'tdanceor find a place to sit. (9) a lot
of peopledidn't even have anythingto eat becausethe food finished so soon.

84
E. Mark the best choice.

My brother has saved_(1)- money by working in two jobs. He wants to change


his car but he hasn'tgot _(2)_ money to buy a brand new one so he'slooking for a
second-handAudi.
l. a) any 2. a) enough
b) a lot b) too much
c) some c) lots
d) many d) very much

3. My grandmotherhasn'tgot relationsso we try to visit her every


weekend.
a) any b) much c) many d) more

4. She had to phone home but the phoneswas working so she


couldn't.
a) none of b) not all c) not enough d) a few of

5,Thereare-newfilmsshowingatthenewmovietheatre,but
appealsto me.
a) several... none b) many ... all c) few ... neither d) a lot of ... either

6. Neither her sistersnor Jane skiing.


a) don't like b) like c) doesn'tlike d) likes

F. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the boxes below. You can use them
more than once.
I.

neither little no both


none each either enou

1. There are two films on at the Capitol but of them is worth

seeing,so let'sgo somewhereelse.

2. We've had hundredsof guestsbut of them has ever complained


about the food.

3. I askedmy neighbourfor somemilk as I found out therewas ln


the fridge.

4. painting was individually wrapped and deliveredto the


exhibitionhall.

5. He was very sad to seethat had come to watch


of his classmates
his performance.He would have beenhuppy if only one or two had come.

85
6 . Jennydoesn'twant to inviteTom or Billy. Shelikes of them.

1 . They have money problems at all. Their parentsare wealthv and


willing to help them

II.

none very few neither both plenty of


each ever hardlv an either too much

1. He spends money on his clothes.He has been wearing his blue


suit, for example,for at leastsevenyears.

2. I tried on two beautifulswimsuits.Unfortunatelv. fitted me. We're


going on vacationnext week and I'm still without a swimsuit.

3 . He needs experiencebeforehe can be acceptedto our firm.

4 . At the police station,they made me look at the picturesof severalcriminals.I examined


very carefullyand finally recognizedthe man that had robbedrne.

5 . We spent hours interviewinghundredsof applicants,but of them


was suitablefor thejob.

6. TV set comeswith a five-yearguarantee.

G. Fill in the blanksusingthe words givenin the box. Useeachonly ONCE.

all none both every


either neither each

One day, my father finally declared,"I have decidedthat you are matureenoughto have your
own car." Oh, what joy! Though we actuallyhave two family cars, (1) fi ts
within mv modest studentbudeet in terms of running costs.So I immediatelv sat down to
call the car dealersin town and carefullv iotted down (2) the information
they had to offer. My father and I then went over (3) detail and. after
long discussions,agreedon a make that was (4) sporty ano lnexpenslve.
The next stepwas to visit the dealerclosestto our house.As soon as we arrived,I noticedthe
two carsin the window, one bright red, the other British racing green.(5)-----
would have been all right with me. My father, who is not easily impressedby attractive
colors,startedaskingendlessquestions.While he got a patientand thorough answerfrom the
dealer to (6) one, my father looked as if (7) of the
answerssatisfiedhim. After half an hour, I was really getting anxious,thinking we were not
going to buy the car today. How was I to know that my father was just enjoying the
occasion?I am now the proud owner of a beautifulsportscar.

86
H. Fill in the blanks with quantity expressions.

1. The shopkeeperaskedhim how sugarhe wanted.

2. He is going to the shopsto get cheese.

3. I take my dog out for a walk a day - before I leave for work. and
after I come back home.

4.. The dealershowedus two cars, of which were too expensive.

87
4. QUESTTONS
4.1 YES/NO,'\ryH-" SUBJECT/OBJECTAND INFORMATION QUESTIONS

A. Ask questionsto completethe dialogues.(Usethe cluesif given)

Tom Susan
iob doctor secretarv

work hospital office

so runntns Tuesday

,|
1.
No. he isn't. He's a doctor.
,)
2.
On Tuesdays.
5. in an office'?
Yes, she does.

4. A lunch?
B My husband?At the restaurantnext to his office.

5. A in this city?
B No. They live in Cambridge.

6. A after dinner ?
B Well. we usually watch TV. And when the weatheris good, we go out for a walk.
***

Mr. Carterl s a bank manager. He is talking to the new secretary,Pamela Sanders


Mr. Carter llo, Pamela.Sit down, please.
Hell
(7)_

Pamela aL.

Mr. Carter (8)

Pamela It' s 7 46-6613.

Mr. Carter (9)

Pamela My house?It's in GreenStreet.

Mr. Carter (10 a computer?

Pamela Yes, I can.

Mr. Carter And what about...

88
Jasminis a waitress.She works in a night club. She startswork at 6 p.m. and finishesat 2
a.m. She goesto work by bus, but shedoesn'tlike it. She wants to buy a car.

Jasmin usually gets up at about 1 p.m. The night club is closed on Sundays, so she
usuallygoesout with herboyfriend,George.
You : (ll) ?
Jasmin : At aboutone o'clock in the afternoon.
You : (12)
Jasmin : No, I haven't. I go to work by bus.
You :(13)
Jasmin No, I don't. The club is closed.
**x
David is a reporter. He is writing an article about sparetime activities.Now, he is talking
to Mary.
David (t4) in your sparetime, Mary?
Mary Listeningto rock music.In fact, I was at the Rolling Stonesconcertin New
York last month.

Robert we've got a new Engtish,"""n;:;"r name'sMrs. Higgins.


Clara ls she a good teacher?
Robert Yes, very good.
Clara (1 5 ) like?
Robert She'squite tall and slim.
Clara (1 6 ) eyes?
Robert They're blue.She'sgot big blue eyes.
Clara (11) :^o
t:! I

Robert I think she'sin her twenties.

A You cango to Birminghamby bus.


B (18)
A About two hours.
B (1 e )
A A ticket?f 24.

20. A suitcases?
B They'reours.

21.A the cinema?


B It is between the post office and the police station.

89
22. A : How therein Selton?
B : Restaurants?
Three.One in Main Streetand two in Elm Street.

23. Mary You've got a car, Paul. (take)the bus to


schoolevery morning?
Paul Becausemy schoolhasn't got a car park

24. Jerry Is that Mr. Miller over there?


David Yes.
Jerry (talk) to Janet?
David No. that's not Janet.That's his wife.
Jerry Really?She looks like Janet,doesn'tshe?

25. Billy seesJanetwith a book in her hand.


Billy : Janet?
Janet : A novel. It's a very good one.
Billy : I'd like to read it too after you've finished it.

26. Bill and Janeown a restaurant.Before they go shopping,they always check the food and
the drinks in the kitchen.
Bilt : there?
Jane : Oil? Not much.
Bill : What aboutpotatoes?
Jane : It's O.K. We havea lot.
>F**

Sallyis in a shop.Shewantsto buy a sweater.


Shop assistant : (27) you?
Sally Yes, please.I'd like a sweater.
Shop assistant (:28) (take)?
Sally Size40.
Shop assistant Here are somesweaters,size40.
Sally Oh, the red sweateris very nice. (29)
(cost)?
Shopassistant f]5.
Sally Fine.I'll haveit.

A tourist is in London. He is talking to a policeman,askingfor information.


Tourist : Excuseme.(30) here?
I have to make a phonecall.
Policeman Yes. thereis one in Elm Street.
Tourist ( 3 1) the nearestexchangeoffice?
Policeman In Queen Street.
Tourist And (32) the city centre?
David By bus.

90
Tourist : (33)
David : Less than 15 minutes.
Tourist : Thank you.
***

Fred Gateshasjust won the marathon.Now a reporteris talking to him.


Reporter (34) Mr. Gates?
Fred I a m very happy.of course.
Reporter fi5 r

Fred Tired? Yes, a little.

Jack and Paul were at a party last night. They are talking about it.
Paul (36) (see)Maria at the
party last night?
Jack No. Who's Maria?
Paul She'sPatrick'snew girlfriend. She's not English.
Jack (311 she?
Paul She'sFrench
Jack (38) (live)in London'l
Paul Yes.She'sa studentat Patrick'sschool.
Jack (3e) (meet)?
Paul Patrick and Maria? Three weeksaso.
Jack (40) (be) happy in England?

Paul Oh. ves. She lovesLondon.

Mr. And Mrs. Wilson have been married for 30 years.Mr. Wilson met his wife when
they were studentsat university.They live in a house in Oxford. They have got three
sons and one daughter.They are all married. Mrs. Wilson is a housewife. She likes
reading in her sparetime. She has got more than five hundred books. Mr. Wilson is a
professorat Oxford University. He is going to retire next month. The Wilsons want to
move to a warmer country - Italy or Spain - becausethey do not like the weather in
England,but they haven't decidedyet.

41.
30 yearsago
42. hrswife?
At university.
,)
43.
More than five hundred

9l
44. whenMr. Wilsonretires?
They'll probablylive abroad.

45. A
B I boughtit tenyearsago.
One.It's an old Volkswagen.

46. A thereby car?


B About one hour. (get)

41. A
B 39. (shoes/wear)

48. A shirt should I wear with this iacket?


B Blue would so well with it.

49. A the dog out?


B Twice a day. (you / take)

***

Sally and Linda are going home from school.


Sally : Our English teacherMrs. Brown gave us our first pop-quiz this morning.
Linda : Reallyl (50)
Sally : No, it wasn't. Actually, it was quite easy.
Linda : t5l) each semester?
Sally Normally, she gives about 20 but this year she said she is planning to give more
pop-qulzzes
x**
Mike is talkingto his friendBob on thephone.
Mike You weren't thereand Mr. Greengot very
: Bob, we had a meetingyesterday.
angry.(52 to the meeting?
Bob : BecauseI had a terriblebackacheand I had to leaveearly. I left a messagefor Mr.
Greenbut I guesshe didn't get my message.
Mike : Isee.t53.) today ?
Bob : I'm feeling much better,thank you, becauseI restedall night.
***

54. Martin is talking to his girlfriend abouthis plans for the future.
His girlfriend : afier you complete
yourmaster's?
Martin : Well, I'm not sure.MaybeI'll work in my father'sbusiness.
My fatherand
I discussedit last nisht and he offered me a position in the Sales
Department.
His girlfriend : That'sa goodidea.

92
Anna My brotherhas hurt his back. He's in hospitalnow.
Grace oh! (ss) (be) in hospital?
Anna Sincelast month.
Grace That's a long time. Do you visit him every day?
Anna Yes, I do.
Grace (s6) (go) to the hospital
tomorrow?
Anna At 2 p.m.
Grace I'd like to go with you.

57. David I went to Mrs. Tiger's office at 5 o'clock yesterday,but sherefusedto


talk to me. Her secretarysaid." Mrs. Tiger's busy at the moment."
Helen yoga ?
David Yes, she was. How did you guess?
Helen Well, she alwaysdoesyoga for half an hour, startingat 5 p.m. every day.
She doesn'tanswerthe phonesor meet anybodyin those30 minutes.

58.A: (pay)for this encyclopaedia?


B'. By credit card.I didn't have cashwith me.

59.Anne: (go) to the hairdresser,


Susie?
Susie: Oncea week- usuallyon Saturdays.

A : I saw you in the park last night.(60) (do)


thereat 1 I p.m. ?
Just walking around. I couldn't sleep last night. I wanted to get some fresh air
(61) (drive) home when you saw me'?
A Yes. You know, I finish work at 10:45p.m.
B 162) (stop) your car and walk with me?
A Well, becauseAlice was waiting for me at home. She gets very angry when I'm
Iate.
B I understand.

Jane Richardis in hospital.


Anne (63) (happen)to him?
Jane He has broken his leg.
Anne (64) (break)it.
Jane Duringhis trip to theAIps.

Alice (6s) (stay)with you?


Nancy My parents?For a week. They left yesterday.
93
Alice : (66) (visit) them in their new
home in Florida.too?
Nancy : Of course.Next summer.

67. Jenny : I'd likerosee,nur."ollss. Size40,please.


Shop assistant : Here you are.
Jenny : Hmmm. It looks beautiful.
S h o p a s s i s t a n :t f 4 5 .

68. Helen is talking to Maria. Maria is Spanish and she is studying Science at London
University.
Helen : a studentat London University?
Maria: Forayear.

Mike and Jennyare friendsfrom school.


Mike : (69) at eight last
night? I phonedyour house,but nobody answered.
Jenny I was at Mum's PizzaPlace in the new shoppingcentre.
Mike oh! (70) dinner there
with your boyfriend,Larry?
Jenny No, I wasn't. You know. I don't seeLarry any more. I work at Mum's pi:,:.ctpltLc'e
Mike Really?Do you like it?
Jenny Yes, I do. I work for only threehours in the eveningsand the pay is goocl.
Mike (11) there?
Jenny : Well, I have to cleanthe tablesand help with the washingup.

Betty and Thelma are two secretaries.


They work for the samecompany.Theirmanager.Mr.
Hutwill, retireda few days ago.The new managerstartedwork yesterday.
Betty : (72) the new manager'/
Thelma No, I haven't.I wantedto talk to her yesterday,but she was busy
(73) l'ifties?
Betty : No, sheisn't.Sheis quiteyoung.
Thelma : \74) ,]

Betty She is tall and slim with short curlv hair.

15. The burglars broke into an old woman's flat while she was watching TV in her
bedroom.A policemanasksa neighbouraboutthe old woman.
Policeman : What
Neighbour : She was watchingTV in her bedroomthen.

16. Leila is looking at a jug in a shop and she wants to know about its exact capacity.
Leila : Excuseme. How much liquid
Shopkeeper: 2liters,madam.

94
77. Alex : (invitations/ send)so far?
Bill : About sixty. I'm going to sendthe rest this afternoon.

78. Mary : (try / ever) doing hang-gliding?


Carlos : Yes. once.It was absolutelywonderful.I enjoyedit v ery much.

A reporteris interviewing the famousfootball player Maradona.


Reporter : (19) the championship?
Maradona I am not sure.My team might win. We are a good team,but the other teams
are also good.
Reporter (80) in this team?
Maradona : For abouttwo years.
Reporter : (81) everydey?
Maradona : Yes, I do. I must train for at least3 hours eachday.
Reporter : (82) a football player'7
Maradona Like! I love it.
Reporter And what aboutmoney?(83)
Maradona About 500 a year.
Reporter 500 dollars!
Maradona : No! 500 thousanddollars.
***
84. A : What ice-creamdo you like most?
B : Chocolate.

85. A : How is the hotel from the airport?


B : Only l0 kilometers.

86. A : How doesit take you to cycle home?


B : Not more than 20 minutes.

Bill is at his friend Tom's house.They are in the garagenow.


Bill (87)
Tom It is my father's.
BiII It's a beautifulcar. (88)
Tom In Japan.
Bitl i89)
Tom I'm not surebut I thinkhe paidapproximately
$4500.
Bill Not too much for a Japanesecar. What (90)
Tom It has a lot of featuressuch as central locking system,power steeringand sun
roof.

9-5
It's Mary's mother's birthday tomorrow and she wants to give her a nice birthday present.
She wants her friend Janeto help her.
Jane ( 9t ; doesyour mother listen to?
Mary Sheusuallylistensto classical
music.
Jane Why (92) her a CD of Beethoven's 9th
Concerto?
Mary That's a good idea.

93. Paul : flisht to New York?


Rick : Wonderful. It took eight hours, but we were not bored at all. We watched a
very nice movie on the plane.

94. A : How do you go to the sports center?


B : Every day.
***
David (es) at the concert?
Mary More than 30,000. I was lucky. My brother lives in New York and he got the
tickets.
David (e6)
Mary At 8:30p.m.,andit finishedafter11p.m.
David And....

(SUBJECT+OBJECTQUESTIONS)

B. Ask questionsto obtain the underlinedinformation.

a few minutesago.
1. Bill shoutedat someone

2. Something has happenedto her arm

3. Someonegaveher a lot of money last month.

4. She went out with someonelast weekend.

5. Somethins fell off the table

6. He knows something.

96
7. Somethinghappenedlast month.

8. She sentplenty of lettersto someone.

9. Someonewon the lottery.

10. Somethingis wrong.


,|

C. Complete the questions.

l. The farmers of Northwick village have come to the market place for a competition.
Mr. Brick, a memberof the jury, is tastingsomeof the tomatoes.
Mr. Brick : Hmm... thesetomatoesare delicious. (grow)
them?
M r s . M e a d o w s: I d i d .
Mr. Brick thefirst prize.
: Well, I thinktheydeserve

2.A to your foot?


B I slippedon the wet floor and broke it.

3,A the washing?


B Everv two davs.I have five children and I have a lot of dirty clothesto wash.

4.A
B person.
My brother?He is a verysociable
5.A that beautiful sweater vou are
wearing?
B My friend, Alicia, did. It was a birthdaypresent.

D. Choosethe questionto get the answerfor the missinginformation in the blank.

1. My motherbrought 3 up.
a) Who did my motherbringup? c) Who broughtup my mother?
b) Who did I bringup? d) Who broughtme up?

2. Shewaswritins ? to Susan.
a) What was she writing to Susan? c) When was she writing to Susan?
b) Who was she writing to? d) What was she doing?

3. I live in igloos.
a) Who live in igloos? c) Who lives in igloos?
b) Wheredo theylive? d) Do they live in igloos?
***

91
Last night (4) Z calledMary and said that he wantedto seeher. Together,they wenr ro
(5) ? at 5 o'clock. It was a very lovely place and not very crowded. They had a
wonderful meal there. After dinner, he gave her a (6) I . She opened it and saw a
pretty ring in it.

4. a) Who calledher? 5. a) What did they do? 6. a) Which did shegive him?
b) What did he call? b) Who did they go with? b) What did he give her?
c) Who calledhim? c) Who did they go to? c) What did he do?
d) Who did shecall? d) Where did they go? d) Who did he eive it to?

1. 1 dog is out in thegarden? It'sruiningtheflowers.


a) Whose is that out in thegarden? c) Who is thatdog?
b) Which dog is that out in thegarden? d) Whosedog is that?

E. There is somemissinginformation in the following texts. Ask questionsto find the


missinginformation.
I.

Mrs. Craig'sson,Bill, livesin (example). Mrs. Craigvisitshim every_( I )_. Lasr


week she was in Oxford again to see her son. She went there by _tz)_.
-(3)- met her at the station.Mrs. Craigwas very happyto seehim. Bill gavehis
mother_(4)_. He hadto find a porrerbecause _(5)_.
eg. Where does Bill / AArs. Croig's son live?

l,

2.

4. ')

5.

il.
SisterWendy was (example) yearsold when she becamea nun (a religious woman).
She lives in a caravanin the grounds of a monasteryin Norfolk but she leavesher caravan
-( 1)- a year to travel round Europe.She visits the world's most famous art treasures
and presents an arts programme for BBC. _(2)_ like her clear and plain
explanationsof art. That's why her programmesare very popular all around the world. Last
year Sister Wendy made _(3)_ programmesand she earned_(4)_ for the
first series of her programme. The money was used to provide shower rooms for the
monastery.Now, she wants to -(5)- so she is spending most of her time in her
caravanworking on it.

98
eg: How old wos Sister Wendy when she becomeo nun?
?
,|
2.
a
J. ?
,.!
A

,)
5.

III.

Mike is a tourist guide. He works during the summer and goes on tours -(1)- a
week. Last week, he took a group of British tourists to Urgiip during the first World Air
Games. There were _(2)_ pilots from different countries taking part in the
competitions. On the last day of the tour, he met -(3)-. He told Mlke that he had
becomea hot-air balloon pilot after leavingschooland offered to give the group a ride in his
balloon. That was very kind of him. The group enjoyedevery minute of that exciting ride.
Then, -(4)- took them to a pub. Mike drank only -(5)- wine becausehe
was still on duty. A few hours later,.....

,)
2.
a
J.

4. ?
,)
5.

IV.

Nasuh Mahruki was (example) yearsold when he first startedmountain climbing.


He is the first Turkish and Muslim climberin the world to climb Mt. Everestin May 1995.
'Seven
He also participatedin the Summits'project of climbing the highest peaks of each
'Seven
of the continents in 1996. Although -(l)- climbers completed the
Summits'project, Nasuh was the youngestto achievethis. Nasuh Mahruki is not only a
climber but also a writer, a photographerand a documentaryproducer.He lives in Istanbul
but he goesabroad_(2)_ayear. On thesetrips, he collectsdata for his books and
documentaries.Nasuh Mahruki is also the founder of AKUT, which was set up in
_(3)_ in Istanbul.AKUT has a lot membersfrom different professionssuch as
doctors,teachers,engineersand _(4)_ alsojoin AKUT to learn searchand rescue
techniques.Nasuh Mahruki wants to _(5) in the coming years.In this way he is
of AKUT in Turkey.
planningto improve the effectiveness

99
J. ,,

A
+.

5.

v.
Laura is talking about her careeras a model.
I am (example) old now and modelling has always been a part of my life.
-(1)- introducedme to modelling when I was six months old, for a baby-clothes
catalogue.It's quite an excitingjob. I fly to Jamaica_(2)_ a yearto model summer
clothesand last year I made -(3)- television advertisements- more than I'd ever
done before. Now I want to -(4)-, so I'm doing a drama course at college at the
moment. of course,my appearanceis important. I'm very lucky there. I eat _(5)_
junk food but I never get fat.

eg. How old is Louro now?

l.

2.
a
J.

A
-,

vI.
JaneWebb is a widow and is (example) old. She lives alone in a small bungalow in a
very quiet street. She doesn'tlike going out much. _(l)_ she goes to the cinemato
watch a horror film. In the eveningsshe_(2)_.
At ll:00 p.m. on January7,1999, -(3)- calledthe Toronto police and reporteda
suicide.When the police arrived,shewas -(4)- at the door. Mrs. Webb rook rhe two
inspectorsto -_(5) There, in the study, they saw a man's dead body on the floor
nearthe desk.

100
eg : How old is Mrs. Webb?
I
.)

')

a
J.

')
4.

5.

4.2TAG QUESTIONS
A. Add the missingquestiontags.
1. Sheis a very clevergirl,
2. There are many absentstudentstoday,

3. Mr.Smith left for Los Angeleslast week,

4. Your dog doesn'tbite, I

5. Shehasn'thad dinneryet,
6. I paidyou,
7. You haven't ever beento Europe,
,|
8. Mary can help us,

9. You have studiedEnglish for many years,


10. You will be in classtomorrow,
I l . H e l e nd o e s n ' tk n o w h o w t o s w i m ,
12. That car isn't verYslow.
13. The bus wasn'tgoing fast at the tirne,
14. His wife didn't comewith him,
person,
15. Sheisn't a very dependable
16. Ann wasn'thurt badly in the accident,
17. You won't give the secretaway,
18. It was a good film,
19. lt was snowingat the time,

20. The busstopson thiscorner,

t0t
B. Mark the best choice.
l. You are goin-eto come to the party,--?
a) do you b) aren'tyou c) will you d) won't you

2. You'd betterapologizeto him, you?


a) wouldn't b) don't c) didn't d) hadn't

3. I'rn going to miss my train,


a) aren'tI b) is it c) amI d ) i s n ' ti t

4. Nobody has to stay late this evening, ,|

a) has she b) do they c) isn'tit d) don't they

C. Add the missing question tags.

l. At first we were reallysurprised, ,|

2. Everythingwill soonbe all right,

3. Shecan knit very well,

4. They've beenworking on that project recently,

5. Shewon't win the same.

6. He had actedlike a clown.

1. Sheneverphoned,

8. There is no food.

9. Everybodymakesa mistake,

10. Somebody'sturnedoff the lights,

I 1. We aregoing swimmingthis afternoon.You are comingwith us.

12. Nothingcould rnakeyou changevour mind,

1 3 . T o m a n dB e n l i k e i a z z ,
14. A : It was the dog that ruined Mum's rose garden. but don't tell anyone
,

15. B : Don't worry. Nobody saw the dog,


A : No. I don'tthink so.
B : Mum will go crazy if she finds out. Keep her busy in the kitchen until I've finished
replantingthe flowers. OK?

1 6 . G i v em e a h a n d . )

1 7 . L e t ' sg o o n a p i c n i c ,

18. Don't shout,

102
19" Passme the sugar, ?

20. I suspect although he is married, he has a relation with his secretary.


?

21. I think he is intentionally needling me about my backgrouncl.


?
,)
22. I think your father has beenunder greatstress,

23. I hope therewon't be anothereconomicrecession,

103
5. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
5.1ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Fill in the tllanks with the correct forms of the words given in brackets.
l. He alwaysdoeshis homework lcareful).
2. He is a very (careful)student.

3. Come (quick). We needyour help.

4. You shoulddrive more (slow) along this road.


5. Helen is a very (slow) student.Her brother. on the other hand.
learns (rapid).
6. Mr. Gonzaleshas a (permanent)visa. He hopesto remain in this
country (permanent).
7. This is an (easy) exercise.I can answer all these questions
(easy).
8 . Helenworks very ( h a r d li n h e r n e wj o b .
O You walk very (fast).

t 0 . They are both (serious)studentsand they both study English


very lserious
1.
i l . I agreewith you (complete)in that matter.

12. This pillow is very (soft).


1a
lJ. She speaks (soft) to her children.

1 4 . Helen is a (beautiful) girl and she also plays the violin


(beautiful).

As the plane circled over the airport, that somethingwas wrong. The plane
""".r":::"nsed
was moving (15) (unsteady) through the air, and although rhe
passengershad fastened their seat belts, they were (16) (sudden)
thrown forward. At that moment the air-hostessappeared.She looked pale but her voice was
quite (17) (calm). She informed everyonethat the pilot had fainted
and askedif anyonecould help. A man got up (18) (imrnediate)arrd
followed the hostess into the pilot's cabin. All the passengers were getting
(1e) (tense). The plane wzts now
(20) (dangerous)close to the ground. The worst moment of the flieht
came when they had to land. When the plane touchedthe ground, however, they only fclt a
(21) (slight)bump. It was a narrow escape.

104
22. I can'tput up with the chequebookjournalism. in which even criminals are paid
lots of money to tell their ( terrible) stories.

23. This companvis (high )specializedon that subject.

24. This is Saturdaynight so we can (hard) find any tickets for the
show.

5.2ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -ING AND.ED


Fill in the blankswith the suitableforms of the verbsin brackets.
1. It is illegalto buy a (steal)TV set.

2. Bill looked (surprise)when he heardthe news.


3. The children couldn't get to sleepafter they watchedthe film becauseit was very
(frighten).
4. The little girl was (excite)aboutgoing to the circus.

5. I enjoy talking to Mrs. Jennings.She ts an (interest)person.

*t<*

John went to the doctor becausehe had a pain in his chest.The doctor'scommentswere

(6) (reassure) to John, who had been extremely

(7) (frighten) before the doctor told him that the pain was just

heartburn.

I didn't understandthe (8) (confbse)income-taxforms thitt I got frorn

the government.I was so (9) (worry) about them that I asked my

neighbourto help me. However, he gave me a lot of (10) (mislead)

information so I went to a tax consultant.Hearing his explanationson how to fill in the

forms.I realizedthat it was not that (11) (frustrate)at all.

'5.3
ADJECTIVES AND PREPOSITIONS
A. Fill the gaps with correct prepositions.

l. Wheneverwe went to the seaside.I used to spend my days on the beach collectrng
thingssuch as shclls.rock piecesand pebbles.I was very fond
doing that. Back home, I used to put the shellsand little stonesin a jar filled with
water and keep them in my room.

t0-5
2.A They lefi fbr the zoo withouttakingme. I'll nevertalk to them again.

B Come on. Cheer up. There is nothing to be upset t h i s .I


promiseI'll takeyou therethis weekend.

3.A I'rn fed up his complaints.I'm goingto resignright awav.


B Don't rush into things He doesn'treally mean it. He just wants us to do a betterjob.
That'sall.

We were all surprised the news that he had eottenmarried.

5. Janeis very excited her trip to the United States.

She is an extremely efficient secretary and her employers are vcrv happt

her work.

I never use earlic when I cook because my children al'e not yery keen
it.

8. Carla is very keen keepingfit. As a rule. she gets up very earlv


and goesjogging. She also goes swimming at the Sports Centre every three days. and
plays tenniswith her friend, Suzy,regularly.

Jennyand Fred met when they were at university.They f-ell love with
each other and got married two years later. The couple had great financial dilficr-rlties
during the first yezrrsof their marriage.However,today Fred earnsmnch rnorethan he clrd
ten yearsago and they lead a comfortableand luxurious lif'e in their villa.

Jack used to be my best friend - at least I thought he was. He had always been lbncl
(l0) gambling,so he borrowed a considerablesum of rnoneyfrom
me. (ll) return for his debt, he promised to help me with the
painting of the house, but he didn't keep his promise. I was rather an-qry
(12) this, but I decidedto forget it all. Then he borrowed mv new
Tirnex watch and somehow managed to break it. Fortunately. it was srill
1l3r guarantee, so the shop repaired it fl-ee
(l4) charge. However. the worst thing he did was stealin-emy
girlfriend away from me. I was really upset ( 15) hint
(l6) doing sucha thing.With friendslike that,who needsenemies?

106
B. Circle the correct choice.

I was attracted_(1)_ the sight of the chocolate cake and ordered it.
However.it did not taste_(2)_.
l. a) at 2. a) well
b) with b) good
c) by c) better
d) for d) much

3. I always have difficulty choosing original birthday presents. My


imagination never seems to get beyond ties, handkerchiefs,or pairs of socks.
However. strangelyenough, it did not take me long to decide on Tom's birthday
present.For the first time in my life, I had a good idea; I would buy hirn a bottle of
champagne.
a) at b) of c) by d) in

1. Last night my wife, Emma, and I decidedto try the new Italian Restaurantin Main
Street.The dinner we had in the restaurantwas good, but we were uot very pleased
the wine. It tastedhorrible and it was alsovery expensive.

a) with b) of c) in d) at

C. Fill in the blankswith the prepositionsgivenin the box. UseeachONCE. There


are more than you need.

for of IN to
about under as with
throu b on

1. Most people are keen scubadiving thesedays,which I find really


dangerous.
2. She was so delighted her final examresultsthat shedecidedto givc
a big farewell party for her friends.
3. The mother wzrsfurious with her children not listeningto what she
was sayingto them.
4. Sue's -grandmotheris always described a cheerful and pleasant
person.
5. Nowadiiyslots of peopleare fond doing exercisessuchas stretchin_g
or yoga.
6. return for her help, Sheila's neighbours bou_ehthcr a very nice
present.
7. The employeeswere surprised the last minute notice sent bv the
director.
8. If your fridge rs still guarantee,you can get it repaired fiee of
charge.
9. I am delighted seethat you'reout of hospital.
l()1
5.4 NUMBERS USED AS ADJECTIVES

Rewrite the following without changing their meanings.

1. This is a holidaywhich laststwo weeks.


This is a two

2. I have to attenda meetinswhich will last for 3 hours.


I have to attend meeting.

3. The examwill probablylastfour hours.


It will probablybe exam.

4. The flat has four roolns.


It is flert.

5. This bottleholdsone litre of liquid.


This is bottle'.

6. The hotel has five stars.


It is hotel

1. She is a student.She is eighteenyearsold.


S h ei s student.

8. The planewas six hourslate.


There was delay on our f1i-eht

9. You have to walk ten minutesto reachthe house.


It is walk to the house

10. I gaveher twentypounds.


I gave her notc

5.5ADJECTIVE ORDER

A. Write the adjectivesin bracketsin the correctorder.


eg.Cups(green,old) someold qreencups
table(blue,plastic)a blueplastictable
l. c a r( o l d ,A m e r i c a n )
l. p l a t e s( n e w .b l u e )
3. (beautiful.red)
curtain-s
4. cooker(old, gas)
5. chairs(brown, comfortable)
6. f u r n i t u r e( I t a l i a nr. n o d e r n )

108
1. painting(oil, old)
8. bag (large,sports)
9. stone(round,small)
10. students(French,young)

B. Complete the sentences.

L Thomas servedthe meal on a colourful plate which he had bought from China. It was
madeof porcelain.
Thomasservedthe meal on a plate.

2. I was given a small music box for my birthday.It is madeof wood and it is black in
colour.
I receiveda musicbox
for my birthda Y.

3. Theircarpetis Turkish. It's big and colourful.


Theyhavegot

4. My brotherwas given a pair of new riding bootsfor his birthday.They are made of
leatherand they are black in colour'
My brothergot a pair of
riding boots for his birthdaY.

5.6 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

A. Rewrite the following.

I. Trains are saferthan buses.


Buses

2. New York is bigger than WashingtonD.C


WashingtonD.C

is worsethanmine'
3. His handwriting
My handwriting

4. He writes more nezrtlythan MarY.


He hasa

5. A Volvo is more expensivethan a Fiat.


A Fiat

6. Gold is more valuablethan silver.


Silver

1. My English is not as fluent as my sister's.


My sister I do.

109
8. Sheusedto eat morethanshedoesnow.
She sheusedto.

9. It's easyto park a car. However,parking a truck is not so easy.


A truck can be narked d Ldl

10. Shedoesn'tplay tennisas oftenas shedoesyoga.

I l. I feel confidentwhen I speakon the phonebut not in public.


I speak

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in brackets.

The geographyteacher,Mrs. Swanson,is askingBill questions.

Mrs. Swanson : Bill, as you know, the Nile and the Amazon are the two best-knownr.ivcr-s
in the world. (1) (long1. the Nile or the
Amazon'l

Bill : The Nile. It is 6670 km long but the Amazonis 6440 krn.

Mrs. Swanson : Verv good.


>k*x

2. The exam was (difficultt the srudents


expected.Most of thernfailed it.

it's six monthssinceI moved to my own flat. At tlrst, it wasn't (3)

(easy) for me to live alone, but in time I got used to it and now I flncl it

(4) (difficult;. Of course,there are times when I rnissthe comfort I

had at my parents'place.I used to have (5) (few) responsibilities


than I
do now as I had almost everythingdone for me. Now, however, I have a lot to do. I clon't

mind cookingas I've alwaysbeen(6) (good)at it. but cleaningthe flat is

very time-consuming.There are good things about living on my own. though. I arn nor

(7) (shy) I used to be and have become far


(8) (self-confident).

110
One day the children in a kindergartenwere standing around in the playground and
'My
talking about thelr fathers. One little girl started a game and said : daddy is
'My
(e) ttall) your daddy Another said, daddv is

(10) (handsome)your daddy'. A (11) (loud) voice

'My (fast) your daddy'. The game


then shouted, daddy can run ( 12)

continuedfor a few minutes,and each child tried to think of somethingthelttheir daddy

c o u l dd o ( 1 3 ) (good) other dads. There was one little girl who was very

(14) (quiet). She was much (15) (thoughtful) the

others. She was obviously trying to think of somethinggood, but she was having some

trouble. The other childrencontinuedwith the game. Suddenlythe little girl's face lit up.

She shouted (16) (excited): 'Well anyway, my daddy is far

(17) (fat) any of your daddies'. The rest of the group were very

surprised The game stopped and the children walked away as

(l 8 ) (quick) as they could.

C. Ask questionsfor the givenanswers.

l.
The Krzrlrrmak. It is longerthan The Sakarya,

2.
Mauna Kena is. It is 1,000metreshigher than Everest.

The Italian Parliament.It has 615 memberswhereasthere are 550 members in the
Turkish Parliarnent.

D. Complete the sentenceswith a suitable adjective from the box below.Use each
adjective only ONCE. There are more than you need. Do not forget to make the
necessarychanges.

quiet big beautiful


convenient tall boring
comfortable expensive heavY
bad

1. Lake Superior in North America is Lake Victonzi in


Africa.

2. Tokyo is Londonl for example,rents are very high tn


Tokyo.

lll
3. The pollutiorrin Istanbulis the pollution in Ankara. There
isn't too much pollution in Ankara.

4. The houses in the city centre are the housesin the


Whenyou live in thesuburbs,
suburbs. it takeshalf an hourto getto the nearest
shop.

5. My dishwashermakes too much noise.I am going to buy a


one.

A. Complete / Rewrite the following without changing the meaning and use the words
in brackets, where given.

l. My brotherplays tennisbetterthan I do.


I don't

2. He drives fasterthan I do.


I am a fast driver but not

3. Dorothyis a singer.Melody is a bettersinger.


Dorothyis not

4. A : Are you happy with your new secretary?


B : Yes. She works the old one did.

5. Their houseis much bigger than mine.


My house

6. London is much more interestinsthan Newcastle.


Newcastleisn't

1. Thereare8 students
in my class,and l6 in yours.
Thereare in your classas in mine.

8. Germancars are far betterthan American cars.


Americancars

9. Chris practiseshis skatingroutine 27 hours a week whereasAndre practisesonly 14.


Chris

10. Comparedwith my new computer,my old computerwas very slow.


Mv old comDuter my new one.

I l. Andrew is slightlyolderthanJohn.
John

12. Mike speaksEnglish a bit more fluently than Juliet.


Juliet

13. Motorbikes are more difficult to ride than bicvcles.


Bicycles

t12
14. Travellingby bus is not (comfortable)
travellingby car. Besides.the busesare very slow.

15. Sheilaworks much betterthanAngela.


Angela

16. I'm quite easy-goingthesedays,but I usedto be bad-tempered.


I

17. Gina smokesI 3 cigarettesa day whereasMaria smokesonly 6.


Maria smokes

18. Henry doesmorejudo than he doesweightlifting.

B. Circle the correct choice.

1. The blue dress is f40 and the red one is f.42. I think I'll buy the red dress. It isn't
as cheapas the blue one, but it is prettier
a) slightly b) nearly c) quite d) a bit

2.PeoplesaythatIcansingaS-asBarbaraStreisand.
a) beautiful c) beautifully
b) more beautiful d) more beautifully

3. It costs nearly twice as much to join a private sports club it does tcr
join the universitysportscentre.
a) than c) as
b) for d) rather

4. A : I'm afraid I've run out of eggs.


B : Don't worry. I've got plenty.I can give you as (10)
you like.
a) much c) quite
b) many d) nearlY

5. A : This food is delicious.


B : Eat as as you like.
a) much c) quite
b) many d) nearlY

A. Complete these sentences.

Eg. It is a very cheaprestaurant.Itis the cheapestrestaurant in the town.

l. It was a very happyday.It was of my life.

2. He is a very good player.He is of the team.

il3
3. It is a very old castle.lt is in Britain.

4. It was very hot yesterday.It was of the year.

5. Sheis very intelligent.She is studentin her class.

6. You cook badly. You are in the world.

1. Pele is a very farnousfootballer.He is in the world.

B. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the words in the box. Add any word if
necessary.Use each only ONCE. There are more than you need.

quiet big beautiful


convenient tall boring
comfortable expensive heavy
bad efficient

1. building in London is the Canary Wharf Tower at 213


metres.

2 . The world's man is Tommv Benville.He rvei-ehs


230 kilos

3 . India's sightis the Taj Mahal.

4 . I alwayssit in the big armchair;it's chair in the house.

5 . My uncle always wants to talk about himself. He neverlistensto other peopleand talks
about the same thing again and again. He is person in the
family.

6. No one in the world works as efficiently as you do!


You are personI hirveever seen

C. Fill the gaps using the correct forms of the words in brackets.
S a o P a u l oi s ( 1 ) t r i c h ) a r e ai n S o u t hA m e r i c r . ( l ) (tast)
growing and the pride of all Brazilians.The city has (3) (popular;
restaurantsin Latin America. (4) (comfortable) theatres and some of
t5r (good) schools.E dificio Italia, (6) ( t a l l ) b L r i l d i n gi n
SouthAmerica,is locatedat (7) (high) point in Sao Paulo. IbirapueraPerrk
is(8) (big) and (9) (impressive)of its kind in the world
In the park's Pavillion Pereira, the world famous Bienal ;lrt exhibitiorrs.
(1 0 ) (great) show of contemporaryart in Latin America ar.eheld. Porto
Alegre is one of ( 1 I ) (modern) cities of Sao Paulo. (12)__
(-eood)
Brazilianwine is producedin this area.

114
How is your biochemistrycourse?
B It is really hard.In fact, it is one of (13) (difficult) coursesI have
ever taken.
A Really'?
B Yes, even someof (14) (clever)studentsin the classare havine
trouble.

A Men cannotcook.
B That is not true. (15) ( g o o d )c o o k si n t l 6 t t f i n ei
restaurantsin the world are men.

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in brackets. Do not forget
to make the necessarychanges.

I alwaystravel by train becauseI think it is ( I ) (good)way to

travel.I do not like travellinebv bus becausethere are (2) imany)

accidents on roads than on railwavs. For this reason. I think bus travel is

(3) (dangerous) the other. Train travel is also

(4) (cheap)kind of transportation;for example.a train ticket costs

$12, but a bus ticket costs$25 and a plane ticket costs$1001There is only one problem

when you travel by train. It is (5) (slow) the other kinds of'

transoortation.
It takestoo much time to get from one place to another.

In Belgium,you can see(6) t\ '.h- i. bo \/ bike in the world. It's 20 meterslonq

and it carries 3 5 people. It isn't very (1) lfast) bccluse it's

(8) (heavy) a normal bike. It weighs about one ron. Is it

(9) (good) normal bikes? Maybe not. but I think ir's

(10) (interesting)one in the world.

*x*

A Whereareyou goingto stayin Bristol?


B At the Paramount
Oh.that's(ll) (expensive)hotel in the town. Why don't yoll sravar
the PrincessHotel?It's (12) (cheap)the Paramount.Its restaurant
is (13) (good) the other hotel restaurantsand its rooms are
v e r y( l 4 ) (clean).

115
B : Yes, but I want a quiet hotel, and the Paramountis (15) (peaceful)thc
other hotels.

*t<*

T h e M e r i d i a ni s 1 1 6 ) (expensive) hotel in the town. A room at this


hotel is $200 a night; at the Windsor it's only $70. However, the Windsor Hotel is
(17) (beautiful) the Meridian becauseit's got an excellent garden.
There are flowers everywhereand touristssay that they love the sight of the lovely swimming
pool a lot. Both the Meridian and the Windsor are
(1 8 ) (good) hotels,so you can stay in whicheveryou want

Peteris in a hardwarestore.He wants to buy ll drill, but he doesn'tknow rnuch about


"f.ctric
this tool. He's talking to a salesmanin the store.

Salesman : May I help you. sir?

Peter : I'd like to buy an electricdrill, but there are so many of them. and the'y'reall so
expensive.Could you help me chooseone?

Salesman : Of course.I understandyou don't want to spendtoo much on a drill. Look rt this
model- the TRX. It's (19) (expensive)one that we
have in the store, but that doesn't mean it is (20)
(bad) the rest. You see,the price does not always reflect quality. Actually. the
TRX is oneof (21) (reliabie)modelson the market.You
can alwaysdependon it. There is nothing (22) ( a n n o y r n ga)
tool that doesn'twork (23) (.proper)wnen vou want t()
use it. Here.take it and look atiL Q4) (close)

Peter : Hm, it's quite (25) (light)

Salesman : Yes. Weightis an importantaspectwhen you considerbuying a drill. Holding a


heavydrill is (26) (terrible) difficult, especiallywhen you
are trying to make a hole in the ceiling.

Peter : Thank you. You've beenvery helpful. I'll take the TRX.

Bill and Janeare going to Oxford next week. Uii, ;*,, to travel by car, but Jane doesn'ta-eree
with him. Here is the dialosuebetweenBill and Jane.

Jane : Bill, I don't want to travel by car. Why don't we travel by train instead'lWe can sit
\27) (comfortable)and enjoy the scenery.

Bill : You might be right,but the train isn'tnearly(28) (fast) the car.

116
Jane Listen to me. There are a lot of traffic accidentsevery day. And you drive very
Q9)_ (careless).If we travel by car, I will drive.

Biil I know you are a good driver, Jane, but I'm a good driver too. I drive
(30) (good) you do. Don't worry, I will drive very
( 3 1) (careful). Let's go by car because it is also
(32) (easy)way to get around.

Jane Yes, but I think travelling by train is far (33) (interesting)


travellingby car.It is alsoa bit (34) (cheap).

Bill : OK Janeletsso bv train.

Shoppingis my favouritepastime.I am (35) (happy)personin

the world when I go shopping becauseit really makes me feel relaxed. I always do rny

shopping at North Carolina's (36) (famous) store, called K-

Mart. K-Mart provides its customerswith a very (37) (large)

All theproductsat K-Mart are(38)


varietyof products. (cheap)

thosein most stores.The salesclerks there are also (39) (helpful)

the onesin other shops.

Tommy wantsto buy a motorcyclebut his mother doesn'tagreeto it.

Mother : I still cannotunderstandwhy you want to buy a motorcycleinsteadof a car. A


car is (40) (convenient)a motorcycle and it's
much ( 4 1 ) (practical)too!

Tommy : I know. but it isn't nearly (42) (economicai)a


motorcvcle.I can set 50 miles to a sallon with a motorcvcle!

Mother : Listen to me, Tommyl We live in one of (43) (large)


cities in the world and there are a lot of crazy people out there on the streets.
As most of these people do not drive (44)
(careful),the risk of accidentstoday is a lot (45.1
(great)it usedto be.

tll
Tommy : I agreemom, but I can ride the motorcycle(46) (good)most
of the other motorcyclistsand I promise that when I buy a motorcycle,I will be
(41) (slow) motorcyclistin New York. I will never
exceedthe speedlimit. Believeit or not mom, but (48)
(high) speedI will makewill be 50 milesper hour, not rrore. Besides.I can find a
parking place for it in the city far (49) ( e a s y )I c a n
for a car.

Mother : Tommy, I know all these and I do trust you, but still there is no wzty you can
convinceme. I still insistthatyou shouldbuy a car insteadof a motorcycle.

**r<

United States'(50) (interesting)city is Las Vegas. There are rnany


big hotelsin this city. Thesehotelsare (51) (attractive)thosein New
York. Washingtonor San Francisco.I think Las Vegasis (52) (goodl

placeto spendyour holiday.

* >k >i:

Dear Mom.
Hi. How are you'?We're in New York. It's 42'C heretoday.According to weatherreports
i t ' s( 5 3 ) (hot) day this year. On our first night we stavedat a hotcl
called'The Central'.lt cost $150 a nisht so we found a much (54)
(cheap)hotel yesterday.
New York is far (55) (crowded)San Francisco.During
rush hours.vou can seehundredsof cars on Fifih Avenue. One thing I like aboutthe drivers
in New York is that they drive (56) (careful) the ones we have
in San Francisco"They all seemto obey the traffic rules.
Yesterdaywe went shopping with my friends. I think the shops on Fifth Avenue iire
(57) (expensive)the shops in San Francisco,but they are great to
look at! In the eveningour friendstook us to a pub in Soho.The music was great.but the
peopleat the pub were speakingvery (58) ( l o u d ) .w h i c h r n a d e
it quite difficult to enjoy the music.
Tomorrow, we are planning to visit the Museum of Modern Arts. I'm really lookin-e
forward to seeing the beautiful works of (59) (lamous)
paintersin the world like Van Gogh. Monet and Renoir.
Well, that'sall for now. I'm really enjoying rny tour around the States.As you knor.vour
next stop is Orlando.I'll sendyou a postcardfrom there,too.
Marian

r18
60. In your opinion, what (dreadful) thing that could
happento a student?

6 1 . Which is (profitable)nowadays;buying a houseor buying


a carl

62. There is nothing (annoying)having your salarystolen"

6 3 . When you think of the meansof communicationsuch as e-mail, letter.fax, telegram


etc.. il letteris alwavsreceived (rapidly).

Mark and Lisa are talking aboutthe conferencethat hasjust finished.

Mark : Thank God. the conferenceis over. I thought he would never stop talking.You
know what Lisa, that was (64) (boring)
conferenceI've ever attended.
Lisa : Come on Mark. it would be very unfair to say that the conferencewas a
(6s) (complete)failure. I have attendedconferences
that were(66) (bad) this one. I was really interested
in the subject and I think rhe presenter had dealt with it very
\67) (close).I guessthe problem was his heavy lrish
accent.I personallyfound it (68) (extreme)difficult
to follow.
*>k*

Mrs. Greenis talking to one of her students.

Mrs.Green : Fred, your work is (69) (satisfying)anyone


else's in class! I don't think you have been studying enough
(10) (late). The quiz I gave yesterdaywas quite
easybut you still got (71) (low) gradein class

Fred Well. Mrs. Green,I'm doingmy best but as you know, I have a part-time
job at a restaurant
and I go (12) (straight) to work
after school.That'swhv I (73) (hard) find tin-reto do
my homework or study for my lessons.

Mrs. Green : I seebut you haveto find a solutionto this as soonas possrble

lt9
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in the box. Do not forget to
make the necessarychanges. Use each word ONCE. There are more than you
need.

hot intelligent high


far boring cold
long friendly important
cultured b scru

"n t.,rt."* r-*"rft *,*,|T::jJIiH::J"1:H:"ilffiJilfii::ffii


friends.

2. Britain's m o u n t a i ni s B e n N e v i s( 1 3 4 3 m ) .

3. A: Whichis in December.Bostonor Miarni?


B: Miami, of course.You can go swimmingthereon Christmasday!

4. I'd love to go to the cinemawith you, but I'm afraid I've got
things to do. I haveto preparea reportfor the meetingtomorrow.

5.7 DOUBLE COMPARATIVES


A. Rewrite the following sentenceswithout changing their meanings.

l. if you studyregularly,you will get good grades.


The more

2. As childrenget older, they becomemore rebellious.


The older

3. If you walk slowly, it takeslongerto get there.


The more

4. If you write carefully,you will not makeso many mistakes.


The more

5. The rally team went far into the desert.They had little hope of finding warer.
The

6. If you talk slowly. the studentscan understandbetter.


The more

B. Mark the best choice.

1. The - furnitureyou put in a room. the more spaceyou'll have to walk


around.
a) f'ewer b) less c) little d) few

120
2. The ferry companieshave built bigger ferries.They think that the
the happiertheir passengers
will be.
a) biggestferries are
b) more comfortable the ferries are
c) bigger are the ferries
d) more comfortably made ferries

5.8 ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES AND OTHER ADVERBS

Choose two words (one from each box) to complete the sentences.Use each only ONCE.

surprisingly terribly cheap


slightly badly delicious
seriously immensely cold
reasonably absolutely injured i
extremelv bitterl p9p!li,r----l
l. It has been snowing a lot for a couple of days. It's
outside.
2 . After the accidentthe car was only
-1. We thought that the questionsin the exam would be quite difficult. However, they
were
4 . The food we had in that Chineserestaurantwas
5 . Alex is amons his friends at schoolso I envy him a lot"
6 . When her boss turned down her request for a higher salary, she was

7 . He got when he fell off the tall tree in his sarden and was
takento hospitalimmediately.
8 . The doctors have been keeping Bill in hospital for a month. He must be

9 . Why don't you buy that car? It's


1 0 . He was not to have seen you at the party last Sunday
becausehe was planningto proposeto you.

Choose two words (one from each box) to complete the sentences. Use each only
ONCE.

really fast
completely well
extremely slowly
incredibly correctly
rett ickl
I
l- She has a good memory so she can remember the telephone numbers

l2l
2 " The teacher learnt the names of the students in class
, which surprisedeverybody.
-). There is no doubt that they will
a
figure out how to operate the machine
becauseit is quite complicated.
4. I had fo warn him twice on the way to Istanbul because he was driving

5 . The studentwas able to spell the words although


he hadn't heardthem before.

t22
6. MODALS
6.1ABILITY

* PRESENT
can I be ableto
'/.
CAN(NOT)
A. Susanis 2 yearsold. Write down what shecan or cannotdo usingthe cluesgiven.
walk / ride a three-wheelbike / sing a song /
write / play computer games/ swim / have a
bath by herself/ comb her hair / read stories

eg.She con wolk.

7.
J.

4.
5.
6.
1.
8.

BE ABLE TO
B . Filf in the blanks using the correct forms of be able lo and the given clues'

l. The strike in the factory has been going on for two weeks. The workers
(make)their voice heardYet

2. I am not sure but Tom (might / leave) the office after


the meetinsfinishes.

3. My father when
(usedto / swim) acrossthe Bosphorus
he was young.

4. If the sailorshad beenmore careful,they (see)thelittle


boat.

5. (you I arrive)home before the match startstonight?

t23
* PAST

C. Jack is a prisoner. He has been in prison for two years. Write down what he coulcl clo
two years ago using the given clues.

go wherever he liked / watch TV anytime he wantecl/ go on


holiday in the summer/ wearjeans / drink alcohol / meet fr.ienos

eg. He could go whereve?he liked two yeors ogo.


1.
2.

4.
5.

D. In 1999an earthquakedestroyedmuch of Kocaeliand Adapazarr.Readthe given


situationsand completethe sentences
using the correct forms of be able /o and the
expressionsin the box. UseeachONCE.

