Philippine Elections

SUFFRAGE AND ELECTIONS
ELECTION STAKEHOLDERS
ELECTORAL PROCESS
IDEAL ELECTIONS
SAD REALITY OF PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS
BALLOT BOXES
ELECTIONS IN MALAYSIA
RECAP
PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING CHALLENGE

2010 Presidential Elections
Personnel Department
1
“The automation law is more than just an automation law. It is a
commitment to respecting the right of our people to choose
those who will lead them. It is the launching pad for a renewed
sense of unity among our countrymen through the assurance
that the process through which they choose their leaders is
clean, free and credible.” (Editorial)

2
Why hold Elections?
USA holds elections
Russia holds elections
China holds elections
Iran holds elections
The CBCP holds elections
The National Press Club holds elections
The Rotary Club holds elections
Even the PTA holds elections
3
Why hold Elections?
Election is the widely-accepted method
of:
 selecting and retaining leaders
 changing and removing leaders
Election provides for smooth transition of
leadership.
Election legitimizes leaders, governments,
and organizations.
4
Why hold Elections?
Election is the bedrock/ foundation of a
democratic and republican state like the
Philippines.
Election gives the voters a direct
participation in the affairs of their
government:
 selecting public officials
 deciding some questions of public interest

5
Nature of Suffrage:
right and obligation of qualified citizens to vote in the
election of certain national and local officers of the
government and in the decision of public questions
submitted to the people
not a natural right of the citizens but merely a

privilege given or withheld by the lawmaking power
subject to constitutional limitations
main object of suffrage is the continuity of

government and the preservation and perpetuation of
its benefits
6
Includes:
Election – choice or selection of
candidates to public office by popular vote
Plebiscite – refers to the voting to

determine whether voters in the country
are in favor or against the ratification of the
constitution or an amendment thereto

7
Includes:
Referendum – submission of a law passed by the

national or local legislative body to the registered
voters at an election called for the purpose for their
ratification or rejection
Initiative – process whereby the registered voters

directly propose, enact, or amend law, national or local,
through an election called for the purpose

8
Includes:
Recall - a method by which a public officer

may be removed from office during his
tenure or before the expiration of his term
by a vote of the people after registration of
a petition signed by a required percentage
of the qualified voters

9
HOPE
2010

10
ELECTORAL PROCESSES
Registration of Voters Filing of Certificates of Campaigning

Candidacy
Voter Registrants  Qualifications/

 ERBs
Disqualifications of
 Inclusion/Exclusion of February 9- May 8, 2010
Creation of Precincts candidates
Clustering of Precincts
(National)
Voters  Petitions for
 Deactivation/ Disqualification
Reactivation of Voters  March 26- May 8, 2010
 Nuisance Candidates (Local)

11
ELECTORAL PROCESSES
Casting of Votes Counting of Votes Canvass of

Votes/Election
Returns
 7 am – 6 pm  CBOC/MBOC
 voting after 6pm  Automated Counting
 Ballots and PCOS at Precinct using PCOS  PBOC
2010 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS
 BEIs
 Watchers  Electronic transmission of  NBOC(COMELEC)
 Deputies results
 NBOC(CONGRESS)

12
Proclamation of Winning
Candidates
Certificates of Canvass
and Proclamation
 CBOC/NBOC(City/Mun.)
 PBOC(Provincial official &

Members of Congress)
 NBOC/comelec(Senators
& party-list representatives)
NBOC/congress(President &
Vice-President)

13
14
PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING CHALLENGE Personnel Department
MAY 2007
SUN MON TUE MAYTHU
WED 2004 FRI SAT
SUN MON TUE MAY

WED THU2002 FRI
1
SAT
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
2 3 SUN 4 MON 5 TUE 6 MAY
WED 7 1998
THU 8 FRI SAT
1
9
2
10
3
11SUN 12MON 13TUE 14WED
4 5 6
MAY
7
1995
15THU
8
FRI1 SAT
16 17 2 18 3 SUN 19 4 MON20 5 TUE21 6 MAY22 7 1992

