-1-

EDRD 4010 DE – Position Paper on Tourism and Prostitution

By – James Mardall, 0285981

Due Date – October 29, 2004

Tourism and Prostitution – A Review

Tourism and prostitution are becoming increasingly linked through globalisation

and the continued commodification of sex. As access to the global tourism market
and information through the Internet increases, less developed countries become
more vulnerable to and dependant on travelers from developed countries seeking
recreational sex adventures. At the same time, many vulnerable individuals in
less developed countries, either through coercion or necessity, enter into
prostitution as a livelihood strategy. This is done in order to try and earn a living
that is increasingly threatened by the rationalisation of the global economy.

Prostitution is neither a new phenomenon nor restricted to less developed

countries alone, as attested to by widespread reference to it as the oldest
profession in the world. However, due to the nature of globalisation, the modern
day traveler can now easily access formerly remote and exotic locations. By the
same token, sex workers and the sex industry can utilise global travel to
translocate from less developed countries to locations in developed countries (See
Appendix 3: Pictures from around the World – by Piet den Blanken (Dutch
Photojournalist)).

This global quest to access the exotic, can in its extreme lead to the unchecked of
exploitation of women and sexual abuse of children as attested to by the following
organisational resources.
(http://www.arches.uga.edu/~haneydaw/twwh/traf.html,
http://www.ecpat.net/eng/index.asp
http://www.unicef.org/protection/index_exploitation.html,
EDRD 4010: Tourism and Prostitution Student: James Mardall – 0285981
 -2-

http://www.worldvision.org/worldvision/wvususfo.nsf/stable/globalissues_stp?
Open&lid=sex_tourism&lpos=sub3photo), (See Appendix 2 – Reports of Sexual
Abuse – Child Abuse – Prosecution of International Sex Offenders).

However for many poor / rural households in less developed countries, it is

argued that remittances received from family members who are sex workers are
an important and necessary source of income.
(http://www.bayswan.org/manifest.html, http://www.flunk.de/english/sex-
tourism.php, http://www.hangoverguide.com/over/factbook/th_sexindustry.html,
http://sisyphe.org/article.php3?id_article=965,
http://www.iusw.org/start/index.html).

Although the term Sex Worker applies to any individual who uses their person to
provide sexual services as a livelihood strategy. This term is gender and age
neutral and disguises the fact that a substantial number of sex workers worldwide
are exploited for commercial gain, particularly the young and vulnerable. The
individual reasons for entering sex work are complicated and can be discussed at
length, as in the papers Gulcur, L. Ilkkaracan, P. (2002) The ‘‘Natasha’’
experience: Migrant Sex Workers from the former Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe in Turkey, Klain E, J. (1999), Prostitution of Children and Child-Sex
Tourism: An Analysis of Domestic and International Responses, McDonald, L.
Moore, B. Timoshkina, N. (2000). Migrant Sex Workers from Eastern Europe and
the Former Soviet Union [computer file]: The Canadian Case and
http://www.links.net/vita/swat/course/prosthai.html. Prostitution in Thailand and
Southeast Asia.

For the general purposes of this paper, reasons for those entering sex work which
can lead to eventual exploitation can be summarized as follows; Individuals could
be coerced, young, homeless, disempowered, poor, poorly educated, societally
neglected, psychologically traumatized, victimized, substance abusers, searching
for a better life or just trying to survive. (Klain E, J. (1999), Prostitution of
EDRD 4010: Tourism and Prostitution Student: James Mardall – 0285981
 -3-

Children and Child-Sex Tourism: An Analysis of Domestic and International

Responses), (http://www.links.net/vita/swat/course/prosthai.html. Prostitution in
Thailand and Southeast Asia.)

This paper will attempt to remain impartial with regard to the global sex industry,
while the author examines tourism’s impact on prostitution in the less developed
countries. This paper will also highlight the ways in which the sex industry is open
to abuse, particularly when examined as a relationship between individuals from
wealthy developed countries and poorer less developed countries. This paper will
provide a brief overview of the sex tourism industry in less developed countries
before establishing a position, by using the following points as a guide:

• What is the relationship between Tourism and Prostitution?