I sendfood and tentsin time leavetheir houses .jumpfrom the balcony


rescuesome savetheir children

During the earthquake somepeople(1)


someparents(2)
a child (3)

After the earthquake the membersof Akut (4)


internationalcharities(5)

121
6.2 PERMISSION
may/could/can

Mrs. Andrews is a 7S-year-old widower. She needs help


with the housework and she is tired of living alone but she
doesn't want to live with her children. She has decided to
move to an elderly people's rest home, which provides
any kind of care for elderly people. Before she applies,
she has to find answers to her questions. Now she is
talking with the manager. Complete their dialogue. Use
may, could or can' at least once.

Mrs.Andrews Who can stay here?

Manager Anyone over 65 and who doesnot wish to live alone at home.

Mrs.Andrews (l ) a singleroom?

Manager Yes. of course.

Mrs.Andrews \L)
somefurniture?

Manager You would usually move into an unfurnishedroom, althoughit may have

a carpet and curtains.This means you can bring your own choice of

furniture and furnishingsto your room.


Mrs.Andrews What about a telephoneand television?
Manager There is usually a payphonein each house but if you wish to install a
privatephone,you can. You can also use your own TV in your room.
Mrs.Andrews (3) a pet?
Manager It is not alwayspossiblefor our gueststo bring their pet with them. Small
or caged animals such as budgies or goldfish can usually be
accommodated, but a dog or cat may be more difficult.
Mrs. Andrews (4) in my own room?
Manager Smokingis usuallypermitted,althoughyou may be requestedto smoke
only in smokingareas.
Mrs. Andrews Cooking is really difficult for me and I need a special diet.
(s) in the restaurant?
Manager There is a housekeeperwho is responsiblefor providing two meals each
day. You can have them in your room or in the dining room with the
other guests.Residentsare usually responsiblefor the preparationof their
own breakfasts.This meansyou can get up and eat breakfastwhen you
wish.
Mrs.Andrews Thank you for the informationyou have given. I'll make up my mind and
let you know.

r25
6.3 REQUESTS
would / will /could / can

A' You are travelling on a train. It is a long journey and you are travelling
alone. There
is a stranger in the compartment. Make polite r.q.r"it, using would
ir will and the
given clues.
eg : open the window
Would / Will you open the window.pleose?
l. turn down the music

2. lendme yournewspaper

3. keep an eye on my bagswhile I'm in the toilers

4. draw the curtains

5. help me to take my suitcasefrom the rack

B. Angel broke her leg while she was climbing the stairs. Now she is at
home and she
can't walk. Her mother has just arrived. Use the given clues ancl could or
can to
make requests.
eg: call my teacher and learn about my
homework assignments
Angel: Could/con you coll my teacher ond leorn
obout my homework ossignments,
please?
l. fetch my schoolbagso that I can do my homework

2. bring me a pain killer and a glassof water

3. make an appointmentto seethe doctor becausethe


casthurts my leg

4. put a stool under my leg

5. stay with me
'l

Mother : Yes of course. Don't worry I won't leave


vou.

126
6.4SUGGESTIONS
A. Completethe dialoguesusingthe clueswheregiven.
l" A How are you gettingon with your English classes?
B Fine, but I have difficulty in understandingthe meaningsof some words
A whv you get yourselfa good dictionary?

2.4 I'm bored.


B So am I.
A (we / play) cards?
B Don't you have a more interestingsuggestion?

3.A My car is makingstrangenoises.


B (you/not) have it checkedat the gas station down
the street?The mechanicsthereare very professional.

4.4 I'm very hungry.


B (us/go)to the canteenand have a sandwich.
A oK.

5.A I'm fed up with typing my report.


B (always/play)scrabble.
A That's a good idea.I can continuewith it later.

6.A What are you doing at the weekend?


B I don't have any plans.
A (abouVgo) to the football match?
B I hatefootball. Don't you have a betteridea?

7. A The library is closedtoday.


B not come to my house?We could study togetherin my room.
A That'sa sood idea.

and add punctuation marks.


B. Read the situations,write suggestions

l. on TV tonisht.
Thereis nothineinterestins

2. I feel lonely. My parentshave gone to Istanbul.

3. I'm stayingat the dormitory this term and I find it very difficult to wash my clothes
without a washins machine.

r21
4. My parentsare going out tonight.

5. I don't feel like going out tonight.

6. What nice weather!

7. The busesare very crowdedafter school.

8. We haveguestsfor supper.

9. Our maths teacheris going to give a quiz tomorrow but I have difficulty in solving the
problems.

10. We haven't got anythingin the fridge.

6.5OFFERS
A. Make offers usingshall L.. accordingto the given situations.

l. You are stayingat a friend's house.You are both very tired and are going to your
bedrooms.You seethata light is still on in theliving room.Whatdo you say?
,

2. The teacheris trying to talk but a lot of noise is coming from the street and the window is
open.You are next to it. What do you say?
t

3. You and your friend are on the motorway.Your friend is driving. He has been driving for a
long time so he is tired. What do you say?

4. The train is about to leave.Jack is going to get himself a magazine.He seeshis girlfiiend
has nothing to read.What doeshe say?

5. You seean old ladyat theairport.Sheis carryinga heavysuitcase


but you canseeit is too
heavyfor her.Whatdo you sayto her?
,)

6. Two men are trying to push a car. Mike seesthat they are finding it very difficult. What
doeshe say to them?

128
7. Your old grandmotherhas a pain in her feet. You think she should rest her feet on a
stool.What do you say?
,)

B. Make offers using I'll ... according to the given situations.

l. Little Tony's mother is busy cooking.He seesthat their dog'Simba' is thirsty.What


doeshe say?

2. Sally and her friend Carol are in a restaurant.They have askedfor the bill. Sally knows
her friend doesn'thave much money with her. What doesshe say?

3. Jonathanand his wife have had dinner at home. He seesthere are lots of dishesto be
washedand his wife is exhausted.What doeshe say?

C. Make offers using would you like ... according to the given situations.

l. Your friend has popped up to see you. It is lunch time and you think your friend is
hungry.What do you say?

2. You are driving along a road. You seeone of your colleagueswaiting for the bus at the
bus stop.What do you say?

3. Sam has beenjogging for some time so he's out of breath and thirsty. What does his
wife say?

D. Answer the questionsbelow.

1. "Your favouritesongis beingplayed- ShallI turnup theradio?"Janetaskedher sister.


Whatdid sheoffer?

2. "Since you're busy, I'll feed the cat", Alice said to her mother.What did she offer?

3. "You needn'tget up, Sally. I'll answerthe phone."What did Georgeoffer?

4. "If you like I can do someshoppingfor you mom", Terry said.What did he offer?

129
6.6OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY
8 PRESENT
Must/should/hadbetterArave(got) tolneedtolought tolbe supposedto

A. Fill in the blanks usingrzzsl and suitableverbs from the box. Use eachonly ONCE.
wash take leave do keep
l. Ifyou want to get a good grade,you your homework properly
2. In the dormitory you your own clothes.
3. You now. It is getting dark. Otherwiseyou will miss the last
bus.
4. You cantell Tom whatI saidbut he it a secret.
5. In the Preparatory School all of the students who don't sit the proficiency exam
the placement.

B. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of have to and the verbs given in the box. Use
each only ONCE.

wear do 'return complete attend


l. Every Turkish man his military servicewhen he is 18 unless
he is a student.
2. His father the research project before the company starts the
campalgn.

3. My sister is a nurse that is why she a uniform.


4. DBE students 80Voof the classesto be able to take the proficiency.
5. Whenyou borrowa bookfrom thelibraryyou it in 2 weeks.

C. Fill in the blanks using should/ought to and,the correct verbs from the box. Use each
only ONCE.

wear be obey a visit


l. A teacher patientand understanding.
2. Mary is in hospital.We her.
3. Drivers the traffic rules.
4. You were rude to your father last night. You
5. A motorcyclist a helmet.

130
D. Fill in the blanks using had better and the correct verbs from the box. Use each
only ONCE.

check take t see

1. You your raincoat.It is going to rain.


2. You look awful. You a doctorimmediately.
3. There are a lot of shopliftersnowadays.You an eye on
your bag while doing shopping.
4. You the electrical equipment before you go out
5. You medicineout of reachof children.

E. Filt in the blanks using needto and the verbs from the box. Use eachonly ONCE.
draw fill repair wash

l. You in a form to apply for the job.


2. She the dishesbefore the suestsarrive.
3. I out somemoney becauseI haven't got any with me.
4. He the roof beforethe rains start.
5. (I) any money while getting the form?

F. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of be supposedto and the verbs given in
the box. Useeachonlv ONCE.
finish besin answer attend

l. Pleasehurry up. The show at 8.00 o'clock.


2. There is a conference at the Convention Centre tomorrow and you
lt.

3. We writing this essaybefore the break.


4. Little children to bed at 8.00 o'clock.
5. The secretary the phones.

G. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of be to and the verbs given in the box.
Useeachonly ONCE.
leave obey wear give pay

1. A prisoner a uniform.

131
2. Our teachers threeinstructor'squizzesthis term.
3. Soldiers the rules strictly in the army.
4. People additional taxes for their cars and housesbefore the end of
this month.
5. You your cameraif vou want to enter the museum.

* PAST

H. Write sentencesusing the given clues and had to.

1. yesterday/ run over a cat I take to the vet

2. stop at the garage/ buy some petrol

3. you/ writea report/ lastterm?

4. I / drink 2 litres of water / before an ultrasound scan/ last week

5. Sorry / I /late / take the childrenfrom school

6.7PROHIBITION
* PRESENT

Fill in the blanks using mustn't / can't and the correct verbs from the box. Use each only
ONCE.
rk smoke wash use enter

1. Students their cars in front of A Buildins.


2. Passengers on planes.
3. You this sweaterin the washins machine.
4. Students a dictionaryduring the exams.
5. Teenagersbelow 18 this disco.

I JZ
6.8LACK OF NECESSITY
* PRESENT

A. Fill in the blanks using don't - doesn'thaveto / needn't/ don't - doesn'tneedto


and the correct verbs from the trox. Use each verb only ONCE. Practise
alternativeforms for each.
take wear put reserve use
l. You vitamin pills if you eat enough fresh fruit and
vegetables.
2. The restaurant we want to go tonight is not very popular so you
a table.
3. My daughter her uniform becauseit is Wednesdaytoday and
they can wear whateverthey like.
1. Drivers sunglasses.
5. You mushroomson your pizzaif you don't like.

8 PAST

didn't have to / didn't need to / needn't have

B. Fill in the blanks using didn't have to / didn't need to and the verbs from the box.
Use each only ONCE.

us€ cook get up wash

1. Yesterdaywas Sundayso I early in the morning.

2. She last night as they were going to go out for dinner with
theirfriends.
musicconcert.Therewas a freecarpark behind
3. Lastweekendwe wentto a classical
the concerthall so we for our car.

4. The students a dictionary while doing their homework


becausetheir teacherhelped them.

5. He the car becauseit startedraining.

C. Complete the sentencesaccording to the given situations and use needn't have in
your answers.

1. I had to walk home becauseI thought that I didn't have enough money with me but
when I arrivedhome I realisedthat I had somemoney in my pocket.

SoI

133
2. Before going on holiday I first wateredthe flowers becauseI didn't know that my husbandhad
already watered them.

SoI

J. The studentshad had the lessonnotesphotocopiedbeforethe classstartedbut durrns the lessorr


the teacherdistributedthe notes.

So the students

4 . I had preparedsome sandwichesbefore going on the excursionbut during the trip they made a
stopoverfor lunch.

SoI

5. He went to the beachwith his umbrellabut when he got therehe saw the umbrellasaround.

So he

6.9ADVISABILITY
should,ought to, had better

SHOULD / OUGHT TO / HAD BETTER

Match the sentences.Chooseone sentencefrom the 'situation' box and one from the ,advice'
box. Make sentencesusingshould (x4), ought to (x4) and,had better(x4).

Situation A dvino
Janehas lost her credit card. Eat salty food
Paul has left school. Have a shave
There has beenan accidenton the main road. Book a table at the restaurant
My fatherhas got a terriblepain in his chest. Apply for a job
She has washedher clothes. Call the lost property office
He has a job interview. Have a warm shower
I can't get to sleep. Hire a maid to help with the housework
His blood pressureis very high. Put the children to bed
He wantsto go abroad. Call the police
She is very busy. She doesn'thave any free time. Iron them
I haveforgottenmy jacket on the plane. Savesomemoney
It is 9.00 o'clock. Seea doctor
Tomorrow is Tessa'sbirthda Call the bank immediatel

eg.Janehaslosther creditcard.
She should / ought to / had better call fhe bonk immediotely.
l^

134
1
J.

5.

6.

1.

8.

9.

t0.

11.

12.

6.10EXPECTATIONS
SHOULD

Match the situationsin the first box with the expectationsin the secondone and write
sentencesusing sh ould._

He has sentyou a parcel. \\ ------\ finish i soon


She has eaten 5 bars ol chocolate. ----l' new one / popular
We have been drivin gfor 4hours. receivetomorrow
They have been working on that project for not difficult to find something to eat
months. reachistanbul in half an hour
Her last novel was a bestseller. be sick
There are many fast food restaurantsin the
shoooinsmall.

eg:You should?eceiveit tomorrow.

2.

J.

4.

5.

r35
6.1I CRITICISM AND REGRET

SHOULD HAVE / OUGHT TO HAVE

Look at the picture and then write down sentencesusingshouldhave V3 or ought to have V3.

eg. She shouldn't have/ought not to have eaten so


much fatty food.
I
I

2.
a
J.

/1
T.

5.

6.12DEGREESOF CERTAINTY
* PRESENT
must / may /might / could

A. Completethe sentences as in the example.


eg: You have beencleaningthe houseall day.
Youmustbe exhousted.
l - Sheis the most beautifulgirl in school.
She

z. Tom spendsunlimited amountof money.He hasjust bought a Rolls Royce.


He

3. Sam is in love with Sue but he can't tell it to her. Sue has invited him for a drink tonisht.
He
A
+- Look out of the window. The weatheris terrible.It is snowine.
It outside.

5. She nevercaresabout otherpeople.She only thinks of her advantage.


She

lJo
MAY/MIGHT/COULD

B . Readthe situationsand completethe sentencesgiving weak probabilities.

1 Sally has an exam tomorrow. I'm not surebut she

2 . My brotheris coughing.I'm not certainbut he

J. Your mother looks unhappy.It is not certainbut she

4
The doorbell is ringing. I'm not surebut it

5 . Ann isn't in the classroom.I'm not surebut she

8 NEGATIVE
can't / couldn't / may not / might not

C. Match the sentenceson the left with the ones on the right and then write sentences
using can't / couldn't and one of the suitable adjectivesbelow.
hungry/ short of money/ dirty / pleased/ thirsty / popular

Her stomachis growling. It is alwaysempty.


There are stainson the plate. They go abroad every summer.
Tom studiedhard. Tina hasjust changedits water
There is a caf6 at the end of the street. She hasjust had 2 sandwiches.
They alwaysspenda lot of money. He sot 50 in the exam.
The is barkin I have iust washedit.

eg :Her stomoch is growling. She hos just hod 2 sondwichesso she con't
be hungry.

2.

a
J.

/1
a"

5.

137
/ MAY NOT / MIGHT NOT
D. Readthe givendialoguesand completethem expressingnegativeweakpossibility'.
I. A: Is Jackat his office?

B : I t i s 5 . 0 0o ' c l o c k .H e ilr the officr'

2. A: Is your brotherstudying?

B: Thereis a matchon TV. He


3 . A : Do vou think thev rvill win the elections?
B : Not many peoplesupportthern.They successfu
l.
IA
FlasTom got the blood testresults'/
B : Y e s ,h e h a sh u t h e his wit-ethe truth
5 . A : I'rn meetingrny old classmates
tonight.Will you comewith me?

B : I haven't decided yet becauseI have an irnportantmecting early in the rrorning so I


with you.
* PAST
must/may/might/could
r MUST HAVE
E. Complete the sentences.Draw logical conclusionsabout the past using the correct fbrms of
the verbs in the box.

:-
i be snolv cost move have

l. My sister'sengagelnent
ring is enormous.It a fortune.

2. A planewas hijackedlastlveek.The passengers tcrrified.

3. On Februaryl,2003. the SpaceShuttleColombiawas lost during its re-entrvinto Earth's


The l-amiliesof the crerv
atmosphere. a shock.

1-. When we lvclke uD in the morning evervrvhere was covered u,ith suo\\,. it
hard all night.

5. The letterI sent to lny pen l'riendhas come back. He lllto il new

house.

/ MA\'/ MIGHT HAVE


F. Your teacher was late fbr class yesterday and when she arrived slre said 'lVhat a
horrible dav I had!' Speculateabout the past.

eg:Her cor moy / might hove broken down on the woy to school.

i3.q
3.

T.

5.

.. COULD HAVE
expressingpossibilityin the past.
G. Completethe sentences
eg: Why did you carry all the furniture alone?
You could hove hurt your bock.

l. Why did you go outrvithoutyourcoat?It rsverycoldoutside.


You

2. Did the childreniump out of the windor.vwhile they wereplaying?


I don't believeit! They

3. Did your fathergo swimmingaftera heavylunch?


He

4. Didn't you applyfor thejob'l You havethe necessary


qualifications.
You

5. Did your brotherleirvehome late?He had an exam


He

X NEGA'TIVE

// CAN'T / COULDN'T HAVE

H. Complete the sentencesfor each of thesesituations.

eg: Yesterday, I gave your pocket noney. Why do you want money norv? You
con't/ couldn't hove spent oll vour money.

1. At the beginningo1'theterm, she bought all her textbooksbut now she hasn't got
thern.She . It is impossiblc.

2. A prisoner ran away last rveek. The windows are barred so he

'fhev
3. Tom and John made the s,rme rnistakes in the cxan.
becausethey didn't takethe exam in tlresameclass

139
1. Jim was in London and he sent me a postcard of Hilton but he
becausehe didn't have that much monev with him

5. Anna to the library becausethey were still on the


table when I arrivedhome.

I. Rewrite the following sentencesusing may / might not have.

eg. Perhaps they didn't notice the window was broken.

l. PerhapsArthur didn't meanwhat he said.

2. Jim possiblyhasn'tarrivedyet.

3. Maybe Mary didn't meanto leavethe door unlocked.

4. PerhapsJanedidn't find a place to park her car nearby.

5. Perhapsthe managerdidn't noticeme coming to work late.

* FUTURE

should/ ought to / may / might / could

J. Completethe sentencesexpressingfuture possibility. Choose a suitable verb from the


box.

enJoy receive be wtn


bu beat dance arrrve

l. our football team have been preparing hard for a long time. They
England.

I have decoratedthe living room, preparedsome sandwiches,made a cake and bou-ehtthe


drinks. All of our friends are invited.We ourselves.

3. I have sentyou a birthdaypresent.You it tomorrow

140
4. He is really interestedin football and there is a match on TV at 8 o'clock tonight. He
home before8 o'clock.

5. My mother has preparedand put the chicken in the oven. It has been cooking tor 25
minutes.It readyin 5 minutes,so try to be patient.

K. Read the given situations and answer the questions using may, might or could.Use
each at least once.
1. My sisteris going to get marriedto an Indian doctor next weekendand they are going
to move to New Delhi. I am worried about my sister becauseshe has never been
abroadbefore.What kind of problemscan be expected?

a)

b)

c)

2. Kevin has entereduniversitythis year.He has startedliving in the dormitory and has to
sharehis room with other students.What kind of problemscan he be faced with?

a)

b)

c)

6.13PREFERENCE

A. Rewrite the sentencesor answerthe questionsusing wouldrather.

L I do not wantto go theretonight.

2. I'd like to so for a walk.

3. Your brother wants to invite his friends tonight, but you are studyingfor an important
exam.What do you say to him?

4. I'd prefer you to take off your shoesbefore you enter the house.

l4l
5. Your friend wants to smoke in the kitchen. You think she shouldn'tdo that. What do you
say to her?

6. I don't want you to tell anyoneaboutthe accident.

7. Please,don't drive fast

8. Pleasedon't tell mv mother aboutthis.

9. I don't want you to eat fast food so often.

10. I do not want to play tennisthis afternoon

B. Rewrite thesesentencesusing would rather ... than.

1. Tom prefersreadingto talking.

2. I'd like to havewine. not beer.

3. I want to pay by cheque,not in cash.

4. I'd pref'erto have a coffee,not gin

5. It's a good idea to travel by train. It's saferthan car.

t42
6.14PROGRESSIVEFORMS OF MODALS
Fill in the blanks using an appropriate modal (in the progressiveform) and a
suitableverb from the box.

sleep use talk be


see watch cook take

eg: A: Where was Jack YesterdaY?


B: I'm not sure but he may / mt?ht / could have been seeinghis friends'

l. When I arrived home. my mother didn't answerthe door. I knew that she was hotne,
she a shower'

2. It is l0 o'clock.In rnyopinionchildren TV but they'

3. I'm trying to talk to Mary but the line has been engagedfor more than an hour. She
the internet.It is her favouritepastime

4. A: Can you smell somethingdelicious?


B: My mother becauseshe is sleeping.It must be
from the neighbours.

5. A: Is Mr. Black working?


B: No. He on the phone becausethe line ts
engaged.

6.15REVIEW OF MODALS
A. ABILITY
Fill in the blanks with can, could or be ableto'

l. Ali speak English very well because his nanny was from
Britain.

Z. Yesterday, the students sold their second hand books in the garden but I
buy any becauseI didn't haveany moneywith me.

3. A : Did they manageto rescuethe parachutistwhoseparachuteropeshad got tangled


by the electricwires?

B:Yes.afireman reachhim.

4, I Tim. I
understand never
understandhim in my life.

5. When Arnold Schwarzanagerwas at school, he beat


everybodyat arm wrestling.

come to the meetingnext TuesdaY?

I43
7. A : Did the thief escape?
B : Yes. The police officer chasedthe thief but he run away.

8. Sorry,I come to your birthday party but I had a terrible


headache.

9. Mary spokein such a low voice that I understandher

10. AlthoughI didn't know anythingabouttraininga dog,I train our


puppywhenwe boughtit.

1l. A : Wouldyou like a lift?


B : I'd loveto but whosecaris it?
A : My father's.
B : R e a l l y !H o w convincehim to lend his car?

12. Sallv is a very efficient secretarv.She do everything.

13. Today's planes are longer, wider and heavier than they were in the past and they
also carry more passengers.

14. A: Did she manageto finish the project beforethe deadline?


B : Yes. She complete it.

15. I am allergicto fur so I have a pet at home.

B. PERMISSIONAND REQUESTS
Ask for permission/ make requestsaccordingto the following situations.

l. You areat the receptionof a hotel.You havejust arrivedandthereceptionist


wantsyou to
fill in a form andsisnit. Whatdoeshe sav?
t

2. You are at home and having dinner with your family. You want your brother to passyou
the salt.What do vou sav?

3. You are in the classroombut you don't feel well so you want to go out. What do you say to
your teacher?

4. You arein the cinemabut you arelateandthe film hasjust started.You cannotfind your
seatbecauseit is dark.Whatdo you sayto theusher?

144
5. You are very hungry but you haven't got anything to eat. This is your first day at
school.so you don't know where the canteenis. What do you say to your classmate?
?

6. You are at the doctor's office and you are going to have a minor operationtomorrow.
You want to learn if you can have breakfastin the morning. What do you say to your
doctor?

1. You havejust found a cat in the gardenand you want to bring it home. What do you
say to your mother?
')

8. You have called your dentist.You are talking to his secretaryand you want to make
an appointmentto seehim at 3.30 on Monday. What do you say to her?

9. You are invited to a party but you haven'tgot anything nice to wear. You know that
your older sisterhasjust bought a dress.What do you say to her?
')

10. You are in the library to do your homework. You need to take photocopiesbecause
you cannottake some of the books out. There is an elderly lady at the receptiondesk
and thereis also a photocopymachine.What do you say to her?
?

C. OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY/ PROHIBITION / LACK OF NECESSITY


I. Complete/ rewrite the sentencesusing the structures of obligation, prohibition
and lack of necessityand the cluesif given in their correct forms.
Mrs. Riggsis talkingto Betty,thebaby-sitter.

Mrs.Riggs Come Betty. I'd like to introduceyou to my children. This is Bob, and
that'sLucy.

Betty Hi, children.I'm Betty. We'll spenda few hours togethertonight.

Bob &Lucy Hi, Bettyl

Mrs. Riggs Listen, Betty. There are some things that I'd like you to remember.We
don't smokein the house.

Beny Mrs. Riggs.I (1)


I understand, smoke.

Mrs. Riggs Please,give the children their dinner at 8 o'clock. Don't forget, Bob
(2) drink his milk beforehe goesto bed.

Betty (3) wash the dishes,Mrs. Riggs?


Mrs. Riggs No, you don't. Our maid is going to do that tomorrow morning.
***

145
4. You can return the book later.
the book now.
lneed to)

5. Don't give this informationto anybodyelse.


You this informationto anybodvelse.

6. You can come home latel it's all right


You don't

7. It isn't necessaryfor you to finish the report this afternoon.


You this afternoon.

8. It isn't necessaryto wear a tuxedoto the wedding.


You

9. Students: to bring our


dictionariesevery day? They are very heavy.

Teacher : I'm afraid you do. You must alwayshave them with you.

10. A : The grassin the gardenis overgrown. We haven'tcut it for ages.

B : Yes, it really to be cut.

I L You can enterthat restaurantwithout wearinga tie.


You don't to enterthat restaurant.

12. It isn't necessaryfor you to come to the office on Saturday.


You

13. You arenot allowedto enterthebuildingwithouta visitor'spass.


to enterthe buildins.
(get)

t4. A Can I borrow the car this evenine?

B Yes,but you drive too fast. You rememberbeins fined for


speedinglast week, don't you?

1 5 .A Where have you been? I've beenwaiting out in the cold for almost an hour.
B Sorrv. but I had a f-lattvre on the wav so I changeit.

146
to book a room.
16. It is not necessary
There is

17. It is necessaryfor you to bring the report on time.


You the report on time.

18. You worried so much aboutyour gradesbut it wasn'tnecessary.


You

II. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the words in the box. Use them only
ONCE.

need had better supposedto


ousht should

l. He can't seethe blackboard.He wear his eve-slasses.

2. We not climb any hisher. It can be dangerous

3. A restaurant to be clean and neat.

4. You look after the garden because we have hired a


gardener.

5. The doctors are start work in the Health Centre at 9.00 in


the morning.

III. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the modals in the box and the verbs in
brackets. Use them only ONCE.

have to must need


l. I (go) to the bookstoreas a friend of mine offered to buy
me the readingbook, so insteadI went back to the classroom.
2. That traffic sign meansdrivers (exceed)the speedlimit
while driving in town.

3. We (stop) for sometime on the way to istanbul because


therewas an accident.

IV. Complete the sentencesbelow by using the correct forms of the modals in the box
and the appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets. You can use a modal more
than once.

must have to need should

l. He (buy) any furniture because he rented a


furnishedflat.

2. You (argue)with the policemanwhen he gave you


a fine for speeding.Now, he is taking you to court.
t11
3 . Although it was Sunday yesterday, I got up early because I
(take)my mother to the airport .

A
T. Hospitals have put new signs on their walls. According to these signs you
(use)mobile phoneswhen you arein a hospital.

5 . You (come) to my houseyesterdayafternoonto bring


thetestresults.Anita hadalreadysentthemby e-mail.

D. ADVISABILITY / EXPECTATIONS / CRITICISM AND REGRET

I. Rewrite the sentencesusingshould,ought to or had betterin their correct forms.

l. I regretnot tellingmy fatherabouttheparty.

Z. If I were you, I would inform him aboutthe problems.

3. It is wrong of you to leavea room without sayinggood bye.

4. It was wrons of her to crossthe streetwithout lookins at the traffic lishts.

5. It will be betterif vou don't mentionthe matterwhen Tom is aroundbecausehe reallv eets
angry.

II. Criticise Tom for the things he has experiencedrecently.

TOM YOU

Wcll. you
Ycsterdaymy roomwasin a mess.
Everything was lying around.
When my mother came in, she
trippedandtell over.

I got a terrible gradeon rny


maths cxam and daddy is
reallyupset.

148
Last weekend,I went to a disco
without telling mum and I met
a friend of aunt Sally's there.
Now. I'm worried and I have
nightmares.

III. Read the letter which was sentto Doctor Sun's health column in the paper and his
response.Then write down what the patient should/ ought (not) to do.

Dear Doctor Sun, Your illness is called gittgivitis and


often the build-up tartar on the teeth
I have an awful problem. My gums have causesthis. Your dentist can remove
been sore and rcd. You can't imagine how tartar when you have a check-up. I1'
ditllcult it is to eat something. Whetr I you want to have healthY gums.
touch my gurns, they bleed. I am terrified dental care is essential. Blushing
at the thought of seeing a dentist. That's your teeth 3 times a day for at least 2
why I haven't been to a dentist for more minutes is very important. Don't
than l0 years. forget untreated gingivitis can lead to
loss of all the teeth.

gum
Eg: You should / ought to see
dentist.

3.

A
a.

5.

IV. Readeachsituation and write a sentencewith had better.


1. Your daughterwantsto wearherhigh-heeledshoesto school.You think sheshouldn'tdo
that.Whatdo you sayto her?

Your friend wants to invite Tom to a party. You think he shouldn'tdo that. What do you
sayto him?

t49
3. Your uncle has beenill for such a long time. You think he should seea doctor right away.
What do vou sav to him?

4. You are going to drive to London. You think you shouldbuy somepetrol beforeyou go.
What do you say to yourself?

5. Mary wants to play the guitar late at night. You know that the neighboursnexr cloorwill be
annoyed.What do you say to Mary?

V. What advice might you give to a friend who


l. seemsvery unhappy?

2. eatstoo much?

3. is planningto live in Japan?

4. hasn't beenable to sleepwell for a long time?

5. spendsa lot of money?

6. hasiustmissedthebus?

7. hasn't beento the dentistfor nearly a year?

8. often forgets to take his driving licence before he drives to work?

9. feelsterriblyill?

10. is planningto go to a restaurantwhich is usuallycrowded?

150
E. MISCELLANEOUS

I. Mark the bestchoice.

1. A: Why areyou homeso early?


B: I this afternoon.
a) needn'thave worked c) didn't have to work
b) shouldn'thave worked d) ought not to work

2. The sky is grey and there are lots of clouds.It's going to rain tonight. In that case.we
have the party in the garden.
a) can't c) ought not
b) mustn't d) don't have to

3. The person you saw having dinner with Mary last night
Jack.
a) can't havebeen c) must be
b) can't be d) can be

4. I'm sure Sue was at home last night. You - her twin sister Sally at the
concert.They look very alike.
a) must have seen c) may see
b) shouldhave seen d) couldn't see

5. Mmm ..., this cakeis delicious.Susan it from a pastry shop. I know


shecan'tbake at all.
a) must have bought c) couldn'thave bought
b) may buy d) must buy

6. Ir was a big mistaketo leavethe children alonein the playground.Thank God they're
fine, but they hurt themselves.
a) can'thave c) might
b) could have d) mustn'thave

7. Last week in the final exam, our teachersaid she trustedus and left the classroom.
We easily,but we didn't as we are honeststudents.
a) could cheat c) were cheating
b) cheated d) could have cheated

8. I have had my hair cut weeksago but I just didn't have time.
a) must c) can
b) ought d) should

9. I have no idea where Charlesis. He in the living roorn, or perhaps


he'sin the kitchen.
a) might sit c) might have sat
b) might be sitting d) might have been sitting

10. The televisionwe have just bought isn't working. It during


production.
a) can be damaged c) should have beendamaged
b) must have beendamaged d) must be damaged
*>k*

r51
Paul and Mary have heardsomenoise and they are looking out of the window.

Paul : Look! There are somemen in uniform in front of our buildine.

Mary T h e y( 11 ) be firemen or policemen.I ( 12) seethern


clearly.

Paul They(13) policemen.There is a fire engineby the corner.

Mary And I smellsmoke.There(14) be a fire somewherein the


building.

Paul The smoke is coming from the third floor. The fire (15) there.

Mary C o m eo n , w e ( 1 6 ) lose any more time. Let's get out of here


quickly.
I l. a) would 12. a) can't 13. a) can'tbe
b) will b) mustn't b ) m u s t n ' tb e
c) may c) shouldn't c) must have been
d) have to d) needn't d) can have been

14. a) can 15. a) shouldn'tstart 16. a) rnightnot


b) must b) might not have started b) mustn't
c) might c) could start c) tnay not
d) may d) must have started d ) d o n ' t h a v et o

il. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the modals in the box. You can use then.r
more than once.

should can have to

Before you go to a Mediterranean country in the summer, you (1)

reservea room weeks before you go becausethousandsof people visit thesecountriesduring

the summermonths and it is very difficult to find a room in a short time. It is also a sood idea tcr

reserve plane tickets. You (2) have a passport because you

(3) enter a foreign country without one. When you arrive at a hotel. vor-r

(4) fill in a form. It is a rule. A hotel has many other rules; for exampre.

you (5) take your cat or dog with you to the hotel room so leave your pet

at home. Usually,you (6) pay for children under 5 and for children

between5 and 12 you pay half price. At the hotel'srestaurantyou (7)

pay after eachmeal. If you like, you (8) pay for your mealslater,when

you are Ieaving.

152
ilI. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the modals in the box. Use each onlv
ONCE.
have to can must ought to

The following are someflight safetyrules.Each passengeris askedto obey them before the

planetakesoff. You (1) take hand luggagewith you on the plane. But

pleasedon't take more than one piece, becausethere is very little spacein the cabin for

extra baggage.There are cupboardsabove the seatsfor your hand luggage.However. ),ou
(2) put it there.You maypreferto usethespaceunderyour seats.

Pleaseremember:You (3) smokeon the plane.Not even in the toilets

Always returnto your seatswhen the "fastenyour seatbelt" sign is on.

dutittc thc
We also have one piece of advice.As you know, we servealcoholic bevera-ees

flight. It is better if you don't drink too much. So, you (4) l i m i t the

number of your drinks. This wa.v you will be able to act more quickly in case of itn

emergency.

IV. Complete/Rewrite the sentencesusing the modals in the box oNCE.

l. I couldn't leavemy room in a messwhen I was a child.


my room when I was a child.

2. ls it all right if I borrow your Pen?


your pen?

3. I am not busy at the moment,so you don't haveto go.


I am not busy at the moment;you as long as yor.rlike.

A: I phonedyou at nine yesterdaymorning and got no answer.


B: I in the gardenbecauseI plantedsomeflowers all
mornlng.

5. Today there isn't a cloud in the sky. I think it is going to be a beautiful day so you
your umbrella when you are going out.

6. lt was a mistaketo arguewith him in front of so many people.


You with him in front of so many people

1 . j5
V. Complete/Rewrite these sentencesusing modals.
l. You and your friends went to a popular restaurantand couldn't find a table as it was very
crowdedinside.Now you regretthe fact that you didn't reservea table.What do you say?
We a tablebeforecomin-qhere.

2. Theyhad time to warn us aboutthe storm but thev didn't.


They
3. Sue : Dad, can you lend me f20? I bought a new dressyesterday,a n d n o w I h a v e n ' t g o t
any money left.
Father : You all your rnoney on a
dress.I'm sureyour mum will get angry with you when she finds out.

4. A: Did you hearme comein Iastnight?


B: No. I asleep.I was tired and I went to bed early.

5. It was a stupid thing to cheatin the exam.


You

6. He had enoughtime to have anotherdrink, but he went home instead.


He anotherdrink, but he went home instead.

7. I regretnot telling him the truth aboutthe accident.


I

8. Fredahad a lot of money to buy a largehousebut she decidedto buy a small flat instead
Freda

9. A : Where are the keys to the attic?


B : On the shelf in the kitchen.
A : No, they'renot.
B : But I rememberputting them there.
A : Well, they'renot on the shelf.Where can they be?
B : They by Jack becausethere was nobody else at home.
Why don'tyou askhim?

10. Whenwe wereat primarvschoolwe a bottleof milk


and a sandwichat 10.00o'clock everymorning.

I 1. Tina is not in her office. Perhapsshe is in the cafeteria.


Tina in the cafeteriabecauseshe isn't in her officc.

154
| 2. Las't month, we went to Egypt. On the morning of our ilght when we woke up we
saw that everywherewas coveredwith snow. We couldn't take out our car so we had
to take a taxi to the airport not to miss the plane.It cost a fortune.When we arrived at
the airport we learnedthat our flight was cancelled.
We a taxl.

1 3 .A I had my umbrella when I cameout but I haven't got it now.


B I'm not surebut you it at work or on the
bus.

1 4 .A I saw a snakenearthe river vesterday.


B You a snake.There aren't any snakesin
this part of the country.

1 5 .A I left my bicycle here and now it's gone.


B Don't worry. I saw it while coming home and put it in the garagebut it
. Be careful.

1 6 .A Perhaps he drove back.


B No, he that.He doesn't have a car.

1 7 .A That carpetwas madeentirelyby hand.


B :It a long time to weave.

1 8 .A I saw Ann in the library yesterday


B : You her. She's still abroad.

19. I wonder who broke the wineglass?It the cat


for she was out all day.

20. Bill neededsomemoney so he had to sell his car. A few dayslater he won a lot of
money from the lottery.He his car.

zt. A (I) a seatbelt?

B Yes, I'm afraid so. It's the law and anywayit will protectyou in an accident.

22. A Did you drive to California?


B Well, we had enoughmoney to fly so we
there.

23.A Mum, the salt to me?

B Sure. Here you are.

24. A Is your knee any better?


B I'm afraid not. Dr. Williams says I
football for anothertwo weeksunlessI receiveheattreatment

r)-)
25. Secretary: early today? I sotne
money from my bank account.
Manager : I'm sorry.but that isn't possible.

26. A : Are you ready?


B : No. I am gettingdressed.
A : You'd better hurry. If we don't leave the house in five minutes, we
a taxi to the theatre.

156
7. THE PASSIVE

7.1SIMPLE PRESENTAND CONTINUOUS

Change the following into passive.(Use the given clues or different verbs where
necessary)
l. Theysellfurniturein thisstore.
in this store.

2. The living room is going to be beautiful.They are redecoratingit.


The living room at the moment.

3. in Britaineveryday.
They publish the nationalnewspapers
The nationalnewspapers

4. Everyyearhundreds of people die in traffic accidents.


Everyyearhundredsof people in traffic accidents.

5. Theypublishthisjournal monthly.
This journal

6. Somebodycollectsthe bottlesat the weekend.


The bottles

7. Anne : (BMWs / produce)in


Germany?
Jane : Yes. That'swhy they are cheapertherethan in the U.S'

8. They are pulling down the old church in the square.


The old church

9. In this part of the country , frequent storms damagemany buildings every year.
every year.
(get)

10. There are two men following us.


two men.

11. They announcethe time of the weekly meetingson Mondays.


The time of

15'7
7.2 SIMPLE PAST AND CONTINUOUS

A. Change the following into passive.

l. They didn't invite me. but I havecomeanyway.


I but I have come anywaty.

2. They interviewedthe applicantsyesterday.


The applicants

3. Someonebroke the mirror last nisht.


The mirror

1. Someonecleanedthe windows at the weekend.


The windows

5. They repairedthe f-encefalling apart.


The fence

6. I felt as if someonewas watchingme.


I felt as if I

B. Fill the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs.

A : How is your sister.Tim?

B : Sheis in hospitalat the moment.

A : What's the marterwith her?

B : While she was walking down the srreet.she ( I ) (run over) b1,
a car.

The game of croquet (2) (invent)in Francein the l3th century.Toclay


however,it (3) (play) everywhere,from the United Statesto India and
Australia.

Every day hundredsofpeople (4) (kill) in car accidents.but Leslie


and her daughtersare among thosewho (5) ( b ct I u c k l t o b e r r l i cr .
Leslie(6) (drive)on a winding mountainroad yesterdayafternoon
when she suddenly (7) (lose) the control of the cur. The eur
(t t) (run) off the road falling into a river. Leslie anclher two daushters
(9) (wear)their searbeltsso thev ( 10) (in.iule)

r58
verv seriouslyby the fall. They wanted to leave the car but they couldn't becausethe water
outsidewas too cold and too fast for safe swimming. Another driver who saw the accident
informed the police immediately. Special rescuers and a truck
(ll; (call) to pull the car out . It took two hours to pull Leslie
and her daughtersout of the water. Then, they (12) (fake) to
hospitalfor a check-up.
Leslie and her daughtersare at home now. They (13) (try) to
overcomethe shock of the accident.

Two days ago a robbery took place in * ,n" largestbranchesof a famous bank. The
"""
robbery(14) (deal) with successfullydue to the bank manager
who(15) (push) the alarm button under his desk calmly, while he
let one of the threerobbers(16) (open) the safe opposite him. At the

time, the other robbers( l7) (point) their guns at the customersthzrl
were extremelyfrightened.They didn't know that the police were on their way to the bank
and would arrivesoon.The robbers(18) (arrest;as soon as thcy
(l 9 ) (leave) the bank. In this w a y , all the money which they

(20) ( s t e a l () 2 1 ) (save).The
bravebank manager
r)1 t (reward) by the insurance company tney
(23) (lose) so many millions. Now many banks are planning to

organizecourseswhere their managerscan learn what to do in caseof emergenoy


***

Every day. a lot of road accidents(24) (happen)due to r,arious


reasons.Most of theseaccidents(25) (cause)by carelessdriving or
bad weather conditions. Two days ago. a car accident on Abbey Road
(26) (report) to the police. A resclre helicopter
(21) (send)to the sceneof the accidentimmediately.Accordins to rhe
people who witnessedthe accident,the driver of one of the cars (28)
(go) much faster than the speedlimit when it (29) ( c r a s h i)n t o
anothercar coming frorn the other direction.

Luckily, the drivers of the two cars (30) (kill). However, they
(31) (injure) badly. Today, two days after the accident.the two
drivers are still in hospitalunder medical observationand with the help of the doctors.they
(321 (try) to recoverfrom the shock of the accident.

159
Sixty-five million years ago a large meteor, about 10 kilometers wide,
(33) (drop) on earthat a speedof thousandsof kilornetersper hour.
Millions of tons of dust rose into the sky. The temperatureof the earth increasedabout 5 or 6
degreesCelsius.Becauseof the changein temperature,nearly seventypercentof life on E,arth
(34) (destroy).

35. This town has suffered a great tragedy.Ten people (kill) in a huge
explosionyesterdaymorning.

7.3 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE


A. Change the following into passive.

1. They have redecoratedthe town library.


The town library

2. Has anyoneansweredyour questions?

3. Thev'vecleaned the garden completely.


The garden

4. Peoplehave producedmore and more advancedcomputerssincethen.


More and more advancedcomputers

5. They have reducedthe price of cars.


The price of cars

6. Have the membersof the football federation announcedthe exact time of the match?
by the membersof the footbali
federation?

7. This room doesn'tneedcleaning;somebodycleanedit a short time ago.


This room
(already)

8. I have typed the lettersbut not the report.


I havetyped the lettersbut the report
(yet)

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

'Good evening
ladiesand gentlemen.This is the 7 o'clock news:

S w e d i s hp o l i c e( l ) (ust / announce)that five paintingsby Picasso

Q) (steal)fiom Stockholm'sModern Museum. The paintingswere

valued by experts at about f.40 million. The police believe rhar the,v

160
(3) (take) early on Saturday evening. but for some reason the

museum's burglar alarm (4) (work) at the time and the thefi

(s) (discover) until Monday morning. The police

(6) (investigate) the crime since then. but they

(7) (find) any cluesyet.'

The face of the earth (8) (shape)by man as well as the nature.In the

last 50 years,many greatdams (9) (build) on the world's rivers and

many lakes (10) (form'). The Kariba Dam. which

(11) (complete) in 1960, and the Volta Dam, which

(12) (finish) in 1966, are two of the biggest in Africa. Thanks to these

dams, thousandsof squaremiles of dry land (13) (make) fertile and

enough electricity(14) (generate) for new industriesand millions of

homes.

'Good eveningladiesand gentlemen.Here is the six o'clock news:

In the lastfew days,uncontrollablefires ( l s ) (burn) thousands


of

square miles of trees in the South of France and the beautiful forests in the area
(l6) (destroy) completely. Last night, the fires

(1 7 ) (reach) the most popular holiday resort of South France.

The touristswho (18) (sleep) in their rooms at the time

(l9) (rescue)by the membersof the rescueteam.'

7.4 PAST PERFECTSIMPLE

using the passivevoice.


A. Rewrite thesesentences

1. Theytold us thatthepolicehadcaughtthemurderer.

2. When we returnedhome.we found that someonehad broken into our flat.

3. By the time Sue got here,we had sold all of the second-handbocks.

t6l
4. Before the GreenPeacemembersarrived,peoplehad cut down the pine trces.

5. When Martha's mother camein, she noticedthat somebodyhad cookeclthc clilner-,


cleaned
the kitchen and laid the rable.

6' The burglaropenedthe door and walkeclin silently as somebodyhad left rhe fronr door
unlocked.

7' By the time I got to class,the teacherhad alreadygiven the writing sectionof the
mid-terrn.

8. By the time she was 20, her parentshad given her every possibleadvanrage

q
she went to the post office afier her father had written the letter.

10. After thejanitor had photocopiedsomeexercises.the teacherwent to the classroom.

ts. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.

r (1) (have) an amazing experiencelast week. I was very concerned


when I
received a telephone call from the police station. When I went there, I was
told that they
(2) (recover)my bike which (3) (stole)l0 yearsbefore.I was a
universitystudentthenand I had to work for my living. Having worked for a long time
in a cat6as
Ir part time waiter.I t4) (finally/save)enoughmoney to buy the bicyclewhich I

(s) (look)forwardto buying.Afrer I (6) (btrv)it. il wir: lr sl'elt

pleasureto ride it to school.To cut a long story short,I (7) (ride) it for a couple
of days,trying ro be as carefulas I could when it (g) (steal).Gettingour of the
restauranr
where I worked, I couldn't find my bike. I seem to rememberhaving locked
it but
looking back, I really don't know. I mav have forgotten to lock it.
As soon as I
(9) (realize)it wasn'twhereit (10) (leave),I went to the nearest
police station to report the theft. The police officer who dealt with me
was very kincl and he

162
wrote a report and told rxe they would contact me if they ( I l) (have) any

news. No need to say. my bike was never found. At first I was in a completeshock but as the

time passed.naturally I forgot all about this incident. After a lO-year interval, when thev

(t2) (phone) from the police station,imagine what a surpriseit was to hear

t h a t m y b i c y c l e( 1 3 ) (find). I went to the police station as soon as I cor-rld.I

(14) (tell) that the thief ( I 5) (ust/ arrest) and he

(l6) (take) the police to the garagewhere he kept the stolen goods. Arnong

those was my bicycle. There was a srnall piece of paper on each item with the name and the

addressof the owner so the oolice were able to contactme.

7.5 FUTURE
A. Change the following into passive.

l^ The managerwill probably give the speech.


The speech

2. They will tell you in advance.


You

3. They will hire a woman.


A woman

4. The hospitalwill sendhis wife the bill next week.


The bill
His wife

5. Someonewill show you whereto stay.


You

6. They will have flnishedthe roof by Monday.


The roof

l. S h ew o n 't have finishedthe storv until Fridav.


The story

8. Theirinsurance is goingto pay7}Voof thebill.


company
l}Vc of thebill

9. Who are you going to invite?


Who

163
B. Mark the best choice.

1. A : Is thereany news aboutthe taxes?Is the governmentgoing to abolishthem?


B : No. Unfortunately,taxes . On the contrary,the Prime Minister says they
will increasethem.
a) ivill be abolished c) will abolish
b) won't be abolished d) will have abolished

2. They havepromotedJohn but he _ more.


a) will be paid c) won't be paid
b) will pay d) won't pay

3. The decoratorssay the downstairsrooms by Friday.


a) will be painted c) will have beenpainted
b) will paint d) won't be painted

1. If vou interruDl"
asain.vou
a) will punish c) will have beenpunished
b) will be punished d) will havepunished

5.He-intojailunlessheproveshisinnocenSeSoon.
a) will be put c) will havebeenput
b) will put d) will be putting

7.6 MODALS
A. Fill the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs.

Planners(l ) (decide)tomorrow whether the office (2)


( s h o u l d/ b u i l d ) .

3. We wouldlike thereport (revise).

4. Don't chew thesepills. They (must / take) rvith water.

5. A : The grassin the gardenis overgrown. We haven'tcut it for ages.


B : Yes, it really (need/ cut).

6. A new road (have to / build) to solve the traffic problem 2


yearsago.

B. Change the following into passive.

1. No one can use that typewriter.

2. They couldn'tseethe ship.

164
3. Peoplemustn't park their cars here.

4. Thevshouldn'tdismiss
Jim.

5. They had to answerall the questions.

6. Somebodymust have eatenall the food.

7. Somebodymight have stolenyour car.

8. You can't take thesebooks out of the library.

9. You ought to repair that TV set.

10. Somebodyhas to take thesearticlesto the publisher.

I 1. You needn'thavecalledthe doctor.

12. Thev should have checkedthe results.

13. We might invite a few reportersto the party.

14. You could have finishedthe reportby now.

15. He may havelost the paperson the way to school.

7.7 REVIEW OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVEVOICE


Completethe conversationsbelowusing the given clues.
A.
A : Haveyou heardabouttheaccident?Two carscrashed
eeulythismorning.
B : O h , r e a l l y ?( l )
(it / happen)

r65
On the corner of Kings Road and Elm Street.
B (2)
(anybody/ injure)
A Yes. one of the drivershit a ten-year-oldgirl who was crossingthe street
B Oh, poor little girl! (3)
(she/ take)
To the Royal Hospital. Luckily, her conditionis not very serious.
B Oh, good. (4) to leavethe hospital? (she/ allow;
In a f-ewdays.
B (s) to the police yet?
(accident/ report)
Yes, a patrol car arrivedat the sceneof the accidentimmediately.

B.
'Good
morning, this is the eight o'clock news. The public librarl,

(l) (break into) by some vandals.The incident happenecllate last

night. In the studiotoday we have Miss Wayne,the headof the library.'

Presenter : (2) (anything/ steal), Miss Wayne?

Miss Wayne : No , but they damagedsomeof our most valuablebooks.

Presenter : (3) the police?

Miss Wayne : My secretarydid. When she came early this morning, she saw that the vandals
(4\ (throw)all the booksout of their shelves.
Everythingwas on the floor.

C.

villages
Several (l)
in Scotland (cut) off for threediivs due to a snowstonl.

Thc'snowstorm(2) (start)on Saturdayat 4 p.m. Since then. three people

(3) (lind) dead. To make things worse, food supplies

(4) (run) out quickly. It is predicted that they can only last a couple of

days.Fortunately.some food (5) (drop) by a helicopterlarertoday. People

(6) (already/warn)by the police to avoid the area.

166
8. CONDITIONAL SENTENCESAND WISHES

8.1TYPE O
Fill in the blankswith the correctforms of the verbsin brackets.

I. Don't trv to oDenthe cover if the machrne ( w o r k) .

2. You know that she gets upsetif you (treat)her like a


child. So why do you keepdoing this?

3. A: I'm collectingpicturesof Ricky Martin. If you (see)


one in the magazineyou're reading, please ( c u t )l t o u t
for me.
B: Okay.

4. If you needfurther information,please (call)4,1425 25.

5. The museum attendantsnever tlett peoplein if' tlrcl


(have)a ticket

6. Don't interrupthim if he (work).

7. Ifyou (press)this button,the machine ( s t a f t) .

8. Newspaperis a good insultrtor.[f you (wrap) a hot pan ot


food in newspaper,it (keep)heatin and cold out.

9. (take) a pain killer if you (have) a


sore w11st.

10. If you (peel)the vegetablesand put them in the refri-eerator.


they
(lose)their vitamins.

8.2TYPE 1
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

l. S h ew i l l c a l l y o u i f s h e (need)any advice.

2. He can only come if the meeting (take) place on a Friday

3. If you don't passthe exam, (take)it again'/

4. Let's keep to the main road. We (lose)our way if


we (not).

5. He will only get therein time if he (leave)right now.

6. If the company director (increase)our salary.we'li


resign.

7. If I see Peter this afternoon,I t t e l l t h i m a b o u tt h c


good news.

t6l
8. During the exam, don't spend too much time on a single question. Go on to the next
questionif you (be) sureof the answer

9. I'm studying for the proficiency exam. It's on Monday. If I


(pass)it, I (take) my friends out for a drink

10.We (go) to the beachif it (be) warnt urid


sunnytomorrow.
I l. I hope the museumis open.If it is closed,we (come)herefor
nothing.

