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taken. In case of non-existenceof such association new oneswill be established throughlocal communities, particularlyin the slum areas and otherlow-income localities.
•
 A common governance codewill be established for theirfunctioning in the context of acity-based federation whichwill enable the institutional-ized participation of the civilsociety representatives, supplyside stakeholders like city-based elected representatives,officers of the Gwalior Munici-pal Corporation will be mobi-lized as members of the Plat-form. Similar consolidation ofrepresentation of other con-sumer groups like the industry,commercial establishments,hospitals etc. will be under-taken for their participation inthe Multi Stakeholder Platform.UN-HABITAT will support se-lected activities related to capac-ity building / public awarenessprogrammes, and publication ofmonthly newsletter in local lan-guage so as to create greaterawareness among the stake-holders. Several activities will beundertaken such as creation ofResidence Welfare Associations,particularly in slums, preparationof IEC materials, orientationprogramme for RWA representa-tives etc. The project will beimplemented over a period of12 months.UN-HABITAT partners withGwalior Municipal Corporationfor implementing a project toestablish the Multi-StakeholderPlatform (MSP) for water de-mand management through mo-bilisation, awareness campaignand capacity building of themembers of the community inGwalior under Water for AsianCities Programme.The project is to be implementedfor the entire Gwalior city inMadhya Pradesh. The mainobjectives of the project are:
•
to identify and organize thevarious categories of stake-holders of Gwalior city intoResident Welfare Associationsand a federated structurethrough their respective repre-sentatives for participating inthe Multi Stakeholder Platform.
•
to mobilise various stake-holders of Gwalior city for agreater articulation and spacefor the ‘collective’ and‘institutionalized’ voice of thepoor/slum dwellers of the city,who are typically marginal-ized from the governance ofcity’s water supply and plan-ning decisions.The demand for safe drinkingwater is more than the supply inwhich the poor are deprived ofthe available services. A multi-stakeholder dialogue processcould contribute significantly tothe emergence of least conten-tious solutions to the mismatchbetween supply and demandthrough suggestions that entailextensive use of water in urbanconstituencies. However, thisneeds to be encouraged by suit-able policy framework and insti-tuting measures like graduatedwater pricing for domestic usersin urban areas, securing theessential livelihood water needsof the poor women and men asa priority, use of local rain waterharvesting techniques, wastewater recycling for relievingpressure on demand side etc.The main stakeholders compriseof domestic consumers of differ-entiated income categories;commercial establishments; in-dustrial establishments; Govern-ment organizations; service or-ganizations; public places, deliv-ery of water service organiza-tions, etc. that are spread overacross the Gwalior city. Theactivities will focus on:
•
 Area and category wise con-solidation of the data onstakeholders and their actualorganization for representa-tion of their voice at the MSP.This social mobilization willbe implemented through seriesof public meetings separatelyfor homogenous groups ofstakeholders
•
Consolidation of the existingResident Welfare Associations(RWAs) within the municipallimits of city will be under-
Multi Stakeholder Platform for WDM in Gwalior 
 January - February 2007Volume III, Issue 1
The Right to Water
The United Nations af-firmed the right of water on26 November 2002, not-ing that such a right is‘indispensable for leadinga life in human dignity’ &‘a prerequisite for the reali-zation of other humanrights’. Through its GeneralComment 15, the Commit-tee on Economic, Social &Cultural Rights of the UnitedNations Economic & SocialCouncil stated: ‘the humanright to water entitles every-one to sufficient, safe, ac-ceptable, physically acces-sible and affordable waterfor personal & domesticuses’. While the right towater has been implicit inthe rights to health, hous-ing, food, life and dignityalready enshrined in otherinternational conventions,such as the International Billof Human Rights & theConvention on the Rights ofthe Child, General Com-ment 15 is the first to focusexplicitly on the right towater and the responsibili-ties that governments havein delivering clean water &adequate sanitation ser-vices to all.