• What are the main issues at stake in Tourism and Prostitution?
• The Pro’s and Con’s of Sex Tourism – Apposing views.
• The Tourism Development rationale for advocating one position over the other
and the Position of this Paper regarding the issue of Tourism and Prostitution.
• Possible solutions stemming from the Position of this Paper.
• How knowing about this issue will change the way the author travels to less
developed areas in the future?

• What is the relationship between Tourism and Prostitution?

If one defines tourism as, “travel for the purpose of recreation”, the consensus of
both the course guide and numerous EDRD 4010 web conversations. Then the
link between tourism and prostitution would be encompassed by the idea of,
travel for the partial / sole purpose of engaging in recreational sex, in foreign
destinations.

For the traveler, the reasons for traveling to a foreign destination in order to
engage in recreational sex are as numerous, as the various web pages that
EDRD 4010: Tourism and Prostitution Student: James Mardall – 0285981
 -4-

cover the subject (See Appendix 1: Internet References - Tourism and

Prostitution – Sites for Sex Tourists). The online reference guide – wikipedia
mentions a number of reasons for sex tourism, mainly from the perspective of
the traveler, for instance:

• A (percieved) reduction in the level of morality and laws of the foreign

destination.
• A lax approach to prostitution on the part of the police and legislation in the
foreign destination.
• A substantial reduction in the cost related to prostitution (in the order of
hundreds of US dollars). Due to the fact that many sex tourism destinations are
in the less developed countries and have weaker currencies.
• An increased feeling of anonymity and privacy due to the distanciated nature
of the travel destination from the country of origin.
• The attraction of the other for the foreign tourist, for instance the exotic asian
look, the dark carribbean look and the sultry Rio De Jeneiro carnival.
• The very real cultural differences evident in the sense of place and the people
in foreign destinations and the idea / fantasy value of the exotic travel
destination. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_tourism)

The author of this paper was surprised to find that although male heterosexuals
seemed to be the most prevalently targeted group, many travel references exist
for both female heterosexuals and homosexuals. For instance, references to male
travel prostitution found at
(http://www.youthsuicide.com/gaybisexual/links6.htm) as well as
(http://www.newint.org/issue252/miches.htm) which alludes to the authors
homosexual orientation enabling his desire to access global travel.

With regard to destinations of female sex travelers, the following website

(http://www.caribvoice.org/Travel&Tourism/sextourism.html), discusses the
Caribbean and Jamaica, and references studies done by Caribbean Scholars, Dr
EDRD 4010: Tourism and Prostitution Student: James Mardall – 0285981
 -5-

Anthony Bryan and Barbadian-born Dr Joan Phillips amongst others. Specific

mention is made of the fact that women from developed countries view the
islands as a viable sex tourism destination. The following excerpt is from the
abovementioned site:
“White women are also turning to Caribbean men to challenge some of
their own men's traditional roles or to live out their sexual fantasies…Such
female sex tourists affirm their sense of womanliness by being sexually
desired by other men…The big money (for teenage boys) is having sex
with tourists. They tell you that school was not doing anything for them.
They usually start during summer and then don't go back to school …In
holiday resorts such as Negril, Jamaica, white women are allowed
anonymity to enjoy liaisons with black males, younger boys, or as many
men as they desire, out of view of neighbors and friends in their home
countries."

For an individual wishing to travel to a foreign destination for sex, it seems there
are many resources available to assist him/her in locating the ideal destination
compatible with every pocket, sexual orientation and desire.

In order to try and perceive the issue from the perspective of a sex traveler
the author began to search the internet as if he were attempting to select a
location for sex travel. The internet has become a powerful tool for sex
tourism, it enables countries to be directly or indirectly marketed through
numerous websites offering sex travel (See Appendix 1; References - Tourism
and Prostitution – Sites for Sex Tourists). A predominant number of sites
related to sex and tourism were directed at heterosexual males in developed
countries (See Appendix 1 for a few examples). A search, using Google
without a filter returned 7,040,000 websites related to the search subject
“sex” AND “Tourism”. (http://www.google.ca/search?
hl=en&q=sex+tourism&btnG=Google+Search&meta=.)