12. A: Why are you leavinghome so early?

B: Because
if I (leave)home early, I ( b e ) l a t el o r
work.

13. If the guestsdon'tcome,we (cook) all this food for nothing.

B. Complete the sentences.

eg. I am late. If I can find a raxi, I will ltef to work on time.

l. I am tired. If I go home eariy tonight,

2. I am excited.If I can buy ticketsfor the concert,

3. I am angry.If I seehirr again,

4. I am happy.If he visits me today,

C. Rewrite the sentenceswithout changingtheir meanings.

l. Thereis a chancethatI will seehim today.In that caseI will tell him to call you.
If
fl

(happen)
2. There is a chancethat he will come here tomorrow; then I will give him your message.

'{h.rPPtt

3. Thereis a chancethat shewill leaveschoolearly,then shewili go shoppingwith her


mother.

,h.pp"t

r68
8.3 CONDITIONALS WITH UNLESS
Rewrite the follorving using unlesswithout changingtheir meanings.

1. If you don'tlosepoints,you'll win.


Unless

2. lf you ieaveat once,I won't call the police.


Linless

3. The bomb will explodeif they don't destroyit.


Unless

4. If shegetsa visa, she'llbe allowed to enterthe country.


unless

5. I can read the subtitlesonly if I wear my glasses'


unless

6. She cannotborrow a book if shedoesn'thave a library ticket'


Unless

7. If you don't go home early, your mother will get angry.


Unless

8. If Mark apologizes,I will forgive hirn.


Unless

9. I don'tthink I'll be able to solvethis problem without your help.


Unlc-ss you this problem.

10. If Bob doesn'tpractiseregularly,he won't passthe driving test.


unless

I l. We can catchthe schoolbus only if we leavenow.


We unless

12. You can return this productonly if you bring the receipt.
You unless

8.4 POSSIBILITY WITH IN CASE

A. Fill the gapsusing if or in case.


with me
1. I'm takingsomesandwiches I get hungry.

2. Peopleinsurethcirhouses they catch fire.

3. You'll be caught you break into that house.

4. The alarm clock will eo off you setit properly.

5. I've boushtsomefood vour friends stavr,vithus for lunch.

r69
6. Sheis packingsomeaspirins the sun gives her a headache

7. I'll swim I can find a swimsuit.

8. He's playingtennisthis afternoon the weatherisn't snowy.

9. Go and seethe doctor you don't feel well.

10. Finish the report today you don't havetime tomorrow.

I l. I'll give you my mobile-phonenumber you needto get in touch with me


during the race.

12. Buy two extra bottlesof wine more guestsarnve.

13. You'd betterleaveten minutesearly _-- thereis a lot of traffic.

B. Rewrite the following using in case.Do not change the meaning.

l. Don't move him. His les mav be broken.

2. Buy somecandlesbecausetheremight be an electricitycut.

3. Take somecashwith you becausesomeshopsmight not acceptcredit cards

4. I am going to insurethe video camera.It might get stolen.

5. I remindedhim aboutthe invitationbecauseit was possiblethat he would forset to senclit.

6. Drive carefullvbecausethe road might be icy

7. Don't forget to lock all the doors and windows as there rnay be burglars in the
neighbourhood.

B. Perhapswe will get thirsty so I will preparesomelemonade.

9. You may needto contactme, so I'll give you my phone number.

n0
10. Arrange health insurancebefore you start working abroad. You might need medical
treatment.

1L Susanshouldtype the letter now becauseshemight not have enoughtime later on.

12. You shouldhave a sparetyre becauseyou might have a puncture.

13. My alarm clock may not go off so I havephonedthe wake-up service.

8.5 CONDITIONALS WITH PROVIDED AND AS LONG AS


Rewrite the following without changingtheir meanings.Usethe given clues.

I . You can'ttakeout thisbookif you don'tfill out a fonn.

(provided)

2. She will have to repeatthe courseif shedoesnot study regularly.

(aslong as)

3. I won't be able to get thereon time if you don't give me a lift.

(provided)

4. Inflation rate won't decreaseif the governmentdoesn'ttake appropriatemeasures.

(provided)

f or whatyou havedone
5. Your parentswon'tforgiveyou unlessyou apologize

(providing)

6. You won't be allowed in if you are not registered.

(as long as)

1. I will lend you my lap top but you shouldpromiseto use it carefully.
You can
(provided)

8. They won't take thejumper back unlessyou show them the receipt.

(aslong as)

171
9. You cannotimprove your techniqueas a violinist unlessyou attenda master'sclass.

(provided)

10. You can't take thesepills if you drink alcohol .

(providing)

8.6TYPE 2
A. Rewrite the sentenceswithout changingtheir meanings.

L Because
it is raining,we cannothavethepartyin thegarden.
If

2. Travel agentsreceivefree air tickets.Unfortunately,I'm not working at a travei agenrs.


If

3. He is not here at the moment so he cannothelp us.


If

4. I don't have his phone number.so I can'tcall him.


If

5. I won't invite Sally to dinner becauseI don't know her well enough.
If

6. He takesa short holiday as he doesn'tearnenoughmoney for a longer one.


If

7. Sheisn't in our classso I don't know her name.


If

8. I can't go out with you becauseI must cleanmy roorn.


If

9. I won't invitehim to my party becauseI don't like him.


If

10. They won't interview you for thejob becauseyou don't speakEnglish.
If

I I. I can'tgo on the excursionas I have to work at the weekend.

If

li2
B. Write a pieceof adviceusing y'.
1. My advice to you is not to open the door to strangers.

IfI the door to strangers.

2. My adviceto you is to askhim for a promotion.


IfI
3. Mv adviceto vou is to book a room.

IfI
4. My advice to you is to take notes during the lectures.

IfI
5. My advice to you is to keep the milk in the refrigerator.

IfI
6. My advice to you is to attendthe classesregularly.

TfI

7. My advice to you is not to go out with such a rude man.

IfI

C. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
I.

1. I have crossedthe Atlantic Oceanseveraltimes,however,alwaysby plane.Being a


businessman,I am always on a tight schedule.If I (be) so
busy,I (book) liner
a voyageon a transatlantic or cruise ship.
But I'm afraidthis will alwaysremaina dream.

2. A: I hatemy job!
B: Well, why don't you changeit? If you really (hate) it,
(look for) anotherone.

3. A: Canyou help me with this report?


B: Sorry,I am busy.I (help)you if I (be).

4. I haveto work about80 hoursa week.If I (have) more


time, I (start) taking tennis lessonsat the sports club. Bul
I'm too busy.
unfortunately

5. Why don't you askBill aboutthejob? I am surehe (accept)it


if he (offer).

113
II.

A I am going away to the seasidefor a few days. Would you like to join me?

B I (la) fioin)youif I (lb) (have)so much work


to do, but I haveto finish it. You know, thereare lots of burglariesthesedays. You
should be careful. Are you friendly with the people next door? If I
(2a) (be) you, I (2b) (ask) them to keep an eye
on my housewhile I'm away.

A Thanksfor remindingme. I 'll do that beforeI (3) (leave)

B When will you be back?

A I'm hoping to get the 9 o'clock train on Sunday morning. but if I


(4a) lmiss)it. I (4b) (give) you a ring.

B I (s) (be) at the stationto meet you.

8.7 TYPE 3

A. Tick (rz) the sentenceswhich are true.

l. If Johnhadstudied.he wouldn'thavefailedhis exams.

n lonn studied. n u" failed his exams.


n lonn didn'tsrudy. n u" didn'rfail hisexams.

2. If thecarhadn'thada puncture,
we wouldhavecaughtthetrain.

! fn" car had a puncrure. I W" caughtthe train.

n fn" cardidn't havea puncture. I W. missedthetrain.

3. If thatdresshadn'tbeenso cheap,Janewouldn'thaveboughtit.

n rne dresswascheap. n Jan"boughtit.


n rn. dresswasn'tcheap. n Janedidn'tbuyit.

4. I would have tidied the living room if I had known you were coming.

n I knew you were coming. ! I uoieo the living room.

fl f OlAn'tknow you were coming. n I didn't tidy the living room.

5. If Rosehadn't had a hole in her tooth, she wouldn't have seenthe dentist.

! Rosedidn't seethe dentist. I Sfrehad a hole in her tooth.

! Rose saw the dentist. n Sft" didn't have a hole in her tooth

174
without changingtheir meanings.
B. Rewrite the sentences

he didn'twakeup on time.
1. He missedhis planebecause
If his plane.

2. We were late to the meeting.Therefore,the chairman got angry with us.


If

3. They gave you the job becauseyou got the highestscorein the exam.

If

4. I was very nervousbecauseI lost the car keys.


If

5. John didn't seethe red lieht so he crashedinto a car.


John

6. He worked too fast so he made a lot of mistakes.


He

1. Petercamehome very late last night. Thereforehis wife got angry with htm.
If

8. Carol tripped over a stonebecauseshe wasn'tcareful.


If

C. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
Here is the story of a disaster.A ship sank in the Caribbeanbecauseof a storm

1. If the captain (be) more careful, the ship


(sink).

2. More people (survive; if there (be)


more life boats.

3. If some passengers (be able to) swim. they


(drown).

4. If there (be) such a bad storm. fewer people


(die).

t15
8.8 MIXED CONDITIONALS
Rewrite these sentenceswithout changing their meanings.

L The studentsattendedall the classesand worked very hard so their English is much better
now.
If

2. He can go to school by car since he was given a car by his parentslast month.
If

3. Atattirk fought against the enemies and founded the Turkish Republic. Therefore we are
able to live in a democraticcountry.
If

4. He drank too much at the party and drove home. He is in hospital now becauseof a car
accident.
If

5. The villagers didn't use any fertilizers to enrich the soil. Now they don't have a sood
harvest.
If

6. JackaskedJessieto marryhim 20 yearsagobut sherefused.Now sheis still single.


If

7. He lost the opportunityof doinghis Master'sdegreeabroad.Todayhe hasdifficulty in


findinga goodjob.
If

8. I am not happy sinceI didn't choosethe professionI wanted.


If

9. Sheis havinga hardtime thesedaysbecausesheneglectedto studyregularly.


If

10. You didn't set the alarm clock last night. That is why I am late to school.
If

8.9WISHES
A. Completethe sentencesusing the given clues.
* PRESENT

l. It is a pity I can'tgo to thediscotonight.


I wish

2. I want to seehim more often but I can't.


I wish

3. I live in a suburbof AnkaraandI don'tlike this.


i wish

116
4. It is a pity Mary is not here.
I wish

5. My husbanddoesn'tknow how to dance.


I wish

6. My parentsaren't here.
I wish

7. You can't come to our 25th anniversary.


I wish

8. I amnot listeningto thenews.


I wish

9. She has got a lot of freckles on her face.


She wishes

10. John makesa lot of mistakes.


He wishes

* PAST
I l. You didn't wait for me yesterday
morning.
I wish

12. My brother didn't take me to the cinema at the weekend.


I wish

13. Shedidn'ttell me thetruth.


I wish

14. I couldn't wake up early todaY.


I wish

15. My fathersoldhis car.


I wish

16. My upstairsneighboursaremakinga lot of noise.I wantthemto stop.


I wish

17. My brotherwhistlesall the time.I hatethis.


I wish

18. I smokea lot. I know this is bad for my health.


I wish

t'77
19. The telephoneis ringing. I am really exhausted.I want someoneto answerit.
I wish

20. My elderbrotheris very untidy.


I wish

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

l. Where'sJanet?I wish she (arrive) soon,becauseI don't want


to missthe beginningof the movie.

2. I wishyou (smoke)so much.

3. Your friends have saved some money to go on holiday. You regret the fact that you have
spentall your savingson an expensivecomputer.What do you say?
I wishI (buy)thisexpensive
computer

4. I had a fight with my girlfriend Ann last week. I was wrong, but I didn't apologize.Ann
doesn'twant to seeme any more. I'm very sorry now.
I wish I (apologize)to Ann.

5. Sam is talking to his brotherWilliam on the phone.

Sam : We wishyou (come) to New York for


the New Year'sEve. The rest of the family will all be here.

William : I know, but I have to work not only on the day of the New Year buf also the day
after that because there may be problems with the computer system of the
company.

6. Teacher : I wish you (wnte) your names on your


homework.I don't know which is which.

7. A : IwishI (be) in Hollywood. Then I could meer all the


film stars.

B : And I wish you (daydream). Get on with your work


Otherwise,
we will neverfinishthisproject.

8. I wish you (pay) more attentionto what you are doing.


You nearlv hit mv finser with the hammer.

9. I wish my roommate (talk) so much. He spoils my


concentration.

178
C. Mark the best choice.

l. A : Haveyou everbeento Hawaii?


B : No, but I wish I it is too expensive.I can never afford rt.
a) had c) were
b) did d) would

2. I wish I like a bird. It must be great fun.


a) could fly c) had flown
b) flew d) were flying

3.Mygradesareusuallyverypoor.IwishI-bettergrades.
a) would get c) could get
b) can get d) get

4. The conferenceroom is usually hot and humid; I wish the meeting lna
cooler room but the secretarvsavsit is the onlv availablenlace.
a) will be held c) would be held
b) could hold d) was holding

5. UnfortunatelyI have got to leaveearly. I wish I early.


a) left c) didn't have to leave
b) had to leave d) couldn'thaveleft

8.10REVIEW OF CONDITIONALS

A. Complete/Rewritethe following without changingtheir meanings.

l. Unlessit is cheap,I won'tbuy it.


If

2. The one thing I've alwayswantedis a red sportscar.


I wish

3. I do not know many peoplehere.


I wish

4. Unlessyou finish your homework,I won't take you to the cinema.


If

5. If you don't clear the table away,I won't let you go out.
Unless

6. Her numberis not in thephonebook,so I can'tphoneher.


If

7. Brendaisn't in classbecauseshemissedthe bus.


If Brenda

ll ()
8. She'supsetwith you becauseyou didn't phone her last night.
If

9. I am angry with you becauseyou didn't tell me the truth yesterday.


If

10. What wo uld you do if you win the lotterv on the New Year's eve?
Suppose

11. If by any chanceyou find my keys,could you let me know?


If you happen

12. From her voice, I'd say sheis angry.


It sounds

13. The room is cold becauseyou left the window open.


If

14. I am not tired today becauseI didn't go to bed late last night.
If

15. Tom feels sick becausehe ate too much last nisht.
If

16. I regretbreakinghis heartlast night.


If only

17. The kidnapperswon't kill the hostageif you pay the ransom without informing the
police.
Providedthat

B.
I. Fill in each blank with an expressionfrom the box. Use each only ONCE.
There are more expressionsthan you need.

so as to provided unless suppose


in spiteof in case otherwise

l. Precautionswere taken the demonstrationsot out of control.

2. The witnessobjectsto appearingin court he is given proper


protectionby the police.

3. The sick cattle were kept separatefrom the herd preventthe disease
from spreading.

4. Hurryup. you might miss the plane

180
5. A : Don't wastetime looking for that map
B: we lose our way, do you know how much time we will
wastethen?

il. Filt in each blank with an expression from the box. You need to use them more
than once.

unless in case provided that supposi

l. I don't ar.rticipate any difficulty in arriving in Athens by Tuesday


the ferries run to the schedule.

2. I will stay here during the holiday I saveenoughmonev to


go somewherein Europe.

3. You'd bettercarry a first-aid kit any unexpectedeventsoccur.

4. He won't agree to drop legal proceedings against the ma-{azine


the editor publishesa formal apology.

5. it was possiblefor you to travel anywherein the world. where


would you go?

6. I decidedto book a room in advance the hotel is full at the


weekend.

1. I don't mind your going out with Martin in the evenings you
come home before midnisht.

III. Fill in each blank with an expressionfrom the box. You need to use them more
than once.

unless as lonq as

Gemmais phoning Martha to seeif she wantsto go campingwith her.

Gemma : Hi, Martha. I'm going campingthis weekend.Would you like to come'l

Martha : Jerry's invited me to a party on Saturday night, so I can't come


(1) I sayno to Jerry.Whereareyou going?

Gemma : To Fistral beach.We'll have a great time, (2) it rains of


course.I can pick you up at about 8.30 on Saturdaymorning

Martha : That soundslovely! I'd love to come (3) you promlse not
to drive too fast.

Gemma : I promise.But what aboutJerry?

Marrha : oh. I thinkit'llbe oK (4) I can think of a good excuse

r8l
C. Mark the best choice.

I live with somerelativesof mine. I can't say that we get on very well. They don't let me invite

my friends over, and don't really care aboutmy problems.SometimesI wish I _( 1)_ live

with them. If I _(2)_ an apartmentof my own, I guessI _(3)_ much happier.But

unfortunately,I can't afford one.


1. a) won't 2. a) have 3. a) would be
b) don't b) would have b) will be
c) didn't c) had c) am going to be
d) couldn't d) willhave d) won't
x**

4, IfI about his intentions last week, I would have acted differenilv.

a) know b) had known c) would have known d) kneu,

I didn't have time to study Chapter Two in ijn,rro., book. I -(5)- ihe p,ofessor
doesn'task questionsfrom that chapter._(6)_, I'll get a low grade.
5. a) hope 6. a) Otherwise
b) wish b) However
c) expect c) Therefore
d) want d) Moreover

7. Do what I say you want to get the sack.


a) in case b) if c) as long as d) unless

8. We'll miss the bus we hurryup.


a) otherwise b) if c) unless d) if only

D. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

It'sstormyoutsideandI'm alonein thehouse.I wishmy parents(1) (be) here.


r (2) (be) so frightened then.

xxx

3. Joe : Whattimeis it?

Mary : It is 8.30.

Joe : 8:30!But that'stoo late.The meetingstartsat 8:30.If I don'tgetthereon time,I


(look for) anotherjob pretty soon.

t82
A Don't you live in Tokyo any more?

B No, I don't. I've come back to settledown in my hometown.It's been two months
already.

A I thoughtyou had a successfulbusinessthere.That'swhat Mike said.

B No. that's not true. If I (4a) (have) a good businessin


Japan,I (4b) (be) hereright now.

5. Small shopsmay disappearunlessthe proposal (put) into effect.

r83
9. NOUN CLAUSES
9.I REPORTED SPEECH
A. Change thesesentencesinto reported speech.

l. Policeofficer: "Mr. Barnabv.you'll havero pay a fine of i50, "


The police officer told a finc tit
f50.

2. Secretary: "Mrs. N,{eadorvs


liiisn'tlefi the o{fice yet."
-l'he
secretarysaid_ thc office
yet.

3. Anne to her mother: "We had to takea taxi home."


Anne told A tAXI
home.

4. David : "We are having our houseredecorated."


David said

5. Susanto Frank : "You will haveto get a visafor your daughter."


Susantold

6. Mr. Kite to his secretary: " I haven'tchangedmy mind."


Mr. Kite toid

7. Bill to his mother: "I don't want to help vou with the housework."
Bill told

8. "I didn't have enoughtirne to take the book back to the library", said Robert.

Robert said

9. "I'll post the lettersfor Vou.John,"shesaid.


Shetold

10. "Don't makethe samemistakeagain!"he saidto me.


He told

| 1. "Why don'twe havedinnertogether'J"


he saidto nie
He invited

12. "If I were you, i would tell them the rruth."he saidto me.
Fle advised

13. "I left my umbrellaherethis morning."saidMary.


Marv toid the shoo assistantthat

lE.l
14. "We don't want a recentgraduzrte,"
said the interviewer
The interviewertold me that

15. "I'r,edrunk all my milk," saidthe little boy.


The little boi'said that

16. Johnto his wife : "You never rememberto take a map when we set off on a journey."
Johncomplained on aJourney.

17. "l w,illcall you as soonas I arrivehome," he saidto her.


He told

18. Charles: "I r.von'tfbrsive you, Marv-."


Charlestold

19. Secretary: "I will finish typingthe lettersin l0 minutes.Mr. Johnson."


The secretarytold NIr. Johnson

20. Boss : "Don't use the office phonefor your personalcalls,Jack."


The bosswarned

21. "Don't forgetto buy somebread,Paul."saidhis mother.


His motherreminded

22. "If I were vou. Linda, I wouldn'ttakethejob," saidMary.


IvlaryadvisedLinda

23. "Don't leavethe lightson."


She warnedthem

24. "I won't fc rget the meeting."


I prornised

25. "Wouldyou like to cometo my birthdayparty?"


He invitedher

26. "Don't be stupici!"


She told me

27. "You shouldstopsmoking."


The doctor advisedmy father

2 8 . " I ' 1 1p h o n et h ep o l i c e l "


N4ysisterthreatened

29. "Can rve cook the rneal?"


We offered

ll35
B. Completethe sentences
using the words in the boxes.
I.

explained advised denied suggested


admitted romised ratulated warned

l. "All right, it is true. I set the houseon fire," said Martin.


Martin

2. "Why don't we go to the new Italian restaurant?"said Vanessa.


Vanessa

3. "I'll definitely help you with the housework,mom," said Mary.

Mary

4. "You've finally passedyour driving test,Frank. Well done!" said Claire.


Claire

II.
discouraged apologized provided
tulated confused ished

l. Kate realizedshe shouldhave returnedthe book earlierand said "sorry".


the book earlier.

2. Paul advisedme not to apply for thejob at the supermarket.


Paul for the job at the
supermarket.

3. My friendsweredelightedthatI hadwon the tennismatchandphonedme to expresstheir


feelings.
My friendsphonedme and winnins the tennismatch

ilI.
threatened reminded advised invited
admitted denied comolained romised

1. " Linda, would you like to have dinner with me?" said Mike.

Mike

2. " All right, it is true, I was nervousbeforethe performance,"the leadingactor said.


The leadinsactor

3. " Do not forget to bring the doctor'sreport tomorrow, Mary," said the teacher.
The teacher

4. "I will take you to the park on Saturday,children," said Tom.


Tom
186
w.
forbade Persuaded denied
accused asked

The museumdirectorto the reporters:"You can'ttake picturesof the paintings'"


The museumdirector

2 . The secretaryto Mr. Dove: "Could you dictatea bit more slowly, please?"
The secretary

3. Tommy toLiz "You were the one who broke the vase!"
Tommy

4. Rogerto his parents:"Why don'tyou buy your ticketsin advance?"


Roger

Fill in the blanks with the re verbs in the box.


asked suggested warned explained
told advised reminded

Mrs. Welch was at the doctor'soffice yesterday.She (1) him that

she hadn't been feeling well recently.The doctor (2) her to roll

up her sleeveand took her blood pressure.He (3) that she hadn't

beenfeeling well becauseof her high blood pressure'He (4) her

to cut down on salt. He (5) that she should so on a diet. He


(6) her that she might make herself seriously ill. He also
(7) her that she was not a young woman any more.

VI. Choosefrom the verbs in the box and report using he or she.Use eachverb only
ONCE.

admit introduce complain apologise


accept suggest greet interrupt
refuse explain offer tell
ask

1. "Actually, I don't have enoughto pay the bill."

2. "Let's meet in my flat tomorrow."

3. "Have you ever beento Britain?"

4. "The trouble is that our son neverdoeshis homework."

187
5. "MissBrown,thisis MissWhite."

6. "Read the questionstwice. and don't write in the margin."

1. "I'm sorryI didn't bring the book with me."

8. "Trust me. I'll pay you back next week."

9. "No. thanks,I don't like ice-creamat all."

10. "Would you like to have lunch with me today?"

I 1. "My difficulty is I can't understandwhat this sentencemeans."

12. "Good morningMary, nice to seeyou."

13. "All right,I'll takethe present."

14. "But listenGeorge....Could I just say a few words on this subject?,'

C. Change the following questions into reported speech.

1. Jack : "Does she know how to type?"


Jack askedme

2. "How long is Janetgoingto staywith you?"


Paul wantedto know

3. Mary to Tim : "Doesyourbrotherknow me?"


Mary askedTim

4. "Did you finishyourterm-paper


on time?"
My mother wantedto know

188
class?"
5. Susan: "Paul,is yoursisterin my brother's
SusanaskedPaul class.

6. Tom : "Which airlinecompanyareyou goingto fly with?"


Tom askedus with.

7. Paula to Jane : "Has he been brought to hospital by ambulance?"


Paula askedJane to hospitalby
ambulance.

8. Mary to Billy : "How often does your sister take you to the cinema?"
Mary wantedto know

9. "Has Janebought a presentfor the childrenyet?"


David asked

10. Mary to Bill : "WherecanI buy theconcerttickets?"


Mary asked Bill the concerl
tickets.

I l. "How old are you?"


Mr. Fraser askedMartin

12. "Do you reallyspeakArabic andJapanese?"


Mr. FraseraskedMartin

13. "Do you gojogging at the weekends?"she asked.


She askedme

14. "Will you be at home this weekend?"he askedMary.


He askedMary

15. Jill : "Are you going to wear your white dressto the party, Barbara?"

16. Interviewer: "How longdid you work for IBM, Mrs. Jackson?"

17. "Are you leavingfor Paristomorrow,Janet?"


Alex asked

18. David : "How much do I have to pay?"


David wonders

189
D. Put the following indirect sentencesinto the direct sentenceform.
l. Janediscovered
thatherbrotherwashidinga dog in thebasement.
Jane to her friends : " a dog in the
basement."

2. Richard said he had alreadyhad lunch.


Richard : "

3. Martin wonderedwhen he would find a job.

?" Martin thought.

4. Robert said he was going to visit his friends in Italy in the summer.

." said Robert.

Jerry told Mrs Atwood that he had On"nedthe managerand they were waiting for
"*"0,
the driver , then they would leave the office. She said that before the driver had left. he had
reportedenginetrouble,so he might be late.
The Dialosue:
Jerry : (5) the managerand (6) for the
driver. then (7) the office.

Mrs.Atwood : Well, before(8) (e) enginetrouble.


so he mieht be late.
***

10. The teachertold us not to be discouragedand promisedto help us with our studies.
The teacherto us: "

I 1. Davidsaidhe was leavingfor istanbulthatafternoon.


" saidDavid.
12. Samanthasaid that shewouldn't be home at five o'clock

," saidSamantha.
13. Mr. Wilson said that he and his wife had neverbeen abroad.
Mr. Wilson said "

9.2 TNDTRECTQUESTIONS
A. complete or rewrite the following. use the clueswhere given.

1. "Havetheyhaddinneryet?
I'm not sure dinner yet.

2.A: Jack lives?


B : No, I don't. But we can find his addressin the phone book.

t90
3.A Have you seenmy keys?
B I have no idea (be).

4.A What are you looking for?


B I can'tremember
My eyeglasses. (put) them.

5.A Excuse me. could vou tell me I can get to the zoo?

B : By underground.Take the yellow line to GreensGarden.

6. I doubtif he (be able to see)again.He's had five surgeries


on his eyes,but with no luck.

7. Does this bus go to Manhattan?


Could you tell me

8. I am not sure.He may not come back home


I doubt

9. A : Did Martha have the car repaired?


B : Idon'tknow it reoaired.She hasn'ttalked
to me aboutthat.

10. Will it be snowytoday?


I wonder

B. Circle the correct answer.

1. A : I've called Peter five times already.He seemsto be out. I wonder where

B : Maybe he'sat his parents'house.Have you tried calling them?


a) he has been c) he is
b) has he gone d) is he going

2. I can'trememberif - him to come early'


a) I told c) I had told
b) did I tell d) had I told

3. Do you know what ? I have to call him urgently.


a) is his telephonenumber c) his telephonenumber is
b) was his telephonenumber d) his telephonenumber was

4. He treatedme badly throughoutthe holiday.I wonder why - so.


a) did he do c) he had done
b) he did d) had he done

5.AlexhasgotlotSofthingstodo.Idoubtif-theworkintime.
a) will he finish c) he finishes
b) can he finish d) he can finish

t9l
9.3 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH QUESTION WORDS
A. Rewrite the followingusingwhat.
eg. I needa good sleep.
Ll/hat f need is a good sleep.

1. Thechildrenlovebuildinesnowmen.

2. The mosquitosbotherme.

3. His strangeattitudesulprisesme.

4. I have to make a plan.

6. I like spaghetti.

B. Changethe following questionsinto noun clauses.

l. Where did Sally go?


Do you know

2. Whenareyour parentsarrivingat the airport?


Pleasetell me

3. Which train did theytakero New York?


I can'tremember

4. Whose sharesare these?


I don't know

5. What do they say?


I can't hear

6. Who is theownerof thehouse?


Can you tell me

192
7. How manypeoplewerethereat the meeting?
She wants to know

8. How old do the studentsstartschoolin your country?


Do vou know

9. How far is it from Edirneto Kars?


Can you tell me

10. Why do peopleneedto tell lies?


Do you know

9.4 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH THAT


to introduce noun clauses.
A. Rewrite the sentences

l. Therewas very little petrolin the car. I was not awareof that,so on the way to Kansas
the car suddenly stopped.
I wasn't

2. Bill told a lie.That made me angry.


The fact that

Due to that shewasn't acceptedfor thejob.


qualifications.
3. Shelackedthe necessary
Due to

4. He made the samemistake twice. That is unforgivable.


The fact that

5. They accusedus of committinga crime.That surprisedus.


The fact that

6. It is obvious that he doesn'tknow manners.


That

7. It is a fact thatwaterboils at 100'C.


That

8. Mary hasn't been able to make reliable friends. That's apparent.


It

thequalityof our lives.Thatis a facthardto deny.


9. Pollutiondiminishes
That

193
10. Many people living in Antalya speakGermanquite well. When I first visited Antalya, I
was surprised by that.
When I

I 1. She lied abqut it. That's what botherseverybody.


The fact that

12. Tim tore my grandmother'santiquetable cloth. That isn't very important.


The fact that

13. That automobile has the best brake system of any car manufacturedthis year. I am
impressedby that and would definitelyrecommendthat every body buy that make.
Iam

14. Janelost our tickets to the cinema.There is nothing we can do about it.
There is nothing

15. It rarely rains in Antalya. He seemssurprisedto discoverthis.


He

1 6 . S h eh a d n ' tcalled on her family. Her family laterunderstoodwhy.


Her family

17. She didn't even apologisefor her late arrival.This mademe really angry.
a) The fact
b) What

This was the judge's view.


1 8 .T h echild shouldbe sentto live with her grandparents.
a) It
b) Thejudge'sview

in every respect.I just don't understand


19. He managesto broadenhis students'horizons
how he doesit.
a)I
b) How

20. Childrennowadaysspenda lot of money on junk food. This is my opinion.


a) It
b) My opinion

2 I . The studentwas destinedfor a brilliant career.This was obvious to her teachers-


a) It was
b) That

194
22. Old- agepensionsarequite low. The opposingpartiesdeploreit at every occasion.
The opposingparties

23. She knows how to deal with such difficult situations.It indicates that she is quite
experienced.
The fact that
'fhe
24. fact that he didn't even apologisefor his rude behaviour really angeredthe teacher.
What

25. The child should be sent to a private school to get a good education.This was the
parents'point of view.
a) It was
b) The parents'

26. The politician says one thing in public. He does anotherthing in private. They never
coincidewith eachother.
What the politician

B. Rewrite the sentencessubstituting a noun clause for the phrases in italics.

1. I am surprised at your thinking my brother is a dull person to get married to.

2. Your havins acceotedhis proposal means your having to settle down in a foreign
country.

3. I refusedto believe his havine told me the dateof his arrival.

4. The fact o.fhis having learned Enslish at the place where it was actually spoken doesn't
imply his beine able to speak the languageperfectly.

5. Before buying that dress,you shouldmake sureo-fits beins the rieht siz.e.

6. Beins iqnorant of the rules is not an acceptableexcuse.

195
9.5 USING _EVER WORDS
Rewrite the following sentencesusing whoever, whatever, however, whenever, wherever or
whichever

l. I don't know who directedthis film, but he is not good.

2. He is l8 now so he can go any placehe likes.

3. The thing in that box is making a very funny noise.

4. People always want more. It doesn't matter how rich they are.

5. It doesn'tmatterhow you travel,it'll take vou at leastthreehours.

6. There are2 differentcomputerprogrammesand you can useeitherof them you want to


write your report.

7. It doesn'tmatterwhatproblemsyou have,you canalwayscometo me for advice.

8. The personwho phonedjust now was very polite.

9. Any timeI seeyou,I feelnervous.

10. It doesn'tmatterwhat you do, I'll love you.

9.6 USING THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES


Give the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses.
Someof the verbs are passive.

1. It is importantthat no one else (know) the operation.

2. Her advisor recommendedthat she (take) someother courses.

3. He insistedthat the new babv (name)after his grandmother.

4.ThesfudentsrequestedthattheteSt-(postpone),buttheinstructordecided
againsta postponement.

196
5. It is essential that pollution (control) and eventually
(eliminate).

6. She askedthat we (be) sureto lock the door behind us.

thathis father
7. It is imperative (return)homeimmediately.

8. I requestedthat I (permit) to changemy class.

9.MyfrienddemandedthatI-(allow;totakepartinthenegotiations.

10. ProfessorMiller suggestedthat Mary (study)harderfor the final exam.

191
10.ADJECTIVE CLAUSBS
10.1 NON-DEFINING
A. Rewrite / Join the following sentencesusing relative clausesand without changing the
meaning.

l. I live on Main Street.It is the noisieststreetin this neiehbourhood.

2. The Edinburgh Zoo has Scotland'sbiggest collection of animals.It is 5 km wesr of the


citv centre.

3. Alice is the owner of a food company.She is the most successful


businesswoman
in town.

4. Bob rankedfirst in the race.His father is also an athlete.


Bob

5. I bought this watch for Pauline.She is my best friend.


Pauline

6" Doctor Jonesworks for the city hospital.He prescribedmedicinefor my sore throat.
Doctor Jones

7. This is Tom. I've beensharinga flat with him for two years.
This is Tom

8. My first model plane crashedinto a tree during its first flight. I hacl spent hundredsol-
dollarson it.
My first model plane

9. San Franciscois much saferthan New York. New York's crime rate is climbing ftrst
San Francisco

10. Bodrumis a holidayresort.Thousands


of touristsspendtheirvacations
in Bocirunr
ezrch
summer.
Bodrum

I l. His grandfathercan rememberhis youth. There were no televisionsor computersthen.

12. We like going to the mountainsin winter.Thereis a lot of snow then.

13. My parentscelebratetheir wedding anniversaryin June.They got married then

198
14. Marilyn Monroe's deathis still a mystery.She has never lost her popularity.
Marilyn Monroe

there.
15. Touristslike Turkey.There'splentyof sunshine

I 6. You will enjoy yourselfin London. There are lots of interestingplacesthere.

17. Dorothy Parker used to be my high school friend. Her novels are sold all over the
world.
Dorothy Parker

18. The party on Saturdaywill be at the studentcentre. There is a swimming pool in it.
The party on SaturdaY

B. Write a paragraph about Pablo Picasso by joining the following facts together
using relative clauses where necessary. Do not forget to mark the clauses with
commas.

a) Pablo Picassowas a greatSpanishartist.


b) He was born in Barcelonain 1881.
c) In the beginning,his work was influencedby other artists.
d) Then he developedhis own style of painting.
e) His style consistedof picturesof the poor in variousshadesof blue.
f) In the following years,Picassowas influencedby the ideasof C6zanne.
g) C6zanne'stechniquewas considerablydifferentfrom his'
h) After World War II, he moved to the southof France.
i) He createdmany paintingsand sculpturesin the southof Franceuntil his deathin 1973.

Write your paragraPh here.

l9L)
C . Below is a story in which all the relative clauses have been taken out. Fill the gaps
with suitable relative clauses using the sentencesgiven underneath the paragraph.

Last year, during our Februaryholiday, we went to Rio de Janeirowith Martin and his v,,if'e.
(r, . We stayed at 'Hotel Rio',
(2) We arrived at the hotel during
the Rio Carnival,(3) . On our arrival we had a
lot of problems.As there was a confusionabout our reservations,they had to put us in two
small rooms. (4)_ That night rve had
dinneratthehotel.Thefood'(5)--.upSetout-
stomachsso we spent the next day in our rooms without doing anything. Our vacation
becamemuch more pleasanton the third day. We moved to anotherhotel with larger rooms
and bettermeals.We alsojoined the carnivalparadeand had a lot of fun.

* There were no bathroomsin the rooms.

* We have known the couplesincewe first met on an excursionin Paris.

x It was really distasteful.

* There were a lot of tourists in the city then.

* It was quite closeto the city centre.

10.2 DEFINING
A. Mark the choice which best answers the given question:

l A Who cheatedyou?
B
a) The boy sold rne the fruit which cheatedme.
b) The fiuit which the boy sold cheatedme.
c,| The boy who cheatedme sold me the fruit.
d) The boy who sold me the fruit cheatedme.

2.A What are the passengerswaiting for?


B
a) The passengers who are waiting for the train are arriving in 10 minutes.
b) The passengers are waiting for the train which is arriving in 10 minutes.
c) The train is waiting for the passengers who are arriving in 10 minutes.
d) The train which is arriving in 10 minutesis waiting for the passengers.

3.A Which boys did the teachercall?


B
a) The teacherwho didn't studyenoughcalledthe boys.
b) The boys calledthe teacherwho didn't study enough.
c) The teachercalledthe boys who didn't study enough.
d) The boys who didn't studyenoughcalledthe teacher.

200
4.A Who was the directorangry with?
B
a\
The directorwho spoketo the woman on the phonewas angry with her.
b ) The directorwas angry with the woman who spoketo him on the phone.
c ) The woman who spoketo the directoron the phone was angry with him.
d) The wonranwho was angry with the directorspoketo him on the phone.

5.A Which book did the teacherlose?


B
a) The teacherlost the book which sheborrowedfrom the students.
b ) The teacherwho borrowed a book from the studentslost it.
\-lThe studentslost the book which they borrowed from the teacher
d) The studentswho borroweda book from the teacherlost it.

6.A Which scarf did the little girl wear?


B
a) The scarf which the little girl wore was her mother's.
bt The little girl's mother wore the scarf which shetook from her daughter.
c) The scarf which the little girl's mother wore was her daughter's.
d) The little girl wore the scarf which shetook fiom her mother.

1 . A : Who did the writer eet his ideasfrom?


B
a) The writer who worked with an old man yearsago got his ideasfrom him.
b) The old man who worked with the writer yearsago got his ideasfrom hirn.
c) The writer got his ideasfrom an old man who he worked with yearsago.
d) The old man got his ideasfrom the writer who he worked with years ago.

B. Match the information given and define people and things using
relative clauses.

CharlesDickens was an author. He first reachedAntarctica.

AlexanderBell was a man. He inventedthe telephone.

Marilyn Monroe was an actress. She becameIndia's first woman prime


minister.

Roald Amundsenwas an explorer. 'Oliver


He wrote Twist'.

Yuri Gagarinwas an astronaut. He discoveredpenicillin.

lndira Gandhi was a politician. He made the first space-flight.

AlexanderFleniing was a man. 'GentlemenPreferBlondes


She starredin

201
thermostat takespictures
thermometer heatsrooms
microscope showswhere North is
telescope measurestemperature
speedometer showswhat the daters
radiator controlstemperature
compass measuresspeed
camera helpsyou seedistantobjectsnearer
calendar makessnrallthings look big

Example : CharlesDickens
ChorlesDickenswos the outhor who wrote 'Oliver Twist'.
Example : thermostat
A thermostot is somethingthal / which controls temperoture.
I.

2.
-t.

4.

1.
u

9.

r0.
11.

12.

t -).

14.

C. Rewrite / Join the following sentencesusing relative clauses and without changing
the meaning.
1. Jim has chosena topic. I wantedthe sametopic for my researchpaper.

2. can you recommenda car'lIt would be useful in this mountainousarea.

3. The report causeda greatdeal of discussion.She gave the report at the meeting.

202
4. we stoppedour car at a place.we could seethe coming cars well there.

5. Fruit juice is dangerousfor children.It has artificial colour and sweetener.

6. Did you enjoy the movie? I had recommendedit'

7. Over thereis the woman. You met her husbandyesterday'

8. Do you know the man?The jury gave the first prize to him'

g. The tie was a horrible colour. I bought it last week'

10. The peoplewere very nice.We went to their house'

11. The book is missingfrom the library. I found that questionin it.

12. I did not have any knowledge of computers until I took the new course. The
departmentoffered the coursethis term.

13. The woman is my teacher.You met her son

14" Coachesalwayslook for players.They shouldbe strongand fast.

15. Do you know the girl? I gave my books to her earlier'

16. The gradepleasedrne.I receivedit in my report.

17. The town was really beautiful.we spentour honeymoonthere.

18. This is a well-builttruck.The truck will saveyou money'

203
19. Theprofessor
giveshardtests.I'm takinghis course.

20. The agencyhasgonebankrupt.We boughtour ticketsfrom it.

21. That man is the manager.I complainedto him aboutthe food.

22. I helpedthe people.Their car had broken down.

23. Thereis a shopnearby.You canbuy postcards


there

24. She took me to the shop.She buys her clothesthere.

25. Bill met his fiancd in the pub. Studentsoften go there.

26. We have a neighbour.His dog barksall day.

21. The man was on holiday.My fatherwanredto buv his car.

28. Do you know a good disco?We can go thereduring the weekend.

29. They'll meet us at a restaurant.It's acrossthe streetfrom the librarv.

30. I wantto introduceyou to a famouswriter.His lastbookwasa bestseller.

D. Write definitions of the following words using the information given. The first one
is done for you.
l. chemistry studycharacteristics+composition
of substances
2. a consumer buy or useanyserviceor product
3. a hospital ill peoplelookedafterby nurses+doctors
4. a paring knife peelvegetables
5. a hammer fix nails

204
Write your definitionshere.

l.
of substonces.

2.
a
-)-
A
+.

5.

E. Read the text and answer the questions using relative clauses.

was extremely thin' her


Debra Levy is a student at Oxford Polytechnic. A year ago she
gave her pills but each
face was spotty and her stomachwas always upset. Her doctor
new kind only worked for a short time.

she was allergicto


After shetalked to a friend with the sameproblems,shebeganto think
and found out that she
foods and chemicals.She went to see a specialist.He testedher
was allergic to things that she ate, breathedand touched'

like cigarettesmoke
Now Debra is better.She takesmedicineand she avoidsmany things
sharesher housewith
and chemicalsin food, becausethey make her ill. Fortunately.she
some friends. They understandher problem and try to help her.

job and live in London' There are a


Debra is finishing her studiessoon.She wants to get a
may have problems
lot of jobs in London and some of them interesther a lot. But she
there becauseof the Polluted air.

1. What only worked for a short time?


Thepilts

who madeDebrathinkshewasallergicto foodsandchemicals?


A friend
'
3. Who found out that she rvasallergicto things that she ate,breathedand touched

4. What does she avoid?

5. Who doesshe shareher housewith?

205
6. Why doesshe want to live in London?
Becausethejobs

10.3OMISSION
Rewrite/.Iointhe following sentences
leaving out the relative pronouns if possible.Do not
changetheir meanings.

l. Thesoupwastoo salty.I hadit for lunch.

2. The waitresswas friendly"Sheservedus clinner.

3. I havea class.It besinsat 8 a.m.

4. I don't know the man.He is talkineto Marv.

5. My daughteraskedme a question.I couldn'tanswerit.

6. The peoplelive on Elm Street.Ann is visitingthem now

7. All of the peoplecan cometo my party.I askedthem.

B. The studentsrrissedthe quiz.They cameto classlate.

9. I know a man.He doesn'thnveto work for a livins.

10. I didn't know any of the people.Johninvitedthem to his party.

I l. A lion is an animal.It lives in Africa.

12. The markethasfrcsh vegetables.


I usuallygo there.

I3. Wherecan I catchthe bus?It goesdownrown.

206
14. I had a good time on the trip. I took it to GlacierNational Park.

15. The noteshelpedme a lot. I borrowedthem from you.

16. The personshould help you with your problem.He is sitting at that desk.

17. The planeleavesat 7 p.m. I'm taking it to Denver.

18. Shelost the pen.Sheborrowedit from me.

19. Here's the brochure.It gives inforrnationaboutholiday resorts.

20. The police arrestedthe girl yesterday.I usedto work in the sameoffice with her.

10.4 REDUCTION
Rewrite/Join the following sentences using reduced relative clauses. Use the given
clues.

l. Doctor Morton is the head of the ophthalmologydepartment.He operatedon my


mother'seye.
Doctor Morton

2. METU is one of the most importantuniversitiesin Turkey. It was founded in l9-56.


METU

3. The members of Green Peace are standing on the bridge. It cotrnectsthe two
continents.
The mernbersof GreenPeace

4. The subwayconstructionmav causetraffic ialns.It is carriedout on EskiSehirRoad.


The subwayconstruction

5. The car has beenfound. It was usedin the bank robbery.


The car

6. A largegardensurroundsthe palace.It is full of tropical trees.


The large garden

201
7. The paintingshave beenexhibitedin the Louvre. They really attractedrhe attentionof the
public.
Thepaintings

8. My languageteacherlives in a flat. It looks out on a square.


My languageteacher

9. A man is driving the lorry. He hasjusr passedhis driving test.


The man

10. The capital city of Turkey has always been the centre of Anatolian civilisations.lt has
beenknownfor centuries
for its history.
The capital

I l. Plasticis an artificial substance.


It is mouldedinto shapewhen heated.
Plastic

12. Turkish rugs are valued throughoutthe world. They are made by hand over a long period
of time.
Turkishrugs

13. The studentsare all boys.They are being punished.


The students

14. I am not fond of people.They boastall the time.


I am not

15. Many desertshave some geographicalformations.They range from soft hills tojag-eed
cliffs.
Many deserts

10.susrNc ExpREssroNS
oF QUANTTTY
Rewrite/Join the pairs of sentencesbelow using relative clauses.Do not change the
meaning.

1. He boughthis daughter
somebooks.Most of themwereaboutgardening.
He

2. A lot of peopletake our languagecourse.Most of them are successful.


Most

3. A lot of peopleappliedfor thejob. Not all of themwerequalified.


Not all of

4. There are many grammaticalcontrastsbetweenEnglish and Arabic. The most noticeable


of thesedifferencesis in word order.
There are many
5. CharlesDickens wrote a lot of books. Two of them are Oliver Twist and the Tale of
Two Cities.
CharlesDickens

6. Mrs.Wand'sstudentsare very energetic.Many of them play basketball.


Mrs.Wand's

7. Tom has two pairs of jeans.Both of them needcleaning.


Tom

8. A lot of peopleprotestedthe war. Some of them were students.


A lot of people

9. Mary hasjust inheriteda lot of money.A little of it will go to the orphanage


Mary

10. Last summerwe went to the village to visit my friend's family. All of the membersof
the family welcomed us.
Last summer

10.6NOUN+OF WHICH
below using relative clauses.Do not changethe meaning.
Join the pairs of sentences

Theflashof it is portable.
1. I haveboughta camera.

2. In the bedroom,thereis a wardrobe.The doors of it slide.

3. He has a bicycle.The wheelsof the bicycle are colorful.

4. The instructorhas assignedstudentsa paper.The aim of it is to see the levels of the


students.

in the
5. She is smokinga cigarette.The smokeof it disturbsthe other passengers
compartment.

10.7PRONOUNSUSED AS THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITIONS


I. using relative pronouns.
Rewrite the following sentences
egi Sheis the teacher.I have beenwaiting for her.
She is the teocher for whomI hove been woiting.

t. The restaurantwas spacious.We went to it yesterday.


The restaurant

209
2. I will neverforget the day. You proposedto me then.

3. This is the safe.They keep theirjewellery there.

I met the man. I receiveda letterfrom him the other day.

il. (You can alsodo the exercises


in Part A: 5,7, 8, 10, 1 5 ,1 6 ,1 8P a r t F : 8 , 1 1 ,1 5 ,1 7 ,
20,21,23,,24,25,28
in the sameway.)

IO.8 REVIEW OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

A. Read the text and complete the sentencesusing who, whose, which, where. Use each
only once.

The marathonis the most famous race in the Olympic Games.Its name comes from a small
village in Greece.There was a war betweenthe Greeksand the Persiansthere in the ye:rr490
B.C. When the Greeks won the battle, a soldier ran all the way from Marathon to Arhens ro
tell the good news. When the modern Olympic Games startedin 1896, the or-qanisers knew
this story.

In the Olympic Games today, the finest amateursin the world come togetherand complcte.
An amateuris a sportsman.He doesn'tearn any money from sports.Amateurs,however.have
to spend a lot of time preparingfor the games.That's why their governrnenrspay fbr their
preparation,travel and pocket money.Theseusually cost a lot.

The marathonis a famousrace.

Marathonwas a small villaee.

3. An amateuris a soortsman

4. The governments pay for the athletes' preparation, travel and pocket money.

B. Read the sentencesbelow, underline the relative clause and put commas lvhere
necessary.If possibleomit the relative pronouns.

l. Star Trek which is a popularTV serialmade in the 1960's is about the adventuresol'a
spaceship and its crew.

210
2. The University of California conducteda study that tested22 smellslike vanillin and
vinesaron volunteersfrom different countries.

3. Every summer,hundredsof studentstry to find job opportunitiesmost of which are


in seasonalwork usuallvconnectedwith tourism and agriculture.

4. My eldestsisterwhose ability to play the piano is unbelievablewill be performing at


the presidentialpalacenext Saturday.

5. The hotel where we wantedto stay was fully booked.

6. The biggestrestaurantin the town which we often go to is near the seaside.

'Four
7. Nigel Kennedyis one of the few classicalmusicianswho interpretVivaldi's
Seasons'which hassold more then250.000copiessuccessfully.

8. Alexandria which is the second largest city in Egypt was built by Alexander the
Great on the site of an old fishing village which had a small harbour that was
shelteredby the islandof Pharos.

9. The classroomwhich we hold our lessonsin is verv cold and dark.

10. Ricewhichwe usuallyservewith meatis an importantfood in my country

I l. Johntravelledtwentvmilesto visit his sisterwhich was thoushtfulof him.

I 2. The studentswho the administrationhave chosenfor the quiz show are excusedfrorr
classestoday.

C. Rewrite/Join the following using relative clausesand the clues if given. Put
commaswherenecessary. If possibleyou can omit the relativepronounsor use
the reducedform . Do not changethe meaning.

I. I meta womanat thepartylastnight. Shewasa journalist.


The woman journalist

2ll
2. The man was takento hospital.His househad been vandalised.
The man

3. We had to write a report.It was completedin threehours.


The report

4. I lent you a book. It was written by a friend of mine.


The book

5. You can wash someplasticbowls in the dishwasher.I want one.


I wanta plasticbowl

6. During his lifetime.Picassocreateda lot of paintings. Art critics highly value rhose
paintingstoday.
During his lifetime,

7. The secretary
cantype70 wordsperminute.Mr. Baileyhiredheryesterday.
The secretary

8. Most of the studentsread the book. Their teacherhad recommendedit.


Most of the students

9. I spentfive yearsin a school.Thereusedto be only girlsthere.


I spent

10. There are paintingson exhibition at the Louvre Museum. Some of them are worth
millionsof dollars.
There are

I 1. The governmentconstructedhousesfor the refugees.The refugeeswere thankful.


The refugees

12. The oceansare full of plankton.Most of the plankton are consumedby fish.
The oceans

13. The articleis really interesting.It dealswith different typesof friendship.


The article

14. A woman gave me piano lessons.The woman'ssisterworked in the bakery.


The woman

15. Many peoplecameto the interview.None of them got thejob.


None of

16. I gave her a gold chest.The top of it is coveredwith diamonds.


I gave

212
D. Fill in each blank with an item from the box below. Do not use all item more than
ONCE.

whose why who


which where when
that whom

l. on their fourth wedding anniversary,Rod gave a diamond ring to his wife, Beth.
madeher very happy.

2 . Mr. Brown is thinking of firing two of the accountantsin the sales department.
keep making lots of errorsin the calculations'

['ll neverforget the day I first had a date.

A
This islandis a place you will like very much.

5 . Jackieinheritecla fortunefrom her elder uncle wife she hadn'tseenfor


years.

6. The two men were about to rob the National Bank when the police found out abottt
their plans and caughtthem in the cottage they were hiding.

7. "Mary. I want you to meet Mr. Simpson.He is the man on your father
operatedyesterday.Mr. Simpson,this is my daughter,Mary'

8. Thereis no reason you shouldn'tgo out for a dinnerwith your boy


friend.

E. Write ONE suitable relative pronoun in each blank'

Martha Toclclersis one of the people(l)--_- don't like city lif'e.She left London
to come back last
Vearsago. complaining about the crowd and noise. However, she had
week to live in the flat (2)- she had left years ago becauseher house in the
country,(3)_ she lived for all thoseyears,completelyburnt down in a fire.

On her returnto London,shevisitedthe company(4)-had insuredher house

in order to reclaim her loss due to the fire. They have agreedto meet her claim in full- ln
addition,if shebuys any new furniture in London, they will transport it free of charge.