Inside this issue:
 WDM Initiatives inNanjing, PR China
2
Central Region SmallTowns Project in Vietnam
3
NCRWSS Project in Laos
4
State LFHD in MP, India
5
Ministers’ visit to HVWSHEClassrooms in Gwalior
6
Recommendations of MTFon WATSAN
6
 A Bi-monthly Newsletter of the Water for Asian Cities (WAC) Programme
 
 
UN-HABITAT under WAC programme isdeveloping Water Conservation andDemand Management (WCDM) strate-gies and implementation frameworkthrough capacity building of the Munici-pal Government and the water utility ofNanjing city in PR China.Nanjing, located on the lower reaches ofthe Yangtze River and the capital of Ji-angsu Province, has high per capita wa-ter consumption compared to the na-tional average. The service area isaround 250 sq. km with the piped distri-bution system installed over 70 yearsago causing frequent bursts and leak-ages and need to be replaced. Strength-ening water demand management is thekey step to address the issue.UN-HABITAT initiative to strengthen the Water Conservation and Demand Man-agement aims at:
•
improving the efficiency and equity ofwater supply and use in Nanjing, bothin productive and domestic sectors,through appropriate water conserva-tion and demand management capac-ity building;
•
improving the knowledge base of im-pact of urbanization on fresh waterand aquatic ecosystem in Nanjing;and
•
strengthening the capacity of Nanjingmunicipal government and water utili-ties and other aspects on water conser-vation and demand management.UN-HABITAT proposes to achieve theseobjectives by undertaking a rapid assess-ment of WCDM and situational analysis;organizing an extensive water audit withGIS based mapping and data-bases andwater balance estimation; developing anaction plan for capacity building; orga-nizing training workshops for building WDM capacities for the functionaries ofthe municipal government, Nanjing wa-ter utilities, etc; developing WCDM train-ing manuals in local language.
Water Conservation and Demand Management Initiatives in Nanjing, China 
Page 2
Siddhipur, a traditional Newar peri-urban community of 6000 populationnear Kathmandu, Nepal suffer from seri-ous sanitation problem with more thanhalf of the households having no toiletsand depend on four earmarked openareas designated as communal toilets forwomen. The sanitary conditions in theseopen toilets are deplorable as there is nosystem for managing them.The unheard voices of the women andgirl children in using these toilets high-light their struggles for dignity, humility,security and vulnerability to disease dueto un-safe sanitation. They do not carry abottle of water for cleaning in order toavoid their identity by men folk that theyare going for open defecation. Instead,they wear their trousers below the waste,return home dirty and wash only whenthey are satisfied that they are awayfrom prying eyes. The faeces piled up inthese open areas breed innumerouswarms which are susceptible for healthhazards. There is an urgent need tomainstreaming gender in WATSAN ini-tiatives.Seventy five percent of the populationare women and children with 95 percentliteracy rate among young women of theage-group of 15-24 years reflecting theprocess of social transformation in thecommunity. Recognizing the need andthe potential strength of social transfor-mation, UN-HABITAT in partnership withEnvironment and Public Health Organi-zation (ENPHO), Water Aid Nepal initi-ated a Community-based Integrated Wa-ter and Sanitation Programme to estab-lish an environmentally sound, effectiveand sustainable water and sanitationsystem in Siddhipur, ensuring gendersensitiveness and positive impacts ongender relations.This programme is being implemented bythe Siddhipur Water and Sanitation Us-ers Committee with one third womenmembers. The programme facilitatedincrease in sanitation coverage by em-powering with financial subsidy andcapacity building for raising awarenesson health, hygiene and promoting moti-vation, support for construction of ECO-SAN toilets which collect urine & feacesseparately and recycle as organic fertil-izer for using as manure in the fields. TheGender Mainstreaming in sanitationgenerated a change among householdsfor better beginning with determinationand prudence to investments on construc-tion of toilets and made an impact on theyoung minds amending old views.