EDRD 4010: Tourism and Prostitution Student: James Mardall – 0285981

 -6-

These websites market destinations in the Far East, particularly Thailand, the
Philippines and Cambodia. However Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, The Caribbean
Islands, Eastern Europe, South and North Africa are also amongst those less
developed areas marketed to the sex traveler
(http://www.worldsexguide.org/WSGArchiveIndex.html).

Many of the sites also relate to a number of organisations opposing sexual

exploitation, such as ECPAT (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and
Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes), UNICEF (United Nations Childrens
Fund), the WTO (World Tourism Organisation) which has a downloadable
video shown on all Air France long haul flights, especially those to sex tourism
destinations (See Electronic References for stills) and
http://www.arches.uga.edu/~haneydaw/twwh/traf.html. Prostitution & Sex
Tourism: Third World Women’s Health.

Also prominent, were organisations supporting the legitimization of the rights

of sex workers such as (http://www.bayswan.org/manifest.html. SEX
WORKERS' MANIFESTO, Calcutta, 1997),
(http://www.iusw.org/start/index.html. The International Union of Sex
Workers), (http://www.sexwork.com/. Sexwork Cyber Resource Center:
Supporting sex work as a legitimate profession), and a interesting collection of
papers available at (http://www.walnet.org/csis/papers/index.html,
Commercial Sex Information Service)

The reason why there are so many references to sex travel is that it is not
value free and the reason why these organisations are pertinent, are directly
related to core issues surrounding sex travel. The predominant issues pertain
to the types of exploitation that occur within this industry, due to the complex
nature of the inequalities inherent in the power dynamics of the industry.
These are the issues that will be more fully explored in the following section.

EDRD 4010: Tourism and Prostitution Student: James Mardall – 0285981

 -7-

• What are the main issues at stake in Tourism and Prostitution?

Tourism and prostitution highlight a number of controversies central to the

concept of tourism planning. As suggested in Reid, D G and Mair, H. (2003),
tourism can usually be thought of as, “a relatively innocuous way to create an
income from available resources in a given country or region”
But when one considers that sex travel is about sex and commerce between
human beings, some interesting social relationships are hard to ignore. For
instance, do countries such as Thailand, a popular sex travel destination, view
those in the sex industry as a resource? And is this human resource an integral
part of Thailand’s tourism strategy to earn foreign exchange and contribute to the
general economy?

Thailand is seen as the archetypal sex travel destination and reference is made to
this region in many of the sources in Appendix 1. For this reason Thailand is used
as a prime example of a sex travel destination albeit not the only destination, as
evident on the website http://www.worldsexguide.org/WSGArchiveIndex.html.

To answer the question are Thai sex workers viewed as a resource and is this
resource a necessary part of the Thai economy? It is hard to conclude that this is
not the case. Even though the sex industry is not decriminalized in Thailand, the
authorities do not actively discourage sex work. Allusions are in fact made to the
effect that the authorities condone the sex industry and that corruption may be
one of the reasons why the industry is able to continue in a comparatively
unrestricted manner. The following quote provides some illumination with respect
to the question asked earlier;

“Ultimately, much of official complacency with prostitution is tied to the view

of prostitutes as a national resource. During a South Korean orientation
session for prostitutes, the women were told: "You girls must take pride in

EDRD 4010: Tourism and Prostitution Student: James Mardall – 0285981

 -8-

your devotion to your country. Your carnal conversations with foreign

tourists do not prostitute either yourself or the nation, but express your
heroic patriotism.” These women play a vital role in the tourism industry,
which, including group sex tours, is Thailand's largest single source of
foreign exchange. Ultimately, what it comes down to, is that young Thai
country women are just another kind of crop."
source http://www.links.net/vita/swat/course/prosthai.html. Prostitution in
Thailand and Southeast Asia.