Martha is planning ro srayin her flat in London, somepartsof (5)--- is suittrble

for use ns an art studio,so she'sgoing to redecoratethesepartsfor rent as a studio with the
help of an old friencl.Martha is keen on art so this will help her feel betteruntil her housein
the coulltly is rebuilt.

213
F. Mark the best choice.

l. She got a letter from the man househer parentsvisited last week.
a) who c) whom
b) whose d) that

2. The contract the secretarytyped yesterdayhasjust been signed


a)- c) whom
b) who d) where

3" SamuelClemens was a famousAmerican author.wrote "Tom


Sawyer".
a) that c) who
b) whom d)-

4. He has startedwaking up in the middle of the night, ls very strange.


a) this c) that
b)ir d) which

5. Theeggs for breakfastat the cafeteriawere cold.


a) which had c) who I had
b) I had d) that had

6. My sistergoesout with a man in a bank.


a) works c) who works
b) who he works d) he works

7. I'm going to call about the advertisement in last n i g h t ' s


paper.
a) which saw c) I saw
b) saw d) that is seen

8. Do you rememberthe film you about?


a) I told c) told
b) which is told d) that told

9. I couldn't understandthe woman the conference.


a) that shegave c) who gave
b) shegave d) gave

10. I enjoyedthe music after dinner.


a) that listened c) that we listened
b) which we listenedto it d) which we listenedto

1 1 . The people next door are very friendly.


a) who they l i v e c) live
b) they live d) who live

12. Somebody with darkglasses for you outside.


a) who is waiting c) that he is waiting
b) is waiting d) he is waiting

214
13. Do you know the woman
a) who is marriedto c) John is marriedto
b) that marriedto d) she is married to John

14. This is Tom Jenkins.His parents in Switzerland.


a) who live c) that they live
b) they live d) live

15. BrabantIsland, is an inhospitableand violent piece of land


nearAntarctica.
a) which the researchteam spentthe winter
b) that was the winter spentby the researchteam
c) where the researchteam spentthe winter
d) who the researchteam spent the winter with
'Hamlet',
16. William Shakespearewas a very famous British playwright. You can see
is one of his bestplays,at the Adoelphi Theatreuntil next June.
a) that c) which
b) who d) whose

17. One of the reasons many people move to urban areas is better
educationalfacilities.
a) which c) when
b) where d) why

18. Her husbandhas a wonderful senseof humour, makes their times


togetherrelaxing and enjoyable.
a) that c) which
b) who d)-

19. The representativesof the countries unemploymentrates are high


gatheredto discusstheir governmentpolicies.
a) which c) their
b) whose d) these

Mark Twain is a writer (20) popular all over the world. His

real name was SamuelClemens.Later when he becamea writer. he used the name Mark
T w a i n ,( 2 1 ) a term used by river boatmentravelling along the
River.Mark Twain(22)
Mississippi in a small town besidethe

Mississippi. In his books he wrote about his childhood experiences


(2 3 ) . Oneof his stories(24) about

an ordinary American boy, Tom Sawyer, (25) gettlng lnto

trouble all the time. Tom Sawyer's adventures(26) in a small

(27)
townbesidetheMississippi,

2r5
20. a) who are books and stories 21. a') that it was
b) where he has books and stories b) which was
c) whosebooks and storiesare c) who he was
d) which has books and stories d) it was

22. a) who grew up 23. a) he never forgot


b) he grew up b) which never forgor
c) where he grew up c) who he never forgot
d) grew up d) that never forgot

24. a) it is 25. a) he kept


b) they are b) kept
c) is c) that he
d) that are d) who kept

26. a) which take place 27. a) whosechildhood Mark Twain spent


b) they take place b) who spenrhis childhoocrthere
c) takeplace c) whereMark Twain spenthis chilclhoocl
d) that they take place d) which he spenthis childhood rhcre

216
ll.PARTICIPLES
A.
I. Fill in the blanks with the participlesin the box. UseeachONCE.

frightening disappointed surprised tiring


tired excited confusing surprising
broken frightened annoyin

l. Mondays at work are the most days of the week. That's why I prefer
to go home right after work on Mondays and spend the evening in front of the
televisiondoins nothine.

2. He was to seehis teacherin front of him as he wasn't expectingher

3. My father'sexplanationsare , they are not very clear.

4. I feel very after giving parties.

5. When Sam learnedthat he could not win a scholarshipto Harvard University, you can
irnaginehow he was. He had been working to get it for years.

6. It was to see her at the market yesterday.I thought he had tnoved to


Australialong time ago.

7. My sisteris very aboutthe birth sheis going to give next month.

8. O u r n e i g h b o u r 'ns o i s ei s v e r y downstairs.

9. When she told the children a story, they all got _ and
didn't want to go to sleep.

10. We savethe chair away.

II. Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.

newly engaged poorly illustrated recently married


well-timed freshly made well-paid
colourfullv illustrated recentlYpublished

l. Nothing can be more deliciousthan bread.

2. The couple are on honeymoonat the Caribbeanislands

3. He hasn'tgot any financialproblemsbecausehe has a job.

4. lt was a book; therewere very few picturesin it.

2t'7
III. Usethe words in the box to form presentor past participles.

frighten behave break


last lieht sight

l. Most kitchen containersare made of solid rubber becauseit is a long- -


material.
z.HowdoyoueXpectmetowalkthatfarwiththis-Ieg?
3. I like December very much because the streets are colourfully- - for
Christmas.
4.Icouldn'tgettosleepforalongtimeafterwatchingthat-film.

IV. Match the words in columns A and B and fill in the blanks with the correct
participles. Use each ONCE.
A B
freshly done
widely drawn
recently known
terribly opened
welltimed

l. T h i si s a map. It's impossibleto find our way with it"

2. It's a fact that television has some harmful eff'ects on


children.

3. This is the most pub in town. Let's get in and seewhat it is


like.

4. Thisprojectis . Congratulations!

B.
I. Mark the best choice.

1. involved,we decidedto cut acrosstheforest.


awareof thedangers
a) Having been c) In spiteof
b) Not being d) Althoughwe

2. the curtains,I was shockedto see that my front yard was a mess.A car had
crashed into the garbagebins and therewas trasheverywhere.
a) Being opened c) Having to open
b) Opening d) By opening

3. YesterdayI went to the school cafeteriawith my friends.There were other studentstherc


'Bridge'.
a) play c) played
b) were playing d) playing

218
[I. Rewrite the following using the correct participle forms.

l. As I didn'tknow his roomnumber,I askedthereceptionist.

2. He felt sick becausehe had drunk too much.

3. She finished all the houseworkand then went to her neighbourfor a cup of coffee.

4. We didn't know what to do so we decidedto ask for someadvice.

5. He tripped and broke his leg as he was going down the stairs.

6. We had booked our seatsfor the concert,so we didn't have to standin a queuefor hours.
,we didn't haveto
standin a queuefor hours.

7. His lawyer warned Jim about the high taxes, which changed his mind about buying
anothervilla.
, Jim changedhis mind aboutbuying another
villa.

8. We did somewindow-shoppingand then decidedwhat to buy.

9. As I didn'tknow what to say.I iust smiled.

10. He didn't have a chanceof winning the tennis tournamentbecausehe wasn't a good
player.

11. I cleanedthe living room. Then I startedtidying up the kitchen.

12. I was not interestedto seewhat would happen so I left the meetingearly.

13. As he had witnessedthe crime. he was expectedto give evidencein court.

2lL)
14. Tourists who intend to spend their holiday in Malta are advised to make earl\
reservations.

III. Changethe words in bracketsinto participle forms.

l . Thebook (write) by a friend of mine is in the lisr of besrsellers.

1
(reserve)a table a week in advance,we were seatedimmediately
by the headwaiter.

3. (see)the old man crossingthe street,the driver braked hard

A
Martin has startedto work for a company.However, _ (have) his
own business for many years, he now finds it hard to accept orders frclm another
authority.

5 . Romeo, (believe)that Juliet was dead,decidedto kill himself.

6 . Bob, who got extremelyangry at his boss,went out (slam)the


door.

The president entered the room, (accompany)by his body


guards.
*>k*

Last Friday, our teacher took us to the Natural History Museum. First. we toureci the
(8) (fascinate)displaysof prehistoricanimals.Then, wc-wenr
into the next room, where there were some fossils of the earliest
(e) (know) plants. As we went on, ir wus
(10) (amaze)to seethe displaysof Homo Sapiens.Althou-ehmy
friendsand I were extremely(l l) (exhaust)at the end of the dav,
we all appreciatedthe knowledgewe had gained.

IV. Change the words in the box into participles.

hide perform park protest


take tie do

I was walking home when I saw a group of people (1) againstthe


nuclearexperiments(2)_ in the Pacific Ocean.The spokesmanfor
the group was a young man with his hair (3) in a pony tail. He was
standingon a bus (4) in the middle of the road. As he was
passionatelytalking about the damage (5) by the experiments.
otherswere showingphotographs(6) in the test areas.One of them
was very touching.it showeda sealion (7) behind arrock in terror.
Then the police arrivedto dispersethe crowd as they

220
12.GERUNDSAND INFINITIVES
I2.I ALLOW - MAKE - LET
Complete or rewrite the sentencesusing the words given in the box in their
correct forms.

make let allow

L His parentsdidn't let him go out on weekdays.


on weekdays.

2. His parentsdidn't mind if he camehome after midnight.


He after midnight.

3. When I was in the army, I had to go for a run every morning.


When I was in the army, they every
morning.

4. Brian and Robert are talking abouttheir mothers.


Brian : I really get angry when my mother wear
a suit when we are going out for dinner with my father's friends from work. I
think I'm old enoughto decidewhat to wear on formal occasions.

Robert: I definitely agreewith you.

5. I c o u l d n ' vt i s i t J o h ni n P r i s o n .
John in prison.

6. Tom can only go out to play with his friends after he doeshis homework.
His mother always before he goes out to
play with hi s friends.

7. The childrenhad to stay in the room for two hours.


The children leavethe room for two hours.

8. I'm not allowed to grow my hair long.


My parents my hair long.

9. We have to stay in the office until6 p.m.


The in the office until 6 p.m.

10. We couldn't listento rock music at school'


rock musicat school.

I 1. Can we take photographsin the museum?


in themuseum?

221
12. when I was a teenager,my parentsdidn't let me stay out after midnight.
When I was a teenager,my parents
beforemidnisht.

13. On the plane you can walk aroundafter take-off.


On the plane you after take-off.

14. We have to speakEnglish in class.


Our teacher

15. You can't work abroadif you don't have a work permit.
You abroad if you don't have a work
permit.

16. We had to write our term-paperson the computer.


Our teachernever our term-papersln pen.

17. I'm not allowed to keep petsin my flat.


My landlord petsin my flat.

18. Secretary : May I takethedayoff, Sir?


Mr. Brown : Yes,sure.
Mr. Brown the day off.

19. Police officer : You have exceededthe speedlimit. you must pay a fine
Driver : Okav. I am verv sorrv
The police officer

12.2ENOUGHAND rOO G. TO)


A. Fill in the blanks with ONE word only.
My sister'swedding was a disaster.First of all, she decidedto get married very suddenlyso
therewas linle time to plan it properly,but still aboutfifty of her friends came to the receprion
in her studio. We had severalproblems with the people who organized the reception.For
instance,there was ( 1) much coke but there wasn't (2)
champagnebecausethey had forgottenmost of the champagnebottles at rhe back of the car
My father had to go to the nearestsupermarketto buy some.

3. There were too questronsrn the exam so most of the studentscouldn't


finish answeringthem all on time.

222
4. A : Why did they cancelthe board meeting?
B : There weren't peopleto hold the meeting.

5. Tigers are dangerousto keep as pets.

6. She is not fast to win the race.

B. Complete the sentenceswith the given clues.

Mr. and Mrs. Hensonwant to move to a new house.

Mr. Henson What do you think of the housein GreenStreet?

Mrs. Henson Well, it's a detachedhouseand the gardenis lovely, but it's on a main road.
(l) cars.This can be dangerous
(too)
for the children.And also (2) nolse.
(too)

Mr. Henson : You areright dear.What aboutthe rooms?

Mrs.Henson : Oh,(3) . It hasgot only


(enough)
two small bedrooms.I don't want to live in a small houseany more.

C. Rewrite the following using the given clues. Do not change the meaning.

L She is too young to travel alone.

(enough)

2. The box was too heavyfor me to carry.


The box wasn't
(enough)

't
3. The problem wasn easyenoughfor me to solve.
The problem was
(too)

4. The milk wasn'tcold enough. The baby couldn'tdrink it.


The milk was
(too)

5. My car is not very old. It is not considereda classic.

(enough)

6. The text is extremelydifficult. The new studentscannotunderstandit.

(too)

!-!-)
7 . Jeremyeatstoo muchjunk food.
Jeremy healthyfood
(enough)

8 This bed isn't very comfortable. I can't sleepin it.


This bed
(enough)

9 . The exercisewas very difficult The children couldn't do it.


The exercise
(too)

1 0 .He is quite clever.He can understandwell.

(enough)

I l . Theseclothesare very old. I can't wear them.

(too)

12. He is afraid.He cannottell her the truth.

(too)

r 3 . The man is stupid.He believesyou.

(enough)
IA
| .+. The story is short.We can read it in one lesson.

(enough)

1 5 .That man is very tall. Shecan't dancewith him.

(too)

1 6 .The film is frightening.Children shouldn't watch it.

(too)

1 7 . The teacherspokefast.We couldn't understandhim.

(too)

1 8 .The wind is strong.It will blow the roof off.

(enough)

224
19. He hasn'tsot much courage. He can'tbe a mountaineer.
He isn't
(enough)

20. She is rathershort so shecan'tbecomea model.


She
(enough)

21. The mountainpath was verv steep. The old farmer couldn'tclimb it.
The mountainpath
(too)

22. It's very cold so we can't havedinner on the balcony.

(enough)

23. She couldn'tcatchup with them becauseshewalked too slowly.

(enough)

24. We can walk on the ice-it is thick.

(enough)

D. Mark the best choice.

L I can't seeyou very well becauseit's dark and thereis light.


a) not enough c) more
b) too much d) enough

2. Although 3-year-oldTom is too young to school.he pretendsto be a


student.Every morning he prepareshis schoolbag and goesto his grandmother,who
looks after hirn while his parentsare at work.
a) gorng c) to go
b) who goes d) is going

3. It is to dig the garden today.


a) too hot c) very hot
b) hotter d) hot

4.Whenwe|efttheparty'wewerestillhungrybecausethere-food.
a) wasn'tnearly as much c) wasn'tenough
b) was too bad d) was a bit

5. He was dismissedas he had arguedwith the bossabout the working conditionswhich


he thoughtwere - to put up with, even for a strongand healthyperson.
a) very heavily c) too heavy
b) so heavy d) heavyenough

225
12.3 FORMS OF USED TO

A. The Black family have moved from Canada to Switzerland. How are their lives
different? Use used to or didn't use to.

Switzerland

They lived in a town. They live in a city.


They lived in a small house. They live in a big flat.
They had a dog. They don't havea dog.
Mr.Black was a farmer. He's a salesman.
They ate healthy food. They eat unhealthyfood.
Their son Andy was very lazy at school. He is hardworkingnow.
Mr.Black didn't smoKe. He smokesa lot"
Mrs.Blackwasn'tfat. She is very fat.
They enjoyedlife. They don't enjoy life much.
Andy didn't like school. He likes it now.
Mrs.Blackwas a housewife. She is a typist.

e9 . The Block fomily used to live in o town, but now they live in o city"
1

z.

1
-).

A
T.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

B . Rewrite the sentences


using usedto, get usedto, be usedto.

l. Therewasn'tmuchair pollution15yearsago.
much air pollution 15 yearsago.

l. I eat only vegetablesand fruit. I am accustomedto it.


I

3. I dislikedwearinga uniform when I firstjoined the army,but I don't mind it any more
I a uniform

226
4. My sisterstarteddying her hair after she graduatedfrom university.
My sister when she was at university.

5. Cycling to school is somethingthat I find strange.


I

6. Speakingin public is somethingI alwaysdo.


I in public.

7. They have built an art gallery nearmy flat.

8. They havepulled down the cinemaon the Main street.

9. Home computersare not expenslveany more.


Home comPuters in the past.

10. There were a few shoppingcentersin Ankara l0 yearsago'


l0 yearsago.

C. Completethe sentences in a meaningfulway using the correct forms of usedto, get


usedto and be usedto.

l. Our new neighboursare very noisy. I expect we but it's very


annoylngnow.

Z. Fred isn't married and he doesn'thave many friends but he doesn't mind it because he
alone.

3. My husbandstartedto travel a lot after he got a new job. At first I found this quite
difficult but now I away.

4. Shelooks sleepy.She so early in the morning.

5. There a languagelaboratoryin that school' but there is one


now.

6. When I was 8. I swimminsbut now I don't.

7. I don't feel well after a big meal.I so much.

8. Tim so much coffee.He can't sleepnow.

g. We f'elt very sad when our teacher changed at primary school, but soon we
the new one.

10. At first Janedidn't like schoolbut then it.

221
12.4CAUSATIVE VERBS
A. complete or rewrite the following sentences(usethe cluesif given).

l. Theycleanmy coatat thedry cleaner's.


at the dry cleaner's.

2. How often you / your teeth/ check)?

3. Winter is around the corner, but Tom


(yet / the centralhearing/ insrall).

4. A : I've spilledred wine on my new dress.


B : Don'tworry.You can (clean). I know a _{oodplace
that getsout even the most stubbornstains.

5. Has anyoneever testedyour eyes?


Have you ever

6. Mary is visiting her friend Melanie.


Mary : Your houselooks wonderful.

Melanie : Yes, I have. I paid a lot of money to the decoratorsbut I guessit's worth it. I
really like the new look.

7. I am going to a doctor. He is going to take my blood pressure.


I am going to

8. The doctor wantedthe X-ray of my stomachon Saturday.


I on Saturday

9. Your houseneedspainting.
You should

10. I never wash my car myself.


I
(always)

1 1 .M a r yw i l l (herhair / do) beforeshegoesto the party.

12. Itake my car to the garageto be servicedevery six months.

13. Someworkersarerepairingtheleakin our roof now


We

14. In mosthypermarkets,
theyentertain
yourchildrenwhile you'reshopping.
In most hypermarkets,you can while you're
shopping.
228
15. Ourteacher'dbetterexplainthecausativesagain.Someofuscouldn'tunderstandit.
We should

B. Completethe sentencesusing the words in the box. UseeachONCE.

have

l. Father : Can you wash the car? I'll give you f 1 to do it.
Tom : Oh, all right.
Tom's father

2. Sue and Jim's wedding photographswere taken at a photographicstudio.


Sue and Jim

12.5VERBS OF PERCEPTION
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

l. My grandfatheris sleepingin his bedroom.I can hearhim ( snore)

Z. When we walked past his housewe heardhim (practice)the tlute.

3. I sawher (steal)the golden necklaceand lleave)


the shop immediately.

4. It was a great pleasureto seemy uncle (win) the tennis match last
year.

5. I was frightenedwhen I heardthe door (open) at rnidnight.

6. While I was walking down the street,I suddenlyheardsomeone ( shout)


'Help!'

'7. (playt
As I was running pastthe tenniscourt, I noticedsomechildren
tennis.

8. Theysawher (fall) into the lake.

9. I feel the drops of sweat (trickle) down my back

1 0 . I s a wS u e (read)mv lettersin my bedroom.

I l. Bird watchers observe wild birds (fly) in their natural


surroundings.

12. I felt something (move) on my neck and screamed.

13. We watched a caterpillar (crawl) up the leg of a chair and


(fall) down.

22r)
14. N{y cat 'Pussy'enjoyslisteningto me (sing) a song bcfore it titlls
asleep.
15. When I got home lateat night,I found my youngersister ( s l e e p) o l l
the sofa.
)F ,< t<

Lasi Mondav I was sitting on my


balcony and watching sorne chilclren
(l6) (play; hopscotcli in the garden when I noticed a
car
( 1 1) (come)down the road and flB) (stop) on thc.other
side. just opposite my house. There were three men in the car. I hearcl
one ol' theln
(1 e ) (yell) for help.Then I saw anotherone (20)___ (ser our) o1
the car and (2 I ) ( e n t e r )o u r b u i l d i n g . S u d d e n l l , I h e a r d r n v c l o o r b e l l
(22) (ring) and smelr something(23) ( b u r r r ) .I g o t i n t o
panic ancl thought that I shouldn't open the door. But then I heard ' nrnci-,o.lr
t14t (knock)on the window and (2-5)
t h l c u k) i t
That'sall I canremember.
when I openedmy eyesI wasin hospital.

12.6REVIEW OF GERUNDSAND INFINITIVES


A. Mark the bestchoice.

l. Joanneforbadeher youngerbrother her room


a.)entering c) not to enter
b) thathe wouldn'tenter d) to enter

2. Many parentsdon't approveof their children home aftermidnighr.


a) to comlng c) coming
b) come d) to come

3. The salesman showedus the washingrnachine.


a) for using c) the working of
b) how to use d) to work

4. A razor is somethingthat you use for


a) shave c.)to shave
b) shaving d,tshavingit

5. A : What would you like ?


B : White wine.please.
a) drinking c) a drink
b) to drink d) drink

6- Jamesis very proud of his father,who was the first person frorn a universityin
his farnily.
a) -qraduating c) to -qraduate
b) that havegraduated cl) havin-eto graduate

230
1. Alrhough he had a fight with Michelle earlier,Joshis still hoping to her
barbecueparty.
a) he is invited c) for beinginvited
b) to havethe invitation d) to be invited

B. Fill in the blanks using either the gerund or the (to) + infinitive fbrms.
I.

l. I don'trnindmy office (change).

2. I forgot (take)the books back to the library today.

3. You know me. However,I don'tremember (rneet)you

1. I'll never forget (watch) the sunset over Lake Victoria. It rvas
wonderful.

5. Call me wheneveryou think the grassneeds (cut).

6. I called Mum on our way to Michigan, when we stopped (get)


someoetrol.

7. I have neverregretted (tell) the truth.

8. If you calt't concentrateon your work anymore, try - (take) a


shower.That rni-ehthelp.

9. Remember (buy) the ticketsbeforethey are sold ot-tt.

10. My instructoradvisedme (make) a list of the new vocabularl


items every day.

I l. I had to finrshnry drink in the hall as they don'tallow people- (enter)


the cinemawtth beverages.

stopped
i2. We decidedto sell the piano as my daughtc'r' ttake)piano
lessolts vcilrs ilgo.

TI.

I. I was told that the car wasn't wortlt (buy) becauseit was
verv old.

2. Thereis no point rn (cry) over the accidentnow.


You shouldn'thavedrivenwhile you were drunk'

-1. Don't throw away thosegift wraps. You can use them for ( c o V e)r v ( ) u r
books.

-1. A : Arnold doesn'twzrntto come rvith us. He doesn'tfeel like ( g t t)

out today.
B : That'sokal'.He canjoin us anothertime.

l3l
5. We'veboushta new house.It's in very good condition exceptfor the garage,which needs
(paint).

6. A: How did you manageto get here so fast?


B: we skipped lunch and drove past alr the restaurants. we only stopped
(fill) the tank at a gas station.
***

Dear Aunt Mary.

Finally,I've managed(7) (find) someonewho is genuinelyinterestedin the

research that I'm doing. The biology professors at my university are all too busy

(8) (help) me. They are only concernedabout (9)

(publish) their own material.ProfessorGreenberg,from Boston College. however,


took m1
researchvery seriously.He even offered (10) (let) me use rhe facultv lab fbr
my experiments.You know, that'sactuallyagainstthe rules.They do not permit studentsf1om

other universities to do experiments in their labs. I really appreciate him


(l l) (be) so involved in my project. He supportsme in whateverI do ancl

has encouragedme ( l2) (write) about the results in next month's issueof

ScienceMagaz,ine...

Many people must have dreamedof (13) (own) a small house in a foreisn
country. Others, with even bigger ideas and a lot more money, may even have consiclered

(t4 ) (buy) hotels. In any case, it is absolutely essential


(l 5 ) (know) a great deal about the value of property-otherwise the buyer

may be at the mercy of dishonestagents.

Some tourists, however, are so foolish that nothing can prevent them fiom

(16) (be) cheated. About 3 years ago a Japanese tourist attempted

(l7) (buy) the Collosseumin Rome. His agentstold him rhar the buildine

was in need of repair but it was well worth (18) (spend)money on a


buildinglike that.Theyrooka depositof 200,000liret andtold him that they would complete
thearrangements
thatevening.ThepoorJapanese
touristagreed(19) (meet)
themat a certainhotelthateveningbut,of coursetheynevercame.

***

232
Maria and Sally are talking on the phone.

Maria Oh, I forgot to tell you. Janet'ssuddenlygot married.

Sally Oh, nol Not to that dreadfulman she was going out withl His nameis Peter,isn't it'l

Maria Yes, that'sthe one, I'm afraid.

Sally That's awful. What a huge mistake she's made! It's simply impossible for me
(20) (understand)what made her (21) (decide) to
do a crazy thing like that.Can you imaginehow terrible (22) (be)
marriedto him would be?

Maria I couldn't even begin to imagine it. Actually, I did my best


(23) (stop) her. I told her months ago to stop
()4\ (see) him, but she stubbornly refused
(2s) (take)my advice.You know how head-strongshe is.

Sally I certainly do. You are not the only one who tried to save her from disaster.I
myself urged her severaltimes to considerat least(26) (put off)
(21) (get) married until they knew each other better. Now
it has turned out that I wasted my time. When Janet makes up her mind. it isn't
worth even (28) (try) to changeit.

Maria Well, shechose(29) (rush)into this ridiculousmarriase


insteadof listeningto us. Now she'lljust have to live with the consequences.

**>k

Jack bought this lovely new housein the woods. Since he has refused(30) (cut)

down any trees,there are no paved roads going to his house.Therefore,visiting him means
(31) (hike) at leasttwo hours in the rugged country from the station.However.
I like Jack,so I finally made up my mind (32) (pay) him a visit. I didn't mind
(33) (walk) so far but I dreaded(34) (find/not) him at home. It

was no use (35) (call) him becausehe never answers the phone. I

attempted(36) (reach)him by (37) (leave) messageson his

answeringmachine.Did he acknowledgethem? No! At any rate, one day I decidedto take a


chance.To this day, I still remember(38) (ring) the bell all out of breathand the

relief I felt when I saw Jack with a glassof cold beer in his hand. Jack, as cheeky as ever,
said,"Hey buddy,I hopeyou didn't forget(39) (bring)somesnacks."

*>k*

233
Dear Maria,
I know you hate (40) (tell) what to do but I just can't help
(41) (give) you a few words of advice before you leave for
England.
I think the first thing for you to do when you get there is to find a nice family
(42) (stay)with. When I was in England,I realizedthat while some
families allow their guests (43) (do) more or less what they want,
othersmay insist on their (44) (do) all sortsof houseworkin addition
to (45) (look) after the kids. As the program of rhe English course
that you'regoing to attendwill probablybe very loaded,you won't be able to spenda lot
of time 146) (help) the family with the housework.

This is why I want you to consider (47) (stay) with the


Jacksons.in Wimbledon. Mrs. Jacksonis a wonderful person. If you can get a room

there,you needn't(48) (worry) about anything!During my stav wrth

them. I really had a good time. Mrs. Jacksonwill help you a lot with your homework.

and I'm sureyou'll get a lot of chance(49) (practise)


yourEnglish.
Well, that'sall I want to tell you for the time being. I hopeyou will makethebest

of your stay in England.Hope to hearfrom you soon.

Roberto

**>k

Why do you look so miserable?

I've beenon a diet for a week and I haven'tbeen able to lose any weight so farl

A Why don'tyou try (50) (take) some exercise? Your house is close to
a park so it's a good idea(51) (go) jogging thereevery morning.

B My doctor has suggestedthe same thing but I loathe (52) ( g e t )u p


early in the morning!

n Well,if I wereyou,I'd (53) (take)my doctor'sadvicemoreseriouslv!

LJ+
C. Complete the sentencesusing the clues if given.

A : What is this stranseinstrument?


B : I guessit's somethingused(1) (make) holes in paper.

2. Alice is unhappywith the room serviceat the hotel. She wants to complain about it to
the porter.You know that this won't solve the problem.What do you say to her?
It's no to the porter.

3. You draw straiehtlines with a ruler.


A ruleris used

4. Barry is at a stationery.
Barry : I want to buy somethingwhose name I do not remember.It is a white
liquid in a small plasticbonle. We
mistakes.
The stationer : I see.I guessyou wantTipp-ex.Hereyou are.It is $3.

5. Simonwisheshe hadn'tsoldhis car.


Simon regrets

6. I like playing tennismore than swimming.


I'd rather

1. It's no use applyingfor thisjob unlessyou have all the necessaryqualifications.


There is no

8. I'm grateful to him becausehe took me to the airport.


I appreciate

9. William can do betterwork.


William is capable

10. 'We shouldtake the train'. said Sue.


Sue suggested

11. Despitethe new law, peoplewent on taking the drug.


The new law didn't prevent

12. I'm sureI'll pass,but I'm still worriedaboutmy examresults.


I can'thelp

I 3. Don't take a showerbeforeyou go jogging; it is pointless!


There before you go jogging

lJ)
14. He starteddrinking after he got the sack.
beforehe sot the sack.
(usedto)

15. My father cannotcook well.


My father
(good at)

16. I don't have enoughmoney,so I cannotbuy thisjacket.

(afford)

17. Mary doesn'tput her books away.


Mary leaves
(1ie)

1 8 . I d o n ' tk n o w h o w to write computerprogramswell.


I'm not very good

19. Peopleinterruptme while I am working. I hateit.


I
(can'tstand)

20. " Don'tforgetto lock thedoor, will you ?" Alice saidto Robert.
Alice
(remind)

21. It took her threehours to cleanthe house.


She
(spend)

D. Fill in the blanks using the words in the box. Don't forget to make the necessary
changes.

be do resign work
shout spend steal

Her boss.Mr. Rodgers,accusedMary (1) money fiom the safe.

However, when the real thief was caught, he felt sorry (2) at her

in front of her colleagues. No matter how many times he apologized


(i) so rude, Mr. Rodgers could not prevent Mary
(4)

236
Being an assistant manager is a difficult job. I'm really tired

rSr till 7 p.m. during the week, arrangingmeetings.writing

reports and dealing with customers. SometimesI even go to the office at weekends

Nowadays,I'm so exhaustedthat I do not feel (6) anything.

I have always dreamt (7) mv summer holidav in Hawaii.

Yesterday when my husband came home with two plane tickets to Hawaii, I couldn't

believeit. To tell the truth, it was the best surpriseI had ever had. You just cannot imagine

how much I'm looking forward (8) there.I'm happy that finally

my dreamwill come true.

231
13.CONNECTIVES
13.1EXPRESSINGCAUSEAND EFFECT USING SO / SUCH ... THAT
Rewrite the following without changingthe meaning.Use the clueswhere given.

l. I wasworriedaboutmy exams.I decidedto stayat homeandstudy.

(so/that)

2. His excusewas silly . I didn'tacceptit.


He madesuch

3. The book was very interesting.I finishedit in one day.


It
(such/that)

4. He is very hardworking,so he neverfails his examinations.


He is such

5. The performancewas very successfuland the audienceapplaudedfor fifteen minutes.


t,.

6. He was a very successfulstudent.He graduatedin only threeyears.

(so/that)

7. Hearingthe bad news,Martha startedcrying.


It Martha startedcrying.
(such/that)

8. The cake was very delicious.She ate threepieces.


The cake was
(so/that)

9. There was a very densefog. The driverscouldn'tseeanything.


It was
(such/that)

10. The party was very dull so the guestsleft early.


It
(such/that)

I l. He was driving too fast. He couldn'tstop at the red light.


He
(so/that)

238
13.2EXPRESSINGPURPOSEUSING SO THAT,IN ORDERTO AND BECAUSE

A. Usebecauseor so that and match the letters with the numbers.

eg. We had to use candles becauseK.


l. Johnis going to Paris
Z. The army is changingsomerules
3. The parliamentpasseda new law
4. Mary got a new job
5. Richardhasbousht a dishwasher
6. Susanhas sot contactlenses
'7.
We have to learn English
8. I am trying to savemoney
9. Sally went shoppingyesterday
10. We plantedsomerosesin the garden

A. Women can becomesoldiers.


B. We can get a betterjob.
C. Shewasn'thappywith her old one.
D. He wantsto practicehis French.
E. She wanted to buy a new dressfor the party.
F. Governmentoffices won't wastemoney.
G. My mother loves them.
H. I can buy a new car next year.
L Shecan't useglassesin the lab.
J. His wife won't have to spendso much time in the kitchen.
K. The electricity went off.

B. Complete/ Rewrite the following without changing the meaning. Use the clues
where given.

l. As they do not want to leavefingerprints,most thieveswear gloves.


Most thieveswear gloves so that

2. Eat something.Otherwiseyou might feel hungryduringthe exam.


Eat somethins so that

3. You should handle the saucepancarefully becauseotherwise your hand might get
burnt.
You burnt.
(sothat)
239
4. Mrs. Williams had a nervousbreakdownbecauseher husbanddied suddenlv.
Becauseof

5. Peopledo bungeejumping as a way of bringing someexcitementinto their lives.


jumpingso asto
Peopledo bungee

6. I didn't tell him the rest of the story.I didn't want to causeanv trouble.

(so as to)

7. Strict measuresshould be taken so that rare speciesare not overhunted

(soasto)

C. Rewrite these sentencesusing so that.

l. Be quiet!I wantto hearwhatSharonis saying.

2. Last week Mary and Jane hired a baby-sitter.They wanted to be able to go to a dinner
party.

3. YesterdayI put the meat in the oven at 5:00. I wantedit to be ready by 6:30.

4. She casheda chequeyesterday.She wanted to make sure that she had enougli monev to
go shopping.

5. They hurried.They didn't want to be late for the meeting.

6. We locked the door. We wanted to be safe.

7. I speededup. I wanted to overtakethe car in front of me.

8. Standup. I cannotseeyou.

9. Pleaseturn up the radio. I want to listen to the news,too.

240
10. The governmentwantedto build new blocks of flats. Therefore,they pulled down the
old ones.

11. Anne tied a string around her finger becauseshe didn't want to forget to take the
books shehad borrowedback to the library.

12, All motor vehiclesshoulduse unleadedpetrol so as to reduceair pollution.

thebabyis sleeping.
13. Turn downthemusicbecause

D. Completethe sentences.

1. Theyarrivedearlyin orderto

2. in order not to catchgermsfrom their patients.

3. We decidedto build a bridge so that

4. We had to book ticketsfor the performancebecause

5. We've installedclean air equipmentso as not to

6. I'll get to the point straight-awaybecause

E. Give reasonsusing in order to, so that and because

eg.Jane sold her car and bought a bicycle in order to savemonev.


so that she wouldn't set stuck in traffic iams.
becausepetrolbecamevem exoensive.

1. Peterbought a housein the country

2. Mary decidedto join a dramaclub

3. Bill decidedto retire earlY

241
4. Joannestoppedsmoking

5. Vince wants to buy a comDuter

aAa
14.EMPHATIC STRUCTURES
14.1CLEFT SENTENCES
A. Rewrite eachremark as a cleft sentence.Usethe words given.

1. The "Sunflowers"waspaintedby Van Gogh,not by Gaugin.


It , not Gaugin

2. David neverapologizesfor his mistakes.I can'tstandthat about him.


What

3. I got to the bookstoreand then I realizedthat I didn't have any money.


It
(until)
's aboutglobalissues,andI like that.
raiseawareness
4. Bennetton advertisements
The thing

5. "Exodus" was sungby Bob Marley, not by Geldof.


It , not Bob Geldof.

6. Computersrarely work properly,which I hate.


The thing

B. Rewrite the following statements by changing the focus of information in each so


that the focus is on the underlined section.

1. He wants to -qetmarried.
What

2. (41e wore her bestdressto the party last night


It

3. Kate wore her bestdressto the party last night.


II

4. Kate wore her bestdressto the party last night.


It

5. Kate wore her bestdressto the party last night.


It

6. The closecontactwith the customersmakesthejob interesting.


What

7" I only want l0 minutes'rest.


All

243
8. I saw somethingvery appealing.
What

9. His inconsistency
stopped
us.
What

10. I don't understand


whv he boasts.
What

I l. Dorothyisn't the manager;Mary is.


It

12. I didn'tlosemy purse;I lostmy creditcards.


It my credit cards.

I 3. I haven't beento Europe;I have beento India.


It

14. He isn't studyingengineering;


he's studyingeconomics
It

t5. I am not crazytyou are!


It ; i t ' sy o u
16. You don't needencouragement;
you need determination.
It

17. Shedoesn'tlove ysu; shelovesBill.


It

I 8. I needa pen.
What

19. I like theway shetreatspeople.


What

20. I hatehis attitude.


What

21. Joggingkeepsmefir
What

22. Chtldren usually suffer the most after a war.


It

244
23. I first saw the film which won two Oscarsin London.
It

24. Talking to Smith really inspiredme to startwriting a new book.


What

25. Bill brokethe newsto me.


It

l4.2INVERSIONS
A. Agreewith the following.
'I 'Nor/Neifher
eg: wasn'f amazed-' was Harcy.'

l. Thechickenwasbad.and thewine.

Z. 'Marvlookstired.' you.

3. The bike has sot two wheels.and the motorbike.

4. Penguinscan't fly, and ostriches.


'Johnhasn'tleft.' I.'
5.

6. Jenniferwon't be hereon time. and her friends.

1. My mother doesn'tlike coffee,and my father.


'I
8. don't like going to discos.' my sisterand Jane.'

9. The president will fly to America and the I ice-


oresident.

10. Nobody smokes in our family and the mernbersof


Roger'sfamily.

B. Disagree with the following.


eg: We didn't speak Turkish in class.
Didn't you? f did.

1. We usedto eat in the cafeteria.

2. Tom's mother makeshirn drink milk beforehe soesto bed.

3. I havepaid the bill.

245
4. The childrenwill eo to bed early.

5. We had to sweepthe leavesout of the garden.

6. Rita and Roger had forgottento lock the front door

7. We are eatingpizza tonight.

8. I can't go out tonight.

9^ John wasn't taking a photograph.

C. Mark the best choice.

1. Rarely a proper sentencebefore he is two yearsold.


a) makesa child c) doesa child make
b) a child speaks d) a child makes

7. dustpansand brushes.
a) Hung on the ceiling b) The ceilinghung
b) On the ceiling hung d) Hung the ceiling

3. The police said that the man was extremelydangerousand that on no account
a) he shouldbe approached c) he shouldn't be approached
b) he be approached d) should he be approached

4. that everyoneleft the auditorium.


a) He spokemonotonouslyso c) Monotonouslydid he speak
b) So monotonouslydid he speak d) Did he speakso monotottously

5. , that part of the city wouldn't have beenflooded.


a) Were precautionstaken c) If precautionswere taken
b) If precautionshad taken d) Had precautionsbeen taken

I would never again need to worry .0"", ;.;ture! -(6)- need to borrow rnoney
from friends on any account,and still less_(7)- on the favours of rich relatives!On the
contrary,under no circumstances
_(8)_ on any person.But _(9)_ at the time that
my luck was soon to change.

246
--(10)_ come into the money when the sharesfell drastically on the Stock

Exchange.--( I 1)---_ to enjoy my wealth than I was againreducedto my former state

of poverty. I waited in vain for the shares to regain their former value' but never

_(12)_ that feeling of suddenfortune. -_(13)- that money alone does not

lead to happinessand success,and thinking back over this episodein my life, I rarely wish
that I were a miln of fortune.

6. a) Would I not 7. a) would I be dependent


b) Would I b) I would be dePendent
c) I would not c) dependentwould I be
d) I would d) dependentI would be

8. a) I would feel financiallydependent 9. a) little did I know


b) financiallydependentwould I feel b) did I know little
c) dependentwould I feel financially c) little I did know
d) would I feel financiallydependent d) I did know little

10. a) Had I scarcelY I l. a) I no soonerhad begun


b) ScarcelyI had b) No soonerhad I tregun
c) I had scarcelY c) No soonerdid I begin
d) Had scarcelYI d) I no soonerbegan

12. a) againwas I to exPerience 13. a) Did I realiseonly aftervearsof hard work


b) was I to exPerienceagain b) I did realiseonly after yearsof hard work
c) I was to exPerienceagain c) Only after yearsof hard work I did realise
d) againI was to exPerience d) Only after yearsof hard work did I realise

D. Rewrite these sentenceswithout changing the meaning'


eg. I have never heard a weaker excuse!
Never have I heard a weaker excuse,

1. If they were to enactthat law, therewould be a chaos'

2. If the policehad found out, you would reallyhavegot into trouble.

3. If you shouldbecomeawareof anything,let me know'

4. If he has stolenanything,he will have to be fired'

5. If I had known the truth, I would haverejecteddoing it'

6. If Bill had not droppedhis keys,he would have managedto enterthe house

247
E. Answer the following questions emphatically, making the necessary changes
in the sentences.

l. Is it true that the police sometimesdoubtedhis innocenceof the murder'l


Not for one moment

2. Is it possible
that you will investall your money in that companyagain?
Neveragain

3. Do you believewe should constructmore factoriesin this district?


On no account

4. Is it true that environmentalpollution has takenplace beforethis decade?


Not until this decade

5. Is it likely that such quantitiesof snow have often fallen here during winter months'J
Rarely

6. Do you think there were more rabiescasesin this part of the country than in that industrial
city?
Nowhere

7. Is it your opinion that we can save the factory by other means than rnaking rvolkers
redundant?
Onlyby

8. Would you say you have in any way encouragedpeopleto exhibit offensivebehaviour'l
In no rvay

9" Is it true that the colonel helpedto plan the curfew and did not supportedthe idea of coLrp
d'etat?
Not only

10. Do you think the prime ministerwill gain popularityby enactingnew laws and fieezing
prices?
Neitherby

ll. They had hardly finished their work when rhe visitorsarrived.
Hardly

12. They scarcelytell us what is going on.


Scarcely

13. She had no soonerenteredthe room than she was told aboutthe bad news.
No sooner

248
14. I realisedhis absenceonly after I was told aboutit.
Only after

t5. The boy was watchingme behindhis mother.


Behind

16. I realisedonly then that I had forgottenmy briefcaseat home.


Only then

I 7. I have seldombeensubiectto suchan indecentassault.


Seldom

18. I had no soonerswitchedon the TV than the liehts went out.


No sooner

19. Mary was not onlv late.but shehad also left all the documentsat home
Not only

20. I've neverheardsuch a faulty statement.


Never

2 1. I understoodthe hiddenmessagein the fihn only after readingthe critics.


Only after

22. It matterslittle to me what peoplethink of my attitude.


Little

23. You should not invite him againunder any circumstances.


Under no circumstances

24. The studentnot once did his homework.


Not once

25. An individualrarelyseizesan opportunitylike theonethatTom has.


Rarely

24.)
15.GENERAL REVISION
I5.I CLOZE TESTS
Fill in eachblank with oNE word. contractionsare consideredas one word.

I
Bill: (1) you at the meetingyesterday?

Jim No, I (2) go there.

Bitl why not?

Jim Well, two policemen(3) to my houseyesterdayafternoonand they


took me to the police sration.

Bill The police station?Why?

Jim I don't know. They asked me a lot of questionsabout my neighbour Mr. West
(4)--- flats are on the samefloor. (5) flat is opposite
my flat.

Bill What kind of questionsdid the policemenask?

Jirn "Do you know Mr. West?" "Has he got (6) sistersor brothersin thts
town?" "(7) visits him at the weekend?"You know. questionslike
that.

BiII That'sstrange.Very strange.

z
A Can you tell us aboutyour hobbies,Mr. Holmes?

B Well, I spendmost of my free time (l) to classicalmusic.I find


the music of Mozart very relaxing.

A What about sports?

B : Oh, I'm quite lazy. so I don't do much sports.I sometimesgo (Z)


swim, but that'sall. I'm more interestedin socialwork. however.In fact. I'm an adviser
for a self-help group. We meet (3) two weeks with the foreign
studentson our campusto discusstheir daily problems

A And what about...

I
A What do you ( l ) in your sparetime?

B I enjoy(2) a lot, so I usually go for a walk in the forest when I'm


free.Also, I (3) a lot of reading,especiallydetectivestories.I think

they are very interestingand help me to relax when I'm on the bus returnins honte iiom
work.
250
A : Do you PlaYa musical(4)

B : Yes, I do. I can play (5)-----_.-.---- piano' Actually' I'm quite good
(6)-playirrgit.We'vegotapianoinour|ivingroomandlpractise
wheneverI can.

A : D o y o ul i k et 7 ) for example,things like sweatersand cardigans


for your children?
for them"
B : No. I don't, becauseI don't know how to do that. I alwaysbuy sweaters

!
(1) protect myself (2) the sun, I started

(3) lons-sleevedshirts ever since I read an afticle about the big hole in
the ozone layer. The article made me realize (4) seriousthe situationrs.

Teresa : Mario, how do you get to work every morning?

Mario : Well, I Prefertravelling ( l) train becausefirst of all. trains


are always on time ro th.y are (2)-. And also, I can afford
very (3)-' It
the fare because trains aren't
(4) only about$2 on weekdaYs.

Teresa : But trains stop at every singlestation,don't they?


they are
Mario : Yes, they do indeed. That's why they cannot speed up and so
(5) . The journey (6)--------.----------_- about l'5 hours l
..r*,rr. z:o r*itrr \1) a t w o r k a t 9 : 0 0 . B u t t h c y s c c n rt L )
have almostno accidentsso they are (8)

Teresa : It must be difficult to find a seatduring the rush hour.

Mario : Yes, theY are a bit (9) . but I think the train is the cheapest.
safestand most comfortableway of travelling'

9.
He n e e d s( l ) pen and (2) paper,but he doesn'tneed
(3) books.

4. My room west,so it's sunnYall afternoon.

5. She'sgot too friends so she spendsall her time with them, which
meansshecan't studYat all

251
7
Adventuretravel is travelyou can experiencewith all your senses.The adventuretravelleris
a p e r s o n( l ) independentmodes of transport that enable
him/her to go where and when s/he pleases. The adventure traveller often
\2) travelling alone. If you travel alone. ,yoll
(3) to be very independent and self-sufl'icient. If yolr
(4) with another person, make sure you choose your l,r-iencl
carefully. In remote places you (5) probably be the focus of
interest. so make sure you are always patient with the local people. Travelling
(6) a guide will lead you inro a new excitin-g worlcl
(7) you might misson your own.

If you cycle,you (8) have to carry a heavypack on your back. you


(e) put yourthingsin the pannierof the bicycle. You can go grearer
distancesthan (10) foot, but at a speedthat enablesyou to seeirncl
discoveraround.

Dear Kate.
I finally have the information we need about our trip to Montreal. N o w w e h a v e t o
decideif we should take the train or the bus. The bus ( t ) at 8 : 3 0i n t h e
morning and it (2) in Montreal at 5:35 p.m. every day. The rrain
(3) to Montrealat 9 p.m..
A return ticket on the busis (4) than a train ticket. The bus ticket
(s) $ 105 and the train $ 120 but I expect the train
(6) be more comfortable.And also the food service on the trarn is
(7) thanit is on the bus.
We also have to decide where to stay in Montreal. There (8)
severalkinds of placesto stay in. We can stay at a bed and breakfast or at a hotel suchas
the Centre International.The Centre International(9) got 200 roorns
and 5 different restaurants.In fact, it is Montreal's (10) hotel with so
many rooms.
Pleasecall or write soon to let me know what you think.
Your friend.
Carla.

252
9

The Red Pepper


The Red Pepperis a very good restaurant.You find delicious food there and the
I (l)
pricesarereasonable. there with a friend of mine last week.

We (2) lamb with fresh vegetablesand a salad. The lamb


(3) very good but there wasn't (4) oil and

vinegar on the salad,so I askedthe waiter to bring some more oil and vinegar.For
dessert we had a wonderful piece of chocolate cake. There were too
(5) customersbut becauseit is a large restaurantwe found a table
by the window. It is (6) open so you can go there at any time of
the day. Also it's very convenient as it is near the city centre. You can go there
(7) foot. It (8)-_ only a few minutes.

l0

Newarkis a small collegetown of about 26 residents.The university campus is in the


center of the town and many of the residents are students. Newark

(l) a lot of facilities for the students.(2)


are many c6fes; studentscan go to thesec6fes in the evenings.The most popular otle is
(3)- Main Street. It's called CSfe Brew Ha Ha. lt's

(4) Pizza Grotto and The Buttery Restaurant.In the center of the
town, (5) is a large departmentstore and some small shops lbr

general merchandise. such as clothing, school supplies etc. Newark

(6)_ near the sea coast so studentshave to take a bus to go to the


beach. The journey takes about 2 hours. Actually students(7)
often go to the beachfor swimming as there'sa very big swimming pool on the campus

Mvt8) Martin is my mother's elder brother. He's my favourite


among my mother's family. Martin is rnarried(9) Linda. Martin

andLinda (10) have any children. I often visit thern becausethey


(l l) in a housequitenearours.I reallyenjoybeingwith thern

1 2 . My sisterdoes not like wearing a skirt. She wears it on special


occassionssuch as weddingsor formal meetings.

253
l1

My brother lives in a detached house (l) the country. His house


(2) westand hasa (3) of a lovely park.

Before you buy a dressit is betterto (4) it on. The sizemay not be right and
in thatcaseit will not (5) you.

l2

Peoplespendtheirfreetime doingcertainactivities.
Theseactivitieschangedepending
on the
interestsof people.My brother,for example.enjoys (1) computerganres.He
spendsmost of his tirne in front of the computer trying to (2) the highest
points.I can'tunderstand
what is so interestingaboutcomputergames.I personallythink they
are very (3) . I prefer doing other things in my spare time. For instance.I
(4) a lot of reading.I also like (5) for a walk. especiallyat
theweekends.

l3

My brotherrs a waiterin a MexicanRestaurant.


He (1) with customers.
Althoughhe doesn't(2) much money,he likes his job very much.He erpects
hewill be(3) to headwaiter.
t<**

I'm a mechanic.I can (4) all kinds of cars.I (5) m y . j o bt w o


monthsago and I haven'tfound a new one yet. I have applied(6) severaljobs
andif I'm luckyI'll (7) one of them.

l4

Mary Goldman startedworking as an administrativesecretaryat the White House. Due to her


positionat work, she cannotdress(l) she likes. She has to be nrim and
proper and wear smart skirts,jackets or dresseseveryday.Last week. Mary went shoppingand
spent$500(2) new clothes.When she got home. she realizedthat one of
the skirts she had bought had a stain on it. Mary took the skirt back to the shop the next clay
Sheaskedfor a (3) , but the shopassistant
refusedto give her moneyback
becauseMary had lost her (4) . Mary did not say anythingas she knew it
was her fault, not the shop assistant's.
>r**

Sting,who was (5) holidaylastAugust,cameto Istanbulwith his familr


and the membersof his band.They wantedto seethe beautifulsightsof the city so theyjoined
an (6) round Istanbul, which was specially organised f or
a<A
them.They also had a chanceto tastethe delicious(7) specialtiessuch
as gigkebaband mantr.Sting and someof the peoplein the group bought carpets.rugs or
lucky charmsas (8) to help them rememberthe days they spent in
Istanbul.

15
MiddleEastTechnicalUniversityhasgot oneof the largestlibrariesin Ankara.Unlessyou
becomea member. you are not allowed to ( 1) books from the librtrry.
They let you keep a book for two weeks.If you don't (2) it after two
weeks.you are madeto (3) a fine.

If you want to make a call from a public phone box, all you need is a phone card or coins.
First you pick up the (4) and insert your card or coins. Therr
(5) the number and wait for the Dersonto answer.Sometimesthe line
may be (6) becausethe person is talking to somebodyelse. In that
case.you will have to try again.

t6
Tonight Linda and Tom are going to celebratetheir third anniversary.Linda wants to cook
somethingspecial.Her friend has given her a recipef or Lusagneul.fonto . At the mornent.
she is in the kitchen putting the ingredientstogether.She has flour, mushroorns,ground
meat and onions.Linda needsthreeeggsbut therearen't (l) eggs ln
the fridge so she has to go to the market.Lasagneal Jbrno is (2)
hot. That's why she'll prepareit an hour before Tom comes home Linda hooesit will be
deliciousand Tom will like it.

This morning therewas too (3) traffic on Main Streetso it took Bob
one hour to (4) to work. When he enteredhis office, Bob saw that
his bosswas angry
>kt<*

Mest is one o[ the most popular restaurants in Ankara. You hzive to


(5) a table before you go there; otherwise,you may have difficulty
finding a place.Last night we went thereto celebrateour friend'sbirthday.