WED THU 8 FRI SAT
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 1
23 24 9 25 10 26 SUN 11 27 12 28 TUE13 29 14 15
6 MAY 7 1988
16 17 18 19 MON 20 21 WED 22 THU FRI 1 SAT
2 3 4 5 8
30 31 16 17 2 18 3 19 4 20 21 6 22 7
23 24 25 26 27 MON 285TUE 29MAY 1987 8FRI
9 10 SUN 11 12 13 WED
14 THU
15 SAT
2 23 3 24 9 25 10 4 26 11 27 12 528 13 29 14 6 15 1 7 8
30 31
30
16
31
17
2 183SUN 19 4MON 20 5TUE 21 6MAY
WED 22 1985
7THU 8FRI 1 SAT
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 2 25 3 26 4 27 5 28 629 7 15 FRI
8
23
9
24
10 SUN
25
11 MON
26
12 TUE
27
13 WED
28 1980
14 THU
29 1
SAT
9 30 31
16 9 1117 10 18 1119 12 1220 132113 1422 15 14 15
30 31 2 3SUN 4MON 5TUE 6WED 7THU 8FRI 1 SAT
1930
23 16 24 17
2 25
1826 1927 2028 2129 22
9 10 3 11 4 12 5 13 6 14 7 15 8
30 23 31 24 SUN
25 MON 27
26 TUE 281907
WED 29
9 17 10 18 11 19 12 20 13 21 14 22 15 1
THU FRI SAT
16 17 16
3018 19 20 21 22
31 2 3
SUN 4
MON 5
TUE 6
WED 7
THU 8FRI 1 SAT
23 16 24 17 25 18 26 19 27 20 28 21 29 22
9 2 10 25 3 11 4 12 5 13 6 14 7 15 8
30 23 31 24 26 27 28 29 1
9
25 30 16 31 26 10 11 12 13 14 15
23 24 217 318 19
27
4 20
5 21
628 22
7 829
23 16 924 17 10 25 18 1126 19 27
12
20 28 21 29 22
13 14 15
30 23 1631 24 17 25 18 26 19 27 20 28 21 29 22
30 31 30 31
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31
16
17
18
Server for Dominant Comelec Central
Majority/ Minority Server
Parties, Citizens Arm,
KBP Advance Results/
Advance Results Monitoring

Secured
Public
Website
Boards of
Canvassers(MBOC/
CBOC/PBOC/NBOC)

19
1 - President
1 - Vice-president
12 - Senators
57 - Party-List Representatives
230 - Member, House of Representatives
80 - Governors
80 - Vice-Governors
766 - Member, Sangguniang Panlalawigan
137 - City Mayors
137 - City Vice-Mayors
1,524 - Member, Sangguniang Panglungsod
1,497 - Municipal Mayors
1,497 - Municipal Vice-Mayors
11,980 – Sangguniang Bayan Members
20
Pre-printed names of
candidates
600 candidates can be
accommodated
 300 names per side
of ballot
 50 characters per
candidate including
name, nickname and
party affiliation
Precinct-specific
 Ensure rejection of
previously scanned
ballot

21
23
One unit per clustered precinct
Voter personally feeds ballot into
machine
Ballot can be fed in any orientation
Both sides of ballot scanned
simultaneously
Digital ballot image captured

24
… valid ballots automatically drop
into the ballot box …
… digital photograph of ballots

taken …
Feed ballots here …

25
… and there they are. :)

26
Congress COMELEC
National
Board of
Physically
Canvassers transported
Prov. COC
Provincial SOVM/C
Board of
Canvasser Physically
s transported
Mun./City COC
Municipal/Cit SOVP
y Board of
Canvassers
Physically
transported
Election Returns

27
Congress COMELEC
National
Board of
Physically
Canvassers transported
Comelec
Prov. COC Central Server
Provincial SOVM/C Advance Results/
Board of Monitoring
Canvasser Physically
Secured
Public
s transported Website
Mun./City COC
Municipal/Cit SOVP
y Board of
Canvassers Server for
Physically
transported Dominant
Majority/
Minority Parties,
Election Citizens Arm,
Returns
Precinct KBP
Advance Results
28
Security measures under a manual
election system still applicable
Strengthen security through

automation
 Password
 PIN
 Digital signatures
 Encryption
29
128-bit encryption
 Same security system used by banks
Random Encryption
 Temperature of machine
 Voltage
 Unique machine identity
 User identity
No single/master decryption code

30
Time needed to decrypt one precinct result will
be same amount of time needed to decrypt next
precinct result
Transmission takes at most 2 minutes
Copies for distribution

 30 copies of election returns at the precinct level
 30 copies of certificate of canvass at municipal level
 14 copies of certificate of canvass at provincial level

31
Audit Log
Activities
Time
Date

Paper Ballot
Ballot digital image
Data storage device
Transmitted results
Hard copies of election results

33
Types of Systems Breakdown
 Fails to scan
 Able to scan but fails to print ER
 Able to print ER but fails to transmit
 Able to transmit but fails to consolidate