On the one hand therefore, there are travelers from developed countries who
have money and want to have sex and on the other hand there are poor
individuals from less developed countries who are prepared to exchange sex for
money. Not only are these individuals dependant on the individual income earned
from the sale of their person, but the countries, particularly less developed
countries are dependant on the collective income from the sex industry as a
means of deriving foreign exchange and boosting tourism revenues and their
GDP. This is not only the case in Thailand but literary evidence suggests that
similar dynamics exist in many of the countries that tolerate the practice of
prostitution. (http://sisyphe.org/article.php3?id_article=965,
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inf/magazine/26/sex.htm))

It is also suggested that the global sex industry can be considered an integral
part of the global economy and capitalism and that without it, many of the less
developed countries development goals may not as easily be met.
(http://sisyphe.org/article.php3?id_article=965,
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inf/magazine/26/sex.htm). The sex
sector -according to the ILO report sited above- is not recognized in official
statistics, government budgets or development plans. But, the study further goes
on to highlight that 2 – 14% of the GDP of four countries studied – Indonesia,
Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand can be accredited to the sex sector. It can

EDRD 4010: Tourism and Prostitution Student: James Mardall – 0285981

 -9-

therefore be suggested that the core issues of tourism and prostitution are social
and economic.

But, if sex tourism is such a large contributor to the national GDP’s of less
developed countries and if at least on the surface, people seem willing to engage
in the activity either as sex purchasers or sex sellers. What are the reasons for
the social stigma and reticence to accept sex work as a legitimate form of
employment? On the surface at least, sex work seems to function as a voluntary
form of wealth redistribution from the developed countries to the less developed
countries?

• The Pro’s and Con’s of Sex Tourism – Opposing views.

Prostitute Maew Noi, twenty, comforts her

younger brother in Pong Chang, a village in
northern Thailand. A prostitute since the age of
thirteen, she says, "I have advice for young
girls who need money and are lured to the big
city: don’t go."

http://www.vachss.com/help_text/reports/future
s_1.html

As mentioned earlier, sex travel is not value free, the predominant issues relate
to money and people and the complex nature of the inequalities inherent in the
power dynamics of the sex industry. These inequalities and the increasing
demand for young and fresh new faces for the sex industry have led to the global
exploitation of children for sex. As attested to by the photograph above, girls as
young as thirteen are forced into prostitution due to their household livelihood
strategies. (http://www.vachss.com/help_text/reports/futures_1.html)

According to ECPAT in 1996 over 1million children were working in the sex
industry in Asia alone. In an earlier report released in 1994 ECPAT does not single
out Asia alone but also mentions both less developed and developed countries as

EDRD 4010: Tourism and Prostitution Student: James Mardall – 0285981

 - 10 -

being implicated in this insidious industry (http://www.ecpat.net/eng/index.asp).

Children are thus very real victims of the sex travel industry and stand to suffer
the most in terms of negative social and psychological consequences, there is also
the very real threat of AIDS and STD’s. However these diseases are non-
discriminatory and affect traveler and sex worker alike, although the medical
options for a sex worker in a less developed country are severely compromised in
the event of such an occurrence. It is also postulated that women stand a much
higher risk of contracting AIDS than men do, in the order of ten times as much
risk. (http://www.links.net/vita/swat/course/prosthai.html,
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inf/magazine/26/sex.htm)

At the same time the sex industry -or as the International Labour Organisation
(ILO) refer to it – the sex sector, is responsible for a substantial portion of many
of the less developed countries GDP. In the case of Thailand for example, during
the 1993 – 1995 period, prostitution was responsible for an estimated annual
income of between 22.5 – 27 Billion US Dollars. The ILO also notes that the
remittances to rural families from urban sex workers were close to 300 million US
Dollars a year during the same period, an amount that exceeded the Thai
governments rural development allocations during the same period.
(http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inf/magazine/26/sex.htm)