We (6) French salad and steak.The steak was delicious but there
wasn't(7) saucefor the salad so we asked the waiter to bringus
some more. Everythingwas greatuntil we askedfor the (8) . It was
too high. I don't think we'Il go there again. It was much (9)
expensivethan we had expected.

2.55
t7
I don't want to rememberthe days I spentat the boarding school.Every morning the teachers
(1) us get up at six and run five kilometres. Afterwards. all the pupils
(2) to take a shower. Although the teachersencouragedus to cliscussour
problemswith them (3) we wanted, we were never (4) to
complainabout anything.

A couple of yearsago, we were tlying to the Hawaiian Islandswhen we had a narrowescape-"


r5r our flight, we hit a storm and the plane was shaketr fbr aboLit fivc
minutes.Everybody.(6) for me, was so lrightenedthut thel were sclcr.rrrrirrg.
The pilot said that the engine had stopped and the plane was out of control. Luckilv, thc
enginestartedand the pilot managedto land the plane safelvat the airnort.

18
wasborn(l)
CatStevens Iuly 21, 1948.in London. He was verv good
(2 ) music and in his adolescence
he becamemore and more attractedto
the rock and roll music. He beganto work in nightclubsin London as a singer.One day he
caughtthe attentionof a professionalmanager(3) worked for a very well-
known record company called 'Decca'. After a short time, Stevens sicned
(1) recording contractwith the company.Decca saw Stevensas a pop
artistand (5) him that he would be more popular if he recordedson-esfor
teenagers.
His first album.MatthewrLndSon,was releasedin 1967.(6)
becamevery popular and sold very well. (7) this was fbllowed bv more
successes.Stevens began to feel unhappy with his work. He wanted to record songs for
grown-ups,but his company wanted him to continuerecording songsfor teenagers"In 1968.
Stevenshad to stay in hospital(8) of tuberculosis.He stayedthereuntil
he was healthy(9) to leave.When he got out of hospital,he decidedto
stop performing as a musician,but two yearslater he reappeared.This time he had a diff'erent
style. His 1970 album, Tea for the Tillerman, became his first golden album.
(l0) includedthe classicsWild World andFather and Son. Critics wrore
t h a th e w a s ( 1 1 ) excellentsinger.A live radio concert in Los Angeles
increased(12) popularity in the United Srares. In the mid-1970's
Stevens'spersonal life startedto c h a n g e .( 1 3 ) h e w a s s w i m m i n g ,h e
n e a r l yd r o w n e d .( 1 4 ) this event, Steven.sdecided to serve God. His
older brother(15) him a copy of the Koran to read. ln l97l , Stevens
choseIslam as his religiona n dh e ( 1 6 ) a Muslim.
Today Cat Stevens is (11) Yusuf Islam. IS married
(l8) four children.He lives in London, (19) he
ownsa Muslim school.There he composesreligious (20) and writes
poemsfor thepupils.
256
L9

Melinda and Linda are perfect examplesfor middle-agedwomen who think it is too
late to start their own business.

Melinda Mercury used to be a housewife but now she owns one of the
(l ) successful businesses in England. Melinda had
(2) 20 yearsof her life on routine houseworkwhen she decidedto set
(3) her own business.She did not want to (4)
houseworkfor the rest of her life. She had an interest(5) cooki.ng,so

she decidedto open a restaurant.However, she neededa partnerbecauseshe did not have
enoughmoneyto do thisby (6) . She askedher friend Linda. who had
just retired,to work with her. At first Linda did not want to risk her pension monev. but
Melinda managedto (7) her friend to get into businesswith her. They
fbund a nice little place in the city centre and openedtheir restaurant.In the begrnning
Melinda did the cookins and Linda servedthe customers,but (8) the
news about the quality of the food servedin the restaurantgot round, the place became
filled with customers. Their restaurantwas a (9) -known place,and

they hired a waiter and a cook but after a (10) they needed more
peopleto work for them. Their little restaurantturned (11) to be a quite
profitable one, so they opened anotherrestaurantin the suburbs.Now their restaurants
headthe list of the most popular restaurantsin London. Melinda and Linda are very rich.
Both of them have bought expensivehousesand cars with their (12)
from the restaurant.(13) the enormous amount of monev they have
made,Melinda and Linda still continueto work in their first restaurant."We have many
peoplewho work for us, so we do not really(14) to work here.but I come
hereeveryday (15) I am away on holiday.I ( l6) betng

here. ( I 7) established my own business. I now work


(l8) fun," says Melinda. Linda comes to the restaurantfor a different
reason.She says."I am afraid fhat everythingwill get (19) of control if I
don't come here every day. This place is (20) valuable to me that I
cannotlet anythinghappento it."

20
L a s tm o n t hI ( 1 ) a journey to Cyprus.I got on the boat from Mersin. I had
brought a good book with me and was looking forward to reading it (2)
the journey. Everythingwent fine (3) a woman and 6 childrencameand

25'l
sat next to me. The children were very noisy. I (4) my best to put Ltp
(s) all the noise,but after a (6) the children beganto fi-sht.I
looked at their mother and said "Could you pleasetell your children to stop making so much
noise?I cannotconcentrate (7) my book". The woman lookedat me anclsaid.
" I amnotresponsible
(8) their actionsbecausethey are uot mv childrenl'

2l

DearCarol.

Sorry for not writing earlier,but I was very busy at work. As you know, the company I work
with (l) a lot of businessin (2) Arab Ernirates.
so I travel a lot. I like my new job because I spend most of rny time out of
(3) . You know, as I was brought (4) on a tarm. I
don't like sitting in an office all day.

Not (5)- found a flat yet, I cannot give you a regular address.but mv
phonenumberat work is 8428190.You might have difficulty in reachingme becausethe line
is usually (6)_. I'll write againsoon.
Love,
Mike

22
Tropical rain forests are located around the equator,(1) temperiltures
are around 35"C all year round. The largestrain forestsare in Brazil. Zaire, and Indonesia.
Although it is not one of the largest. the rain forest in Sarawack is the
(2 ) one in the world. Accordins to what the botanistsestimated.
this rain forest is 10 million vearsold
Rain forests make a lot of things possible for mankind. They help us control the world's
climate. In the rain forests, it rains a (3) and the temperaturesare
always(4) . Becauseof the heat,the rainwaterevaDoftites
into the air-
this meansthe rainwateris recycled.Rain forestsalso provide shelterfor many tribal people
who have called the rain forests their home (5) hundredsand
thousandsof years.Furthermore.rain forests (6) a much wider variety of
plants and animalsthan anywhereelse in the world. There are even plants and animalstn the
rain foreststhat have not been discovered(7) Many of the plantsin the
rain forestsare used for makins medicine(8) t h e t r i b a lp e o p l ei n t h e l a i n
forestsand the scientiststhroushoutthe world. The tribal people living in rain foresrsknow
(e) to find and use wild plantsto make medicine.(10)
they have valuableknowledgeof the plantsin the rain forests,the tribal peoplehave taughtus

258
about many of t h e m e d i c i n e s( 1 1 ) use today. Most of the medicines
\12) are given to patientsto fight heartdiseaseand treatcancerare obtained
from rain tbrest plants.Aspirin originally came from the rain forests.A certaintype of flower.
'rosy periwinkle'.
(1 3 ) the helps treat children with Leukemia, a kind of
cancer.Rain forests also provide people (14) materialsfor hundredsof
otherproducts.For ( 15) , the glue on an envelopeand in shoescomesfiom
tropicalplantsin rain forests.
In the past,rain forests( I 6) to cover 147oof the Earth'sland but
now they cover less (17) 6 o/o.Most of the rain forests have been
destroyedin the last 50 years.In fact, rain forestsare disappearingat a frightening speed: I 50
acresper minute.There will be no rain forestsin the future ( 18) we
take precautionsto save them. If all the rain forests (19) destroyed.
many tribal people will have to move into cities.They will also be made to live in apartments
or flats, which are totally different from their own naturalenvironmentin the rain forests.As it
will probably be very difficult for these people to survive in cities, filost of
(20) mav die and if thev die. their valuablerain forest culture will be
lost forever.

23

About a year ago. I had a bad quarrelwith my father,and we have hardly spokento each other
0) then. It all began becausehe did not approve (2) my
goin-eout with Martin, who he thought was not suitable(3) me at all. I told
him that he had no right to interferewith my personallife, (4) madehim even
more furious. A few months (5) the quarrel, I discoveredthat Martin was
seeinghis ex-girl friend. As I was heartbrokenat not having been told about this, I decidedto
put an end to our relationship.No matter(6) hard he tried. Martin was unable
to persuademe (7) carry on seeingeach other. I (B) haven'ttold
my father about the break up even though I phonedhim recentlyto wish hirn a happy birthday.
I was planning to apologize(9) him for what I had said as I now realizethat
my relation with Martin was not worth breakine mv father'sheart. However. he soundedso
cool on the phone (10) I didn't feel like continuins the conversationauv
longer.

We had a lovely time touring the United Stateslast year. We landed at Kennedy Airport and
went first to Manhattan.(1 I ) we stayedin the Hilton Hotel on Sixth Avenue.
(12) our stay, we visited the MetropolitanMuseum. One day we took a boat
along the Hudson River and cruisedaroundthe ManhattanIsland.After we stavedin New York
i l3) a week, we flew to Denver to see the Rocky Mountains.
(l 4 ) wildernessfascinatedme.
259
24

Henry Adams is probably the luckiestpersonI know. I normally envy very few of my friends
job becauseI'm happy (l) what I do, but Henry Adams is one of those rare
people(2) job I would like to have myself. Henry had always been inreresred
(3) animals.That's why he studiedto be a vet. when he finished university.
he went to London, (4) he looked after domestic animals such
(s) cats and dogs. As the job did nor (6) up to his
expectations,he gave it up and found a better one in a game reserve in America
(7) the help of one of his professorsat university.Now he is responsibleIbr
the protectionof speciesthat are in dangerof extinction.

When Linda Brown's new Polo Classic broke down on D-10 Highway last week. she
immediatelycalled the car company. Since her car was (8) guarantee.she
was expectingto have it repairedfree (9) charge.The person on the other
side of the line couldn't understandwhat she was trying to say. Thinking that the breakdown
was partly due to Mrs. Brown's fault, the company representativerefuseclto nreet her clailn
(1 0 1 full and hung up without botheringto listen to further expranation.Mrs.
Brown was so furious (l l) the way she was treatedthat she wrote a letter to
the Polo Companyand complained(12) the representativeshe had talked to
on the phone.

)<
Euthanasia,the practiceof killing someonepainlesslyin order to relieve their suff'ering.is
actually one of the most difficult problems facing societiestoday. The worcl 'euthanersia'.
(l) comesfrom Greek,literally means'good death'.
Today a lot of people are in comas (2) to accidentsor incurable
diseases.(3) most of these patients have no chance ro recover
completely, doctors and nurses are trying to keep them alive because laws do pot
(4) doctorsto end the lives of such patients.However. the supportersof
euthanasiaclaim that patients(5) incurable diseasesshould have the
right to die for the fbllowing reasons:
The first and (6) importantreasonis that the patientshave no hope of
recovery.In other words, (7) can never lead normal lives. The second
reasonfor euthanasiais that patientsare in unbearablepain and euthanasiaseemsto be the
onlysolution(8) end their pain. In additionto this, the fact that the families
of the patients suffer from sadnessshould also be kept in mind. Thesefamilies try to do their
(e) to keep the patients alive but unfortunately (10)-..------------.-_-_-

260
can be done to help them recover from a fatal illness. Apart from these. the
(ll) of medical treatment of terminally ill patients is extremely high
and most familiescannot(12) to continue to pay for such a treatment
fbr long.
The caseof Karen Ann Quinland in 1975 in the United Statesdrew the attentionof the
This 2l-year-oldyoung woman (13)
whole world to euthanasia. somedrugs

with alcohol and slipped into a coma which she (14) never recover trom

Karen responded(15) to light nor to sound. She was beirig kept alive
(1 6 ) the help of a breathingmachine.Karen'sparentsvisited her every
day even though s h ew a s ( 1 7 ) to see or speak to them. It was verY
difficult for the Quinlands to see their beloved daughter in a coma. Three months
( 18 ) . Karen'sfather askedthe doctorsto turn off the machine.However.
rhe doctors refusedto do this, saying that such an act would be a kind of murder. The father
then askedthe court to (19) their daughterdie. After a long struggle,the
court gave permlsslon to turn off the breathingmachine.Karen did not die immediately.She
remainedin a coma (20) her deathin JulY 1985.

26
in the middleof a field.
appeared
Therewasgreatpublicinterestwhen a big holemysteriously
Army mechanics,geologistsand engineerswere called to explain (1)
it had got there. They offered various explanationsbut (2) of thern
was
was sure about the real cause.The field was an old battle field so oneof the possibilities
(3
that the hole might have been causedby the explosionof a bomb )------
had been buried under the ground for many years. However, it was not possibleto prove
(4)
A 'simple' but highly improbable explanation was offered by a man who

(s) to work for NASA. He had retired a few years eatrlierand he


'flying saucers'- strange objects
claimed to be well-informed (6)
fiom outer space.
(7) he saw the specialmarks on the soil near the hole' he said that a
flying saucer had visited the Earth. He claimed to have seen similar marks
(8) . He addedthat he had also seenholes causedby bombs but they
were (9) smaller. A bomb, he said, couldn't hltve opened
(10) a big hole in the ground. In addition to this. the leaveson some
bushesnearbyhad turned yellow because(1 1) a strangehot gas rvhich

had come from the saucer.Even (12) small tree some wav off

appearedto have burnt slightly. The small piece of metal found tn the hole provided the man

261
(13) proof that a strangeobject had beenthere.According to the man.
it was quite clearthat creaturesfrom outer spacehad been
circling the Earth when (14) went wrong. They had been forced to
land in a field (15) that they could repair the damage.Therefbre.
(16) the hole and the strangemarks had been causedby the f-lvinc
saucer.The hole had been causedwhen the saucerstruck the earth, while the stran.qemarks
nearbyweremadewhen it took (17) again.This, saidthe man.was the
best explanation( 18) a betterone was found. The rnan'sexplanirtion
(1 e ) sound nonsense to you. However, there are a great
(20) peoplewho believethat flying saucersvisit our planetregularly.

27
Last Friday I was supposed(l) go to a wedding,but I spentthe whole
eveningtrappedin rny car instead.I started preparingfor the wecldingvery early that day. As
my only dressfor such an occasionhad worn (2) , I went shopping.I spent
a(n)(3) lot of money to buy a new dress.Then I went to the hairclresser's
when I arrived home, I put my new dresson and I lefi the house early (4)
the wedding was at a church in a nearbytown.
I was walking (5) the directionof my car when I saw a dog runningin the
street. It looked very threarening.It first knocked (6) s o r n eg a r b a g ec a n s a n d
then headedtowards me. Not knowing what to do, I stood there for a I'ew seconds.Thcn I
startedrunning to my car. I was aware(7) the dangerbehindrne.so I ctLrickll
got into the car and locked the doors. The dog was outsicle, looking ar me
(B)--. I waved at the angry dog and it backed away a few steps.so I thought I
was ready to set (9)- on my long drive. but unfortunately,althoueh l rriecl
severaltimes, I wasn't(10) t o s t a r tt h e c a r . ( 1 1 ; Ieft rnv
phonebook at home,I didn'thavethe mechanic's phonenumberwith rne.( l2)
I was trying to startthe car, the dog cameback. It was standingright next to rny door. so lt was
impossiblefor me to get back home to pick up my phonebook. (13) the dog
hadn'tbeenso near,I would have takenthe risk.
There wasn'ta singleperson(14) sight,and I sat in the car helplesslvfbr
some time. Then I rememberedthat I had my mobile phone with me. I imrnediatelycallecl
Chris.a good friend, and told him that my car had (15) down and that I had
been taken hostageby an angry dog. My frienclpromised to come and help rne. I waited and
waited for what seemedto be hours. When my fiiend (16) ltrnved, the ciotl
was still there. It started running towards rny friend as soon as he opeled his cloor
(t7) severalunsuccessfulatterxpts,he gave up. He called me and saicl.',1
don't want to let you (18) , but I cannothelp you (19) that
dog is taken away. You will (20) to wait until I find someonewho is briive
enoughto do this!"

262
28
Janesharesa housewith anothergirl. The housethey live in is (l)
hilltop,so it hasan excellentview of the city. Janeand her friend get on (2)
each other very well. The houseworkis sharedequally (3) the two girls.
Janeis very (4) ln trylng new reclpes,so she does the cooking. Her fl'iend
has to do the cleaning.She doesn't(5) sweepingand dusting the house
becauseshethinksthis is mucheasierthancooking."(6) hardltry,lcannot
cook," saysJane'sfriend.
YesterdayJane had to go to (7) hospital to visit her grandmother,so
she never got round to (8) dinner. When her friend arrived home. she wiis
disappointednot (9) find anything to eat. (10) her
hunger,she waited for Jane

29

I s w e a l t he s s e n t i a( l ) Well,as(2)
happiness? as I'm
'No'. (3) I suffer frorn a fatirl diseasc.
concerned,the answerts definitely
Of coursenot. ln my opinion happinessdepends
In that case,will moneybring me happiness?
m a i n l y( 4 ) health rather than wealth. When you are healthy. there ts ncr
reason get(5)
why you shouldn't the difficulties in lif-e.

After she broke (6) with her boyfriend, my daughterLiz got in the habit
(7) srnoking cigarettes.In the beginning, I thought it was her way of
coping(8) sadnessbut when I realized that she had become a chain
smoker.I decidednot to let her smokewhen she was with me. However, I knew that as soon as
I was out of (9) she would light a cigarette.No matter how hard I tried. I
couldn't persuadeher to cut (10) on smoking. Now. Liz is seein-9n
who I hopewill help her give up this bad habit.
psychologist

30

A new breed of women, called "supermoms",is becoming abundant.A supermom may be


(1) as a woman who works while raising tamilies. The typical
supermom is mainly (2) with managing her family. For
(.3)_ she makes day-care and preschool arrangements as
(4) as organizingafter-schoolevents(5)____ as the
cinema,football school and birthdayparties.She keepsthe house clean and well stockedwith
food.

263
The typical supermomalso has a position of responsibilityat her place of work. She is often
requiredto spendlong hours and make importantdecisions.In (6)
theseresponsibilities.she managesto sparetime for some activities.These activitiescan be
(1) by playing tennis,taking coursesat the local communitycollege
and seeingher friends occasionally.(8) the work load she takesseents
almostimpossibleto deal with, the typical supermomhandlesit well.

3t

In the opinion of many Americansand Europeans,we only began to really explore our
world in the sixteenthcentury.According (l) these people. the sailors of
(2) ancientworld did not explore distant parts of the ( 3 ) - - - _ _ ,
they did not have the necessary knowledge (4)_ skills for lon-usea
(5) . However. the people who have this opinion (6)
forgettingtwo importantfactsof history.

(7) sometimesearly scientistshad an idea (8) was


correct. but scientists in later centuries (9) not believe it For
(l0; a b o u2t 7 0B . C . ,a G r e e ks c i e n t i s( 1t 1 ) an idea which
(12)
w e a l lb e l i e v e : The earthmoves aroundthe sun. ( 13)
for the following 1.600yearsscientists
did not believethis. In (14) oplnron.
the sun clearly moved aroundthe earth.They ( I 5)_ the truth again only in the
fifteenthcentury!

The secondfact of (16) that many people forget ( 17)_--


t h i s :A n c i e n td o e s1 1 8 ) mean primitive. To illustrate.the ancient Egyptians
knew a lot of things (19) the stars; they used this knowledee
(.20) find their way across(21) oceans.Two thousandveals
t1) I a Greek scientistwho (23) in Egypt calculatedthe
distancearound the earth.The results(24) his calculationswere closeto the
real(25) which we know today! So the ancientshad a greatdeal of scientific
knowledge.

264
15.2MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTS
Mark the bestchoice.
I
Children can write the capital lettersmuch -(l)- than the small letters.At school they

_(2)_ to use pens; i.e., their teachersmake them -(3)-- pencils until they
becomereallygood at writing.

I. a) easier 2. a) don't have 3. a) use


b) more easily b) ought not b) to use
c) easily c) don'tneed c) using
d) easy d) aren'tallowed d) to using

I always go to the supennarketon Fridays -_(4)_- I have time to do other things on


Saturdaysand Sundays.Another reasonwhy I avoid going to the market at the weekendis that
it's usually very crowded-(5)-.

1. a) in case 5. a) weekends
b) so that b) too
c) otherwise c) then
d) therefore d) also

A: -(6)-?
B: Only while I'm at the office.
6. a) How often do you wear a tie c) When do you wear ties
b) When did you last wear a tie d) Were you wearing a tie at worK

A: I bought a tarantulayesterday.
B: Their'repoisonous.aren'tthey?
A: Not all of them. Most speciesare not dangerousto humans.Their poison is -(7)-
to kill anyone.

1. a) too strong c) not strongenough


b) nearly strongenough d) as strongas

8. I joined a bird-watchingclub six months ago. We organisetrips to different parts of the


country-(8)- in order to study birds in the wilderness.

a) in two weeks'time c) sincethe secondweek


b) every two weeks d) two weekslater

When I was a teenager,I spentmost weekends-(9) for our neighboursupstairs.They


paid me $10 eachrime and I could buy _(10)_ I liked with this money.

9. a) babysitting 10. a) whatever


b) to babysit b) however
c) on babysitting c) wherever
d) babysit d) whenever

265
A: The most dangerousanimalsof the animal kingdom are mosquitoes.
B: You meanthosesmall insects?
A: Yes, -(11)_- that causemalaria- a terribleillness.About a rnillion peopledie
becauseof _( l2)_ every year.

I l . a) insect 12. a) they are ill


b) the ones b) this illness
c) insectswhich c) illness
d) the one d) they becorneill

Dear Alex.

I'm sorry that I won't be able to meet you at the airport on Tuesday I _( I 3 )___ ml,
car servicedthat day. I won't be at home either. as I have an importantrneetinsin the
afternoon.But it isn't difficult to reachmy housefrom the airport._(14)_ vou havc
too much luggage.you can take the underground.It's cheap,fast and reliable. But if you
have a lot of luggage, take a taxi. By the way, I haven't got a spare key. so I'll leave
_( I 5)_ under the doormatfor you.
Seeyou soon,
Robert

13. a) havebeenhaving 14. a) Although 15. a) some


b) will havebeen b) Because b) that
c) am going to have c) In spiteof c) mlne
d) will haveto d) Unless d) the other

Sometimespeople make a decision _(16)_ completely_(17)___ their lives.


NicholasRose,for example,-(18)_ a journalistfor fourteenyearsbut at the age o1'36
he gave up his job at The Sunday Telegraph to write fiction- stories and novels. After
-(19)- almostall his savingsin the bank,he realizedthat he neededrnoneyto pay rhe
bills. so he starteda fish shop downtown. Now. however,this shop takesall his time and cnergy
and his novelsremainunwritten.

Nicholas says:" I rememberthe days -(20)_ worked at The Stmduy Telegraph.I was
up at 8:00 a.m., wore cleanclothesand smelledof aftershave,not of fish. What's more, I always
had the chanceto write a few lines -(21)- the coffee or lunch break. Now all that
-(22)-. I don't have any sparetime any longer. | _(23) up at six ro prepure
the fish for saleby 7:30. When I finish work at 8:00 p.m., I'm usually_(24)__ ro wrire
anything.I've done everythingI can to make the businessworkl but even now I'm earnin-eless
than half my salary as a journalist. Obviously, my decision to leave my job at The Sundut,
Telegraphwas a bad one."

266
r 6 . a) that t]. a) upset l8 a) was
bt . which b) is upset b) hasbeen
c) upsets c) is
d) which it d) will haveupset d) will be

19. a) spending 20. a) that have 2 1 . a) while


b) he spends b) where I b) during
c) spent c) which c) when
d) to spending d) when I d) between

'tA
22. a) was changed 1.J. a) have been a) as tired as
b ) have beenchanging b) will be b) very tired
has beenchanged c) was c) too tired
d ) haschanged d) must be d) tired enou-eh

The Yanomami Indians are a group of people living in the tropical rainforestsin northern

Brazil. They live in farnily groups in srnall cottages.They depend on zigriculturefor therr

survival.They use poisonousarrows,which are tools usedfor -(25)-_. They also catch

fish in the rivers. The Yanomami Indians -(26)- in theserainforestsfor over 10.000

vears.However,today they are in dangerof losing their land and culture.

Dr. JosePereirais a doctor with the Brazilian Indian agency.He is the only doctor in the area

who is trying to help the 35,000 Yanomami.He is speakingto a newspaperreporterabout what

is happeningto theseIndiansat the moment.

Dr. Pereira : They -(27)- healthy people, happy and always smiling. before
stransers came to their land to look for gold. Today, there are people
-ittl- for gold everywhere and these people are poisoning the
Indians' rivers with Mercury (Hg). They are cutting down the trees in thc
malarial swiilllp-
rarnforests.Thus, more and more land is becomingdan-gerous
land. Illnessessuch as malariaand tuberculosis-(29)-- more often than
ever before.Their childrenare dying and this is not their fault.
Reporter : As a doctor,what kind of difficulties are you dealingwith?
Dr. Pereira : Our medical supplies are very limited. -(30)- quinine - rr specirl
medicineto cure malaria - we have no other medicine. The lack of proper
injectionsand pills causesmany unnecessarydeaths.
25. a) hunting 26. a) will be living 27. a) l-tavebeen
b) hunters b) are living b) used to be
c) to hunt c) lived c) are
d) to hunting d) have been living d) would be

28. a) to look 29. a) is seen 30. a) Exceptthat


b) looking b) have seen bt Apart ft'orn
c) for looking c) will haveseen c) Besides
d) they look d) are seen dl In rdditiorr

261
Reporter : You work under very difficult conditions. Wouldn't you like to leave this
place and work in a clean,well-equippedhospitalinstead?

Dr. Pereira : No. I'd rather-(31)- here.Thesepeopleneedprof'essionalhelp. you


see, I'm the only doctor here. I only wish the agency _(32)--_ more
doctorsto this area.

Reporter : Is thereany crime amongthe Yanomami Indians?

Dr. Pereira : Cases of violent crime were uncomtnon in this neighbourhoodbefore the
arrival of the gold-hunters.However, in nine months this year there have
alreadybeen 363 violent deaths.I -(33)-- this number will continue
to increasein the nearfuture.

Reporter : What do you think will happento the Yanomami Indians in the near future?

Dr. Pereira : Most Indians don't know what to do. Many have stoppedgrowing crops. so
food has become6carce.If there is no food, there is no reasonto stay here.of
course.Some are leaving their villages.It's sad to see that happening,but I
believe most families -(34)- their villages by the encl of next year.
Those who chooseto stay will suffer. If a solution _(35a)_ ro rhis
problem,the remaining Indians_(35b)_ very soon."

3 l. a) stay 32. a) send 33. a) expect


b) to stay b) will send b) hope
c) staying c) would send c) d o n ' tw a n t
d) would stay d) were sent d) thought

34. a) will leave 35. a) won'tbe found.......disappear


b) will have left b) wasfound.......wouldn't
disappear
c) will be left c) isn'tfound.......will
disappear
d) are leaving d) wouldbe found.......aren't
disappeanng

)
The holes in Swiss cheese-(l)- by bacteria.These are not the kind of bacreria
_(2)_ make you sick but they are safe_(3)_.

l. a) havemade 2. a) that 3. a) the one


b) were made b) and b) one
c) make c) when c) ones
d) are made d) so d) the ones

In the town where I live, it is very hot in the summerand in the eveningsnobody wants to stay
at home. We have a specialsummer cinema and we -(4)_ go there. Sometimesthe
film is not very good but we do not _(5)

268
4. a) might 5. a) mind
b) must b) watch
c) never c) enjoy
d) often d) hate

Mina Trenton ran away from home when she was about 16 because her parents did not
_(6)_ her to go out in the evenings.Mina is 18 yearsold now. After _(7)_
two years away from her parents, she thinks there is no place like home. She wishes she
_(8)_ there, but her parents are still angry with her. If they forgave her. she
_(9)_ back home.

6. a) make 7. a) spent
b) allow b) has spent
c) need c) spending
d) let d) has been spending

8. a) were 9. a) went
b) is b) will go
c) can be c) would go
d) has been d) wantsto go

Mrs. Mills spends too much money _(10)_ clothes. She does not really
_(11)_ new clothes but she _(12)_ them. Yesterdayshe saw a beautiful
coat in a shop window. She went in and _(13)_. It was just the right size but it was
very expensive.Mrs. Mills did not have_(14)_ money with her.

10. a) in 11. a) need 12. a) hasbought


b) for b) want b) loves buying
c) with c) wear c) enjoys shopping
d) on d) have d) affords

13. a) changedinto 14. a) some


b) put on b) enough
c) tried it on c) too much
d) wore it d) little

The great new year dinners that we -(15)- have are one of -(16)-
memories of my childhood. My mother started cooking early in the morning. All our
relativesjoined us that night. My sisterand I loved those family dinners becausewe could
so to bed (11) we liked.

15. a) usedto 16. a) happierthan 17. a) laterthan


b) used b) happier b) any way
c) haveused c) happy c) whenever
d) were usedto d) the happiest d) as long as

269
There are -(18)- cars in Britain today than there were a few years ago. The total
number of cars in Britain is about 11,000,000.The traffic goes on increasingall the time and
the roads of most big cities _(19)_ by a slow moving procession of cars
_(20)_ the rush hours.

18. a) bigger 19. a) is blocked 20. a) while


b) few b) have blocked b) when
c) less c) are blocked c) until
d) more d) have beenblocking d) during

Since their introduction to economy as a means of exchange,credit cards _(21)___


money becausethey are very convenientfor both the buyer and the seller. __(22)__.
creditcardsare not real money: they are quite valuelessin themselves.

21. a) replaced 22. a) Therefore


b) havereplaced b) However
c) have beenreplaced c) Fortunately
d) were replaced d) Although

Joe Fortunate had a terrible day yesterday. He _(23)_ for work early but hrs car
_(24)_ on the way. He called a mechanicto _(25) He _(26)__ ro
wait for the mechanicfor 4 hours and he was late for work. In the evening,when he arrivecl
home, he couldn't find his keys so he decided to enter the house from the window. He
-(27)- into the house when a policeman saw him. He _(28)__ Joe fbr
breakinginto his own house.

23. a) set off 24. a) crashedinto 25. a') repair


b) settleddown b) broke down b) have it repaired
c) carriedon c) speededup c) repairingit
d) took up d) sloweddown d) has repairedit

26. a) ought 27. a) was getting 28. a) was arresting


b) oughtnot b) has been getting b) was arrested
c) had c) got c) arrested
d) did not have d) has got d) has been arrested

Scientistspredict that therewill be big changesin the world's climatein the future. By the year
2030, all the ice at the poles -(29)- and the sealevel will be fifty centimetershigher.
For this reason,city planners are planning to build walls around the cities _(30)_
there are floods.

29. a) will have melted 30. a) because


b) is going to melt b) unless
c) will melt c) so that
d) will be melting d) in case

270
A: -(31)- lastweekend?
B: My grandmother.She is very old and shecan'tgo out.

31. a) Who visitedyou


b) Where were you
c) Where did you go
d) Who did you visit

A: -(32)-?
B: In Switzerland.

32. a) Where were watchesmade


b) Where do they make the world's best watches
c) Which country makesthe best watches
d) Who makesthe world's bestwatches

A: How many letters-(33)- sinceyou left home ?


B: Only two.

33. a) have you written


b) havebeenwriting
c) do you write
d) were written

l
Julia is an 8-year-oldgirl with beautiful long straighthair, but she doesn'tlike her hair
becauseit is not curly. Shesays,"I wish I -(1)- curly hair".

1. a) have
b) would have
c) will have
d) had

In the UK young people -(2)- to work part time, but they -(3)- have
permissionfrom their parents.

2. a) allow 3. a) don't have to


b) are not allowed b) don't needto
c) are allowed c) ought
d) do not allow d) must

Bob and I live in the sameblock of flats. My flat is on the sixth floor and Bob's is on the
secondfloor. Our flats are very convenient,but they are a bit noisy becausethey are on a
main street.Bob's flat is worse than -(4)-- becauseit is just -(5)- a pub
where thereis alwaysloud music.

2ll
4. a) mine 5. a) above
b) me b) between
c) I c) across
d) my d) along

There are two kinds of sleep; deep sleep and light sleep. People reach the state of deep sleep
very -(6)-. -(7)- the period of deep sleep,people do not dream. They dream
when they are in the period of light sleep.

6. a) easier 7. a) While
b) moreeasily b) During
c) quickly c) After that
d) quicker d) Then

Jane woke up with a terrible cold yesterdaymorning. Her doctor examined her and prescribed
some medicine. He told her to stay in bed for three days. Unfortunately, she has an important
meeting with her boss this afternoon.If she _(8a)_ a cold, she _(8b)_ the
meeting.She is going to call her boss and ask him to have the meeting next week. She hopes
thatshe_(9)_ by then.

8. a) wouldn't have ... attended 9. a) will be recovering


b) had ... wouldn't attend b) is going to recover
c) didn't have ... would attend c) will have recovered
d) would have ... didn't attend d) is recovering

The effects of stress on man _(10)_ for many years. The result of the studies
_(l 1)_ that our bodiesreactwhen stressfulsituationsoccur _(12)_

10. a) has beenstudied ll. a) show 12. a) often


b) have been studied b) are showing b) any longer
c) have been studying c) to show c) always
d) was studied d) shows d) already

The town's -(13)- sportsclub closeddown last week. Six months ago, the owners of
the building wanted to increasethe rent. -(14)_ the managementof the club tried to
cover this increaseby putting up entrancefees, this was not successful,_(15)-- at a
specialmeeting last Friday they decided to close the club.

13.a) big 14. a) Except that 15. a) as


b) biggest b) However b) but
c) bigger c) In spite of c) so
d) big enough d) Although d) because

After retiring from the film industry, Howard Hughes, the American film producer,
_(16)_ completelyon his own. He _(17)_ all day in bed _(19)--
films. He didn't leavehis house_(19)_ his deathin 196l .

272
16. a; lived 17. a) was spending
b) lives b) used to spend
c) has lived c) spend
d) has beenliving d) had to spend

18. a) watching 19. a) from


b) watched b) until
c) watch c) since
d) was watching d) where

Monica's car broke _(20)- yesterday morning. She called a mechanic to


The mechanic said, "Unless there -(22a)- a big problem with
_(Z9_.
your car, it _(Zzb)_ ready tomorrow." This morning the mechaniccalled Monica
and said,"Your car is ready.You can pick it up -(23)- you like."

20. a) out 21. a) have repaired it


b) up b) have it repaired
c) off c) be repairing
d) down d) repair

22. a) will be...is 23. a) wherever


b) isn't...will be b) any time
c) is...will be c) as long as
d) will be ...isn't d) whatever

people must have certainqualitiesto go on jungle expeditions,-(24)- tiring and

dangerous. First, they should be strong and healthy. Next, they should be good at
becausethey cannotcarry -(26)-food in thejungle' Finally,
_(zs)-food
they should know -(27)- in a team.

24. a) are 25. a) finding


b) which theYare b) find
c) whichare c) to find
d) they are d) found

26. a) lots 27. a) working


b) many b) work
c) much c) to work
d) some d) how to work

t
I
t. A group of peopleare visiting an art exhibition. Some people cannot see some of the
pictureson display. If they had hung the pictures lower, people able to see
themproperly.
a) wouldbe b) willbe c) would have been d) are

2. He has to work hard even at weekends, ?


a) hasn'the b) doesn'the c) has he d) isn'the

213
3. A woman who is overweightis visiting her doctor:
Woman : " Can I losefive kilos in one week?,'
Doctor : "In fact,I reallydon'tknow _ losethat much in one week.,'
a) whethercan you c) whetheryou can
b) that you can d) how much can you

I didn't listen to the lecturercarefully last week. Now I have to preparea proJect
on the same
subject and I don't have -(4)- notes because they are incomplete. I wish I
-(5)_- more attentionto the lecturer.

4. a) any 5. a) paid
b) enough b) was paid
c) much c) had paid
d) a lot d) was paying

'Scandal'is
an exciting film. It raisesinterestingquestionsabout a
_(6)--_ scandalin
politics. The film shows a seventeen-year-old showgirl. Christine Keeler. She begins her
relationshipwith the governmentminister,John Profumo. It is a(n)
_-_(7)-- terriflc film
and you _(8)-- irl

6. a) shock 7. a) very B. a) shouldn'tmiss


b) shocking b) quite b) shouldn'thavemissed
c) shocked c) slightly c) missed
d) shockingly d) absolutely d) aren'm
t issing

The driver swervedto avoid the car that pulled out of a side road, but he was
too late. If he
-(9)- quicker to swerve, he -(10)- straight into the back of rhe orher car.
-(l I )-, he _-(1 2)- his seatbelt and nothing happenedto him.

9. a) was 10. a) wouldn't crash


b) hadn'tbeen b) wouldn't have crashed
c) had been c) would crash
d) is d) would have crashed

I l. a) Surprisingly 12. a) is wearing


b) On the contrary b) had worn
c) On the other hand c) was wearing
d) Fortunately d) worn

Lady shoppersat a large shoppingmall in Florida openedtheir handbagsfor


a fun survey and
someof the things inside were really strange. Inside Shirley Amendola'sbag
there was one of
her baby teeth. "I had plannedto put the tooth in my safe-depositbox at the bank"
said the 30-
year old medical assistant."I didn't go to the bank that day and I
_(13)--- the tooth in my
purse over the Iast few months. Inside Phyllis Moloney's handbag
there was an electronic

274
Spanishlanguageinterpreter."I got it for Christmaslast year. I just think it's handy to have it
there _(14)_ somebody says something in Spanish to me." Sue Moore had three
differentpursesinside her handbag."Al1 I really need is inside_(15)_ purse. The two
otherpursesare much smallerand can hold only money."

13. a) had carried 14. a) in case 15. a) bigger


b) have beencarrying b) so that b) as big as
c) am carrying c) otherwise c) too big
d) had been carried d) because d) the biggest

Errolis on duty at the police station.A man arrivesin a hurry.


Man I've lost my laptop computer. Has one beenhandedin ?
Errol No, sir, it hasn't._(16)- did you loseit?
Man Just after I left home in ChesterStreetthis mornins.
Errol _( l1)_ laptop was it?
Man It was a Macintosh.

16. a) How far 17. a) What rnakeof


b) How long ago b) How expensive
c) How long c) Whose
d) How often d) What kind

'My name is Jim Shelleyand I am an addict.' With thesewords I beganto solve the problem.

the problem of my telephoneaddiction. I think I startedsocially - a few calls each day. I

_(18)_, make calls, ring people up - talk, talk and talk. And it began to affect my
work. I was spendingall of my lunch time phoning. During the day I would disappearfor a
quick call. One night I found it impossibleto sleep,thinking I could hear the phone ringing
downstairs. I jumped out of bed and then discoveredit _( 19)_ at all. Things were so
bad I often rang people and asked_(20)_ to ring me. I had a businessand a private line

_(21)_. And one day I hit my supervisorwith the phone. Of course,I lost rny job.
Finally. the police caughtme destroyinga phone box _(22)_ my last f.l coin and I was
orderedto seea psychiatrist.It's severaldays sinceI used a telephone. I also try not to watch
TV becausethereare alwayspeopleon it -(23)- phonecalls.

18. a) am usedto phoning 19. a) didn'tring


b) am phoning b) hadn'trung
c) usedto phone c) had rung
d) havephoned d) was ringing

20. a) them if they had tried 21. a) installing


b) had they tried b) was installed
c) if they have beentrying c) installed
d) them they were trying d) was installing

215
22. a) which take 23. a) making
b) where it was taken b) made
c) that had taken c) make
d) that was taking d) was making

5
Good studentsusually have good study habits and know _(l)_ their time efficiently.
Some find it helpful to draw up a five or six-day programme each week. Of course, one
cannot always keep to such a plan; unexpectedthings often happen but still, such a plan
makes_(2)_ aboutwhat we ought to do during the week.

l. a) organizing 2. a) us think
b) how to organize b) think
c) to organize c) to think
d) how organized d) us to think

Although Maria has been attendingan English coursefor six months, she still has problems
expressing her opinions in the target language. She knows the grammar rules very

-(3)-, but she cannot speak -(4)- the other studentsin class.That's why her
teacheradvisedher to attenda conversationclub, which will enableher to practicespeaking.

3. a) good enough 4. a) fluently


b) well b) as fluently as
c) good c) more fluently than
d) well enough d) the most fluently

Next week I'm planning to go to the village where I _(5)_ up. I _(6)-- my
good-old friends since I graduated from high school, so I wonder whether they will
recognizeme or not. I'm really looking forward to meetingthem again.

5. a) usedto grow 6. a) haven'tvisited


b) had been grown b) hadn'tvisited
c) grew c) haven'tbeenvisiting
d) was grown d) didn't visit

Have you ever tried askingpeoplefor directions?I had to go to London on businessrecently,


and I soon realizedthat I -(7)- a streetmap. -(8)_ I followed the directions of
passers-by,I got lost. Then, I decidedto take a taxi. After all, London taxi drivers have to
pass a test on their knowledge of its streets.But I couldn't find one. They had all simply
vanished.In the end, I went up to the first tourist I saw and asked_(9)_ their tourist
map.

1. a) mustbuy 8. a) Whenever 9. a) whetherI can look at


b) shouldhave bought b) However b) them to look at
c) needto buy c) Wherever c) if I could look at
d) could buy d) Whatever d) where I could look at
216
joined
Mrs. Winnifred Weaver has been involved in politics ever sinceshe was a student.She
at
the Labour Party when she was at school.If she hadn'tmet Harold Wilson at a conference
Hull University 25 yearsago, she -(10)- a successfulmember of the parliamentnow'

Despiteher busy life, Mrs. Weaver-(11)- severalinfluential books about the political

systemin Britain. These days she -(12)- on her latestbook, which is a collection of

her memories.

10. a) wouldn't have been i 1. a) writes 12. a) is working


b) isn't b) has written b) works
c) can'tbe c) will have written c) has been working
d) wouldn't be d) has been writing d) has worked

Sally is working on her term paper and Lisa entersthe room'

Lisa : Hi Sallyl What are You doing?

Sally : Well, I'm still working on my term paperwhich is due for tomorrow.

Lisa I see.That meansyou don't have time to help me with my homework,


_( l3)-?

Sally Not at the moment. WhY?

Lisa Actually, I have a few questionsto ask you about my own term paper but slnce
you are busy working on yours,I can ask someoneelse'

Sally Is it urgent?

Lisa Not really.

Sally Why _( 14)_an hour later?I will -(15)- mine by then, so we can
spendthe rest of the evening working on yours.

Lisa That'sa good idea.SeeYou then.

13. a) haveyou 14. a) won't you come 15. a) finish


b) don'tyou b) can't you come b) be finished
c) haven'tYou c) aren'tyou coming c) have finished
d) do you d) don't you come d) be finishing

battle
Last spring we rented an old manor house that had been built on the site of an ancient
ground where thousandsof men are supposedto have died. We didn't believethe ghost stories
which the housekeepertold us' on the Monday of the secondweek' I _-(16)- in the

middle of the night by the terrible screamsand moans coming from the basement.We went
downstairs where the screamswere even louder. Terrified, we ran all the way to the village

_(17)_ at a hotel. The next day the housekeepertold us that the screamswhich we
heardwere the ghostsof the soldierswho died fighting. We didn't sleepin the houseagain.It
was certainly-( 18)- experienceI had ever had'

211
16. a) had woken up 17. a) that the night was spent
b) woken up b) which we spentthe night
c) was woken up c) we spentthe night
d) had been woken up d) where we spentthe night

18. a) the most frightened


b) a frightening
c) the most frightening
d) more frightened than any

Sam and Linda are talking aboutthe receptionthat they have to attend.
Linda I really don't feel like going to the reception.
Sam -(19)-. I wish I -(20)- Mr. Brown aboutour plansfor this evening
earlier,but it is too late now.
Linda It's OK. Do you know how long _(21)_?
Sam Not more than two hours.Why?
Linda I thought maybe we could still go to Mark's party after the reception.
Sam That'sa good idea,but I think it will be tiring to go from one place to another,and
I have to get up early tomorrow morning. I'd rather_(zz)_back home after
the reception.

19. a) I don't 20. a) could tell


b) Neither do I b) told
c) Ido c) would tell
d) SodoI d) had rold

21. a) the receptionwill last 22. a) to go


b) has the receptionlasted b) went
c) the receptionhas lasted c) going
d) will the receptionlast d) go

Somehow I always have problems when I go away on holiday. This year I got food
poisoning the day I arrived.It must have been the fish I ate at the hotel that evening. It
took me most of the first week to recover. By the time I felt better, the weather

-(23)-, but I was determined to go sight-seeingand do some swimming.


-(24)-, none of the museumswere open, as there was a stnke, and it was far
-(25)- to go for a swim. I'm sure r _(26)_myself more if I had stayedar
home.

23. a) had changed 24. a) Luckily


b) was changed b) Eventually
c) didn'tchange c) Recently
d) wasn'tchanging d) Unfortunarely

218
25. a) colder 26. a) enjoyed
b) too cold b) could enjoy
c) very cold c) had enjoyed
d) cold enough d) would have enjoyed

6.
Luna is talking to her daughterEmma.

Luna You heardme call you, -(1)--, Emma?

Emma No, mom. Sorry,just let me finish this chessgame.

Luna How long_(2)

Emma For about an hour, mom. That'sall.

Luna Emma, you are spendingtoo much time -(3)- to beat the computer at
chess!I think you shouldbe awareof the fact that you have other responsibilities
both at home and at school.

l. a) don'tyou 2. a) did you play 3. a) trying


b) had you b) areyou playing b) to try
c) didn't you c) haveyouplayed c) for trying
d) were you d) haveyou beenplaying d) try

Growing older makespeoplemore consciousabout their health.This is certainlytrue for me.


When I was young, I used to smoke three packs of cigarettes a day. I would start every
morning lighting a cigaretteand coughing.-(4) I walked up a flight of stairs.I

would have to stop halfway up to take a rest. After I got married, my wife insisted that I
should give up smoking. She told me that I _(5)- long enough to see rny children

grow up so I quit smoking. That was twenty years ago and I -(6)- even a single

cisarettesincethen.

4. a) However 5. a) wouldn't live 6. a) haven'tbeensmoking


b) Whenever b) hadn'tlived b) hadn'tsmoked
c) Whatever c) didn'tlive c) wasn'tsmoking
d) Wherever d) w a s n ' lti v i n g d) haven'tsmoked

I have beenbusy with my examsover the last two weeks.They are over now, thank goodness,
and I can relax for a while and write lettersto all my friends.I -(7)- the resultsby

the time my parentscome back from Paris so I'm keepingmy fingers crossed.On their return
I want to give them the good news. I should get at least65 on all my finals -(8)- I

will not have to attendthe summerschoolthat lastsabout two months.Actually, everythingis


my fault. If I -(9a)- a bit harder during the first semester,I --(9b)
anythingto worry about now.

219
'1.
a) will have learned 8. a) otherwise
b) will be learning b) except that
c) am learning c) unless
d) will have been learned d) so that

9. a) studied... wouldn't have


b) had studied... wouldn't have had
c) had studied... wouldn't have
d) studied... do not have to have

Mary, w ho has just returned from her holiday in Greece, is talking to her friend Sally on the
phone.

Sally When did you come back from Greece?I called you severaltimes the other day but
there was no answer.

Mary Well, I cameback yesterdaymorning.

Sally I see,so how was it?

Mary To tell the truth it was a disaster.I wish I _(10) your advice. You
suggestedthat I shouldgo somewhereelsebut I insistedon going there.

Sally Why? Was it that bad?

Mary Actually it couldn't be worse. The hotel _(11)_ at was horrible. The
rooms were extremely small and there was no hot water so I had to take a shower
with cold water every single day. To make things worse, one of my suitcases
_(12)_ on my first day at the hotel.

Sally Oh really?

Mary Actually, I _(13)_ the hotel as soon as things startedgoing wrong but as I
_(14)_ all the money in advance,I didn't want it to go ro wasre.

Sally Well, I'm really sorry that your holiday was so bad. Anyway, althoughit was a bad
one,just put it down to experience.

10. a) took I 1. a) I stayed 12. a) stole


b) could take b) thereI staved b) had stolen
c) had taken c) where I stayed c) was stolen
d) would take d) was that I stayed d) had been stolen

13. a) must change 14. a) was paying


b) shouldhave changed b) was paid
c) had to change c) havebeenpaying
d) neededto change d) had paid

280
Helen is talkingto her roommateCarol.

Helen : I havean importantexamtomorrow.

Carol : -(15)-, but I reallydon'tfeel like studying.Why -_(16)-- to


to havea sandwich?
thecanteen

Helen : Are you kidding?Do you know how manychapters


-(17) study?

Carol : Well, it is thesamewith me,but we'lljust sit therefor half an houror so.

Helen : Carol,thereis no way you canmakeme -(18)- the room evenfor half
an hour. I -(19)- here.I wantto startstudyingright away'

Carol OK. That meansI'm goingby myselfthen'If anyone-(20)--' could


you pleasetell themthatI'll be backin half an hour?

15. a) Ido 16. a) aren'twe going 17. a) do I have to


b) SodoI b) can't we go b) I have to
c) Neither have I c) don't we go c) shouldI
d) I have d) shouldn'twe go d) I can

'll 20. a) is calling


1 8 . a ) to leave 19. a) be stayinghere
'm b) will call
b ) left b) allowed to stay
'd c) calls
c) leaving c) rather stay
d) leave d) can stay d) needsto call

When I first met Nguyen, it was probably nine or ten weeks after his arrival in Los Angeles.
and he _(21)-- very lonely at the time. We immediately became friends but it was
difficult ro communicatewith him as his English wasn't-(22)- to have a long and

stimulatingconversation.In the following months,Nguyen'sEnglish improved and he learnt


how _(23)_ with all rhe difficulties of living in a large city like Los Angeles.
Actually, at my age I don't make friends easily but I consider Nguyen one of my close
friends. I think he is -(24)-person I've ever met. I'm quite -(25)- that

he likes spending such a lot of time with an old lady like me. Nguyen is kind and
considerate._(26)_ he comes from a culture that is so alien to ours, we can
understandeach other very well. And I love having a young person around; the excitement
and optimism is really heartening.

21. a) used to feel 22. a) goodenough 23.a) is to cope


b) was feeling b) asgoodas b) can he cope
c) has beenfeeling c) too good c) to cope
d) had felt d) good d) he coped

24. a) the most honest 25. a) surprising 26.a) Although


b) very honest b) surprisingly b) Despite
c) more honestthan c) surprise c) Apart from
d) the honest d) surprised d) Becauseof

281
7
The best holiday of my life was a holidayI (1) in Turkey when I was twenty
Three of my friends from university (2) to Turkey and (3) me to
accompanythem. I had very little money so, beforeuniversityfinished for the summerbreak,I
worked every evening in a pub (4) I could earn (5) on the
holiday.

l. a) had had 2. a) were going 3. a) explained


b) was having b) went b) told
c) had c) had beengoing c) offered
d) have had d) had gone d) invited

4. a) so as 5. a) money enoughto go
b) so that b) too much money to go
c) in order to c) enoughmoney to go
d) because d) so much money for going

Yesterdaymorning Sue parked her car on a road that didn't have any parking meterson it. To
by thetime she (6)
her surprise, to her car, there was a parking meter next to it.
Someone (7) a parking ticket on the windscreen and the wheels of her car
(8) ! Then she saw a policeman(9) the street. He came un to her
and askedif the car (10) to her. When she repliedthat it did, he told her rharshe
(11) her car therefor so long and that she had to pay the ticket...

6 . a) returned 7 . a) was placed


b) had returned b) placed
c) had been returned c) had beenplaced
d) was returned d) had placed

8 . a) had beenclamped 9 . a) crossed


b) clamped b) was crossing
c) had beenclamping c) crossing
d) were clamping d) who crossed

1 0 .a) had belonged I l . a) shouldn'tleave


b) belonged b) s h o u l d n 'bt e l e a v i n g
c) was belonging d) belonging
d) shouldn'thave left c) should have left

It was a Friday night. Megan caught the nine o'clock train from Oxford to London. She sat
oppositea man (12) in gray. Since the man (i3)_ her, she was
able to see his face very clearly. The next morning Megan bought a newspaperand saw the
photographof the sameman on the front page. He was reported(14) a wofftan
on a train after stealingher money andjewellery!