34
Fails to scan
Use spare PCOS
Use PCOS of another precinct

 Wait for other PCOS to complete process in
its precinct
 Get PCOS and reconfigure for next precinct
 Scan ballots
If all PCOS fail

 Manual counting

35
Able to scan but fails to print ER
Use spare PCOS
Use PCOS of another precinct

 Wait for other PCOS to complete process in
its precinct
 Get PCOS and reconfigure for next precinct
 Use removable storage device of defective
PCOS and let replacement PCOS print ER
If all PCOS fail

 Manual counting

36
Able to print ER but fails to transmit
Go to nearest precinct or polling center which has a

functioning transmission facility
Use removable storage device of defective PCOS and let

the functioning facility transmit precinct results
If all transmission facilities bog down

 Physically transport PCOS & removable storage device to
canvassing site
 In the presence of watchers and security escorts

37
Able to transmit but fails to consolidate
Use consolidation/canvassing system (CCS) of another

municipality/province
Use the removable storage device and let functioning CCS

consolidate the results
Provide back-up canvassing through the Central Server

 Print results and send the same to affected board of
canvassers
 Print results and constitute special board of canvassers to
take the place of the affected board

38
People Systems &
Procedures
 Vote-buying
 Misreading of ballots
 Coercion
 Unreadable handwriting
 Intimidation
 Error
Honest
 Terrorism
Deliberate
 Fraud
 Manufactured election
returns
39
PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING
 CHALLENGE Personnel Department
Tampering of election results
voters vote freely, without threats and intimidation
voters vote freely, according to their conscience
votes are neither bought nor sold
votes are counted correctly and speedily
candidates, their watchers and leaders obey the laws
COMELEC people do their work with utmost impartiality
COMELEC Deputies (PNP, AFP, Treasurers, Teachers) perform

their work with utmost impartiality
the people are vigilant in watching and reporting violators of

election laws
violators of election laws are seriously prosecuted without favor

40
“We lose ourselves when we compromise the
very ideals that we fight to defend. And we
honor those ideals by upholding them not
when it’s easy, but when it is hard.”
(President Barack Obama’s acceptance speech of Nobel

Peace Prize)
“Always vote for principle, although you vote

alone, and you may cherish the sweet
reflection that your vote is never lost.”
Pres. John Quincy Adams

41
People think that holding elective positions
is a shortcut to power and wealth.
Candidates want to win at all cost.
Losing candidates cannot/do not accept
defeat graciously.

42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
“Organizations will only change
when the people in them change,
and people will only change when
they accept in their hearts and
minds that change must occur.”
John Harvey-Jones

54
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57

Philippine Elections

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SUFFRAGE AND ELECTIONS

PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING CHALLENGE

PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING CHALLENGE

PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING CHALLENGE

not a natural right of the citizens but merely a

main object of suffrage is the continuity of

Plebiscite – refers to the voting to

PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING CHALLENGE

Referendum – submission of a law passed by the

Initiative – process whereby the registered voters

PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING CHALLENGE

Recall - a method by which a public officer

PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING CHALLENGE

PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING CHALLENGE

Registration of Voters Filing of Certificates of Campaigning

Voter Registrants  Qualifications/

PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING CHALLENGE

Casting of Votes Counting of Votes Canvass of

PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING CHALLENGE

 PBOC(Provincial official &

PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING CHALLENGE

SUN MON TUE MAY

16 17 2 18 3 SUN 19 4 MON20 5 TUE21 6 MAY22 7 1992

Advance Results Monitoring

2010 Presidential Elections

2010 Presidential Elections

2010 Presidential Elections

… digital photograph of ballots

Feed ballots here …

2010 Presidential Elections

2010 Presidential Elections

2010 Presidential Elections

Strengthen security through

No single/master decryption code

Transmission takes at most 2 minutes

Copies for distribution

2010 Presidential Elections

PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING CHALLENGE

Ballot digital image

Data storage device

Hard copies of election results

2010 Presidential Elections

 Able to scan but fails to print ER

 Able to print ER but fails to transmit

 Able to transmit but fails to consolidate

2010 Presidential Elections

Use PCOS of another precinct

If all PCOS fail

2010 Presidential Elections

Use PCOS of another precinct

If all PCOS fail

2010 Presidential Elections

Go to nearest precinct or polling center which has a

Use removable storage device of defective PCOS and let

If all transmission facilities bog down

2010 Presidential Elections

Use consolidation/canvassing system (CCS) of another

Use the removable storage device and let functioning CCS

Provide back-up canvassing through the Central Server

2010 Presidential Elections

voters vote freely, according to their conscience

votes are neither bought nor sold

votes are counted correctly and speedily