The sex sector is thus an important source of revenue for the rural families who
have sacrificed a family member to the sex sector as an offering to a capitalist
system. Perhaps this greater good could be more easily condoned if it did not
have negative consequences associated with it. However it is difficult to see the
fairness or justice in the swap of a life for material gain, however badly it is
needed to support a livelihood. But then as with the attempt to try and
understand the mindset of a sex traveler, the author is equally at a loss to try
and fully comprehend the desperation of absolute poverty in a less developed
country. Perhaps though the failing is not on the part of the individual entering

EDRD 4010: Tourism and Prostitution Student: James Mardall – 0285981

 - 11 -

into the sex industry, as much as it is the failing of a global society in which we
can allow one another to be commodified.

• The Tourism Development rationale for advocating one position over

the other and The Position of this Paper regarding the issue of Tourism
and Prostitution.

It is evident from the literature and electronic resources that were reviewed that
some less developed countries view sex tourism as a means of boosting tourism
income (i.e. Thailand). (http://sisyphe.org/article.php3?id_article=965,
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inf/magazine/26/sex.htm)

It is also evident that there are nefarious individuals in developed countries who
import sex workers to boost their own income. Papers from Canada and Israel
suggest that this is an ongoing activity involving young impoverished women
from the former Soviet Union. They are attracted by the false promises of high
earnings in a safe environment in a developed country, only to find that they are
no better off then slaves once they arrive. Unfortunately this trade is not
restricted to those individuals that are considered to be of a consensual age and
child trafficking has also proliferated. (Gulcur, L. Ilkkaracan, P. (2002), Amnesty
International. (2000))

For this reason, the author feels that it is not possible to advocate a position in
which sex tourism is entirely outlawed. Even in developed countries in which this
is the case, police and the legal systems commonly tolerate sex workers. Due to
the unequal nature of the relationship between developed and less developed
countries, the unequal access to resources and the prevalence of the blind eye of
justice. Any attempt to curtail the sex work industry, which is not implemented
on a universal basis, will probably lead to a skewing of the sex industry to those
areas that are less able to ignore the financial benefits of not doing so.

EDRD 4010: Tourism and Prostitution Student: James Mardall – 0285981

 - 12 -

Perhaps, as is suggested by a number of organisations it would be better to

legitimize the sex industries in tourist based economies, in order to prevent
outright exploitation and the abuse of minors.
(http://www.iusw.org/start/index.html, http://www.bayswan.org/manifest.html)

However as pointed out by Klain E, J. (1999), “In many cases of sexual

exploitation, especially in underdeveloped countries without adequate registration
and identification of all their citizens, it is difficult to determine the exact age of a
child”. The issue therefore is as much about development as it is about
exploitation. In order to effectively monitor and combat the exploitation that
occurs in the global sex trade. It is essential that a means of development that
does not rely on exploitation be explored. This would mean a form of global
tourism that is based on reverence and appreciation for difference, not self
obsessed gluttonous sexual exploitation.

• As far as the author of this paper is concerned, the option of forced

commodification of ones person should be avoided at all costs.
• It is also important to bear in mind that it is not through individual failure that
individuals enter the sex industry as a livelihood strategy. Very importantly
this act does not in any way dehumanise the individual concerned.
• This paper does not condone the act of using any of these individuals for
recreational sex, even if - as some of the websites in Appendix 1 suggest -
they are ‘nice’ to them. The fact remains that the relationship is one that is
skewed by the economic disparity that exists between the sex buyer and the
sex seller (especially when viewed from a less developed – developed country
perspective).
• Although it is easy for a less developed country to fall into the trap of seeing
the sex sector as an means to an economic end. The long term consequences
such as AIDS and social stigma far outweigh the short term economic benefit
of being able to market an exotic destination for a while, to a fickle tourist
market.
EDRD 4010: Tourism and Prostitution Student: James Mardall – 0285981
 - 13 -

As long as the income disparities between less developed and developed

countries exist, in which individuals are incapable of accessing a livelihood, which
does not require prostitution then the exploitation that occurs in the sex industry
will continue.