282
1 2 . a) was dressing 13. a) was facing 14. a) h a v i n gk i l l e d
b) dressing b) was faced b) to havekilled
c) dressed c) faced c) to kill
d) was dressed d) facing d) killing

: Why did Mr. Higginsshoutat Juliea few minutesago?

: B e c a u s e( 1 5 ) the smoking ban in the office, she (16) all

morning. He warned her a few times but she didn't listen. What's more, although she
should know that she mustn't use the office phone for her private calls, she called her
husbandfour times this morningl If she (17) a little bit more attentionto
theofficerules,Mr. Higgins(18) at her and she (19) f--l

now.
so ashamed

15. a) regardlessof 1 6 . a) kept smoking 17. a) had beenpaid


b) despiteof b) keepssmoking b) had paid
c) though c) is alwayssmoking c) would havepaid
d) despitethe fact that d) always smoked d) would pay

18. a) wouldn'tshout 1 9 . a) wouldn't


b) hadn'tshouted b) doesn't
c) wouldn't have shouted c) didn't
d) didn't shout d) couldn't

Everyyearthereare changesin climatein differentpartsof the world. Some of thesechanges


occur(20) natural causes. However, some others (2 1) bv air

pollution. To illustrate, burning oil and coal in transport and factories often
(:22) air pollution, increasingthe level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
An increasein the proportionof carbondioxide in the atmospheremight in turn bring about a
rise in atmospheric temperature, and the ice at the north and south poles
(23) melt. If this (24) . the sealevel (25) , causlng

floods in many parts of the Earth. Therefore, it is necessary that urgent steps
(26)_ in industrialized countries to avoid the disastrous effects of global
warming.

20. a) even though 2 t . a) caused a) lead to 23. a) could


b) as a resultof b) are causing b) resultsfrom b) should
c) in spiteof c) are caused c) result in c) must
d) in order to d) causing d) leadsto d) usedto

')A
a) happens 2 5 . a) rose 26. a) be taken
b) happened b) have risen b) taken
c) will happen c) will rise c) will be taken
d) would happen d) would be rising d) must be taken

283
A: I read an article about mountaineering the other day. I'd no idea that it was
(27) popularsportor that(28) people were involved in it.

B: Yes. but on the other hand it requires a lot of strength and courage. Moreover. it's
(2e) for many people to take up as a hobby.

: Well, I don't think I'm (30) to climb mountains myself, but I wish I
( 3 1)

27. a) so 28. a) such a lot 29. a) too dangerously


b) sucha b) so a lot b) so dangerous
c) so much c) such many c) too dangerous
d) such d) so many d) so dangerously

30. a) courageousenough 31. a) could


b) very courageous b) would
c) too courageous c) were
d) enough courageous d) did

g
I'm not an irresponsiblegrandmother,but I want my grandchildrento have a good time with
me. We enjoy breaking the rules when we are together.For example, they _( I )_ sray
up as long as they wish when they are in my houseand they find it great._(2)_ there
is anyonewho wouldn't do suchfavoursto kids to seethem happy.

l. a) don't have to 2. a) I wonder if


b) let b) I want to ask
c) are allowed c) I have no idea if
d) can d) I'd like to know

I should admit -(3)- most jealous of is that my sisterdoesn'tput on weight no matter


how much she eats.I, on the other hand, gain a kilo if I even smile at a bar of chocolate.I
-(4)- losing weight in many ways, but all in vain. I wish I _(5)_ somerhingto
speedup my slow metabolism.

3. a) that who I am 4. a) looked forward to 5. a) would havedone


b) being b) considered b) could do
c) that I am c) tried c) had done
d) that what I am d) thoughtof d) did

Yesterdaya 60-year-old woman was reported-(6)_ arrestedfor shoplifting. There


were -(7)- stolen items in the elderly woman'splace that the police couldn't open the
door for half an hour. once they were inside,they found f3,000 worth of goods _(g)_
over the past l0 years.The police _(9)_ six hours _(9)_ three vans with the
stolen property.

284
a) to be 7 . a) hardly any
b) that she had been b) very few
c) to have been c) nearly all
d) that she was d) so many

8 . a) was stolen 9 . a) took ... for filling


b) the woman has stolen b) needed... filling
c) the woman had stolen c) had ... to fill
d) the woman stole d) spent... filling

The greatextinctionsof the past, some scientistsclaim, -(10)- by cometsor asteroids

_(11)_ into Earth. In 1996, an asteroidpassedby and -(12)- it missed the

earth by only a million kilometersthat astronomerswere able to detect it. Scientistssay we


_(13)_ that lucky next time. According to an Austrailan astronomer,that particular
asteroidcould have arrived six hours earlier and he says if that (14)-, the resulting

explosion would have been -(15)- powerful as the one that all of the U.S. nuclear
weaponscould produce.

10. a) must be caused I l. a) had crashed 12. a) by the time


b) might have beencaused b) that crashed b) as soon as
c) should be causing c) which were crashed c) it was only when
d) could have caused d) crashed d) until

13. a) may not be 14. a) happened 15. a) much more


b) aren't b) has happened b) quite
c) unlikely to be c) happens c) less
d) probablywon't d) had happened d) twice as

Tricia and Andrew are the first peopleto sign up to -(16)- after their death,in a new

sciencecalled'cryonics'. They want --(17)- back to life in 2100 as they believe the
way of life -(18)- completelyby then. Andrew sayshe'd -(19)- to be around

in the 2100s so that he -(20)- through space.

16. a) get their frozen bodies 17. a) to be brought


b) have been frozen b) that they bring
c) make their bodies freeze c) to bring
d) have their bodies frozen d) that they are brought

18. a) will bechanging 19. a) rather 20. a) can travel


b) will have changed b) better b) would travel
c) will be changed c) like c) travelled
d) will have beenchanging d) bother d) had travelled

I hate the popular press _(21)- people's privacy. In the last two weeks there

_(22)_ a lot of publicity about the huge compensation-(23)- to a pop stnger

after he proved that a newspaperhad made untrue claims about his personallife. The singer is

2tt5
one of thoselucky peoplewho has-(24)- money to take the necessarystepsfor justice
to be done.Otherwise,he -(25)- the f30.000 neededto take the newspaperto colrrt.
The singersaid he --(26)- to get on well with the pressover the past f'ew years.bur rhe
news that appearedin the paper was the last straw. "I hope. from now on. press mernbers
_{27)_ people'sprivatelives," he added.

21. a) beinginvaded 22. a) was 2 3 . a ) t h a tg a v e


b) to invade b) hasbeen b) r.vasgiven
c) invading c) usedto be c ) w h i c h w a sg i v i n - {
d) that it invades d) had been d) given

24. a) enough 25. a) shouldn'thave afforded


b) so much b) didn't afford
c) too much c) wouldn't afford
d) sucha lot of d) couldn'thave afforded

26. a) had beentrying 21. a) respect


b) tried b) will be respected
c) has beentrying c) are respecting
d) was trying d) respected

2
SandymeetsPauline.a friend fiom school,at a cinema :
sandy : Hi, Pauline.what are you doing here? I thoughtyou (1)__ ar rhrsrirne
of the day.
Pauline : Yes, but I've takenthe day off just to relax a bit. Actually, Im planningro tluii
soon.
Sandy : Really? Why?
Pauline : Well, I've beenhavinga difficult time at work recently. Last month they hired a
new secretary,
who is a real nuisance.To beginwith, she wasn,t(2)_
togetthejob.(3)-this,they-eaveherthejobsinceshe'sthenieceo1.
Mr. Johnson.the owner of the company. To make things worse. the director-s.
Mr. Trent and Mr. Swan,who are expectingto be promotedsoon,-qavetny of'fice
to her! They're (1)---_-.--- inconsiderate people that they off-erecl
(5)-uSethedarklittleofficeattheendofthecorridor|
Sandy : How awfull You must hatethe new secretary.
Pauline : well, she'sa bore. She'salways(6)___-.-_
about herself. what's more. she
speaksandlaughs(7)-feelyoureardrumswil1burst!idon'tthinkI'1l
be able to put up with all this any longer; (8)----_ I'm thinking about
quitting. I wish I (9)-_-_--- the job advertisementin the pirperlast vcar! Il'
I (10)-- collegero work in thisjob, I (11)-=--_ my degreeanclI
( l2)-=-- working in a much betrerjob now. If I ( I 3)______ born
a g a i n I, ( l 4 ) the samernistakes!

286
a
a) shouldhave worked 2 . a) qualified -l- a) Regardless
b) shouldn'twork b) enoughqualifications b) In spiteof
c) shouldwork c) much too qualified c) Becauseof
d) shouldbe working d) nearlyqualified enough d) With a view of

.t. a) such a) that I could 6 . a ) talks


b) so b) me to let b) keepstalking
c) too c) to let me c) talking
d) so many d) lettingme d) keeptalking

a) so loudly that you 8. a) as a resultof 9 . a) didn't see


b) much too loudly to b) yet b) wouldn'thaveseen
c) loudly enoughto c) because c) hadn'tseen
d) such a loud voice that you d) that'swhy d) couldn't see

1 0 . a) left I 1. a) would get 12. a) arr not


b) hadn'tleft b) would have gotten b) would be
c) didn't leave c) had gotten c) wouldn'tbe
d) had leti d) have already gotten d) were

13. a) had been 14. a) would nevermake


b) were b) didn'tmake
c) am c) won't make
d) will be d) hadn'tmade

Llst Friday, Julia (15)--- at the shop windows to buy a new coat when she
(16)_ that she 61)_ all the money she had so she decidedto get some
rnoney frorn her bank account. When she got to the bank. there r.vereabout ten people
(18)--- in a queue, (19)_-- for their turn. All ol a suddetr,three men
(20)_ with shotgunsrushedinto the bank. Their faces (21)---- with black

masks.Therewas completesilencein the bank for a second.Then ...

15. a) looked 16. a) realizing 11. a) h a ds p e n t I B. a) had stood


b) looking b) realized $) rvasspending b) stood
c) was looking c) was realizing c) spent c) w e r es t l n di ns
d) haslooked d) hasrealized d) had been spent d) standing

19. a) were waitittg 20. a) armed 21. a) were covered


b) had waited b) were armed b) covered
c) waiting c) armlng c) were covenng
d) waited d) had armed d) had covered

Two junior studentsat collegeare talking at the cafeteria:


A : Guesswhat happenedin the chemistryclassthis morning.
B : Jackwas late againl

281
A : Correct!Halfway throughthe class,therewas a loud knock on the door of the auditorium.
Prof. Brown, who had beenlecturingon cell division enthusiastically,
said "Come in". The
dooropenedandJackasked(22)-himin.Prof.BrowngotVeryangryandtold
(23)-outsidetilltheclassfinished.However,Jackinsistentlytriedtoexplain
thathiscar(24)-downonthewaytothecampuSandapologized
(25)-solate.Surprisingly,asympatheticsmileappearedonProf.Brown'sface
and sheurged (26)_ in.

22. a) the professorfor letting z ) . a) that he must wait 24. a') broke
b) the professorif shewould let b) him that he had waited b) hasbroken
c) to let c) him to wait c) was breakin-e
d) that the professorwould let d) to him that he should wait d) had broken

2 5 . a) the professorfor he was 26. a) to him coming


b) for being b) if he came
c) to be c) that he would come
d) that he had been d) him to come

Forests,which are among the Earth'srichest naturalresources,are essentialfor a variety of life

forms. Unfortunately, they are shrinking fast. Various factors like man's efforts to make fields

areknown(27)-theprocesscalleddesertificationquitealongtimeago'Certain

meaSureShavealreadybeentaken(28)-Stoporslowdownthisprocess.A|lthe

same, unless stricter regulations are introduced by governments, the Earth's forests

(29)-completelybytheendofthenextcentury.Therefore'it'sundeniablethatthis

vital issue(30)_ urgenrly.

27. a) to be starting 28. a) with the aim of


b) starting b) in order to
c) that they started c) for the purpose of
d) to have started d) in order that

29. a) likely to be cleared 30. a) be considered


b) might be cleared b) to be considered
c) willprobably clear c) beingconsidered
d) could be clearing d) to consider

10
I don't mind -(1)- to wait, but I hope shehas time to seeme after her meeting.

1. a) askingher
b) her asking
c) asking
d) being asked

288
cheap-
There is no doubt that supermarkets are very convenient. To begin with. they are
Productsin local grocery shopscan be twice -(z)-those in big supermarkets.Shoppers

also like supermarketsbecausesupermarketssave -(3)- to several different shops in


pick up
order to buy different products. It's very quick and easy to drive to the supermarketand
everything you need. It's not surprising,then, that some shoppersbelieve it is -(4)-
is
making the effort any more to walk round the busy city centrewhen the nearestsupennarket
only a short drive away.

2. a) more expensivethan 3. a) them from going 4. a) wasteof time


b) as expensive b) from them going b) no point in
c) the price of c) them to go c) not worth
d) the value of d) them go d) not a good idea

It's true that money doesn't always bring happiness. My friend Jonathan -(5)-
whatever he wanted from his parents. He was lucky becausehe had a rich father and on his
eighteenthbirthday he -(6)- a car. He became-(7)- excited with his new

presentthat he decidedto go out and celebratein a bar. He got drunk and was on his way
home in his new car when the police stoppedhirn. Jonathanwas testedfor alcohol and he
had -(8)-. That was two years -_(9)-- and now he is still waiting to get his

licenceback.

a) usedto getting 6. a) was given 1. a) quite


5.
b) usedto get b) gave b) so
c) was used for getting c) was given to him c) such
d) was usedto get d) gaveto him d) too

8. a) taken awaYhis licence 9. a) already


b) to take awaYhis licence b) before
c) his licencetaken awaY c) after
d) taken his licenceawaY d) ago

jobs are less


It can be difficult to choosethe right career,especiallybecausesome popular
attractivethan they first appear. For example,-(10)- young people dream about a

careerin modelling. However, they rarely understand-(ll)- to be a professional

model. Exotic images of models in newspapersand magazinesencourage_-(12)-


photographsro modelling agenciesin the hope of becomingthe next Cindy Crawford. Only
a few are able to find work and they are often surprised by the nature of the work.

_(13)_ early in the morning day after day in all kinds of weatheris especiallytiring.
Job satisfactionis not guaranteed. It depends-(14)- get on with their colleagues.

The rnodelling world is full of ambitious and selfish people. In an environment where
peopledon't help _-(15)-, life can be tough. The money is usually good. but it cannot

289
go on forever. Unless a model has earnedenoughto retire -_(16)-_ time she is thirty. she
-( I 7)- discoverthat she has financial worries. Some modelsfind that rhey _-(
I B)___
a differentjob for all thoseyearswith useful qualificationsand experienceat the end of it.

10. a) most of 1 1 . a) that they like


b) a lot b) they would like
c) many c) what it is like
c) hardly any d) what to like

12. a) their sending IJ. a) Getting up


b) them ro send b) By getting up
c) that they send c) When they get up
d) them for sending d) Ifthey get up

14. a) that they can 1 5 a) by themselves


b) their ability to b) by eachother
c) whetherthey can c) themselves
d) how can they d) eachother

16. a) for a t 7 . a) might


b) by the b) must
c) after a c) can't
d) at the d) would

I 8. a) shoulddo
b) could havedone
c) needn'thave done
d) may be doing

The governmentis reported-(19)- permissionfor an extensionto London's Gatwick


Airport. This is good news for internationaltravellersand people_(20)_ there sinceit
will protectjobs. However, it is -(21)- to be popular with residentsin the surroundin-q
area- the governmentplans also include permissionfor additionalnight flights. A group o1,
residents called the 'Keep Gatwick Quiet' organisation has accused the government
-(22)- the promises-(23)- while it was trying to win support for its election
campaign. A spokesmanfor the residentsassociationsaid, "I am --(24)_furious that
the governmenthas lied to us. We can't trust the politicians after this." Gatwick was chosen
instead of Stansted.London's third airport. -(25a)_ disadvantageof buildin-s rhe
extensionat Stanstedis -(25b)- poor transportconnectionsto the centre of London.
Work will begin this year and the extensionis expectedto _(26a)_ over three years
-(26b)-. The constructionprogramme will -(27)- delays in some evening
flights in the first half of next year.

290
19. a) to give 20. a) theYwork
b) that it gave b) that worked
c) to have given c) working
d) that it had given d) worked

21. a) unlikely 22. a) not keePing


b) uncertain b) to keep
c) probablynot c) for keeping
d) bound d) of not keePing

23. a) to be made 24. a) absolutely


b) it made b) fairly
c) that have been made c) very
d) who made them d) far

25. a) The ... having 26. a) take ... to build


b) The ... that it has b) need ... building
c) Another ... having c) spend... building
d) Another ... that it has d) have ... to build

27. a) originatein
b) be due to
c) lead to
d) be causedby

ll
There _(l)_ many road accidentssince yesterday'sheavy snow. Early last night two
motorists _(2)_ serious injuries in an accident involving three vehicles. Mr. Ray
Amberly from Newden -(3)- along Pyke Road at 90 kph when he -(4)- the van
behind his car driven by Mr. Joseph Brown, moving out to overtake him. Mr. Amberly
braked slightly in order to -(5)- the driver of the van -(6) but instead of
slowing down, his car skiddedon the slippery surfaceand crashedinto the van. -(7)-,
the van was knocked into a third vehicle, coming from the other direction, driven by Mr. Luke
Porter. All three vehicles_(8)_ in the collision and the drivers-(9)- be taken to
hospital. The police believe that the crash might -(10)- if the drivers -(11)-
more careful.

1. a) are 2. a) were suffering 3. a) travelled


b) were b) had suffered b) was travelling
c) have been c) were suffered c) has travelled
d) had been d) suffered d) had travelled

4. a) had noticed 5. a) make 6. a) pass


b) has noticed b) get b) passed
c) was noticing c) let c) passing
d) noticed d) have d) to pass

291
7. a) As a result 8. a) had damaged 9. a) could
b) However b) have damaged b) might
c) Although c) were damaged c) had to
d) On the contrary d) damaged d) should

10. a) have happened I l. a) were


b) not have happened b) would be
c) not happen c) have been
d) happen d) had been

A large British fishing boat, the Red Herring, sank yesterdaymorning after hitting rocks off
the southcoastof England. Six of the boat'screw members_( 12)_ swim ashoreanclget
help. The authoritieshad a lifeboat team -(13)- out to searchfor the rest of the crew.
When the lifeboat crew returned to shore after rescuing five survivors, they _(14)_ the
authoritiesthat there were still three missing crew members. The survivors of the shipwreck
-(15)- to hospitalin Southampton,where they -(16)- from the accidenr.Air and
searescueteamsare continuingto searchfor the missingcrew members.

12. a) needed 13. a) sending 14. a) asked


b) could b) send b) rold
c) were able to c) was sent c) advised
d) would have to d) sent d) said

15. a) have taken 16. a.) are being recovered


b) had beentaken b) recovered
c) had taken c) are recovering
d) have been taken d) were recovered

The seasall over the world are in danger. They -(17)- with poison:industrial and
nuclearwaste,chemicalfertilisersand pesticides.The Mediterraneanis alreadynearly dead;
the North Sea is following. If nothing _(18)_ about it, one day soon norhing
_(19)_ live in the seas.

17. a) fill 18. a) had beendone 19. a) would be ableto


b) are filled b) is done b) was able ro
c) filled c) were done c) would have been able ro
d) are filling d) will be done d) will be able to

Peteraskedhis grandmother-(20)-. She answeredthat she felt very dizzy becauseshe


had forgotten to take her pills that morning. She askedhim _(21)_ the pills from rhe
kitchen. Moreover, shepersuadedhim _(22)_ his parentsabout it.

?0. a) how was she 21. a) to ger 22. a) rell


b) how she was b) ger b) ro tell
c) how had shebeen c) getting c) not to tell
d) how she had been d) got d) not tell

'rq)
A judge ordered a 65-year-old woman _(23)_ f4,000 damagesto a burglar who
-(24)- to break into her house. As soon as Mrs. Lewis heard the noises,picking up
her gun, she went downstairswhere she_(25)_ Michael Phillips in the hall with a bag
full of electricalequipmentand shot him. Fortunately,Phillips sufferedonly minor wounds
to his legs. If he had been seriouslywounded,he _(26)_ in hospitalnow. In the trial,
the judge explained that although Mrs. Lewis was defending her own property, she
_(21)_ Phillips.

a) pay aA a) has tried


LJ 25 a) found
b) that she had to pay b) has beentrying b) had found
c) paying c) had tried c) was found
d) to pay d) would try d) had been found

26. a) wouldn'tbe 2 7 . a) shouldn'tshoot


b) would have been b) shouldn'thave shot
c) wouldn't have been c) shouldn'tbe shot
d) would be d) shouldn'thave been shot

t2
Ben Johnson,the Canadiansprinter,won and lost the 100 metresfinal in 1988 Olympics in
Seoul in 24 hours. _(l)_ the tests done after the race showed that he had taken a
prohibited drug before the race. This _(2)_ in his losing his title and the gold medal.
_(3)_ people believe that athletesshouldn't take drugs becausethese drugs improve
performanceunfairly. Some people said that Johnson_(4)_ have taken drugs because
he was an excellent athlete anyway and _(5)_ the race without them. Johnson was
bannedfrom competingfor three years. People who thought that he was _(6)_ to take
drugs also thought that this ban was -(7)- and that it would be better if theseathletes
were bannedfrom competing for life.

1. a) Most 2. a) originated 3. a) Hardly any


b) None of b) was one result b) Many
c) Very few c) resulted c) Almost no
d) All d) led d) Most of

4. a) was bound to 5. a) shouldn'thave won 6. a) wrong


b) might b) could have won b) no right
c) wasn'texpectedto c) s h o u l db e w i n n i n g c) his own fault
d) needn't d) must have won d) not to blame for

7. a) short enough
b) too short
c) shorterthan
d) not as short as

I like dogs very much, but I lead -(8)- a busy life that I don't think I could sparethe time
to look after one, so I have a cat. Cats are _(9)_ to keep becausethey don't demand

293
constantattention. If I -(10a)- a dog, I -(10b)_ worried becauseI couldn't get home
_(ll)_ to take it out for a walk. Dogs are believed_(12)_ good companions,but I
think that it all dependson _(13)_ sort of companionyou want, one that keepsyou on the
go all the time or one that helps you to relax. Some doctorsclaim that it is _(14)_ to keep
a cat if you suffer from stressbecauseit enables_(15)_ rid of all your tension.

8. a) so 9. a) much easier 10. a) had had...wouldhavebeen


b) quite b) easiest b) d i d n ' th a v e . . . w o u l d nb' et
c) such c) easierthan c) had...wouldbe
d) extremely d) more easily d) d o n ' t . . . w i lbl e

11. a) on time 12. a) to have been 13. a) what


b) at the time b) they are b) whether
c) for a time c) to be c)
d) in time d) being d) that

14. a) worth 15. a) you to get


b) no point in b) to get you
c) a good idea c) you from getting
d) wasteof time d) getting you

Kilroy's secondday in the army was not much better than his first. Once again, the officers
made the recruits stand in the sun for severalhours. They had no idea _(16)_ it. They
were allowed neither to talk _(17)_ nor to sit down. Next, they were forced to run six
miles in the hot sun, which was twice _(18)_ the distancethey had run the previousday.
This, of course,was hard work for the recruits who _(19)_ to doing physical exercise.
Moreover,_(20)_ who couldn'trun fast were requiredto run an extra mile as punrshment.
Then, they were ordered to go to the medical building, where they had _(21)_ In the
afternoon,they were told to do lots of other trivial and tiring things. When, at last. they were
allowed to return to their barracks,Kilroy, who hated_(22)_ what to do, was sorry that
he _(23)_ to join the army.

16. a) why they had to do 11. a) one other 18. a) more than
b) why did they do b) by themselves b) as much as
c) how long do they have to do c) themselves c) longer than
d) how long they have been doing d) to each other d) length of

19. a) weren'tused 20. a) ones


b) were used b) the one
c) didn't use c) someof
d) usedto d) the ones

21. a) measuredtheir blood pressure


b) rememberedmeasuringtheir blood pressure
c) their blood pressuremeasured
d) their blood pressureshouldbe measured

294
22. a) being told 23. a) was persuaded
b) telling b) persuaded
c) tellinghim c) had beenpersuaded
d) his telling d) had persuaded

13
It is very difficult to understandthe directionsfor use on medicines-(1)- they are
explainedby doctors.

1. a) in case c) unless
b) provided d) as long as

Parentsshould set limits on the amount of time their children spend watching television
because-(2)-. the more violencethey will probably see.

2. a) if they watch more television c) the televisionis watchedmore


b) the more televisionthey watch d) watchingtelevisionmore often

The rock band Avalon are giving a concert in London this Saturday.There is usually a
long queue for concert tickets and although I -(3a)- to get into one of their
concertsfor years,I _(3b)_ successfulso far. I hope I will be able to get a ticket
this time.

3. a) havebeen trying...haven'tbeen c) was trying...have never been


b) am trying...am not d) havetried ....wasn't

The local bank manager now regrets -(4)- to produce his play Bttsinessm
Business.As the first public performanceis not far off, he -(5)- nervous.He is
afraid he will have a difficult time becausethere are no professionalactors in the town's
theatregroup.

4. a) offering 5. a) will be getting


b) to be offered b) gets
c) being offered c1 is getting
d) to offer d) will have got

It was very hot in the classroomand everybodywas feeling -(6)-. After a tiring
morning,the studentswere anxious-(7)_- off to lunch.

6. a) asleep 7. a) getting
b) sleep b) by getting
c) sleepily c) to get
d) sleepy d) that theY get

The fact that everybodyenjoys a good mysteryexplainswhy magiciansare -(8)-


'magic'
popular entertainers.We all know that a magician does not really depend on to
perform his tricks,-(9)- on his ability to act at greatspeed.

295
8. a) so 9" a) or
b) such b) and
c) the c) also
d) these d) but

These days we are _(l0a)_ accustomedto e-mail messages_(l0b)_ it is


hard for us to imagine the excitement-(1 I )_ in the nineteenthcentury when the
first telegraphcableswere laid.

10. a) more ...than I 1. a) felt


b) so...that b) had beenfelt
c) not only ... but also c) which it felt
d) such....as d) that felt

Most working women have the sameproblem; they have to work at their offices and also at
home. As they get-(12)- any help from their children or husbands,they often think
that they are treatedas if they _(13)_ maids.

12. a) hardly 13. a) were being


b) ever b) have been
c) almost c) were
d) considerably d) had been

In general,doctors'waitingrooms _(14)_. They are usually packed with patients


who have to wait and wait for hours ( I 5) be examined.

14. a) look depressed 15. a) so as to


b) are looking depressing b) for they
c) look depressing c) so that
d) are looking depressed d) becausethey

Hunting -(16)- a matter of life and death since it was one of the main ways for our
ancestorsto provide -(17)- with food. However, in today'sworld of tinned, canned
and frozen foods, hunting has become _(l8a)_ a social acriviry _(l8b)_
anythingelse.

16. a) got usedto being 17. a) their 18. a) either... or


b) was used as b) themselves b) both ... and
c) usedto be c) theirs c) n e i t h e r. . . n o r
d) was usedto being d) them d) a s m u c h. . . u s

A group of scientistsled by CaptainMonroe startedliving under the sea 79 daysago. These


scientists want to prove that underwater farms are possible. Now they are trying
-(19)- up permanent stations under the sea. If they succeed, in the future we
-(20)- fresh fruit and vegetablesgrown under the sea. According to researchers,one
thousandhectaresof land can be cultivated_(21)_ year, so if we can start cultivating
the sea bed in the next 3 years,thousandsof hectaresof sea bed will _(22)_ by the
end of this century.
296
1 9 . a) to set 20. a) would be eating
b) to setting b) are eating
c) and setting c) will have been eating
d) setting d) will be eating

2 1 .a) all 22. a) cultivate


b) whole b) have to be cultivated
c) same c) be cultivating
d) each d) have been cultivated

You _(23)_ to go to the Himalayasto do some climbing. It is not even necessaryto


have a mountain: an old university building can also provide -(24)- excitement.
However, climbing a building is _(25)- more difficult, and for this reason it
-(26)- by peoplewho are not speciallytrained.

23. a) don't have 24. a) too much


b) ought not b) plenty of
c) are not able c) a little
d) needn't d) a great deal

25. a) about 26. a) needsdoing


b) quite b) can'tbe done
c) far c) needn'tbe done
d) over d) can'thave been done

A populationis a group of organisms of the samespecies-(27)- a defined area.The


populationfigure is regulatedby many factors,the most important -(28)- seemsto
be the food supply.
A limited food supply often _(29)_ malnutrition and starvation for the members of a
population.Humans are the only animalsthat can choosevoluntarily to decreasethe birth
rate-(30)- suffer a populationdeclinethrough starvationand disease.

21. a) and inhabit 28. a) one that


b) which are inhabited b) where it
c) inhabiting c) of which
d) w h i c hi n h a b i t i n g d) among them

29. a) leadsto 30. a) insteadof


b) resultsfrom b) rather than
c) is causedby c) in spiteof
d) is the resultof d) had better

Bob was out for lunch when he saw his girlfriend with anotherman. He watched them
_(31)_ away together in a car. The next day Bob asked his girlfriend
_(32)_ at noon the day before. She said, "I was working in the office."
_(33)_ her with anotherman, Bob knew she was lying. When she realizedthis,

291
his girlfriend was very embarrassedand apologisedto him but -(34)-- she tried. she
couldn't change Bob's mind and they broke up. Now she feels sorry and wishes she
_(35)_ him the truth.

31. a) driving )2. a) where she had been 33. a) Seeing


b) to drive b) where had she been b) That he saw
c) drove c) w h a ts h ew a s d o i n g c) Had seen
d) drive d) what had shebeendoing d) Having seen

34. a) no matterhow 3 5 . a) told


b) howeverhard b) would tell
c) the harder c) should have told
d) whatever d) had rold

Last July Art Fidler left washington in his private jet to fly to Bermuda. ___(36)____.
everythingseemedunder control. He had the plane _(37)_ just before the llighr lnd
the weatherconditionswere favourable.However,he _(38)_ over the shinin-ewarersof
the Atlantic Ocean for about ten minutes when suddenlythe plane began to lose altrtude.It
was obvious that there was somethingwrong. Fortunately,he noticed an island nearby and
managedto land the plane there. "How lucky I am," he thought. "If I _(39a)__ this
island,I -(39b)- dead."He looked at the plane and found somefeathersstuck in one ot
the engines.It _(40) _ a bird that causedall the trouble.

36. a) Meanwhile a) being serviced 38. a) was flying


b) Afterwards b) for servicing b) had beenflying
c) At first c) to be serviced c) flew
d) Firstly d) serviced d) had beenflown

39. a') didn'tsee....would havebeen 40. a) could be


b) hadn'tseen....would havebeen b) must havebeen
c) didn'tsee....would be c) shouldhavebeen
d) hadn'tseen...would be d) might be

14

As it is his daughter's
birthdaytomorrow,my bosswill take_(la)_ shoppingso that she
can choosesomethingfor _( I b)_.

l. a) his...hers c) she...her
b) her...herself d) him...herself

I think it's beentwo weekssincewe last visitedour parents,_(2)_?

2 . a ) i s n ' ti t c) didn'twe
b) don'tI d) hasn'tit

298
It _(3)_ recentlythat doctorsdiscoveredthat the reasonfor the epileptic-likeselzure
in somechildren was viewing Pokemon,a cartoonseriesbasedon a computergame series
calledPocketMonsters.
3. a) was not until c) was not only
b) is still d) is so

_(4)_ restoringhis old American car, Sarah'sfather had grear difficulty in finding
someof thepartsastheyare_(5)_ manufacturedby Ford.

4. a) During 5. a) anyway
b) While b) any more
c) Since c) no longer
d) After d) by far

Of all the placesto visit in Britain, _(6)_ is as dangerousas the ScottishCairngorm


mountains.In a very short time, the weather can change from bright sunshineto bitter
cold and snow. Climbers usually check the weather before they set off, but there are
alwaysthosewho do not do so -(7)- warning they have had.

6. a) any 7. a) regardlessof the number of


b) neither b) no matterhow much
c) none c) accordingto the amountof
d) each d) howevermany

Over the past two decades,the Seychellians_(8)_ their peacefulisland. which was
consideredthe tropical paradiseon Earth by many, -(9)- into terrorism.corruptiort
and economicdecline.

8. a) saw 9. a) sink
b) had seen b) which sank
c) were to see c) to sink
d) have seen d) was sinking

Susanis a 21-year-oldemployeein the ticket office of an airplanecompany.She has been


told that _(10)_ she agreesto work on the night shift, she won't be able to get a pay
rise."I'd rather_(11)_ lessthan work at night,"saysSusan.

10. a) in case 1l. a) to be paid


b) as long as b) they paid
c) unless c) they pay
d) even though d) be paid

Ronnie is one of the thousandsof boys and girls who have been arrestedfor senous.
violent crimes in recent years.He was arrestedlast week for attacking_(12)_ boy
with a knife. So now, he is appearingin court_(13)_playing with his friendsin the
schoolyard.

299
12. a) another 13. a) without
b) the other b) insteadof
c) the c) exceptwhen
d) that d) apart from

Teenagersimitate people they look up to, chiefly film stars and pop performers. For
example,when David Bowie put on eye shadow,so _(14)_ many of his fans. However,
this only -(15a)- if the pop star -(15b)- in tune with the way youth culture is
alreadygoing.

14. a) are 15. a) succeeds ... is


b) were b) will succeed... isn't
c) do c) succeeds... will be
d) did d) will not succeed... is

When Janearrived at the restaurant,she couldn'tfind a place to park her car, so she gave her
keys to the parking lot attendant_(16)_. On leaving the restaurantsome time later, she
began to look for the attendant she had given her keys to. As she couldn't find him, Jane
walked aroundthe parking lot, _(17)_ at all the parked cars.

16. a) for parking it 17. a) she looked


b) to have it parked b) having looked
c) to be parked c) looking
d) so as to park d) looked

In 1859. the English naturalistCharles Darwin wrote The Origin of Species.He said that
humansand monkeys _(18)_ from common ancestors.Many people later thought that
Darwin's ideas about evolution went againstreligious teachings.They reactedvery angrily
and tried _( l9)_ schoolsto stop teachingthe scienceof evolution.

18. a) haveevolved 19. a) to get


b) had beenevolving b) getting
c) had evolved c) to have gotten
d) were evolving d) to be getting
When I saw David walking with a limp, I thought that he must _(20)_ a bad accident.
Later I discoveredthat he was doing it just to attract his mother's attention.I found that
extremelyannoying.At the age of 24, one is expectedto be _(21)_ to use such stupid
tricks. His mother,_(22)_just yesterday,knew nothing about David's trick and sounded
worried abouther son'slimp.

20. a) be having 21. a) so grown-up


b) have had b) very grown-up
c) have c) grown-up enough
d) had d) too grown-up

22. a) whom I talked about


b) I talked
c) who I talked
d) to whom I talked
300
Before going on holiday, I askedmy brother to take care of my cat. Upon my return, I saw
that my cat looked _(23)-. My brother had -(24a)- fed it twice a day -(24b)-
taken it to a veterinarian,who recommendedsome vitamins.I thankedmy brother and said.
"I _(25)_ have left the cat with you a long time ago. It has never been so healthy."

23. a) healthierthan 24. a) not ... but 25. a) needn't


b) much healthier b) either ... or b) couldn't
c) the healthiest c) not only ... but also c) must
d) nearly as healthy d) neither... nor d) should

Rose Joneshas spent20 of her 76 yearsin jail. Just a short while ago, she was caught again
practisingher trade in Harrods- a favourite hunting ground for the pickpocket.Her fingers
aren't as quick as they -(26)- and she was spotted by a sharp-eyedstore detective. Rose
blamesher life of crime on her childhood and harsh upbringing. She feels that if her mother
_(27a)_when she was a little child, she-(27b)-a different life today. As it was, her
father remarried and her stepmotherwas cruel to her. When she was only 15, she was offered
a job as a waitress at a nearby restaurant,but she turned it down. Now, she wishes she
_(28)_ that opportunity,which shebelieveswould have changedher life completely.

26. a) usedto be 27. a) hadn'tdied ... would be leading


b) were usedto being b) didn't die ... would lead
c) have been c) didn't die ... was leading
d) would be d) hadn'tdied ... would haveled

28. a) had taken


b) took
c) could have taken
d) take

The main obstacleto women'sprogressin business,accordingto a study -(29)- last


week by the Instituteof Management,is men. Roger Young, director of the institute,said
that the idea of a'traditionalmanagementcareer'-(30)- to change.He suggestedthat
women managers_(31)_ allowed to work at home. He felt that this would enable
them -(32)- work with other responsibilities.

29. a) thatpublished 30. a) had


b; published b) hadbetter
c) waspublished c) supposed
d) beingpublished d) wasable

3 1. a) are 32. a) combining


b) shouldbe b) beingcombined
c) being c) to combine
d) to be d) from combining

30t
-(33)- extremely generousof the people of France to give the American people the
Statue of Liberty, especiallyas the money was raised by donations from the public who
recognised-(34)- in common. After all, -(35)- nationshaclfought revolutionsto
securetheir nationhood.The gift was returned with interest with the foundation of Eurcr
Disney near Paris. Nevertheless, many Frenchpeopleare unhappywith this 'present',which
they_(36)_ a kind of 'culturalcolonialism'.

33. a) That they were 34. a) countriesthat had


b) It was b) what did the countrieshave
c) Most of the c) countrieswhich have
d) There were d) what the countrieshad

35. a) plentyof 36. a) feel symbolises


b) all b) felt it symbolises
c) both c) f e e ls y m b o l i s i n g
d) hardly any d) felt to symbolise

The number of seriouscrimes -(31)- in the last few years.These crimes are usually
committed for economic and social reasons.-(38)_ strict sentences.criminals are nor
afraid of -(39)-. They know that prisonsare overcrowdedand thar they will ___('10)_*_
for good behaviourin just a few years'time.

3 7 . a) has beenincreased 3 8 . a) Although they are


b) have beenincreased b) Despitethe fact that
c) have increased c) In spiteof
d) has beenincreasing d) Becausethereare

39 a) punishing 40. a) have released


b) havingto punish b) release
c) being punished c) be releasing
d) to be punishing d) be released

15

Temperatureson earth have never remained the same. There have been times when
as high as 58" C and as low as -89" C were recorded.Luckily. life on earth isn't
temperatures
affected very much by such temperatureextremes.Most organisms __( la)_ at such
extremesif they -(1b)- have the ability to keepconditionsinsicletheir bodiesrhe same.
What enables a living organism to maintain a constant bocly temperature _(2)___
conditionsin its environmentchangeis calledhomeostasis.

l. a ) w i l l q u i c k l yd i e . . . d o n ' t 2. a) even though


b) will havequickly died...didn't b) otherwise
c) would quickly die...didn't c) despite
d) quickly die...dont d) so that

302
When Europeansfirst arrived,forestscovereda vast areain the easternUnited States.
Almost all the original forest was clearedto make room for farms and towns and to
harvest timber. Today. Earth's _(3)_ forests, namely the tropical rain forests.
_(4)_ for the samereasons.Scientistsfear that tropical forests-(5)- by the
end of this century. When the forest trees are cut, not only are the trees lost. but
thousandsof animalsthat live on or amongthe treesalso vanish.There'stoo much idle
talk about the matter and -(6)- action is taken. It's time that we -(1)-
seriouslyinvolved in the protectionof our environment.

3. a) the largest 4. a) have beendestroyed 5. a) will be disappearing


bl the most lafgely b) are destroying b) will havedisappeared
c) largest c) destroy c) would have disappeared
d) largely d) are being destroyed d) would disappear

a) very few 7. a) had to get


b) hardlyany b) will get
c) none c) got
d) less d) would get

It's known that most cosmeticcompanieshave_(B)_ on animalsbefore they put therr


on the market for sale. Every day researchersare accusedby animal rights activistso1'
mistreatinganimals in their labs. Defendersof animal experimentation,however. find it
ridiculous that some people disapprove_(9)- rabbits, cats and dogs for testing
purposes.They arguethat the welfare of an animal is much lessimportant than the life o1'
even one human.

8. a) testedtheir products 9. a) that scientistsuse


b) beentestingtheir products b) to use
c) had their products'tests c) of scientistsusing
d) their productstested d) of having used

To prove that it is necessaryto carry out researchon animals first, Dr. JosephWa-ener
showed some slides on a recentTV programme.One slide was of a cl-rildwho was born
damagedby a drug his mother_(10)_ while she was carryingthe baby. Obviously.
the drug _(11)_ testedmore thoroughly.In fact, some animal rights activistsare not
againstthe use of lab animals.They'd rather_(12)_
contpletelv- experimentsthat are
quite unnecessary.Peter Singer is one of those activists u'ho wish that animals
_(13)_ subjectedto pain for unimportantreasons."The differencebetweenhuman
and animal intelligence,"he points out, "does not mean that animals feel less pirin than
people".

10. a) hastaken I l. a) must have been


b) has beentaking b) could be
c) had beentaken c) shouldhave been
d) had taken d) needto be
303
12. a) not conduct 13. a) weren't
b) scientistsdidn't conduct b) won't
c) not conducted c) aren't
d) thev don't conduct d) wouldn't

I get -(14)- of lettersat this time of year from people _(15)_ that they have a
cold which won't go away. There are -(16)- many different stories about how to
preventor cure a cold that it's often difficult to know what to do. Of course,you can buy
medicineswhich will help to make your cold less unpleasant,but you must remember
that -(17)- can actually cure a cold or make it _(ls)_ away faster. Another
thing is that somemedicinesare dangerousif you are alreadytaking drugs for some other
illness.We adviseyou to check with your chemistor doctor first. Are they really all right
for you? And rememberthey can make you sleepy-please
don't try to drive if they dol
-(19)-, as regardsavoidingcolds,-(20)_ you may be told abourmagic foods
or drinks, the best answer is to keep strong and healthv - you'll have less chance of
catchinsa cold then.

14. a) plenty 15. a) to complain 1 6 .a ) such


b) a large amount b) whosecomplaints b) too
c) the most c) complaining c) very
d) twice as much d) with the complaint of d) so

17. a) everything 18. a) to go


b) something b) go
c) nothing c) going
d) anything d) gone

19. a) At last 20. a) whatever


b) Lastly b) whoever
c) Eventually c) however
d) In the end d) whichever

Life can be unjust sometimes.I guessmy father and I have had our share of trouble, too.
Grandpa's sudden death put great responsibilitieson my father'sshouldersat a very early
age. When he was only 14, he -(21)- going to school in order to take over grandpa's
grocery shop. -(22)- the eldestson, he becamethe family's only provider. His dreams
of becominga pilot were shatteredand he was made to spendhis life amongstboxes of rice
and detergents,in a small grocery shop.

I remember -(23)- us about the importance of education. He wanted his children to


becomecollegegraduatesand get 'decent'jobs.
My brother and I graduatedwith honors. At the time, _(24)_ of us was aware thlr
getting a job -(25)- very difficult. I can't forget the day when I had my first job

304
interview. How proud and self-confidentI was with my diploma in my briefcase-I soon
discoveredthat a diploma alone was not enough to get a good position. At the interview'
they asked me how much experience-(26)- in my field of study. The job involved
speakingat leastthreeforeign languagesand, of course,using a computer.

It's eight months since I -(21)- up looking for a'decent' job. If you drop by at our
grocery store, you can see me -(28)- in my father'schair at the cashier'sdesk. I
wasn't_(29)_ to take over dad's shop, but that'swhat's happenedafter all. Dad and I
becamegrocers-butfor differentreasons.

21. a) hadbeenstopped 22. a) Whilebeing 23. a) telling


b) was stopped b) Being b) him to tell
c) had to stop c) Having been c) that telling
d) has had to stop d) To be d) him telling

24. a) either 25. a) would have been 26. a) I had


b) both b) will be b) have I had
c) neither c) was going to be c) did I have
d) each d) will have to be d) I have had

27. a) have given 28. a') as sitting 29. a) suppose


b) had given b) to sit b) suPPosing
c) have beengiving c) sitting c) supposedly
d) gave d) sit d) suPPosed

305
ANSWER

KEY
1. VERB TENSES
1.1 SIMPLE PRESENT AND CONTINUOUS
A.
1. likes/ loves 8. looks
2. has 9. has
3. washes/ does 10. goes
4. goes 11- watches
5. does 12. listens
6. lose 13. plays
'7. 14. reads
plays

B.
l. are 29. belongs 57. is Bill trying
2. aren't 30. don't understand 58. gives
3. have 31. don't do / aren'tdoing 59. is working
4. is 32.am thinking 60. Is / Isn't "" conting
5. has 33. am aPPearing 61. earns
6" isn't 34. gets 62. doesn'tseem
7. doesn'tgo 35. am working 63. is ringing
8. are 36. find 64. am writing
g. lives 37. areyou doing 65. finish
10.hasn'tgot 38. am having 66. usuallyhave
I 1. goes 39. do you think 67' often visit
12. watches 40. usuallyteach 68. are going
13.want 41. don't go 69. don't often stay
14.don't understand 42. seem 70' have
15.is 43. leaves 71. am sitting
16.lives 44. doesn'tstop 72. selling
17.alwaysgetsup 45. is playing 7 3. is wearing
18.eats 46. guess 74. like
19.is making 47. is constantlycomplaining 75. nevergo
20. flying 48. understands 76. is visiting
21. is watching 49. belongs 77. ate takin-e
22. am writing 50. are exPecting
2 3 .s e e m s 5 l ' a r e . . .w e a r i n g
24. aretaking 52. want
25. arelosing 53. Do ... remember
26.live 54. arehaving
27. is changing 55. Is ... bathing
28. arebuilding 56. baths

C.
1. Does the Nelsons'/ their daughtergo to school
Does Sue go to school
2. Whereis the Nelsons'/their house
3. How many bedroomsare there I in the (Nelsons')house]
How many bedroomsdoesthe househave
4. Is there a garage
5. What do you do
What'syour iob

301
6. Do you work
7. Whereis / Where's
8. Who is / Who's
9. How old are
10. Wheredoesyourhusband / he have
I 1. How manycarshaveyou got/ do you have?
12. Do theylive
13. Whatdo youdo
14. Whatis your nationality
Whatnationalityareyou
15. Wheredo youwork
16. Haveyou (ever)had/ eaten/ tried/ tasted
17. Who cooks
18. Whereareyou from
19. Who is that
20. Is sheyour
21. How old is sheI LisaI yoursister
22. Areyou a student
23. Wheredo herparents(hermotherandfather)live?
24. DoesLinda/ shego
25. Why doesLinda/ shewant
26. WhenlWhattimedoesthelibrary/ it close?

D.
I. smells I 1. arethinking 21. is meeting 3I " do theyhord
2. is studying 12. see 22. have 32. areholding
3. am serving 13. areyou cleaning 23. aredoing 33. doesit conrain
4. think 14. am seeing 24. am typing 34. hear
5. don'tlike 15. looks 25. floats 35. rhink
6. holds 16. areyou still thinking 26. aregiving 36. arealwaysfinding
7. amhaving 17. goes 27. amthinking 37. is writing
8. arrives 18. is thinking 28. boils 38. feels
9. holds 19. doesn'tcome 29. finishes 39. am having
10. stops 20. feel 30. is smelling

1.2SIMPLE PAST AND CONTINUOUS


A.
1. a
2.d
J.d

B.
1. They sold
2. Werq you watching
3. How long ago / When did he buy
4. was not wearing
5. When did he/Richardbreak his les
6. lived

308
i. What were you doing
8. Did Bruno and his farnily haveenoughmoney to rent a house
Did Bruno and his family rent a house
9. How much (money)doesBruno's fatherearn a month
10. Why didn't you cotneNVhydidn't you go
I 1. weremaking
12. sought
13. swore
1rl. wasjust beginning
hadjust begun

C. I.
l. were you doing 17. took 33. broke
2. heard 18. moved 34. was trying
3. watching 19. am staying 35. cut
4. did you do 20. are attending 36. were walking
5. ran 2l . rains 37. came
6. running 22. is shining 38^ didn'tpay
1. was holding 23. enjoying 39. went
8. was sitting 24. takes 40. were surfing
9. got 25. visited 41. appeared
10. drove 26. was 42. were
1 1. was driving 27. weretalking 43. looked
12. wrote 28. were singing 44. knew
13. flew 29. playing 45. blew
14. started 30. waspouring 46. were trying
15. were'"vaiting 31. went 47. was
16. continued 32. dropped 48. phoned

II.
1" were waiting 18. walked 34. are workin-e
2. were getting 19. flew 35. felt
3. were expecting 20. saw 36. shaking
4. finally arrived 21. decided 37. w a sl y i n g
5. were sitting 22. was called 38. reading
6. r.verestanding 23. arrived 39. got
7. took 24. was waiting 40. sat
B. carried 25. am not 41. w a sg i v i n g
9. opened 26. don't like 42. received
10. witnessed 1. sat 43. was driving
1 1 . w a sl i v i n g 28. was getting 44. heard
12. came 29. invited 45. were looking
13. were rnaking 3 0 . d i d n ' th a v e 46. arrivccl
14. decided 3 1 . w a st o l d 47. was given
15. were fighting 32. is published 18" got
16. were having 33. arebecoming 49. f-elt
17. dropped

309
D.
1. They got divorced
2. While I was making a salad,my mother arrived
My mother arrived while I was making a salad
3. It took him two hours to do / finish
4. When she saw the mouseunder the table,our teacherscreamed
When our teachersaw the mouse under the table. she screamed
Our teacherscreamedwhen she saw the mouseunder the table
5. (I was) going to school,I found a purse

1.3FUTURE
A. Suggestedanswers
l. am going to seea dentist.
2. is going to wash them
3. are going to play in the garden
4. am going to look it up in a dictionary
5. is going to have somecoke
6. are going to swim
7. am going to sleep
8. is going to stay at home
f . is going to repair it
10. am going to buy someeggs

B. Suggestedanswers C.
L won't be 1. is going to have
2. will be 2. will lend
3. won't win 3. is going to drop
4. will get 4. is going to faint
5. will disappear 5. will come

D.
playing tennis and at l1:00 I'm meetingDavid. I'm having lunch at l3:15 with Sally and
going to a party at 15:00.I'm meetingmy husbandin his office at 19:30.

