Universal College of Nursing

Dr. A. Santos Ave. Sucat Parañaque City

EXTENT OF MEDICATION ERROR AMONG THIRD YEAR NNURSING

STUDENTS OF UNIVERSAL COLLEGE OF NURSING

A Thesis presented to
The Faculty of College of Nursing Department in
Universal College

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Submitted by:

Cantor, Christopher C.
Del Rosario, Herwin P.
Lazaro, Jerilee Ann A.
Medina, Precious O.
Noveda, Jasmeen E.
Salvador, Charles
Zabala, Gian Karla

Submitted to:

Prof. Norma Dumadag, RN, MAN

March 2009

Universal College Of Nursing

Dr. A. Santos Ave. Sucat Paranaque City
 RECOMMENDATION

THESIS

ENTITLED: EXTENT OF MEDICATION ERROR AMONG THIRD YEAR

NURSING STUDENTS OF UNIVERSAL COLLEGE OF NURSING

Prepared and submitted by: Cantor, Christopher C.; Del Rosario, Herwin P.;
Lazaro, Jerilee A.; Medina, Precious O.; Noveda, Jasmeen E. ; Salvador,
charles; Zabala, Gian Karla in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE in NURSING, has been examined and
found satisfactory. It is hereby recommended for Oral Examination.

Prof. Norma Dumadag, RN, MAN

Adviser

APPROVAL SHEET
This study entitled: EXTENT OF MEDICATION ERROR AMONG THIRD YEAR
NURSING STUDENTS OF UNIVERSAL COLLEGE OF NURSING

Prepared and submitted by: Cantor, Christopher C.; Del Rosario, Herwin P.;
Lazaro, J-ann; Medina, Precious; Noveda, Jasmeen; Salvador, charles; Zabala,
Gian in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE in NURSING.

Prof. Norma Dumadag, RN, MAN

Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the committee for Oral Examination with a grade of ____________.

Dean Elena J. Jacomille, RN, MAN

CHAIR

Member Member

Acknowledgement
 This research is very challenging as well as informative to the researcher.

Moreover, undertakings’ would not have been possible without the unselfish

guidance and cooperation of people who shared their time, experiences, and

knowledge with the researchers.

To our beloved, Dean Elena Jacomille, RN, MAN - whose intent and

encouragement to accomplish our activities have directed us to the basic

principle of the topic and completed the study within her academic jurisdiction.

To Our professor, Mrs. Norma Dumadag, RN, MAN - whose heartedly and

patient all throughout in the research. Moreover, she strengthened and made us

understand issues pertaining to our topic.

To the panelist chaired by Dean Elena Jacomille, RN, MAN,

_________________________, ________________________, who reserved

their time for us inn fulfilling the research undertakings.

Our endless thanks our dearest parents for availing their moral support

and other financial resources that make us work effectively and efficiently.

Above all, thru Almighty God.

DEDICATION
 Our research is lovingly dedicated to our dear family: Cantor family, Del

Rosario family, Lazaro family, Medina family, Noveda Family, Salvador family,

Zabala family. In addition, these study is also dedicated to future researchers that

will somehow need information on medication error for their future works or

related learning experience.

ABSTRACT
 This research study aimed to find out the extent of medication error among

third year nursing students of Universal College of Nursing in Paranaque City.

The numbers of respondents are 100 students belonging to both gender

among third year students successfully in which completed their NCM 101 (RLE)

and is presently exposed in NCM 102 (RLE) in different area of clinical focus and

rotation.

This research study used descriptive approach or method in presenting

the case. Moreover, the researchers conducted an actual survey by the use of

questionnaire which was done with the 3rd year respondents in Universal College

of Nursing last March ________, 2009.

To gather information/data from the 3rd year Nursing Students,

questionnaires was used as the primary components. The first objective was to

collect personal data such as name, age, sex, religion, civil status, and

educational attainment. While the second part of data collection focuses on the

basic factors that may influence the extent of medication error including: basic

foundation on the skills laboratory, checking the label of the medication container

3X, notifying clinical instructor and returning the medication to the pharmacy

when there is signs of tampering, observing the 10 rights, Verification of client’s

identity (identification bracelet and asking the client to state her/his name),
remaining at the bedside of the patient until administration of medication is done,

administering medication on scheduled time, rechecking medication if the client

question/ has doubt regarding the appearance medicine/ drugs and scheduled

time, monitoring the effects of the medication, avoiding administration of

medication prepared by another nurse and check if the nurse/ student nurse has

full attention and knowledge regarding administration of drug.