• Possible solutions stemming from the Position of this Paper.

In line with the suggestions made by Klain E, J. (1999) from pp 45 – 49, the
author feels that many of the suggestions made reflect a positive solution to the
prevention of the exploitation of underage individuals by the sex trade and sex
travelers.

Klein suggests that multidisciplinary law enforcement agencies that operate

across borders need to be established. At the same time Klein suggests that an
effort be made to educate both the traveler and individuals within the sex
industry. In line with these recommendations the Air France footage has been
made freely available on the WTO website at http://www.world-
tourism.org/protect_children/movie/air_france.htm, and other organisations are
encouraged to access and display this footage in the same manner that Air France
do.

Legislation enacted in many developed countries has been used to litigate sex
offenders in their developed countries of origin (See Appendix 2). And a global
name and shame strategy has been used to track the whereabouts of known sex
offenders. These efforts are particularly effective in the developed countries
where some of these sex offenders and child exploiters reside.

The author also feels however, that the less developed countries are for reasons
previously discussed not as capable of enacting and following through with similar
strategies as in developed countries. For this reason the author has to agree with

EDRD 4010: Tourism and Prostitution Student: James Mardall – 0285981

 - 14 -

the attempts that are being made by sex workers to empower themselves
through a legitimization process. (http://www.iusw.org/start/index.html,
http://www.bayswan.org/manifest.html) Perhaps by using a holistic and
integrated approach to the global sex trade, the levels of exploitation enabled by
the shame and stigma of the sex trade will be minimized and the rights of
individuals will be more fully established. There are however those who believe
that the legitimisation of the sex trade will lead to greater exploitation of
vulnerable individuals, and any attempts to assist in this regard should always
bear this fact in mind. Perhaps then, as in any process, progress in this regard
should be monitored on an ongoing basis not only by outside organisations but by
those who see the sex trade as a viable livelihood alternative as well.

• How knowing about this issue will change the way the author travels
to less developed areas in the future?

The author of this paper attempts always to be mindful of the impact that he has
when traveling, not only when in less developed areas, but also when in
developed areas.

Knowing that the inequalities of uneven development are exacerbated by the

desire for wealth creation through the exploitation of individuals who are in a
vulnerable position. The author will in future be more mindful of the realities of
this phenomenon and attempt to minimize his impact in this regard, when
traveling.
References:

Amnesty International. (2000). ISRAEL - Human rights abuses of women

trafficked from countries of the former Soviet Union into Israel’s sex industry.
Amnesty International May 2000. AI Index: MDE 15/17/00

Gulcur, L. Ilkkaracan, P. (2002) THE ‘‘NATASHA’’ EXPERIENCE: MIGRANT SEX

WORKERS FROM THE FORMER SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN EUROPE IN
TURKEY. Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 411 – 421,
2002. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. Printed in the USA.

EDRD 4010: Tourism and Prostitution Student: James Mardall – 0285981

 - 15 -

Klain E, J. (1999). Prostitution of Children and Child-Sex Tourism: An Analysis of

Domestic and International Responses. American Bar Association Center on
Children and the Law for the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children®.
April 1999 ©. National Center for Missing & Exploited Children.

McDonald, L. Moore, B. Timoshkina, N. (2000). Migrant Sex Workers from Eastern

Europe and the Former Soviet Union [computer file]: The Canadian Case. Centre
for Applied Social Research. (November 2000). University of Toronto.

Reid, D G and Mair, H. (2003). Tourism Planning in the Less Developed World:
EDRD*4010 DE Course Manual. University of Guelph.

World Tourism Organization. (2003). Regional Consultation for Africa on the

Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Tourism Dakar, Senegal, 30
September - 1 October 2003. Published in Madrid, Spain.