E.
l. are going to fall
2. is going to rain
3. starts... finishes
4 aregoing to miss
5. are eating
6. takesoff ... arrives
7. am leaving

F.
l. b 1. a 13.a
2. a 8. c 14.c
3. d 9. a 15.d
4. a 10.b 16.d
5. d l1.b 17.b
6. c lZ.d 18.d

310
G.
1. probablywon't go 20. Can / Could I May I (possibly)borrow
2. won't lend 21. will havedriven
1. won't do 22. will be looking for
2. will be resting 23. will be waiting
5. will have constructed 24. will have missed
6. won't have to use 25. retires
7. will have been learning 26. probably won't be
will be 27. 'll
8. help
9. will be having 28. am going to change
won't be ableto see 29. 'm
10. intendins
I l. will be doing 30. give
'm going
12. will have moved 31. to wear
13. Will you be ableto support...? 32. will havepublished
14. will find 33. will be given
15. am going to work 34. will be watching
will work 35. willprobably get
16. will probablymiss 36. hasbeenrunning
17. will go 37. was elected
18. will be 38. certainlywon't vote
19. will neverdo

H.
1. will be having 6. will be cooking
2. will repair 7. is going to faint
3. will be 8. will have been studying
4. will call 9. will get
5. will still love 10. will be havine

I.
1. the plane will have takenoff
2. you come home, I'11have finishedthe decorating
3. will have been living in this flat
4. help you with your homework,(if you like)
5. will have typed this report/ will have finished typing this report

1.4 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS

A.
l. I have (haven't)drunk tealcoffee
2. I have (haven't)read the newspaper
3. I have (haven't)watchedTV
4. I have (haven't)made a phone call
5. I have (haven't)done my homework
6. I have (haven't)combedmy hair
1. I have (haven't)brushedmy teeth
8. I have (haven't)had a pop quiz
9. I have (haven't)mademy bed
10. I have (haven't)washedthe dishes

3lI
B. C
l. Your ex-boyfriendhashad an operation l. He hasbecomea doctor
2. I've startedgoing I've beento the Far East 2. He has startedr.vearing
glasses
3. Janehashad twins 3. He has got engaged
4. We've bought a new house 4. He hasgainedsomeweight
5. My dog has died out with Tom 5. He has stoppedplayingvideogames
6. 6. He has grown a beard

D.
l. Have you evereatensushi 3. Have you ever written ii story
Yes. I have Yes, I have
Where did you eat it When did you write ir
I ate it when I was in Tokyo I wrote it two yearsago
2. Have you ever done rock clinibing 4. Have you ever planteda tree
Yes, I have Yes, I have
What was it like When did you plant it
It was exciting I plantedit lastspring

E.
I
l - She's alreadymade some/ the sandwiches
2 . She'sjust boughtsome/thedrinks
J. She'salreadyinvited the guests
4. She's alreadycleanedthe flat
5. Shehasn'ttidiedup the living room yet
6. She'sjust blown the balloons
1. Shehasn'tlaid the tableyet

F.
1. gone 5. been
2. been 6" been
3. beeu 1" been
4. gone 8. gone

G.
l. haven't mef his girlfriend yet
2 . has alreadycleanedJim's trousers
J. has alreadyironed his jeans
4 . hasn'tmadethe saladyet
5 . has iust arrived

has beendeadfor
have alreadybeenabroad
I have changedmy job threetimes
They haven't found tlie burglar
Tom has neverbeento England
have been
h a s n ' th a d
Amy has had/owneda carl the samecar for two months

312
9" I have painted
10. have lived /have beenliving in Chicagofor
11. He doesn'tplay cards
12. is still lookingfor a flat
13. Shehasn'tleft
14. He hasn'tgot the sack
15. You haven'twritten
16. hasn'tcleanedthe kitchenyet
17. Jack hasn't watcheda play (at the Royal Theatre)sincelast year
18. He has beenfamousever sincehe published
19. a long time sinceshe(last)had
20. agessincethey (last)visitedtheir grandparents
2 l. fifteen yearssinceI (last)rode
22. haven't seenthem since we were / studied
23. yearssinceI (last) went to the theatre
24. sherode a bike was when shewas at high school.
25. he saw an opera was when he was 25

I.
1. he hasn'tfound one yet 6. I've alreadyasked
2. I've just had sometea 7 . havejust paintedthe door
3. She'sbrokenher leg 8. I'vejust had one
4. she'salreadyleft 9. I've alreadypostedit
5. Ihaven'tbeentothebanktoday 10. Shehasn'tfinished(it)yet

J.
l. have completed 5. have you known
2. has begun 6. have knocked
3. has served 7. haven'tfound...arestill looking for
4. has landed

K.
L havebeensent 10.was...havebeen
2. had 11 . l i v e d
3. hasbeen ... finished 12. haveyou typed
4. hashad I 3. haveplayed
5. haven'tlearned 14.havenevertried
6. felt ... havebeen 15.haveyou been
'/ I 6. have neverenjoyed
. didn't work . . . was
8. w a n t e d . . .w a s 1 7 .s k a t e d
9. often visited

L.
1. How long has Mary had her winter house
2. Has Jack ever eatensnails
3. Have you ever beento Spain
4. Have you phonedJohn (recently/lately)

3 l-1
A.
l. I've beenpaintingthe ceiling
2. I've beeneatingall day
3. Ann has been studying
4. She'sbeen washingclothes
5. She'sbeencrying
6. I ' v e b e e np l a y i n gt e n n i s

B.
l. has been studyingfor 3 hours
2. I have beenwatchingTV since9 o'clock
3. hasbeenplaying
4. Shehasbeentyping
5. How long have you beenwatching
6. How long have you beenworking
'7
. I've beenreadingthis book for
8. have beengoing
9. How long have you beenwaiting
10. The studentsat the DBE have beenlearningEnglish for

C.
Suggestedanswers
1. She'sbeenstudyinghardersince shestarteduniversity
(relevantmonth)

2. He has been stayingin hospitalsincel he had the car accident


last month

3. He has beenlooking for a job since he cameout ol nrison


(relevantyear)

4. They have been spendinga lot of money since then


(relevantmonth)

5. He has beenhaving a treatmentsincehe had a nervousbreakdown

D.
1. He's beentaking photographssince 10
He has taken six rolls of film so far
2. He has beenworking as a doctor for 40 years
He hasperformeda lot of successfuloperationsso far
3. He has been smokingfor a few hours
He has smoked a packet of cigarettesso far
4. He has beencleaningthe room for an hour
He has cleanedthe floor and tidied the bookcaseso far

314
E.
l . How long have you lived/beenliving in this house Since last year
How long ago did you move to this house .....a yearago
2 . How long have you known your friend Bill For 10 years
How long ago did you meet your friend Bill l0 yearsago
a
J. How long has he been walking on crutches For severalweeks
How long ago did John break his leg .....monthsago
*A . How long has he beenill For a long time
How long ago did he becomeill A long time ago
5 . How long have you had this car SincelastAugust
How long ago did you buy this car .....monthsago

F.
l . How long did it rain yesterday For half an hour
How long has it beenraining Sinceearly this morning
2 . How long did she work as a translator For five years
How long has she beenteachingin a school For a week
a
-). How long did he travel all over the world For 40 years
How long has he been living in the country For two years

III. REVIEW OF PRESENTPERFECTSIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS


A.
1. phoned 9. havealreadybeen
2. weren't 10. haven'tseen
3. wasn't I l. aregoing
4. am calling 12.went
5. are you doing 13. Haveyou evereaten
6. have you been 14. drank
1. arrived 15. Did youlike
8. Have you visited 16. Is Tom

B. C.
1. am going 1. hasnot beenaffected
2. haven'thad 2. looks
3. called 3. think
4. weren't 4. havenot eaten
5. is appearing
6. expects

D. E.
l. aregettingI aregoingto get f. isn't
2. havealreadybought 2. usuallyplay
3. haven'tfound 3. havealreadyseen
4. 'reI arelooking 4. ate
5. hasjust read 5. haven'tbeen
6. living 6. aregoingto drive / aredriving
1. hatedancing/ hateto dance

315
F. G.
I" have 1. does 6. lefi
2. bought 2. are grown 7. was still waiting
3. isn't 3. was 8. came
4. have lived / have been living 4. to come 9. hasjust finished
5. spends 5. will wait I 0. havebeenstanding
6. goes am going to wait
7. don'twant am waiting

H.
1. arrived
2. has beenworking
3. hasbeenstudying
4. hasn'tpassed
5. hasjust beengiven
6. has beengoing
7. has visited
8. spent

1.5PAST PERFECTSIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS


A. I.
l. was going 5. found B. looked
2. hadn'theard 6. had also heard 9. was
3. was affected 7. remember 10. thought
4. had impressed

il.
1. entered...had (not) beenchanged 21. h a db e e nm a d e
2. had stolen 22. had beenregarded
3. had laid 23. were
4. had been standing 24. was flying
5. had 25. dipped
6. had alreadydied 26. was trying / tried
7. hasn'tgiven 21. going/ was going
8. is still 28. Trapped/ Being trapped
9. doesn'tlive 29. couldn't/ was not ableto press
10. alwaysshines 30. trying
I l. is having 31. w o u l d h a v eb e e nt o r n
12" is thinking 32. had
13. believes 33. took
14. had left 34. hadjust got / werejust gerting
1 5 . d i d n ' tw a n t 35. noticed
16. were carrying 36. was walking
17. had read 31. moved
18. had stopped 38. pass
19. informed 39. had had
20. were opened 40. had beenbitten

316
41. d i d n ' tw a n t 70. hadn't taken
42. started 7l. weren't
43. liked / likes 72. had eaten
44. had never allowed 73. reached
45. would be 74. were waiting
46. was daydreaming 15. had planned
47. were answering 76. ran
48. had attended 77. w a sl o o k i n g
49. had started 78. h a d n ' tc h a n g e d
50. realised 79. had beenwearing
51. hadn'tanswered 80. would visit
52. began 81. happened
53. had done 82. had forgotten
54. had beenwaiting 83. didn't let
55. was 84. had started
56. had served/ had beenserving 85. felt
57. was thinking 86. had left
58. put 87" had to ask
59. had taken 88. were painting
60. had alwaysbeen 89. opened
61. d i d n ' tk n o w 90. had told
62. had left 91. had taken
63. talking 92. got
64. walked 93. running
65. had had / had beenhaving 94. telephoned
66. was 95. still hadn'treturned
61. had thrown 96. could havehaPPened
68. left/had left 97. had
69. realised 98. were looking / were going to look / would look
99. had beendriving

He had beenworking for 10 yearsat the bank when he becamethe manager


When he receiveda promotion,he had gainedsomeexperience
The police had suppliedevidencewhen the man was convicted
They had moved to a different town when he died
He had kissedthe childrenwhen he left the house
They had become membersof the club when they changedall the rules
They had consulteda lawyer when they bought the house
He had driven through the red light when he got a fine
She had done all the shopping when he came in and offered to help

C.
1. neverfound...hadhidden 6. were...hadbeenraining
2. had forgotten...was 7. hadn'thad...broke
3. had invited...didn'tappear 8. had done/ did...stopped...decided
4. left
realised...had 9. looked...hadgiven uP
5. felt...hadbeen working 10. go...decided
had finished...realised...didn't

-r17
1.6 REVIEW OF TENSES

A. B.
1. are getting/ going to get l. work 7. will probablystart
2. have alreadybought 2 . received 8. is organizing
3. haven'tfound 3 . flew 9. are having/ going ro have
4. are looking 4 . are staying 10. will be
5. hasjust read 5 . was sleeping 11. have alreadyarrived
6. eat

c.
,| D. E.
am going (to go) 1. had prepared f . is sleeping
'l
worked 2. had eaten 2. saw
went 3. rang 3. wakesup / haswoken
+. studied 4. gets
died 5. saw

F. G. H.
1. had arrived 1. know l. came
2. had made 2. have nevermet 2. has beenIiving/haslived
3. explained/ had explained 3. has been 3. was
4. was listening 4. studied
5. had entered 5. got
6. were 6" was chatting
7. heard
8. is planning

I.
L arrived 7. havealreadyintroduced
2. called 8. wakes
3. wasn't 9. lets
4. phoned 10. will take/ am taking/ am goingro rake
5. was trying I 1. will haveannounced
6. am staying 12. will give

J. K.
l" (had)put 1. were
2. had spent 2. wasflying
3. was shining 3. dipped
4. was cycling 4. wastrying/ tried
5. saw 5. couldn'tpress
6. crashed 6. failed
7. have beenlooking
8. haven'tbeen able to find
9. would neverbe able to run

318
L. M.
l. chose 1. mentioned
2. climbed 2. don't look
3. didn't want 3. did you decide
4. goes 4. was wandering
5. like 5. approached
6. don't have 6. are attending
7. is working 7. didn'tmind
8. will be 8. was
9. finishes 9. have beenconsidering
10. is going to travel 10. have beenfollowing
11. haven'tsucceeded
12. think

N.
l. saved
2. has beenfighting
3. have made
4. has appeared
5. will probablylive

1.7 TIME EXPRESSIONS


A.
1. c 7. a
2.d8.a
3.b 9.b
4. d l0.c
5. c 11. a
6. b 12.a

B.I. II. III.


1. Before 1. when l. the 6. when
2. when 2. while 2. X 7. X
3. While 3. before 3. so 8. when
4. after 4. such 9. X
5. during 5. until 10. the

IV. V.
L assoonas l. in orderto 6. so that
2. Firstly 2. Firstly 7. until
3. afterwards 3. Then/After that 8. While
4. until 4. After that/Then 9. During
5. Meanwhile 5. As soonas 10. Lastly
6. At first
7. during

319
VI. vII.
1. As soonas 6. then 1. at the sametime
2. previously 1. later 2. for a time
3. immediately 8. After 3. from time to time
4. Meanwhile 9. finally 4. at the time
5. first 10. Afterwards 5. on time
6. after a time

VIII. C.
l. At one time 1. broke his arm during the/afootball match
2. sometime 2. After the orchestra(had) played for severalhours. the embassy
3. on time providedthe musicianswith refreshments
4. at the time 3^ Where do you stay when you visit Washington
5. from time to time 4. It wasn't until we startedworking togetheron the sameproject
that I realisedhow ambitiousshe was

D.
1 . during 4 . during 7 . while
2 . while 5 . Before 8 . During
a
J. before 6 . before 9 . Before

2. PRONOUNS
2.1 PERSONALPRONOUNS

They're 9. him
My 10. Ours 1 7 .h i s
Whose 11 . M i n e 1 8 .h i m
these 12. my 1 9 .w e
one 1 3 .m e 20. there
hers 14. We 21. She
mine 15. They 22. It
he's

He eatsit every week. 5. They ask questionsto them.


We play it very often. 6. He knows it.
It is for them. 7. We have it.
They sell them. 8. Shecooksit.

c.
l. Nobody 6. somebody
2. Everybody/ Anybody 7. Everybody
3. Somebody 8. anybody
4. anybody 9. anybody
5. nobody...nobody 10.somebody

320
2.2 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
l. himself 6. himself
2. themselves 7. itself
3. herself 8. herself
4. yourself 9. Yourselves
5. ourselves 10. mYself

2.3 FORMS OF OTHER


1. another 9. The other
2. The other 10. Others
3. another 11. one another
4. The other 12. Another i Others
5. others 13. The other / other
6. other 14. others/ others
'1. 15. Another / The other
another
8. The others

3. NOUNS
3.1SUBJECT-VERBAGREEMENT

1. aren't 1 7 .i s 33.wants
2. isn't 18.needs 34. were
3. are 1 9 .i s 35.have
4" is 20.live 3 6 .d o n ' t
5. are 2 1 .n e e d 3 7 .i s
6. are 22.is 3 8 .i s
'1. 2 3 .i s 39"are
isn't
8. is 24.is 40. seem
f. is 2 5 .i s 41. loves
10.are 26.was 42.love
I 1 .n e e d s 27.likes 43. attends
12.were 28. are 44. study
1 3 .i s 29. has 45. were
1 4 .c o m e 30.are 46. were
1 5 .i s 3 1 .w e r e
1 6 .i s 32.Is

3.2 THERE + BE AND HAVE GOT


1. has (got) 9. Are there
2. There are white boards 10. thereisn't
3. has (got) a rack at the 1 l. hasn't got
4. is there 12. has (got
5. thereis 13. there are
6. Is therea 14. have (got)
1. Have they/therooms got 15' thereis
8. Is there

321
3.3ARTICLES
A. B.
1.X l. the 1l . the
2.a 2.a 12. a
3. The 3.a 13. the
4. the 4. althe 14. a...a...the
5.X 5. the 15. the
6.X 16. the
1. X 17. a
8. the 18. a...the
9.X 19. the
1 0 t. h e 20. The

C.
1. a 7. the 13. the
2. the 8.X 14. X
3. X...the 9. the 15. the
4. the 10. the 16. The
5.X 1 1 .X 17. X
6. a...X 12. the

D.
1. the 9. t h el a 17.the
2. the 10. the 1 8 .X
3,X 11. the 1 9 .a
4. rhe 12. a 20. the
5.a 13. x 21. an
6.X 14. the
1. the 15. the
8.a 16. the

E.
1. the 9.a 17. The...the
2.X 10. the 1 8 .x
3.X I 1. the 19. the
4. the 12. the 20. The
5,X 13. an 21.X
6.X 14. the 22. the
7. the 15. a
8.X 16. the

3.4 PREPOSITIONS
A.
l. c 6.b
2.d 1. b
3.c 8.a
4.c 9. b
5.a 10. b

322
B.I. n.
1. convenient 1. on 7. on
2. behind 2. from 8. Next to
3^ in front of 3. atlon f.in
4. opposite 4. into / in 10. of
5. on 1l. between
6. Near 12. behind/ at

III.
1. aren't 7. it
2. above 8. on
3. front 9. above/ behind
4" in 10. a
5. between 1l . o n e
6. opposite

IV. v. vI.
l. up / along/down 1. between l. above
2. until / till 2. opposite 2. between
3. left 3. next to 3. convenient
4. into 4. in 4. crowded
5. past 5. in front of
6. on 6. opposite
1. opposite 7. below

c. I. II. III.
1. outof l. with l. in
2. into 2. to 2. from
3. along 3. at 3. to
4. until 4. for 4. for
5. past/ through 5. on 5. at
6. on

Iv.
l. with 7. about
2. about/ on 8. with
3. of 9. up
4. from 10.of
5. with 1 1 .o n
6. for 12. about
D. I.
1. at 11. X 20. In
2. on 12. in 21. In
3. from 13. on 22. In
4. on...of 14. x 23. in
5. on...from 15. In 24. by
6. from 16. To 25. from
7. through 17. In 26. on
8. to...X 18. On 27. for
9. for 19" For 28. in
10. to
323
II.
f. in 1 4 .a t ( o n ). . .X 27.of
2. in 1 5 .i n 28.for
3. on 1 6 .u p . .X. 29. at
4. of 17.ago 30.by
5. in 1 8 .a t 3 1 .t o
6.X 1 9 .i n 32.for
7. in 2 0 .O n . . . i n .X. . 3 3 .o f
8. of 21.X 34.with (at)
9. on 22.on 35.from
10. under/ below 2 3 .i n 36.on
11.in 24.at I on 37.for...for
12.Next 2 5 .t n 38.for / about
1 3 .o n . . . i n 26.at

III.
1. of 14.for / about 26. with
2. for...to 1 5 .a t 27.of
3. of 1 6 .o f . . . i n 28.on
4. on 17.in 29. into
5. to 18. from 30.on
6. to 1 9 .i n 3l . of...in
1. to 20. for 3 2 .i n
8. about...about 2 1 .o f 3 3 .i n t o . . . o n
9. for 22.for 34"at
10.for...at 2 3 .o f 3 5 .t o . . . o n
ILoutof 24.on 36.to
12.from...to 2 5 .i n 3 7 .t o w a r d s . . . b e t w e c l
1 3 .f o r

3.5EXPRESSIONSOF QUANTITY AND NUMBER

A.
1. much 6. much
2. too / so 1. much
3. any 8. enough/ many
4. some 9. many
5. many lenough

B. C.
l. weren'tmany 1. Janeand her sisterwork in a bank
2. i s n ' ta n y 2. Mary nor I have been to France
3. wasn'tenough 3. Martin nor Frank is married
4. were quite a lot 4. We can eat either before or after the show
5. I feel not only miserablebut also tired

D.
l. some 6. enough
2. many 1. much
3. any 8. many
4. some 9. Quite
5. not

324
E.
l. c 4. a
2.a5'a
3. c 6. d

F.I. II. G. H.
1. neither l. hardly any 1. neither I. much
2. none 2. neither 2' all 2' some
3. none/ little 3. plentyof 3' every 3' twice
4. Each 4. each 4. both 4. both
5. none 5. none 5. either
6. neither 6. each 6. each
7. no 7. none

4. QUESTIONS
'W'H-" SUBJECT / OBJECT AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS
4.1 YES / NO.

A.
1. Is Tom a secretary/ teacher/ etc.
2. When doesSusango running
3. Does Susan/ she work
4. Where doesYour husband/ he have
5. Do theYlive
| 6. What do you do
'
1. How old are You
8. What'sYour telePhonenumber
9. Where is Your house
10. Can Youuse
11. What time/Whendo you (usually)get up
12. Have You got a car
13. Do you 1 go to work on Sunday(s)
work
go to the night club
14. What do you like/enjoYdoing
15. What doesMrs. Higgins/ shelook
16. What colour are her
17. How old do Youthink she
18. How long doesit / thejourney take
19. How much doesit / a ticket cost
20. Whose are these/ thosei the
21. Where'sAVhereis
22. many restaurantsare
23. Why do you take
24. Is he talking
25. What are you reading
26. How much oil is
21. Can I help
28. What size (sweater)do You take
29. How much doesit cost
30. Is therea I publicphone (near)
post office
phonebox
325
31. Whereis
32. How canI get / go ro
33. How longdoesit take
34. How do you feel
35" Are you tired/ Do you feel tired
36. Did yousee
31. Whatnationality is
38. DoesMaria/ shelive
39. When/ How longagodid PatrickandMaria/ theymeet
40. Is Maria/ she
41. when / How longago
I did Mr. andMrs. wilson / rheygetmarried
I did Mr. Wilson/ he marry
42. Wheredid Mr. Wilson/ he meet
43. How manybooks I hasMrs. Wilson/ shegol
doesMrs. Wilson / shehave
44. What are they going to do
What will they do
Where are they going to live
Where will they live
What do they want to do
45. How many cars haveyou got / do you have
46. How long doesit take (you) ro get
41. What size shoesdo you wear
48. What colour
49. How often do you take
50. Was it / the quiz difficult
51. How many pop-quizzesdoesMrs. Brown/she/yourEnglish teachergive
52. Why didn't you come / go
53. How are you feeling
How are you
What are you going to do
What are you planningto do
What will you do
55. How long has he been
56. What time / When are you going (to go)
57. Was shedoing
58. How did you pay
59. How often do you go
60. What were you doing
61. Were you driving
62. Why didn't you stop
63. What has happened
64. When did he break
65. How long did your parentsstay
66. Are you going to visit
67. How much I is it
I doesit cost
68. How long have you been
69. Where were you
tu. Were you having
71. What do you do / What do you have to do
72. Have you met / talked to / seen
326
73. Is shein her
74. What doesshe look like
15. was the old woman/shedoing when the burglarsbroke into her flat
16. doesthis/thatjug hold
77. How many invitationshaveyou sent
78. Have you ever tried
79. Will your team lyou win
Is your teamgoing to win
Are you going to win
Which team lWho (do you think) is going to / will win
80. How long have you beenplaying (football)
How long have you played (football)
How long have you been (a player)
81. Do you have to train
Do you train
82. Do you like being
83. How much (money)do you earn (a year)
84. flavour / flavor
85. far
86. long
87. Whose is this / that (car)
Whosecar is this / that
88. Where is I was it made
Where are thesecars made
Where do they make thesecars
8 9 . How muchdid I he pay for it
lt cost
90. featuresdoesit have
91. What kind/sortof music
92. don't you geVbuy
93. How was your / the
94. often
95. How many peoplewere (there)
96. What time did the concert start
When ir begin

B.
1. Who did Bill shoutat a few minutesago
2. What has happenedto her arm
3. Who gave her a lot of money last month
4. Who did shego out with last weekend
5. What fell off the table
6. What doeshe know
1. What happenedlast month
8. Who did she sendplenty of lettersto
9. Who won the lottery
10.What is wrons

327
C.
l. Who grew
2. Whathappened
Whatdid you do
3. How oftendo you do
4. Whatkind/sortof (a)personis yourbrother
5. Who bought/ gaveyou/ knitted

D.
l.a 5.d
2.a 6.b
3. c 7. d
4.a

E. I.
l. How oftendoesMrs. Craiglshe visitBill / her son/ him
2. How did Mrs. Craig/ shego there/ to Oxford
3. Who mether at thestation
4. Whatdid Bill / he givehis mother/ Mrs. Craiglher
5. Why did Bill / he haveto find a porter

n.
1. How often/ How many times a year doesSisterWendy / she leaveher caravan
2. Who likes her clear and plain explanationsof art
3. How many programmesdid SisterWendy/ shemake last year
4. How much (money)did SisterWendy/ sheearn for the first seriesof her programme
5. What doesSisterWendy/ shewant to do (nor',,

III.
1. How often doesMike / he go on tours
2. How many pilots were there
3. Who did Mike / he meet (on the last day of the tour)
4. Who took the group / them to a pub
5. How much wine did Mike/he drink

IV.
'Seven
1. How many climberscompletedthe Summits'project
2. How often does Nasuh Mahruki go abroad
How many times a year doesNasuhMahruki go abroad
3. When was AKUT set up (in Istanbul)
4. Who (also)joins AKUT to learn searchand rescuetechniques
5. What doesNasuh Mahruki / he want to do in the coming vears

V.
1. Who introducedLaura / her to modelling
2. How often / How many times a year does she fly to Jamaica
3. How many televisionadvertisements did shemake la:;t,
4. What doesshe want to do (now)
5. How muchjunk food doessheeat

328
VI.
1. How oftendoes Mrs. Webb I go to the cinema (to watch a horror film)
JaneWebb
she
2. What doesshe do in the evenings
3. Who calledthe Toronto police (and reporteda suicide)(at I 1:00 p.m. on January7 , 1999)
4. What was she doing (at the door) when the police arrived
5. Wheredid I Mrs. Webb I take I thetwo inspectors
she them

4.2 "tAG QUESTIONS


A.
f . isn't she 11. doesshe
2. aren'tthere 12. is it
3 . d i d n ' th e 1 3 . w a si t
4. doesit 14. did she
5. hasshe 15. is she
6. didn't I 16. was she
7. haveyou 17. will you
8 . c a n ' ts h e 1 8 . w a s n ' ti t
9 . h a v e n ' ty o u 1 9 . w a s n ' ti t
10. won't you 20. doesn'tit
B.
l. b
2.d
-). a
4.b
c.
l. weren'twe 9. don't they 17. shallwe
2. won't it 10. haven'tthey 18. will you
3. can't she I 1. aren'tyou 19. will / would you
4. haven'tthey 12. could it 20. doesn'the
5. will she 1 3 . d o n ' tt h e y 2 1 . i s n ' th e
6. hadn'the 14. will you 22. hasn'the
7. did she 15. did they 23. will there
8. is there 16. will you i would you

5. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS


5.1 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
1. carefully 13. softly
2. careful 14. beautiful...beautifully
3. quickly 15. unsteadily
4. slowly 16. suddenly
5. slow...rapidly 17. calm
6. permanent...permanently 18. immediately
7. easy...easily 19. tense
8. hard 20. dangerously
9. fast 21. slight
10. serious...seriously 22. terrrble
11. completely 23. highly
12. soft 24. hardly
329
5.2 ADJECTIVES ENDING IN ./NG AND -ED
1. stolen 7. frightened
2. surprised 8. confusing
3. frightening 9. worried
4. excited 10. misleading
5. interesting 11. frustrating
6. reassuring

5.3ADJECTIVES AND PREPOSITIONS


A.
1. of 7. on 12.about
2. about 8. on 13. under
3. with f. in 14. of
4. atlby 10.of 15.with
5. about 11.In 16.for
6. with

B. C.
l. c 1. on 6. In
2. b 2. with/by 7. by
3. d 3. for 8. under
4. a 4. as 9. to
5. of

5.4NUMBERS USED AS ADJECTIVES


1. -weekholiday 6. a five-star
2. a three-hour 7. an eighteen-year-old
3. a four-hour 8. a six-hour
4. a four-room 9. a ten-minute
5. a one-litre 10. a twenty-pound

5.5ADJECTIVE ORDER
A.
1. an old Americancar 6. somemodernItalianfurniture
2. somenewblueplates 1. an old oil painting
3. somebeautifulred curtains 8. a largesportsbag
4. an old gascooker 9. a smallroundstone
5. somecomfortable brownchairs 10. someyoungFrenchstudents

B.
1. colourfulChineseporcelain
2. smallblackwooden
3. a big colourfulTurkish carpet/abig andcolourfulTurkishcarpet
4. newblackleather

330
5.6 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

A.
l. are more dangerousthan trains
2. is smaller than New York
3. is betterthan his (handwriting)
4. neaterhandwriting than MarY
5. is lessexpensivethan a Volvo
6. is lessvaluablethan gold
7. speaksEnglish more fluently than
8. eatslessthan
9. lesseasilythan
10. She doesyoga more often than sheplays tennis
11. more confidentlyon the phonethan (I do) in public

B.
1. Which (river/one)is longer 10. more handsomethan
2. more difficult than 1l. loud / louder
3. easy 12. fasterthan
4. lessdifficult 13. betterthan
5. fewer 14. quiet
6. good 15. more thoughtful than
7. as shy as 16. excitedlY
8. more self-confident 17. fatter than
9. tallerthan 18. quicklY

C.
1. Which is longer,the Ktztltrmak or the Sakarya
2. Which is higher,Mount Everestor Mauna Kena
3. Which has more members,the Turkish Parliamentor the Italian Parliament

D.
l. bigger than
2. more expensivethan
3. worse than
4. more convenientthan
5. quieteri quiet

A.
1. play tennisas well as my brother(does)
2. as fast as he is
3. as good a singeras Melody
4. as well /efficiently / hard i carefully as
5. isn't nearly as big as theirs
6. isn't nearly as interestingas London
7. twice as many students
8. are not nearly as good as German cars

331
9. practiseshis skatingroutine nearly/almosUabout twice as much/asmany hours (a week; as
Andre (does)
10. wasn't/isn'tas fast as
I l. is not quite as old as Andrew (is)
12. doesn'tspeakEnglish quite as fluently as Mike (does)
13. are not as difficult to ride as motorbikes
14. as comfortable as
15. doesnot work nearly as well as Sheila
16. am not as bad-tempered(now) as I usedto be
17. aboutI nearlyhalf as many cigarettesas Gina (does)
18. Henry doesn'tdo as much weightlifting as (he does)judo
judo as much as (he does)weightlifting

B.
l. c
2.c
3.c
4.b
5.a

A.
1. the happiestday
2. the bestplayer
3. the oldestcastle
4. the hottest day
5. the most intelligent
6. the worst cook
7. the most famousfootballer

B.
1. The tallest
2. heaviest
3. most beautiful
4. the most comfortable
5. the most boring
6. the most efficient

c.
1. the richest 9. the most impressive
2. the fastest 10. the greatest
3. the most popular 11. the most modern
4. the most comfortable 12. The best
5. the best 13. the most difficult
6. the tallest 14. the cleverest
7. the highest 15. The best
8. the biggest 16. the finest

5)L
A.
1. the best 26. tertibly 50. most interesting
2. mofe 27. comfortably 51. more attractivethan
3. more dangerousthan 28. as fast as 52. the best
4. the cheapest 29. carelessly 53. the hottest
5. slower than 30. as well as 54. cheaper
6. the biggest 31. carefully 55. more crowded than
7. fast 32. the easiest 56. more carefully than
8. heavierthan 33. more interestingthan 57. more expensivethan
9. betterthan 34. cheaper 58. loud(ly)
10. the most interesting 35. the happiest 59. the most famous
I l. the most expensive 36. (most)famous 60. the most dreadful
12. cheaperthan 37. large 61. more profitable
I 3. betterthan 38. cheaperthan 62. more annoyingthan
14. clean 39. more helpful than 63. the leastrapidly / lessrapidly
15. more peacefulthan 40. more convenientthan 64. the most boring
16. the mostexpensive 41. morepractical 65. complete
17. more beautifulthan 42. as economicalas 66. worse than
18. good 43. the largest 67. closely
19. the leastexpensive 44. carefully 68. extremely
20. worse than 45. greaterthan 69. less satisfyingthan
21. themostreliable 46. betterthan 70. lately
22. more annoyingthan 47. the slowest 71. the lowest
23. properly 48. the highest 72. straight
24. (more) closely 49. more easilythan 73. hardly
, 25. light

B.
1. The most borins
2. highest
3 hotter
4. more important

5.7 DOUBLE COMPARATIVES


A.
1. regularlyyou study,the bettergradesyou'll get
regularly you study, the better your gradeswill be
2. childrenget, the more rebelliousthey become
3. slowly you walk, the longer it takesto get there
4. carefullyyou write, the fewer mistakesyou will make
5. farther/further the rally team went into the desert,the less hope of finding water they
had/theless hope they had of finding water
6. slowly you talk, the betterthe studentscan understand

B.
1. b
2.b

333
5.8 ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES AND OTHER ADVERBS

Suggestedanswers
1. extremelycold 6. bitterlydisappointed
2. slightlydamaged 7. badlyinjured
3. surprisingly
easy 8. seriouslyill
4. absolutelydelicious 9. reasonably cheap
5. immensely popular 10. terriblysorry

Suggestedanswers
1. prettywell
2. incrediblyquickly
3. reallyslowly
4. extremelyfast
5. completelycorrectly

6. MODALS
6.l ABILITY
A. B.
l. She can ride a three-wheelbike 1. haven't been able to make
2. She can sing a song 2. might be able to leave
3. She can't write 3. used to be able to swim
4. She can't play computergames 4. would have been able to see
5. She can't swim 5. Will vou be able to arrive
6. She can't have a bath by herself
7. She can comb her hair
8. Shecan't readstories

C. D.
l. He could watch TV anytimehe wanted l. were able to leavetheir houses,
2. He could go on holiday in the summer 2. were able to savetheir children
3. He could wearjeans 3. was able to jump from the balcony
4. He could drink alcohol 4. were able to rescuesomepeople
5. He could meet his friends 5. were able to sendfood and tentsin time

6.2 PERMISSION
Suggestedanswers
1. May I Can / Could I have
2. May lCan / Could I bring
3. May lCan / Could I keep
4. May /Can / Could I smoke
5. May lCan / Could I eat

6.3 REQUESTS
A.
1. Would / Will you turn down the music,please
2. Would / Will you lend me your newspaper,please
3. Would / Will you keep an eye on my bagswhile I'm in the toilet, please
4. Would / Will you draw the curtains,please
5. Would / Will you help me to take my suitcasefrom the rack, please
334
B.
1. Could/ Canyou fetchmy schoolbag so thatI cando my homework
2. Could/ Canyou bring me a painkiller anda glassof water,please
3. Could/ Canyou makean appointment to seethedoctor,please
4. Could/ Canyou put a stoolundermy leg,please
5. Could/ Canyou staywith me,please

6.4 SUGGESTIONS
A.
1. don't
2. Shallwe play/lVhydon't we play
3. Why don'tyou
4. Let's/Letus go
5. We couldalwaysplay
6. How/lVhataboutgoing
7. Why

B.
Suggestedanswers
l. Let'splaycards.
2. Why don't we go out together?
3. Whataboutgoingto thelaundry?
4. Shallwe havea party?
5. We could(always)stayat home.
6. How aboutgoingto thebeach?
1. Shallwe takea taxi?
8. Let'scooksomechickenandrice.
9. Why don't we studytogether?
10.How aboutgoingshopping?

6.5 OFFERS

A. B.
Suggestedanswers Suggestedanswers
light 1. I'll give it somewater.
l. ShallI I turn I off the
s w i t c h 2 . I ' l l p a y ( t h eb i l l ) .
I I
2. ShallI blosethewindow 3 . I ' l l d o t h ed i s h e s .
3. Shall I drive
4. Shall I get you somethingto read
5. Shall I carry it for you
6. Shall I help you (pushthe car)
7. Shall I fetch you a stool to rest your feet on

C. D.
Suggestedanswers l. Sheofferedto turnup theradio.
l. Would you like somethingto eat? 2. She offered to feed the cat.
2. Wouldyou like a lift? 3. He offered to answer the phone.
3. Would you like somewater'/ 4. He offered to do someshoppingfor his mother.

335
6.6OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY

A. B. C.
l. mustdo l has to do l. should/ oughtto be
2. must wash 2. has to complete 2. s h o u l di o u g h tr o v i s i t
3. must leave 3. has to wear 3. should/ ought to obey
4. must keep 4. have to attend 4. should/ ought ro apologise
5. must take 5. have to return 5. should/ ought to wear

D. E. F.
l. had bettertake l. needto fill l. i s s u p p o s e tdo b e g i n
2. had bettersee 2. needsto wash 2. are supposedto attend
3. had better keep 3. needto draw 3. are supposedto finish
4. had bettercheck 4. needsto repair 4. are supposedto go
5. had betterput 5. Do I needto / Need I pay 5. is supposedto answer

G. H.
f. is to wear 1. Yesterday,I ran over a cat so I had to take it to the vet
2. are to give 2. We had to stop at the garageto buy some petrol
3. are to obey 3. Did you have to write a report last term
4. are to pay 4. I had to drink 2 litres of water before an urtrasoundscanlast week
5. are to leave 5. Sorry, I'm late but I had to take the children from school

6.7 PROHIBITION 6.8 LACK OF NECESSITY


l. mustn't/ can't park
A.
2. mustn't I can't smoke
Suggestedanswers
3. mustn'twash
1. don't haveto take
4. mustn't/ can't use
2. needn't reserve
5. mustn't/ can't enter
3. doesn'tneedto wear
4. don't haveto wear
5. don't needto put

B. C.
1. didn't have to / didn't needto get up 1. needn'thave walked home
2. didn't have to / didn't needto cook z. needn't have wateredthe flowers
{ didn't have to / didn't needto pay 3. needn'thave had the lessonnotesphotocopied
+. didn't have to / didn't needto use 4. needn't havepreparedany / some .sandwiches
5. didn't haveto / didn't needto wash 5. needn'thavegone to the beachwith his umbrella
/ carriedhis umbrella to the beach

6.9 ADVISABILITY
Suggestedanswers
1. He should apply for a job
2" We shouldcall the police
3. He shouldseea doctor
4. She shouldiron them
5. He ought to have a shave
6. You ought to have a warm shower
7. He ought not to eat salty food
8. He ought to savesomemoney
9. She'd betterhire a maid to help with the housework

336
10. You'd bettercall the lost propertyoffice
I l. We'd betterput the childrento bed
12. We'd betterbook a table at the restaurant

6.10 EXPECTATIONS
1. She shouldbe sick
2. We shouldreachistanbulin half an hour
3. They shouldfinish it soon
4. Her new one shouldbe popular
5. It shouldn't be difficult to find somethingto eat

6.11 CRITICISM AND REGRET


Suggestedanswers
L She shouldn't have/ ought not to have eatentoo many sweets
2. She should have lought to havebeenmore careful abouther diet
3. She should have/ ought to have countedher daily calories
4. She shouldn't have/ ought not to haveeatenanythingafter 6.00 p.m.
5. She should have I ought to have drunk 2 litres of water everyday

6.12 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY


A" B.
Suggestedanswers Suggestedanswers
1. must have a lot of boyfriends I . may i might / could feel anxious
2. must be very rich 2. may / might / could becomeill
3. must be very happy and excited 3. may / might / could have a headache
4. must be cold 4. may / might / could be my father
5. must be very selfish 5. may / might / could be in the canteen

C.
1. There are stainson the plate.I havejust washedit so it can't lcouldn't be dirty
2. Tom studiedhard. He got 50 in the exam so he can't / couldn't be pleased
3. There is a caf6 at the end of the street.It is always empty so it can't / couldn't be
popular
4. They always spend a lot of money. They go abroad every summer so they can't /
couldn't be short of money
5. The dog is barking.Tina hasjust changedits water so it can't / couldn't be thirsty

D.
Suggestedanswers E.
1. may / might not be l. must havecost
2. may / might not be 2. must have been
3. may i might not be successful 3. must have had
4. may / might not tell 4. must have snowed
5. may / might not come 5. must have moved

F.
Suggestedanswers
1. She may / might have forgottento set the alarm clock
2. There may I might have beena traffic jam
3. She may / might havehad a traffic accident
4. She may / might havemissedthe schoolbus
5. She may / might have overslept
rr7
G. H.
Suggestedanswers Suggestedanswers
1. could havecaughtcold 1. can't / couldn'thavelost all her books
2. could have broken their legs 2. can't lcouldn't have escapedfrom the window
3. could have had a heartattack 3. can't I couldn't have cheated
4. could have got thejob 4. can't I couldn't have stayedthere
5. could havemissedthe exam 5. can'I lcouldn't havetakenthe booksback

I.
l. Arthur may i might not have meantwhat he said
2. Jim may / might not have arrivedyet
3. Mary may I might not have meantto leavethe door unlocked
4. Janemay / might not have found a place to park her car nearby
5. The managermay lmight not have noticedme coming into work late

J.
1. should/ ought to beat
2. should/ ought to enjoy
3. should/ oughtto receive
4. should/ oughtto arrive
5. should/ ought to be

K.
Suggestedanswers
1. a) She may / might / could have difficulty in finding friends
b) She may / might / could not get usedto living there
c) She may / might / could find it difficult to learn their language
2. a) He may / might / could miss his hometown
b) He may / might / could have a hard time adaptingto living in the dormitory
c) He may / might not becomeaccustomedto eatingat the cafeteria

6.13 PREFERENCE (WOULD RATHER)


A.
l. I'd rathernot go theretonight
2. I'd rathergo for a walk
3. I'd ratheryou didn't invite your friendstonight
4. I'd ratheryou took off your shoesbeforeyou enterthe house
5. I'd ratheryou didn't smoke in the kitchen
6. I'd ratheryou didn't tell anyoneaboutthe accident
7. I'd ratheryou didn't drive fast
8. I'd ratheryou didn't tell my mother aboutthis
9. I'd ratheryou didn't eat fast food so often
10. I'd rathernot play tennisthis afternoon

B.
1. Tom would ratherreadthan talk
2. I'd ratherhave wine than beer
3. I'd ratherpay by chequethan (in) cash
4. I'd ratherhave a coffee than gin
5. I'd rathertravel bv train than bv car

338
6.14 PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS
1. must have been taking
2. shouldn'tbe watching ... shouldbe sleeping
3. mustbe using
4 . c a n ' tb e c o o k i n g
5. must be talking

6.15 REVIEW OF MODALS


A. ABILITY
1. can/ could 9. couldn't
2. couldn't 10. was ableto
3. was able to 11. were you able to
4. can't ... have ... beenable to 12. can (is able to)
5. could 13. can
6. Will ... be ableto 14. was ableto
7. was ableto 15. can't
8. couldn't

B. PERMISSION AND REQUESTS


1. Would I Will you fill in this form and sign it, please
2. Can / Could you passme the salt,please
3. May / Could I go out, please
4. Can you show me my seat,please
5. Can / Could you tell me where the canteenis
6. Can / Could I have breakfastin the morning
7. Can / Could I bring the cat home
8. May I make an appointmentto seethe dentistat 3.30 on Monday
9. Can i May I borrow your new dress
10. Could / May I use the photocopymachine
Can / Could you take photocopiesof thesepages

C. OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY / PROHIBITION / LACK OF NECESSITY


I.
l . m u s t n ' t/ c a n ' t
2. has to / must
3. Do I have to / needto
4. You don't needto return
5. mustn't/ shouldn'tgive
6. haveto / needto come home early
7 . don't have to / don't needto / needn'tfinish the report
8. don't have to / don't needto / needn'twear a tuxedo to the wedding
9. Do we have/ need
10. needs
I l. need/ haveto wear a tie
12. needn't/ don't needto / don't have to come to the office on Saturday
13. You must/ haveto get a visitor'spass
14. mustn't
15. had to
16. no needto book a room
17. shouldbring
18. needn'thave worried so much aboutyour grades

339
II. ilI. IV.
l. should l. didn't needto go l. didn'thaveto / needto buy
2. had better 2. mustn't exceed 2. shouldn'thave argued
3. ought 3. had to stop 3. had to take / neededto take
4. needn't 4. mustn,tuse
5. supposedto 5. needn'thave come

D. ADVISABILITY / EXPECTATIONS / CRITICISM AND REGRET


I.
1. I should/ ought to have told my father aboutthe party
2. You should/ ought to / had betterinform him aboutthe problems
3. You shouldn't/ ought not to i had betternot leavea room without sayinggoodbye
4. She shouldn't/ ought not to have crossedthe streetwithout looking at the traffic lights
5. You shouldn't/ ought not to i had betternot mention the matterwhen Tom is around
becausehe really gets angry

il.
1. shouldn't/ ought not to have left your room in a mess.You should/ ought to have put
everythingaway
2. shouldn't/ ought to have studiedharder
3. shouldn't/ ought not to have gone to a disco without telling mum

III.
Suggestedanswers
1. You should/ ought to have the tartarremoved
2. You should/ ought to care aboutdentalhygiene
3. You should / ought to brush your teeth 3 times a day for at least 2 minutes
4. You shouldn't/ ought not to brushyour teethfrom right to left
5. You should/ ought to move the toothbrushup and down

IV.
1. You'd betternot wear high-heeledshoesto school
2. You'd betternot invite Tom to the party
3. You'd betterseea doctor right away
4. I'd betterbuy somepetrol
5. You'd betternot play the guitar now

v.
Suggestedanswers.
1. You'd bettertalk to a friend
2. You'd bettereat less
3. You'd betterlearn someJapanese
4. You'd bettertake somesleepingpills
5. You'd betterspendlessrnoney
6. You'd bettertakea taxi
1. You'd bettergo to a dentist
8. You'd betternot forget (to take) your driving licencebeforeyou drive to work
9. You'd bettertake somemedicine/ go to a doctor
10. You'd betterbook a table/ make a reservationbeforeyou go to the restaurant

340
E. MISCELLANEOUS
I.
1. c 7. d 12. a
2. a 8. d 1 3 .a
3.a 9.b 1 4 .b
4. a lO.b 1 5 .d
5. a 11. c 1 6 .b
6.b

II. IIr. IV.


1. should 1. can 1. hadto tidy up
2. have to 2. don't have to 2. MaY I borrow
3. can't 3. mustn't 3. can stay
4. have to 4. oughtto 4. must have been
5. can't 5. don't need to take
6. don't haveto 6. shouldn't have argued
1. don't haveto
8. can

v.
Suggestedanswers
1. shouldhave reserved 14. can't have seen
2. could have warnedus aboutthe storm 15. could have been stolen
3. shouldn'thave spent 16' can't have done
4. must havebeen 17. must have taken
5. ought not to have cheatedin the exam 18. can't have seen
6. hau" had anotherdrink 19. can't have been
7. "ould
shouldhave told him the truth aboutthe 20. needn'thave sold
accident 2l . Do I have to wear
g. could have bought a largehouse 22. didn't have to drive
9. must have beentaken 23. canyou pass
10. had to have 24. won't be able to play
1 1. might be 25" MayAvlightI leave '.. have to draw
12. needn'thave taken 26. wlll have to take
13. might have left

7. THE PASSIVE
7.1 SIMPLE PRESENT AND CONTINUOUS
1. Furnitureis sold
2. is being redecorated
3. are publishedin Britain every day
4. are killed
5. is publishedmonthlY
6. arecollected at the weekend
L Are BMWs produced
8. in the squareis being pulled down
9. In this part of the country,many buildingsget damagedby frequentstorms
10.We'rebeingfollowedbY
l l.the weekly meetingsis announcedon Mondays

3'1I
7.2 SIMPLE PAST AND CONTINUOUS

l. w a s n ' ti n v i t e d A
T. were cleanedat the weekend
2. were interviewedyesterday 5. (which was) falling apartwas repaired
3. was broken last nisht 6 . was being watched

B.
l . was run over 13. aretrying 25. are caused
2 . was invented 14. was dealt 26. was reported
a
-1. is played 15. pushed 27. was sent
4 . arekilled 16. open 28. was going
-). 17. werepointing 29. crashed
6 . was driving 18. were arrested 30. weren'tkilled
1 . lost 19. left 31. were injured
8 . ran 20. stole 32. aretrying
9 . were wearing 2 1 . w a ss a v e d 33. dropped
l 0 weren'tinjured 22. was rewarded 34. was dcstroyed
1 1 . were called 23. didn'tlose 35. were killed
1 2 . were taken 24. happen

7.3PRESENTPERFECTSIMPLE
A.
1
l. has beenredecorated 5. has beenreduced
2 . Have your questionsbeenanswered 6. Has the exacttime of the match been announced
3 . has beencleanedcompletely 1. has alreadybeencleaned
4 . have beenproducedsincethen B. hasn't been typed yet

B.
l . havejust announced I 1. was completed
2 . havebeenstolen 12. was finished
a
-1. were taken 13. havebeenmade
4 . wasn'tworking 14. has beengenerated
5 . wasn'tdiscovered 15. haveburnt
6 . havebeeninvestigating I 6. have beendestroyed
1 . haven'tfound 17. reached
8 . has beenshaped 18. were sleeping
9 . havebeenbuilt 19. wererescued
1 0 . have been formed

7.4 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE


A.
1. They told us that the murdererhad beencaught
2. when we returnedhome,we found that our flat had beenbroken into
3. By the time Sue gor here,all of the second-handbooks had been sold
4. Before the GreenPeacemembersarrived.the pine treeshad been cut down
5. When Martha's mother camein, she noticedthat the dinner had been cookecl.the kitchen
had beencleanedand the table had beenlaid
6 . The burglaropenedthe door and walked in silently as the front door had beenlefi unlockecl
1 . By the time I got to class.the writing sectionof the mid-term had alreadybeen given bv the
teacher
)+z
8. By the time she was 20, she had beengiven every possibleadvantageby her parents
9. She went to the post office after the letter had been written (by her father)
10. After some exerciseshad been photocopied(by the janitor), the teacherwent to the
classroom

B.
l. had 9. realized
2. had recovered 10. had been left
3" had been stolen I l. had
-+. had finally saved 12. phoned
5. had beenlooking 13. had beenfound
6. (had) bought 14. was told
7. had ridden / had beenriding 15. had iust been arrested
8. was stolen 16. had taken

7.5 FUTURE
A. B.
I. will probablybe given by the manager 1. b
2. will be told in advance 2. c
3. will be hired 3. c
4. will be sentto his wife by the hospitalnext week 4. b
will be sentthe bill by the hospitalnext week 5. a
5. will be shown where to stay
6. will havebeenfinishedby Monday
-1.
won't havebeenfinisheduntil Friday
8. is going to be paid by the insurancecompany
f . is going to be invited

7.6 MODALS
A.
1. will / aregoing to decide
2. shouldbe built
3. to be revised
4. must be taken
5. needsto be cut / needscutting
6. had to be built

B.
1. That typewritercan't be used
2. The ship couldn'tbe seen
3. Carsmustn'tbe parkedhere
4. Jim shouldn'tbe dismissed
5. All the questionshad to be answered
6. All the food must have beeneaten
1. Your car might have been stolen
8. Thesebooks can't be takenout of the library
9. That TV set ought to be repaired
10. Thesearticleshave to be takento the publisher
I l. The doctor needn'thave beencalled
12. The resultsshouldhave beenchecked
343
13. A few reportersmight be invited to the party
14. The report could have beenfinishedby now
15. The papersmay have beenlost on the way to school

7.7 REVIEW OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE


A.
l. Where did it happen
2. Was anybodyinjured
3. Which hospitalwas shetaken (to)
4. When will she be allowed
5. Has the accidentbeenreported

B. C.
l. has beenbroken into l. have been cut
2. Was anythingstolen/ Did they stealanything 2. started
3. Who called/ phoned/ informed 3. have been found
4. had thrown 4. are running / have been rulning
5. will be dropped
6. have alreadybeen warned

8. CONDITIONAL SENTENCESAND WISHES


8.1 TYPE O
l. is working 6. is working
2. treat 7. press...starts
3. see...cut 8. wrap...keeps
4. call 9. Take...have
5. let...don'thave 10. peel...lose

8.2 TYPE 1
A.
l. needs 8. aren't
2. takes/ doesn'ttake 9. pass...willtake
3. will you take 10. will go...is
4. will (can)lose/don't I l. will havecome
5. leaves 12. don'tleave...willbe
6. doesn'tincrease 13. will havecooked
7. will tell / am going to tell

B.
Suggestedanswers
l. I'll go to bed early.
2. I'll be able to seePavarotti.
3. I'll talk ro him.
4. I'll take him out for a drink.

C.
1. I happento seehim today,I will tell him to call you
2. he happensto come heretomorrow, I will give him your message
3. shehappensto leaveschoolearly,she will go shoppingwith her mother

344
8.3 CONDITIONALS WITH UNLESS
1. you losepoints,you will win
2 you leaveat once,I will call the police
3. they destroythe bomb, it will explode
4. She won't be allowed to enterthe country...shegets a visa
5. I can'tread the subtitles...Iwear my glasses
6. shehas a library ticket, shecannotborrow a book
1. you go home early, your mother will get angry/yougo home late, your mother won't
get angry
8. Mark apologizes,I won't forgive him
9. help (me),I won't be able to/cannotsolve
10. Bob won't passthe driving test...hepractisesregularly
I 1. can't / won't be ableto catchthe schoolbus...weleavenow
72. can'treturnthis product...youbring the receipt

8.4 POSSIBILITY WITH IN CASE


A.
l. in case 8. if
2. in case f . if
3. if 10. in case
4. if 11. in case
5. in case 12. in case
6. in case 13. in case
7. if

B.
l. Don't move him in casehis leg is broken
Don't move him in casehe has a broken leg
2. Buy somecandlesin casethereis an electricitycut
3. Take somecashwith you in casesomeshopsdo not acceptcredit cards
4. I am going to insurethe video camerain caseit gets stolen
5. I remindedhim aboutthe invitation in casehe forgot to sendit
6. Drive carefullyin casethe rpad is icy
i. Don't forget to I lock all the doors and windows in casethere are
You should (rememberto) | burglarsin the neighbourhood
You shouldn't forget to I
8. I will preparesomelemonadein casewe get thirsty
9. I'll give you my phonenumberin caseyou needto contactme
10. Arrange health insurancebefore you start working abroadin caseyou need medical
treatment
1 l. Susanshouldtype the letter now in caseshedoesn'thave enoughtime later on
12. You shouldhave a sparetyre in caseyou have apuncture
13. I havephonedthe wake-upservicein casemy alarm clock doesn'tgo off

8.5 CONDITIONALS WITH PROVIDED AND AS LONG AS


1. You can take out this book provided(that) you fill out a form
2. She won't have to repeatthe courseas long as she studiesregularly
3. I will be able to get thereon time provided (that)you give me a lift
4. Inflation rate will decrease provided (thaQ the government takes appropriate
measures
5. Your parentswill forgive you providing (that)you apologizefor what you have done

345
6. You will be allowedin aslongasyou areregistered
1. borrowmy lap top aslongasyou (promiseto) useit carefully
8. Theywill takethejumperbackasrongasyou showthemthereceipt
9" You can(only)improveyourtechnique asa violinistprovided (thai)you attenda master,s
class
10. You cantakethesepills providing(that)you don't drink alcohol

8.6TYPE 2
A.
it,wasn't/ yeren'training,we could/ wouldbe ableto havethepartyin thegarden
I
2 . I l w e r eI a r r a v eal g e n r I lcould
I workingat a travelagent's t
)"ot I lwould receivefreeair tickets
3. he I were I here(at themoment),he couldhelpus
l*url
4. I had his phone number,I would be able to / could call him
5. I knew Sally well enough,I would invite her to dinner
6. he earnedmore/enoughmoney,he would take a longer holiday
1. she were / was in our class,I would know her name
8. I didn't have to cleanmy room, I could go out with you
9. I liked him, I would invite him to my party
10. you spokeEnglish,they would interviewyou for thejob
11. I didn't have to work at the weekend,I could / would be able to go on the excursion

B.
1 were you, I wouldn't open
a
L. were you, I'd ask him for a promotion
were you, I'd book a room
A
T. were you, I'd take notesduring the lectures
were you, I'd keep the milk in the refrigerator
6 . were you. I'd attendthe classesregularly
1 were you, I wouldn't go out with such a rude man

C.
I. II.
t. was not / were not...wouldbook 1. w o u l dj o i n . . . d i d n ' th a v e
2. hated...wouldlook for 2. were ... would ask
3. would / could help...weren't/ wasn't 3. leave
4. had...would/ could starr 4. miss ... will give
'll
5. would accept...was / were offered 5. be

8.7 TYPE 3
A.
1. Johndidn't study./Hefailedhis exams.
2. The car had a puncture./We missedthe train.
3. The dresswas cheap./Jane bought it.
4. I didn't know you were coming./Ididn't tidy the living room.
5. Rose saw the dentist./Shehad a hole in her tooth.