Mainstreaming Gender for Improved Sanitation in Siddhipur, Nepal
 
Page 3Volume III, Issue 1
UN-HABITAT has a preliminary agree-ment with ADB to provide capacity build-ing assistance to its upcoming CentralRegion Water Supply and SanitationProject. This project which is being imple-mented at a total cost of US$ 96 millionshall be covering several provincial capi-tal towns that include Dong Ha, Ha Tinh,Quang Ngai, Tam Ky, Thanh Hoa anddistrict town of Lang Co in Thua ThienHue province. ADB had approved a loanamount of US$ 31.7 million in December2003 and the project is expected to becompleted in June 2009.UN-HABITAT will undertake the followingactivities in support of the project whichwill be more focused on capacity build-ing, pro-poor governance, communitydevelopment, gender sensitive initiativesand demonstrate innovative initiatives:1. Supporting access to sanitation forpoor households,2. Capacity building for PPMUs, and3. Fast-track projects for 2 small townsviz. Cam Ranh & Gia Nghia under ADB loan project.The proposed ADB loan in the 5 prov-inces of Central Region and eight townswill address water and sanitation issues. An MoU has been signed between UN-HABITAT and Government of Vietnam. Acollaborative framework prepared inconsultation with ADB and the Govt. of Vietnam for supporting Central Region Water Small and Medium Towns Devel-opment Project in Vietnam under the Water for Asian Cities Programme witha UN-HABITAT commitment to providefinancial assistance of US$ 1 milliontowards the mentioned project in Viet-nam. The period would be for threeyears, 2007 to 2009. A cooperation agreement to implement afast-track demonstration project in CamRanh has been developed in partnershipwith Cam Ranh Joint Stock Urban WorksCompany. Another cooperation agree-ment has also been developed with GiaNghia Water Utility to conduct rapidassessment and situation analysis of thewater and sanitation status in Gia Nghiatown. The project will be implemented inclose association with the nodal Ministryof Construction and Poverty Alleviation atnational level, Central Government, andthe Municipal Corporation of the se-lected towns at the city level. The cost forthe implementation will be provided on acost-sharing basis by UN-HABITAT.
Central Region Small and Medium Towns Development Project in Vietnam
Cambodia is one of the poorest countriesin South-east Asia. It is still recoveringfrom decades of conflict, and all sectors,including the health sector, require recon-struction. The life of most people in Cam-bodia is still defined by poverty and avery high burden of disease with a gov-ernment health care system that is ill-equipped to deal with a range of healthproblems. Access to improved drinkingwater sources (estimated at 34 per centin 2002) is extremely low, even by de-veloping country standards (WHO/UNICEF, 2004). In the capital, PhnomPenh, the water supply and drainagesystems have deteriorated over the yearsdue to war, poor management and lackof maintenance. This problem has beenworsened by the rapid growth of theurban population. However, successfulrehabilitation projects have taken placewith foreign aid and technical assis-tance. Since 1993, the Phnom Penh Wa-ter Supply Authority (PPWSA) has in-creased its distribution network fromserving 40 per cent of the Phnom Penhpopulation to over 80 per cent. Non-revenue water - the result of leaks, mis-measurement, illegal connections andillegal sales - has been reduced to 22per cent (from 72 per cent) and collec-tions are at almost 99 per cent with fullcost recovery achieved. By mid-2004, itis predicted that the water supply capac-ity in the city will have increased to235,000 cubic metres per day. This isnow considered a success story forwhich the PPWSA was awarded the Water Prize of the Asian DevelopmentBank.Charging for water and the relative rolesof public versus private management arecontroversial issues. Phnom Penh pro-vides a rare example of an efficient wa-ter delivery system in a large city run bya public body.
Source: www.adb.org/Documents/News/2004/nr2004012.asp
Successful Water Supply in Phnom Penh, Cambodia 
Beijing has been facing growing waterscarcity, with falling groundwater tablesand problems securing sufficient surfacewater of adequate quality. There areplans to divert large quantities of waterfrom the south to the north, a practicevery much in the tradition of demand-driven water planning. The financial,environmental and social costs of theproject are very high, and some haveargued that it would be more beneficialto invest in demand-side managementand improvements to upstream watersystems rather than investing tens of bil-lions of dollars to divert billions of cubicmetres of water annually over distancesof more than 1,000 km. Partly becauseof the focus on infrastructure. However,the options and costs of upstream invest-ments are not well understood or docu-mented. Few cities consider negotiatingfor upstream land and water use prac-tices that could help them secure betterwater supplies within their own water-shed, partly because the institutionalbasis is lacking. New York was excep-tional when it invested heavily in moreecologically suitable upstream land usepractices to secure better quality watersupplies.
Source: Platt, 2004
Demand-Side Water Management: Beijing’s Water Scarcity
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