Electronic References:

http://www.arches.uga.edu/~haneydaw/twwh/traf.html. Prostitution & Sex

Tourism. Site accessed – 25 October 2004.

http://www.bayswan.org/manifest.html. SEX WORKERS' MANIFESTO, Calcutta,

1997. Site accessed – 25 October 2004.

http://www.caribvoice.org/Travel&Tourism/sextourism.html. Sex Tourism (in the

Caribbean). By Annan Boodram. Site Accessed – 25 October 2004.

http://www.ecpat.net/eng/index.asp. Mission Statement for ECPAT - (End Child

Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes),
Site accessed – 27 October 2004.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Sex%20worker. Definition of the term

sex worker. Site accessed – 28 October 2004.

http://www.flunk.de/english/sex-tourism.php. Prostitution and Sex Tourism in the

Dominican Republic. Site accessed – 25 October 2004.

http://www.google.ca/search?
hl=en&q=sex+tourism&btnG=Google+Search&meta=. Results 1 - 10 of about
7,040,000 for sex tourism. Site accessed – 26 October 2004.

http://www.hangoverguide.com/over/factbook/th_sexindustry.html.
GlobalHangoverGuide ®,Thailand and the Sex Industry. Site Accessed – 26
October 2004.

EDRD 4010: Tourism and Prostitution Student: James Mardall – 0285981

 - 16 -

http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inf/magazine/26/sex.htm. International
Labour Organisation. No. 26, September / October 1998. The economics of sex.
Sex as a sector: Economic incentives and hardships fuel growth. Site accessed –
1 November 2004

http://www.iusw.org/start/index.html. The International Union of Sex Workers.

Site accessed on – 24 October 2004.

http://www.links.net/vita/swat/course/prosthai.html. Prostitution in Thailand and

Southeast Asia - by Justin Hall. Site accessed – 26 October 2004.

http://www.newint.org/issue252/miches.htm, The meeting of the michês

(hustlers of Rio), Reported by Paulo Longo. Site accessed – 1 November 2004.

http://www.night-flight.com/dbt/. Stop Child Sex Tourism - by Andrew Vachss.

Site Accessed – 1 November 2004

http://www.sexwork.com/. Sexwork Cyber Resource Center: Supporting sex work

as a legitimate profession. Site accessed – 26 October 2004.

http://sisyphe.org/article.php3?id_article=965. jeudi 12 février 2004.

Globalization and the Sex Trade : Trafficking and the Commodification of Women
and Children. par Richard Poulin, professeur de sociologie à l'Université d'Ottawa.
Site accessed – 28October 2004.

http://www.unicef.org/protection/index_exploitation.html. Child protection -

Trafficking and sexual exploitation. Site accessed – 27 October 2004.

http://www.vachss.com/help_text/reports/futures_1.html. an excerpt from Lost

Futures: Our Forgotten Children. "Children for Sale" by Stan Grossfeld. Site
accessed – 1 November 2004

http://www.walnet.org/csis/papers/index.html, Commercial Sex Information

Service, Site accessed – 26 October 2004.

http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Prostitution#History. Word IQ: Definition of

Prostitution. Site accessed – 25 October 2004.

http://www.worldsexguide.org/WSGArchiveIndex.html. World Sex Guide Report

Archives: (broken down by country – only part of site represented). Site accessed
– 29 October 2004.

http://www.world-tourism.org/protect_children/movie/air_france.htm. Air France

video against child sex tourism; Shown on long haul flights to foreign
destinations. Site accessed - 30 October 2004.
EDRD 4010: Tourism and Prostitution Student: James Mardall – 0285981
 - 17 -

http://www.worldvision.org/worldvision/wvususfo.nsf/stable/globalissues_stp?
Open&lid=sex_tourism&lpos=sub3photo. World Vision - Child Sex Tourism
Prevention Project, Site accessed – 24 October 2004.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_tourism. Sex tourism - From Wikipedia, the free

encyclopedia. Site accessed – 26 October 2004

http://www.youth-suicide.com/gay-bisexual/links6.htm. A GLBTQ EDUCATION

INTERNET RESOURCES - Male Youth Prostitution. Part 1: Continents / Countries
(Part 2: History / Film / Books / General). Site Accessed - 27 October 2004

EDRD 4010: Tourism and Prostitution Student: James Mardall – 0285981