346
B.
1. he hadn'twoken up late,he wouldn'thavemissed
he had woken up on time, he wouldn't have missed
2. we hadn't been late to the meeting/wehad come to the meetingearly/ontime, the chairman
wouldn't have goVgottenangry with us
3. you hadn'tgot(ten)the highestscorein the exam, they wouldn't have given you thejob
4. I hadn't lost the car keys,I wouldn't have been so nervous
5. wouldn't have crashedinto a car if he had seenthe red lights
6. wouldn't have made a lot of / so many mistakesif he hadn't worked too fast
1. Peterhadn't come home late,his wife wouldn't have got (ten) angry with him
8. If Carol had beencareful.she wouldn't have tripped over a stone

C.
l" had been...wouldn'thavesunk
2. wouldlcould have survived...hadbeen
3. had beenableto...wouldn'thavedrowned
4. hadn'tbeen...would havedied

8.8 MIXED CONDITIONALS


l. the studentshadn't attendedall the classesand worked hard. their Enelish wouldn't
be good now
2. he hadn'tbeengiven a car by his parentslastmonth,he couldn't/ wouldn't be ableto
go to schoolby car
3. Atatiirk hadn't fought againstthe enemiesand foundedthe Turkish Republic
wouldn't be ableto I live in a democraticcountry
couldn't
4. he hadn't drunk too much at the party and driven home, he wouldn't be in hospital
now
5. the villagers had used some fertilizers to enrich the soil, they would have a good
harvest
6" Jessiehadn't refusedJack'spropasal,she wouldn't be singlenow
7. he hadn't lost the opportunityof doing his Master's degreeabroad,he wouldn't have
difficulty in finding a goodjob
8. I had chosenthe professionI wanted,I would be happy
9. she hadn't neglectedto study regularly, she wouldn't be having a hard time these
days
10. If you had set the alarm clock last night, I wouldn't be late to school.

8.9 WISHES
A.
t. I could go to the disco tonight
2. I could seehim more often
3. I didn't live in a suburbof Ankara / I lived in the centreof Ankara
4. Mary/she was/werehere
5. my husband/heknew how to dance
6. my parents/theywere here
7 . you could come to our 25tl'anniversary
8. I waslwerelisteningto the news
9. shedidn't have any freckleson her face
10. he didn't make so many mistakes
I l. you had waited for me yesterdaymorning
317
12. my brother/hehad taken me to the cinema at the weekend
13. she had told me the rruth
14. I had woken up early today
15. my father/hehadn't sold his car
16. my upstairsneighbours/they would stop making noise/ they weren't making noise
17. my brother/hewouldn't whistle all the time
18. I could stop smoking
19. somebodywould answerthe phone
20. my elder brother/heweren't/wasn'tso untidy

B. c.
l. would arrive l. a
2. wouldn't smoke 2. a
3. hadn'tbought 3. c
4. had apologized 4. c
5. couldlwould come 5. c
6. had written
7. were...weren'tdaydreaming
8. paid
9. wouldn't talk

8.10 REVIEW OF CONDITIONALS


A.
l. it isn't cheap,I won't buy it
2. I had a red sports car./I could afford/buy a red sports car
3. I knew many/more/alot of people here
4. you don't finish your homework,I won't take you to the cinema
5. you clear the table away,I won't let you go out
6. her numberwas / were in the phonebook, I could / would be able to phone her
7. hadn'tmissedthe bus,shewould be in class
8. you had phonedher last night, she wouldn't be upsetwith you
9. you had told me the truth (yesterday),I wouldn't be angry with you
10. you won the lottery on the New Year's Eve, what would you do
1l. to find my keys, could you let me know
12. as if / as though she is angry
13. you hadn't left the window open,the room wouldn't be cold
14. I had gone to bed late last night, I would be tired today
15. Tom hadn'teatentoo much last night, he wouldn't feel sick
16. I hadn't broken his heartlast night
17. you pay the ransomwithout informing the police, the kidnapperswon't kill the hostage

B.
I. u. ilI.
l. in case 1. providedthat I . unless
2. unless 2. unless 2. unless
3. so as to 3. in case 3. as long as
4. Otherwise 4. unless 4. as lons as
5. Suppose 5. Supposing
6. in case
7. providedthat

348
C. D.
l" c 5. a 1. were
2. c 6. a 2. wouldn't be
3. a 7. d 3. will / may / might have to look for
4. b 8. c 4. had had...wouldn't be
5. is put

9. NOUN CLAUSES
9.1 REPORTED SPEECH
A.
1. Mr. Barnaby (that) he would have to pay
2. (that)Mrs. Meadowshadn'tleft
3. her mother (that) they had had to take
4. (that) they were having their houseredecorated
5. Frank / him (that) he would have to get a visa for his daughter
6. his secretary(that) he hadn'tchangedhis mind
7. his mother (that) he didn't want to help her with the housework
8. (that) he hadn't had enough time to take the book back to the library
9. John (that) she would post the lettersfor him
10. me not to make the samemistakeagain
I 1. me to have dinner (together)
12. me to tell them the truth
13. shehad left her umbrellatherethat morning
14. they didn't want a recentgraduate
15. he had drunk allhis milk
16. that she/hiswife never rememberedto take a map when they set off
17. her (that)he would call her as soon as he arrivedhome
18. Mary (that) he wouldn't forgive her
19. (that) she would finish typing the lettersin l0 minutes
20. Jack not to use the office phonefor his personalcalls
21. Paul/ him to buy somebread
22. not to take thejob. / that she (shouldn't)take thejob
23. not to leave the lights on
24. not to forget the meeting
25. to his birthdayparty
26. not to be stupid
27. to stop smoking I that he should stop smoking
28. to call the police
29. to cook the meal

B.I.
1. admitted that he had set the house on fire
admitted setting / having set the house on fire
2. suggested(our / us) going to the new Italian Restaurant
suggestedthat we (should) go to the new Italian Restaurant
suggestedthat we went to the new Italian Restaurant
3. promisedher (mother)that she would (definitely)help her with the housework
promisedto help her mother with the housework
promised her mother to help her with the housework
promisedthat she would help her mother with the housework
4. congratulatedFrank on having passed/ passinghis driving test
349
il.
1. apologisedfor not returning/ having returned
2. discouragedme from applying
3. congratulatedme on

III.
f . invited Linda ro have dinner with him
invited Linda to / for dinner
2. admitted that he had been nervousbefore the performance
admined having beenI being nervous before the performance
3. remindedMary to bring the doctor'sreport the next day / the following clay/ tomorrow
4. promisedthe childrenthat he would take them to the park on Saturday
promisedthat he would take the childrento the park on Saturday
promisedto take the childrento the park on Saturday

IV.
1. forbadethe reportersto takepicturesof the paintings
2. askedMr. Dove to dictate(more) slowly
3. accusedLiz of breakingthe vase
4. suggestedthat his parents/ bought (should)buy rheir ticketsin advance

V.
1. told 5. suggested
2. asked 6. warned
3. explained 7. reminded
4. advised

vI.
1. He admittedthat he didn't haveenough(money)to pay the bill
2. He suggestedmeeting I that they met / should meet in his flat tomorrow / the next
(following) day
3. He askedif I had ever beento Britain
4. He complainedthat their son neverdid his HW
5. He introducedMiss Brown to Miss White
6. He told us/themto read the questionstwice and not to write in the margin
1. He apologisedfor not bringing the book with him
8. He promisedto pay me back the following week
9. He refusedthe ice-cream
10. He offered to have lunch with him that day
11. He explainedhis difficulty
12. He greetedMary
13. He acceptedthe present
14. He interruptedGeorge

C.
1. if / whethersheknew how to type
2. how long Janetwas going to staywith him.
3. if / whetherhis brotherknew her (or not).
4. if / whetherI had finishedmy rerm-paperon time (or not).
5. if / whetherhis sisterwas in her brothers.
6. which airline companywe were going to fly

350
7 . if / whetherhe had beenbrought
8. how often his sistertook him to the cinema.
9. (me, him, her, etc.) if / whetherJanehad bought a presentfor the children yet.
10. where shecould buy
1 1. how old he was
12. whether/ if he (really) spokeArabic and Japanese(or not)
13. if / whetherI went jogging at the weekends(or not)
14. if / whethershe would / was going to be at home this / that weekend
1 5 . J i l la s k e d B a r b a r a i f / w h e t h e r s h e w a s g o i n g t o w e a r h e r w h i t e d r e s s t o t h e p a r t y
16. The intervieweraskedMrs. Jacksonhow long she had worked for IBM.
17. Alex askedJanet if / whether she was leaving for Paris the next day/ the following
day I tomorrow (or not)
18. how much he hasto pay

D.
1. My brotheris hiding
2. I have alreadyhad lunch
3. When will I find a job
4. I am going to visit my friends in Italy in the summer
5. I have alreadyphoned
6. we are waiting
1. we will leave
8. the driver lefi
9. he reported
10. Don't be discouraged,I'11help you with your studies/I promiseto help you with your
studies/I promise(that)I'll help you with your studies
11. I'm leavingfor lstanbulthis afternoon
12. I will notlwon't be home at five o'clock
13" I and my wife have neverbeen abroad

g.2INDIRECT QUESTIONS

A.
l. iflwhether they havehad
2. Do you have any idea where/ Do you know where/ Do you rememberwhere
3. where they / your keys / the keys are
4. where I put / haveput
5. how
6. will be able to see
7 . whether/ if this bus goesto Manhattan
8 if / whetherhe'll come back home
9. whetherI if shehad
10. if it will be snowvtodaY

B.

2.a
3. c
4.b
5.d

35r
9.3 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH QUESTION WORDS
A.
1. What the children love is building snowmen
2. What bothersme is the mosquitos
3. What surprisesme is his strangeattitude
4. What I have to make is a plan
5. What worries me is his seriousdisease
6. What I like is spaghetti

B.
1. where Sally went
2. when your parentsare arriving at the airport
3. which train they took to New York
4. whose sharestheseare
5. what they said
6. who the owner of the houseis
7. how many people there were at the meeting
8. how old the studentsstartschoolin your country
9. how far it is from Edirne to Kars
10. why peopleneedto tell lies

9.4 NOUN CLAUSES WITH THAT


A.
1. aware of the fact that there was very little petrol in the car, so on the way to Kansas the
car suddenly stopped
2. Bill told a lie made me angry
3. the fact that she lackedthe necessaryqualifications,she wasn't acceptedfor the job.
4. he made the samemistaketwice is unforgivable
5. they accusedus of committing a crime surprisedus
6. he doesn'tknow mannersis obvious
7. water boils at 100'C is a fact
8. is apparentthat Mary hasn't beenable to make reliablefriends
9. pollution diminishesthe quality of our lives is a fact hard to deny
10. first visited Antalya, I was surprisedby the fact that many people living there speak
German quite well
I l. she lied about it is what botherseverybody
12. Tim tore my grandmother'santiquetable cloth isn't very important
13. impressed by the fact that that automobile has the best brake system of any car
manufacturedthis year and would definitely recommendthat everybody buy that make
14. we can do about the fact that Janelost our tickets to the cinema
15. seemssurprisedto discoverthat it rarely rains in Antalya
16. laterunderstoodwhy shehadn't calledon them
17. a) that she didn't even apologize for her late arrival made me really angry
b) mademe really angry was the fact that shedidn't even apologisefor her late arrival
18. a) was thejudge's view that the child should be sentto live with her grandparents
b) was that the child shouldbe sentto live with her grandparents
19. a) just don't understandhow he managesto broaden his students' horizons in every
respect
b) he managesto broaden his student'shorizons in every respect is somethrngI don't
understand
20. a) is my opinion that childrennowadaysspenda lot of money on junk food
b) is that childrennowadaysspenda lot of money on junk food
352
21. a) obviousto her teachersthat the studentwas destinedfor a brilliant career
b) the studentwas destinedfor a brilliant careerwas obviousto her teachers
22. deplorethe fact that old-age pensionsare quite low at every occasion
23. she knows how to deal with such difficult situations indicates that she is quite
experienced
24. reilly angered the teacher was the fact that he didn't even apologise for his rude
behaviour
25. a) the parents'point of view that the child should be sent to a private school to get a
good education
U; polnt of view was that the child should be sent to a private school to get a -qood
education
26. saysin public doesn't coincidewith what he does

B.
l. I am surprisedthat you think my brotheris a dull personto get married to
Z. The fact that you have acceptedhis proposalmeansthat you will have to settledown
in a foreigncountry
3. I refusedto believe that he had told me the date of his arrival
4. She insisted that I (should) check again to see that the plane arrived at midnight
despitethe fact that I had already assuredher that it did
5. Before buying that dress,you shouldmake surethat it is the right size
6. The fact that one is ignorantof the rules is not an acceptableexcuse

9.5 USING _EVER WORDS


1. Whoever directedthis film is not good
2. He is 18 now so he can go whereverhe likes
3. Whateveris in that box is making a very funny noise
4. Peoplealwayswant more, howeverrich they are
5. However you travel,it'll take you at leastthreehours
6. There are 2 different computerprogrammesand you can use whichever you want to
write your report
7. Whateverproblemsyou have, you can alwayscome to me for advice
8. Whoeverphonedjust now was very polite
9. WheneverI seeyou, I feel nervous
10. Whateveryou do, I'll love You

9.6 USING THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES


1. know 5. be controlled... eliminated 8. be permitted
2. take 6. be 9' be allowed
3. be named 7. return 10' studY
4. be postponed

10.ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
10.1 NON-DEFINING
A.
1. I live on Main Street,which is the noisieststreetin this neighbourhood.
Z. The Edinburgh Zoo, which is 5 km west of the city centre, has Scotland's biggest
collection on animals / The Edinburgh Zoo, which has Scotland's biggest collection of
animals,is 5 km west of the city centre
3. Alice, who is the most successfulbusinesswoman in town, is the owner of a food company
/ Alice, who is the owner of a food company, is the most successfulbusinesswomanin
town
3s3
4. , whose father is also an athlete,ranked first in the race
5. , who I bought this watch for, is my bestfriend
6. , who prescribedmedicinefor my sore throat,works for the city hospital/. who works for
the city hospital,prescribedmedicinefor my sorethroat
1. , who I have been sharinga flat with for two years
8. , which I had spenthundredsof dollarson, crashedinto a tree during its first flight
f. is much saferthan New York. whosecrime rate is climbing fast
10. , where thousandsof touristsspendtheir vacationseach summer,is a holiday resort/ is a
holiday resort,where thousandsof touristsspendtheir vacationseach summer
11. His grandfathercan rememberhis youth, when therewere no televisionsor computers
12. We like going to the mountainsin winter, when thereis a lot of snow
13. My parentscelebratetheir wedding anniversaryin June,when they got married
14. , whosedeathis still a mystery,has neverlost her popularity
15. Touristslike Turke!, where thereis plenty of sunshine
16. You'll enjoy yourselfin London, where thereare lots of interestingplaces
17. , whose novelsare sold all over the world, usedto be my high schoolfriend
18. will be at the studentcentre,where thereis a swimming pool

B.
Suggestedparagraph
PabloPicasso,who was born in Barcelonain 1881.was a greatSpanishartist./ Pablo Ptcasso
was a greatSpanishartist,who was born in Barcelonain 1881.In the be-einning. his work was
influencedby other artists.Then he developedhis own style of painting. which consistedof
picturesof the poor in variousshadesof blue. In the following years,Picassowas influencedby
the ideasof C6zanne,whose techniquewas considerablydifferent from his. After World War
II, he moved to the south of France,where he createdmany paintings and sculpturesuntil hrs
deathin 1973.

C.
l. who(m) we have known sincewe first met on an excursionin Paris
2. which was quite closeto the city centre
3. when therewere a lot of touristsin the city
4. where/ in which therewere no bathrooms
5. which was extremelydistasteful

10.2 DEFINING
A.
1. d 5. a
2.b6.d
3. c J. c
4.b

B.
1. AlexanderBell was the man who inventedthe telephone
2. Marilyn Monroe was the actresswho starredin 'GentlemenPrefer Blondes'
3. Roald Amudsenwas the explorerwho first reachedAntarctica
4. Yuri Gagarin was the astronautwho made the first spaceflight
5. Indira Gandhi was the politician who becameIndia's first woman prime minister
6. AlexanderFleming was the man who discoveredpenicillin
7. A thermometeris somethingthat / which measurestemperature
8. A microscopeis somethingthat / which makessmall things look big
9. A telescopeis something thatI which helpsyou seedistantobjectsnearer
354
10. A speedometer is somethingthat / which measuresspeed
1I . A radiator is something that I which heatsrooms
12. A compassis something thatI which showswhere North is
I 3. A camerais something that I which takespictures
14. A calenderis something that I which shows what the date is

C.
1. Jim has chosenthe topic which / that I wantedfor my researchpaper
Z. Can you recommenda car which / that can be useful in this mountainousarea
3. The ieport which / that shegave at the meetingcauseda greatdeal of discussion
4. we stoppedour car at a placewhere we could seethe coming cars well
5. Fruit juice which / that has artificial colour and sweeteneris dangerousfor children
6. Did you enjoy the movie which I thatl had recommended
1. Over thereis the woman whosehusbandyou met yesterday
g. Do you know the man who i that the jury gave the first prize to
g. The tie which / that I bought last week was a horrible colour
10. The peoplewhose housewe went to were very nice
11. The book where I found that questionis missingfiom the library
12. I didn't have any knowledgeof computersuntil I took the new coursewhich / that the
departmentoffered this term
13. The woman whose son you met is my teacher
14. Coachesalwayslook for playerswho / that should be strongand fast
15. Do you know the girl who / that I gave my books to earlier
16. The gradewhich / that I receivedin my reportpleasedme
17. The town where we spentour honeymoonwas really beautiful
18. This is a well-built truck which / that will saveyou money
19. The professorwhose courseI'm taking gives hard tests
20. The agencywhere we bought our ticketshas gone bankrupt
2l . That man who / that I complainedto about the food is the manager/ That man is the
managerwho / that I complainedto aboutthe food
22. Ihelped the people whose car had broken down
23" Thereis a shop nearbywhere you can buy postcards
24. She took me to the shop where shebuys her clothes
25. Bill met his fianc6 in the pub where studentsoften go
26. We have a neighbourwhose dog barks all day
21. The man whose car my father wanted to buy was on holiday
28. Do you know a good disco where we can go during the weekend
29. They'll meet us at the restaurantwhich / that is acrossthe streetfrom the library
30. I want to introduceyou to a famouswriter whose last book was a best seller

D.
2. A consumeris a personwho / thatbuys or usesany serviceor product
3. A hospitalis a placewhere ill peopleare looked after by nursesand doctors
4. A paring knife is a tool which / that you peel vegetableswith
5. A hammeris a tool which / that you I use for fixing nails
fix nails with

E.
l . which / that the doctor gave her
2 . who / that was allergicto foods and chemicals
she talked to
had the sameproblems
355
3- The specialistwho / that she went to found out that she was allergic to things she ate.
breathedand touched
4- She avoids many things like cigarettesmoke and chemicalsin food which / thar make her
ill
5. She sharesher housewith somefriends who / that understandher problem and trv to helo
her
6. Becausethejobs which / that interesther a lot are in London

10.3 OMISSION
1. The soup I had for lunch was too salty
2. The waitresswho / that servedus dinner was friendly
3. I have a classwhich / that beginsat 8 a.m.
4. I don't know the man who / that is talking to Mary
5. My daughteraskedme a questionI couldn't answer
6. The peopleAnn is visiting now live on Elm Street
7 . All of the people I askedcan come to my party
8. The studentswho / that cameto classlate missedthe quiz
9. I know a man who / that doesn'thave to work for a living
10. I didn't know any of the peopleJohn invited to his party
I 1. A lion is an animal which / that lives in Africa
12. The market I usually go to has fresh vegetables
13. Where can I catchthe bus which / that goesdowntown
14. I had a good time on the trip I took to GlacierNational park
15. The notesI borrowedfrom you helpedme a lot
16. The person who / that is sitting at that desk should help you with your problem / The
personwho / that shouldhelp you with your problem is sitting at that desk
17. The planeI'm takingto Denverleavesat7 p.m.
18. She lost the pen sheborrowedfrom me
19. Here's the brochurewhich / that gives informationaboutholiday resorts
20. The police arrestedthe girl I used to work in the sameoffice with yesterday

10.4 REDUCTION
1. , the headof the ophthalmologydepartment,operatedon my mother's eye
2. , one of the most important universitiesin Turkey, was founded in 1956 / , foundeclin
1956,is one of the most importantuniversitiesin Turkey
3. are standingon the bridge connectingthe two continents
4. carriedout on EskiqehirRoad may causetraffic jams
5. usedin the bank robberyhasbeenfound
6. surroundingthe palaceis full of tropicaltrees/ full of tropical trees,surroundsthe palace
7 . exhibited in the Louvre really attractedthe attentionof the public
8. lives in a flat looking out on a square
9. driving the lorry hasjust passedhis driving test
10. city of Turkey, known for centuriesfor its history, has always been the centre of
Anatolian civilizations
11. moulded into shape when heated, is an artificial substanceI , an artificial
substance,is mouldedinto shapewhen heated
12. , valued throughoutthe world, are made by hand over a long period of time / ,
madeby hand over a long period of time, are valuedthroughoutthe world
13. beingpunishedare all boys
14. fond of peopleboastingall the time
15. have somegeographicalformationsrangingfrom soft hills to jagged cliffs

J)f)
10.s USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
1. He bought his daughtefsomebooks,most of which were about gardening
2. of the peoplewho take our languagecourseare successful
3. the peoplewho appliedfor thejob were qualified
4. grammaticalcontrastsbetweenEnglish and Arabic, the most noticeableof which is in
word order
5. wrote a lot of books,two of which are Oliver Twist and the Tale of Two Cities
6. students,many of whom play basketball.are very energetic
1 . has two pairs of jeans,both of which needcleaning
8. , someof whom were students.protestedthe war
9 " hasjust inheriteda lot of money,a linle of which will go to the orphanage
10. we went to the village to visit my friend's family, all of whom welcomedus

10.6 NOUN+OF WHICH


1. I have bought a camera,the flash of which is portable
2. In the bedroom,thereis a wardrobe,the doors of which slide
3. He has a bicycle,the wheelsof which are colorful
4. The instructorhas assignedstudentsa paper. the aim of which is to see the levels of
the students
5. She is smoking a cigarette,the smoke of which disturbs the other passengersin the
compartment

10.7 PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITIONS


I.
1. The restaurantto which we went yesterdaywas spacious
2. I'll neverforget the day on which you proposedto me
3. This is the safein which they keep theirjewellery
4. I met the man from whom I receiveda letterthe other day

II. (Part A)
5. , for whom I boughtthis watch,is my bestfriend
7. , with whom I've been sharinga flat for two years
8. , on which I had spenthundredsof dollars,crashedinto a tree during its first flight
10. , in which thousandsof touristsspendtheir vacationsis a holiday resort/ is a holiday
resort,in which thousandsof touristsspendtheir vacations
15. Touristslike Turkey, in which there'splenty of sunshine
16. You'llenjoyyourselfinLondoninwhichtherearelotsofinterestin-eplaces
18. will be at the studentcentre.in which thereis a swimming pool

(Part F)
8. Do you know the man to whom thejury gavethe first prize
1 l. The book in which I found that questionis missingfrom the library
15. Do you know the girl to whom I gave my books earlier
17. The town in which we spentour honeymoonwas really beautiful
20. The agencyfrom which we bought our ticketshas gone bankrupt
21. That man is the managerto whom I complainedaboutthe food
23. There is a shop nearbyfrom which you can buy postcards
24. She took me to the shop from which shebuys her clothes
25. Bill met his fianc6 in the pub to which studentsoften go
28. Do you know a good disco to which we can go during the weekend

35'7
10.8 REVIEW OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
A.
1. whosenamecomesfrom a small village in Greece
2. where there was a war betweenthe Greeks and the Persians
3. who doesn'tearn any money from sports
4. which usually cost a lot

B.
1. Star Trek, which is a popular TV serial made in the 1960's, is about the adventuresof a
spaceship and its crew
2. The University of California conducteda study that tested 22 smells like vanillin and
vinegaron volunteersfrom differentcountries
3. Every summer, hundredsof studentstry to find job opportunities,most of which are
seasonalwork usuallyconnectedwith tourism and agriculture
4. My eldestsister,whose ability to play the piano is unbelievable,will be performing at the
presidentialpalacenext Saturday
5. The hotel where we wantedto staywas fully booked
6. The biggestrestaurantin the town, which we often go to, is near the seaside
'Four
1. Nigel Kennedy is one of the few classicalmusicianswho interpretVivaldi's
Seasons',which has sold more than 250.000copies,successfully
8. Alexandria, which is the secondlargestcit)' in Eg)'pt, was built by Alexander the Great
on the site of an old fishing village, which had a small harbour that was shelteredby the
islandof Pharos
9. The classroomwe hold our lessonsin is very cold and dark
10. Rice, which we usuall.vservewith meat,is an importantfood in my country
1l. John travelledtwenty miles to visit his sister,which was thoughtful of him
12. The studentsthe administrationhave chosenfor the quiz show are excusedfiom classes
today
C.
l. I met at the party last night was a
2. whosehousehad beenvandalisedwas takento hospital
3. we had to write was completedin threehours
4. I lent you was written by a friend of mine
5. which / that can be washedin the dishwasher
6. Picassocreateda lot of paintings,which art critics highly value today
7. Mr. Bailey hired yesterdaycan type 70 words per minute
8. read the book their teacherhad recommended
9. five yearsin the schoolwhere thereusedto be only girls
10. paintingson exhibition at the Louvre Museum, someof which are worth millions of dollars
1 l. for whom the governmentconstructedhouseswere thankful
12. arefull of plankton,most of which are consumedby fish
13. dealingwith differenttypesof friendshipis really interesting
14. whose sisterworked in the bakerygave me piano lessons
15. the peoplewho cameto the interviewgot thejob
16. her a gold chestthe top of which is coveredwith diamonds

D. E.
1. which 5. whose l. who / that
2. who 6. where 2. which / that
3. when 7. whom 3. where
4. that 8. why 4. which / that
5. which
358
F.
1. b 1 0 .d 19.b
2.a ll. d 20. c
3.c 12. b 21. b
4"d 13.c 22. d
5.b 1 4 .d 23. a
6.c 1 5 .c 24. c
7. c 16.c 25. d
8.a 1 1 .d 26. c
On 18.c 27. c

11.PARTICIPLES

A.I. rI.
1. tiring 6. surprising 1. freshlymade
Z. surprised 7. excited 2. recentlymarried
3. confusing 8. annoying 3. well-paid
4. tired 9. frightening/ frightened 4. poorly illustrated
5. disappointed 10. broken

IIr. IV.
1. lasting 1. terriblYdrawn
2. broken 2. widelY known
3. lit / lighted 3. recentlyoPened
4. frightening 4. well done

B.I.
1. b
2.b
3. d

II.
1. Not knowing his room number,I askedthe receptionist.
2. Having drunk too much, he felt sick.
3. Having finished all the housework,shewent to her neighbourfor a cup of coffee
4. Not knowing what to do, we decidedto ask for someadvice
5. Going down the stairs,he tripped and broke his leg
He tripped and broke his leg going down the stairs.
6. Having booked our seatsfor the concert
1. Having beenwarned aboutthe high taxes
8. Having done somewindow-shopping,we decidedwhat to buy
9. Not knowing what to say,I just smiled.
10. Not being a good player,he didn't have a chanceof winning the tennistournament.
I 1. Having cleanedthe living room, I startedtidying up the kitchen.
12. Not being interestedto seewhat would happen,I left the meetingearly.
Not interestedto seewhat would happen,I left the meeting early.
13. Having witnessedthe crime, he was expectedto give evidencein court.
14. Tourists intending to spend their holiday in Malta are advised to make early
reservations

359
III. 1y.
l. written 7 . accompaniedi being accompanied 1. protesting
2. Having reserved 8. fascinating 2. performecl
3. Seeing 9. known 3. il"O
4. having had 10. amazing 4. parked
5. believing I 1. exhausted S. done
6. slamming 6. raken
1. hiding

12. GERUNDSAND INFINITIVES


I2.I ALLOW - MAKE - LET
l. He wasn'tallowedto go out
2. was allowed to come home
3. made me go for a run / made me run
4. makesme
5. didn'tlet me visit / didn'tallow me to visit
6. makesTom do his homework
1. weren'tallowed to
8. don't let me grow
9. make us stay
10. They / The teachersdidn't let us listen to
We weren't allowed to listento
I l. Are we allowed to takephotographs
12. mademe come home.
13. are allowed to walk around
14. makesus speakEnglish in class
15. aren't allowed to work
16. let us write
17. doesn'tlet me keep
18. (has)let the secretarytake
19. (has)madethe driver pay a fine

12.2 ENOUGH AND TOO (... TO)


A. B.
1. too 4. enough 1. There are too many
2. enough 5. too Z. thereis too much
3. many 6. enough 3. There aren't enoughrooms

C.
1. She isn't old enoughto travel alone
2. light enoughfor me to carry
3. too difficult for me to solve
4. too hot for the baby to drink
5. My car is not old enoughto be considereda classic
6. The text is too difficult for the new studentsto understand
1. doesnot eat enough
8. isn't comfortableenough (for me) to sleepin
9. was too difficult (for the children/ them) to do
10. He is cleverenoughto understandwell
I l. Theseclothesare too old (for me) to wear
12. He is too afraid to tell her the truth

360
13. The man is stupidenoughto believeyou
14. The story is short enoughto readin one lesson
I5. That man is too tall for her to dancewith
16. The film is too frighteningfor childrento watch
17. The teacherspoketoo fast for us to understand
18. The wind is strongenoughto blow the roof off
19. courageousenoughto be a mountaineer
20. is not tall enoughto becomea model
21. was too steepfor the old farmer to climb
22. lt's not warm enough(for us) to have dinner on the balcony
We can't have dinner on the balconybecauseit's not warm enough
23. She didn't walk / wasn'twalking fast I quickly enoughto catch up with them / so she
couldn'tcatchup with them
She couldn't catch up with them becauseshe didn't walk / wasn't walking fast /
quickly enough
24. The ice is thick enough(for us) to walk on

D.
La
:
5. A
+.L

5.c

12.3 FORMS OF USED TO


A.
1. They usedto live in a small house,but now they live in a big flat
2. They usedto have a dog, but now they don't
3. Mr. Black usedto be a farmer,but now he's a salesman
4. They used to eat healthy food, but now they eat unhealthy food
5. Their son Andy usedto be very lazy at school,but now he's hardworking
6. Mr. Black didn't use to smoke.but now he smokesa lot
7. Mrs. Black didn't use to be fat. but now sheis very fat
8. They usedto enjoy life, but now they don't
9. Andy didn't use to like school,but now he does
10. Mrs. Black usedto be a housewife,but now she is a typist

B.
1. Theredidn'tuseto be
2. am used to eating only vegetablesand fruit
3. (have)got usedto wearing / usedto dislike wearing
1. didn't use to dye her hair
5. am not / haven't got usedto cycling to school
6. am usedto speaking
7. There didn't use to be an art gallery nearmy flat
8. There usedto be a cinemaon the Main street
9. didn't use to be cheap/ inexpensive/ usedto be expensive
10. There usedto be a few shoppingcentresin Ankara

361
C.
l. will get usedto the noise
2. is usedto living
3. am usedto him/his being
4. isn't usedto gettingup
5. didn't useto be
6. usedto go
1. am not usedto eating
8. is not usedto drinkins
9. got usedto
10. shegot usedto

12.4 CAUSATIVE VERBS


A.
l. have/ get my coat cleaned
7. do you have/ get your teethchecked
3. hasn'thad / got the centralheatinginstalledyet
4. have/ get it cleaned
5. had / got your eyestested
6. Have you had / got it / your house(re) decorated
7. havelget my blood pressuretaken
8. had / got my stomachX-rayed
9. have / get your housepainted
10. alwayshave my car washed
I 1. have her hair done
12. I haveI getmy car serviced(at the garage)every six months
I take my car to the garageevery six months to have I get it serviced
13. are having/ gettingthe leak in our roof repairednow
are having someworkersrepairthe leak in our roof now / are getting someworkers to
repair the leak in our roof now
14. haveI get your childrenentertained
15. have our teacherexplainthe causativesagain/ get our teacherto explain the causatives
again

B.
1. (has)got Tom / him to wash the car
2. had their wedding photographstakenat a photographicstudio

12.5 VERBS OF PERCEPTION


1. snoring 10. reading 18. stop
2. practicing I l. flying 19. yell
3. steal...leave 12. moving 20. getout
4. win 13. crawl...fall 21. enter
5. open 14. sing/singing 22. ring
6. shout 15. sleeping 23. burning
1. playing 16. playing 24. knock
8. fall 17. comins 25. break
9. trickling

362
12.6REVIEW OF GERUNDSAND INFINITIVES
A.
1. d 5. b
2.c6.c
3.b 7.d
4.b

B. I.
l. beingchanged 5. cutting/ to be cut 9. to buy
2. to take 6. to get 10. to make
3. meeting 7. telling/ havingtold 1l. to enter
4. watching 8. taking 12. taking

il.
1. buying 19. to meet 3 8 . nnglng
2. crying 20. to understand 3 9 . to bring
3. covering 21. decide 40. beingtold / to be tolt-
4. going 22. being 4 1 . giving
5. painting 23. to stop 42. to stay
^a
to be painted 24. seeing +J. to do
6. to fill 25. to take 44. doing
7. to find 26. puttingoff 4 5 . looking
8. to help 27. getting 46. helping
9. publishing 28. trying 47. staying
10. to let 29. to rush 4 8 . worry
11 . b e i n g 30. to cut 49. to practise
12. to write 31. hiking 5 0 . taking
13. owning 32. to pay 5 1 . to go
14. buying 33. walking 52. getting
15. to know 34. not finding 5 3 . take
16. being 35. calling
17. to buy 36. to reach
18. spending 37. leaving

C.
1. for making / to make
2. use/ good cornplaining(aboutthe room service)
3. for drawing straightlines/todraw straightlines
4. use it for correcting/useit to correct
5. selling/having sold his car
6 . p l a y t e n n i st h a ns w i m
1 . point (in) applyingfor this job unlessyou have all the necessaryqualifications
8. his / him taking me to the airport
9. of doing betterwork
10. taking the train / that they (should)take/tookthe train
I l. people(from) taking the drug
12. worrying about my exam results(althoughI'm sureI'll pass.)
13. is no point (in) takinga shower
14. He didn'tuseto drink / He usednot to drink
15. isn't good at cooking

363
16. I can't afford (to buy) this jacket
17. her books lying around
18. at writing computerprograms
19. can't standpeople/ people'sinterruptingme while I am working
20. reminded Robert to lock the door
21. spentthreehours cleaningthe house

D.
l. of stealing 5. of working
2. for shouting 6. like doing
3" for being 7. of/ about spending
4. (from) resigning 8. to going

13.CONNECTIVES
13.1 EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT USING SO / SUCH ... THAT
l. I was so worried aboutmy examsthat I decidedto stay at home and study
2. a silly excusethat I didn't acceptit
3. was such an interestingbook that I finished it in one day
4. a hardworkingstudent/person that he neverfails his examinations
5. was such a successfulperformancethat the audienceapplaudedfor fifteen minutes
6. He was so successfulthat he graduatedin only three years
1. was such bad news that
8. so deliciousthat she ate threepieces
9. such a densefog that the driverscouldn'tseeanything
10. was such a dull party that the guestsleft early
11. was driving so fast that he couldn'tstop at the red light

13.2 EXPRESSING PURPOSE USING SO THAT, IN ORDER TO AND BECAUSE


A.
1. becauseD 6. becauseI
2. so that A 7. so that B
3. so that F 8. so that H
4. becauseC 9. becauseE
5. so thatJ 10. becauseG

B.
1. they do not / won't leavefingerprints
2. you don't / won't feel hungry during the exam
3. shouldhandlethe saucepancarefullyso that your hand doesnot / won't get
4. her husband'ssuddendeathMrs. Williams had a nervousbreakdown
5. bring excitementinto their lives
6. I didn't tell him the rest of the story so as not to causeany trouble
7. Strict measuresshouldbe taken so as to preventoverhunting

c.
1. Be quiet so that I can hear what Sharonis saying
2. Last week Mary and Janehired a babysitterso that they could go to a dinner party
3. YesterdayI put the meat in the oven at 5:00 so that it could / would be ready I I could
eat it by 6:30
4. She cashed a cheque yesterdayso that she would have I had enough money to go
shopping

364
5. They hurried so that they wouldn'tbe I weren't late for the meeting
6. We locked the door so that we could / would be safe
7. I speededup so that I could overtakethe car in front of me
8. Standup so that I can seeyou
9. Pleaseturn up the radio so that I can listen to the news too
10. The governmentpulled down the old blocks of flats so that they could build the new
ones
11. Anne tied a string around her finger so that she didn't / wouldn't forget to take the
books she had borrowed back to the library
12. AII motor vehiclesshoulduse unleadedpetrol so that the air pollution can be reduced
13. Turn down the music so that the baby doesn't/ won't wake up

D.
Suggestedanswers
1. make somearrangements 4. the group is very popular
Z. Doctors/Dentistswear masks 5. breathcigarettesmoke
3. it would be easierto reachthe other side 6. I don't have enoughtime

E.
Suggestedanswers
f . in order to live a quiet life when he retires
so that he could escapefrom the city life
becausehe likes being on his own
2. in order to become an actress
so that she could be successfulin her career
becauseshe likes acting
3" in order to starthis own business
so that he could look after his grandchildren
becausehe had had a heart attack
4. in order to be healthy
so that shecould run faster
becauseit was bad for her health
5. in order to learn how to use it
so that he can surf the internet
becausehe likes playing computer games

14.EMPHATIC STRUCTURES
14.1 CLEFT SENTENCES
A.
1. was Van Gogh that paintedthe "Sunflowers"
2. I can't stand is (the fact) that David never apologizesfor his mistakes
I can't stand about David is (the fact) that he never apologizesfor his mistakes
3 wasn't until I got to the bookstorethat I realizedthat I didn't have any money
4. that I like about Bennetton'sadvertisements is that they raise awarenessabout global
issues
5. was Bob Marley who/thatsang"Exodus"
6. that I hate about computersis that they rarely work properly

365
B. Instead of 'that' it is possible to use 'who' or 'which' in some cases but it is an
informal usage so we prefer 'that'.
l. he wants is to get married
2. was Kate that wore her bestdressto the party last night
3. was her bestdressthat Kate wore to the party last night
4. was to the party that Kate wore her best dress
5. was last night that Kate wore her bestdressto the party
6. makesthejob interestingis the closecontactwith the customers
7. I want is ten minutes' rest
8. I saw was somethingvery appealing
9. stoppedus was his inconsistency
10. I don't understand is why he boasts
I f . is not Dorothy that is the manager;it's Mary
12. wasn'tmy pursethat I lost;it was my creditcards
13. isn't Europethat I havebeento; it is India
14. isn't engineering thathe is studying;it is economics
15. isn't I / me that is crazy;it's you
16. is not encouragement (that) you need;it's determination
17. is not you that sheloves;it's Bill
18. I needis a pen
19. I like is the way shetreatspeople
20. Ihate is his attitude
21. keepsme fit is jogging
22. is after a war that childrenusually suffer the most
23. was in London that I first saw the film which won two Oscars
24. really inspiredme to startwriting a new book was talking to Smith
25. was Bill that broke the news to me

14.2INVERSION
A.
1. s ow a s 6. norI neitherwill
'7
2. So do . nor / neitherdoes
3. s oh a s 8. Nor / Neitherdo
4. nor / neithercan 9 . s ow i l l
5. Nor i Neitherhave 10.nor / neitherdo

B. C.
l . D i d y o u ?I d i d n ' t . 1n 8.d
2. Doesshe?I don't. z. t) Oo

3. Have you? I haven't. 3. d 1 0 .c


4. Will they?I won't. 4.b 11.b
5. Did you? I didn't. 5.d 12.a
6. Had they?I hadn't. 6.c 1 3 .d
1. Are you? I'm not. 7. c
8 . C a n ' ty o u ?I c a n .
9. Wasn't he?I was.

D.
1. Were they to enactthat law , therewould be a chaos.
2. Were the police to have found out , you would really have gotten into trouble./ Had the
police found out, you would really have gotteninto trouble.

366
3. Should you becomeawareof anything, let me know.
4. Should he have stolenanything,he will have to be fired'
5. Had I known the truth, I would have rejected doing it.
6. Had Bill not droppedhis keys, he would have managedto enterthe house.

E.
1. did the policedoubthis innocence.
2. will I investin that company.
3. shouldwe constructmore factories.
4. has (so much) environmentalpollution takenplace.
5. has so much snow fallen here during winter months.
6. were theremore rabiescasesthan in this industrialcity.
'7.
making workers redundantcan we savethe factory.
8. have I encouragedpeopleto exhibit offensivebehaviour.
g. did the colonel help to plan the curfew but he also supportedthe idea of Coup
de'etat.
10. enactingnew laws nor by freezingpriceswill the prime ministergain popularity
I 1. had they finished their work when the visitorsarrived
12. do they tell us what is going on
13. had sheenteredthe room than shewas told aboutthe bad news
14. I was told did Irealize his absence
15. his motherwas watchingme the boy
16. did I realizethat I had forgottenmy briefcaseat home
17. have I beensubjectto such an indecentassault
18. had I switchedon the TV than the lights went out
19. was Mary late, but she also had left all the documentsat home
20. have I heard such a faulty statement
21. readingthe critics did I understandthe hidden messagein the film
22. doesit matter to me what people think of my attitude
23. shouldyou invite him again
24. did the studentdo his homework
25. doesan individual seizean opportunitylike the one that Tom has

15.GENERAL REVISION
I5.I CLOZE TESTS

Iz l.listening
l. Were 5. His
2. didn't 6. any 2.fot
3. came 7. Who 3.everY
4. Our

34.
1. do 5. the l. To
2. walking 6. at 2. from
3. do 7. knitting 3. wearing
4. instrument 4. how

361
5
0
1 by 6. takes/lasts 1. a
2 . reliable 7. arrive/am 2. some
a
-l- expensive 8. safe 3. any
A
costs/is 9. crowded 4. faces
5. slow 5. many

z who
l. 6. with
z. prefers / goes 1. which / that
J. ought / have 8. don't/ won't
A
a. travel 9. can
5 . will 10. on

g
1. leaves 6. will / to
2. arrives 7. better
3. gets 8. are
4. cheaper 9. has
5. costs/ is 10. biggest/ largest

2
l. went / was / ate 5. many
2. had / orderedI ate 6. always
3. was 7. on
4. enough/ much 8. takes

10
1 . has 7. don't
z . There 8. uncle
a
J. in/on 9. to
4. between 10. don't
5 . there 11. live / are
6 . isn't 12. only

11 t2
l. in 1. playing
2. faces 2. score/get
3. view 3. boring/dull
4. try 4. do
5. fit 5. going

13 l4
1 . deals 1 . however/ as 5. on
2 . earn 2 . on 6. excursion
J. promoted a
J. refund 7. local
4 . repair / mend/ fix /1
T. receipt 8. souvenirs
5 . lost/ left
6 . for
7 . get

368
15
l . borrow any
2 . return served
J. pay much
/1
T. receiveJ get/go
5 . dial book/reserve
6 . engaged/ busy ordered/had/ate
enough/much
bill
more

17 18
Lon 11. an
l . made
2. al 12. his
2 . had
1
J. whenever 3. who 13. While / When
A
a. allowed 4.a 14. After
5. rold 15. gaveI got I bought
5. During
6. except 6. It 16. became
7. Although 17. called
8. because 18. with
9. enough 19. where
10. which 20. songs/ music

19
1. most ll. out
2. spent 12. earnings/ profits/ income
3. up 13. Despite
4. do 14. have/ need
5. in 15. unless
6. herself 16. like / enjoY/ Iove
1. persuade/ convince 17. Having
8. when/ once/ after 18. for
9. well 19. out
10. while 20. so

20 2l
l. made 1 does
2. during/ on L. the
3. until 3 . doors
/
+. up
4. did
5. with 5 . having
6. while 6 . busy/ engaged
7. on
8. for

369
1','

l- where 11. we
2 . oldest 12. that / which
3 . lot 13. called
4. high 14. with
5 . for 15. example/ instance
6 . have 16. used
7 . yet 17. than
8 . by 18. unless
9 . how 19. are
1 0 .A s / S i n c e / B e c a u s e 20. them

23
l. since 5. after 10. that
2. of 6. how I 1. where
3. for 7. to 12. During
4. which 8. still 13. for
9. to 14. whose

24
l. with/ about 7. with
2. whose 8. under
3. in 9. of
/1 where 10. in
5 . AS I 1. about
6 . live 12. about

)<
i. which 8. to 15.neither
2. due/ owing 9. best 16.with
3. Although/ Though 10.nothing 17.unable
4. allow/permit 11 . c o s t 18.later
5. with / having 12. afford 1 9 .l e t
6. most 1 3 .t o o k 20. until / till
7. they 14.could

26
l. how 11. of
2 . none 12. a
which / that 13. with
4. this / it 14. something
5 . used 15. so
6 . about 16. both
7 . When / After 17. off
8 . before / previously 18. until/ till
9 . much / far 19. may/ might/ could
1 0 . such 20. many

370
27
l. to 1l. Having
2. out 12. While
3. awful 13. If
4. because/ as / since 14. in
5. in 15. broken
6. over 16. finally / eventually
7. of 17. After
8. angrily / threateninglY 18. down
9. off/out 19. unless
10. able 20. have

28 29 30
1. situated/ located 1. for / to 1. defined
2. with 2. far 2. concerned
3. between 3. Suppose/ Supposing 3. example/ instance
4. interested 4. on / upon 4. well
5. mind 5. (a) round 5. such
6. However 6. up 6. addition
7. the 7. of 7. exemplified
8. preparing/ cooking / making 8. with 8. Although
9. to 9. sight
10. Despite 10.down

31
1. to 10. example/instance 19. about
2. the 11 . h a d 20. to
3. world/ earth 12. today 21. the
4. or 13. However 22. ago
5. journeys/voyages/triPs 14. their 23. lived
6. are 15. discovered 24. of
7. First 16. history 25. distance
8. which/that 17.is
9. did 18. not

15.2MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTS

I
l. b 13. c 25. a
2. d 14. d 26. d
J. a 15. c 27. b
/1
T. b 16. a 28. b
5. 17. c 29. d
6. 18. a 30. b
't. 19. a 31. a
8. b 20. d 32. c
9. a 21. b 33. a
10. a 22. d 34. b
11. b 23. d 35. c
12. b 24. c

371
)
td r2. b 23. a
2.a 13. c 24. b
3.c 14. b 25. b
4.d 15. a 26. c
5.a 16. d 27. a
6.b 11. c 28. c
7. c 18. d 29. a
8.a 19. c 30. d
9. c 20. d 3r. d
10. d 21. b 32. b
ll. a 22. b 33. a

I
1. d 11. d 20. d
2.c 12. a 21. b
3.d 13. b 22. c
4.a t4. d 23. b
5.a 15. c 24. c
6.c 16. a 25. a
7. b t7. b 26. c
8.c 18. a 27. d
9.c 19. b
r0. b

!
1. a 9. c 17. a
2.b 10. b 18. c
3.c 11. d 19. b
4.b 12. c 20. a
5.c i3. b 21. c
6.b 14. a 22. c
-1.
d 15. d 23. a
8.a 16. b

b 10. d t9. b
a 11. b 20. d
b 12. a 21. a
b 13. d 22. d
t4. d 23. a
a 15. c 24. d
b 16. c 25. b
a t7. d 26. d
18. c
10. c 19. c
d 11. a 20. c
a 12. c 21. b
b 13. b 22. a
a t4. d 23. c
d 15. b 24. a
a 16. c 25. d
d 17. b 26. a
18. d

7_
1. c 12. c 22. d
2.a 13. a 23. a
3.d 14. b 24. a
4.b 15. a 25. c
5.c 16. a 26. a
6.a 17. b 27. b
7. d 18. c 28. d
8.a 19. a 29. c
9.c 20. b 30. a
10. b 21. c 31. c
ll. d

!
1. d 10. b 19. c
2.a ll. b 20. a
3.d 12. c 21. c
13. a 22. b
5.b 14. d 23. d
6.c 15. d 24. a
7. d 16. d 25. d
8.c 17. a 26. a
9.d 18. b 27. a

2
1. d 11. b 21. a
2.d 12. b 22. b
3.b 13. b 23. c
4.a 14. a 24. d
5.c 15. c 25. b
6.c 16. b 26. d
7. a 17. a 27. d
8.d 18. d 28. b
9. c 19. c 29. b
10. b 20. a 30. a

313
10
l. d 10. c 19. c
2. 11. c 20. c
a
J.
q
12. b 21. a
4. 13. a 22. d
5. b 14. c 23. b
6. a 15. d 24. a
1. b 16. b 25. b
8. 17. a 26. a
9. d 18. b 27. c

11
1^
l. v 10. b 19. d
al
L.(-l 11. d 20. b
3.b 12. c 21. a
4.d 13. d 22. c
5.c t4. b 23. d
6.a 15. d 24. c
1. a 16. c 25. a
8.c 17. b 26. d
9. c 18. b 27. b

12
l. d 9.a 17. d
2.c 10. c 18. b
3.b 11. d 19. a
4.d 12. c 20. d
5.b 13. a 21. c
6.a 14. c 22. a
1. b 15. a 15. c
8.c 16. a

13
1. c 15. a 28. c
2.b 16. c 29. a
?q 11. b 30. b
4.a 18. d 31. d
5.c 19. a 32. a
6.d 20. d 33. d
2t. d 34. b
8.b 22. d 35. d
9.d 23. a 36. c
10. b 24. b 37. d
11. a 25. c 38. b
12. a 26. b 39. d
13. c 27. c 40. b
14. c

314
t4
l" b 15. a 28. a
2.d 16. b 29. b
3.a 17. c 30. a
4.b 18. c 31. b
5.c 19. a 32. c
6.c 20. b 33. b
1. b 2r. d 34. d
8.d 22. d 35. c
9.a 23. b 36. a
10. c 37. d
11. d 25. d 38. c
12. a 26. a 39. c
13. b 2',7. a 40. d
14. d

t5
l c 10. d 20. a
z.a ll. c 21. c
3.c t2. b 22. b
4.d 13. a 23. d
5.b 14. a 24. c
6.b 15. c 25. c
7. c 16. d 26. a
8.d 17. c 27. d
9. c 18. b 28. c
19. b 29. d

375

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