Table of Contents

Preliminaries Page

1. Title Page i
 2. Recommendation ii
3. Approval Sheet iii
4. Acknowledgement iv
5. Dedication v
6. Abstract vi
7. Table of Contents vii

Chapter

1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1. Introduction
1.1.1. Background of the Study
1.2. Research Locale
1.3. Statement of the Problem
1.4. Hypotheses
1.5. Significance of the Study
1.6. Scope of Delimitation
1.7. Definition of Terms

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2.1. Concepts
2.2. Synthesis
2.3. Conceptual Framework
2.4. Theoretical

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1. Research Design

3.2. Participants of the Study
3.3. Instrumentation
3.4. Validation
3.5. Data Gathering Procedure
3.6. Statistical Treatment

4. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Summary of Findings

5.2. Conclusions
5.3. Recommendations

BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIST OF TABLES OR FIGURES
APPENDICES
A. Letter of Request
B. Survey Tool
 CHAPTER ONE

Problem and its Background

1.1. INTRODUCTION

1.1.1. Background of the Study

Medication error is defined as “any preventable event that may

cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the

medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient or consumer”,

Errors can be harmless, but they can also be deadly.

There are factors that contribute to errors. Some of them include

mathematical skills, knowledge of medications (pharmacology), workloads, and

staffing levels, policies and procedures, drug delivery systems, distractions and

interruptions and legibility of others.

Dose error is one of the most common and important

administration errors. Dose errors may or may not involve a calculations, but

studies have identified that inadequate mathematical skills can contribute to dose

errors. Assessing the mathematical skills of nurses can be done during in-

services, training and orientation periods. If areas of difficulty are identified, they

can be addressed by management.

As administrator of medications, nurses are accountable for

knowledge of medication actions, side effects and dose ranges. Studies have

shown healthcare professionals knowledge in these areas its often inadequate

and may lead to an error being made. On the other hand, those who continually

update their knowledge of drugs make fewer errors than those who do not. A

commitment to lifelong learning helps patients and institutions alike.

 This research study will discuss the extent of medication errors in

third year nursing students of Universal College of Nursing. In addition, this

research study will tackle factors that contribute the continuity a medication error.

There are basic guidelines and safety measures that the students could consider

so that medication administration for each client would be delivered effectively

and efficiently their preventing any medication error.

1.2. RESEARCH LOCALE

The Universal College of Nursing is a 5-storey concrete structure that is

properly situated along Dr. A. Santos Avenue; City of Paranaque; occupying an

area of 5000 sqm. It is accessible to all major transportations and other business
entities from any point of direction in the said city.

The college caters to all type of social class offering different courses

such as 4 year Nursing program, 2 year Information Technology, 4 year HRM , 4

year Tourism, 4 year BSEd, 2 year Practical Nursing and other health related

courses.

From the ground floor to the fourth floor constitute the lecture room with

a 50 students capacity, fully air-conditioned laboratories with fully equipped and

well ventilated for student experimmentation and research study.

For the college of Nursing, skills laboratory and mini-hospital are

also included and situated at the ground floor. Typical institution with

library, canteen, gymnasium, and audio visual room.

The college complied to the set of standard required by commission on

Higher Education and by City requirements which would be significant for

academic environment.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

HYPOTHESIS

1. There is no significant relation between demographic profile of 3 rd year

and student’s medication error.

 2. There is significant relation between knowledge in pharmacology and

students’ medication error.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The scope of this research study focuses primarily among third year

students of Universal College of Nursing in Paranaque City. The researcher did

an actual survey using questionnaires pertaining to Extent of Medication Error

during their clinical rotation in NCM 101 and NCM 102. Through the said tools,
the researchers got the number and percentage of students which commits

medication error.

To make this study more significant, the researchers reflected some

issues that would testify medication errors among nurses and other health care

providers ( Doctors and Pharmacist ) taken from documented medical reports/

journals and nursing books.

Most importantly, the researchers reviewed each tool that will indeed

facilitate a relevant result about medication error among nursing students.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are defined operationally according to the context of

the study:

Accountability: Responsible for the effect of your action and willing to

explain or be criticize for them.

Adverse effects: Contrary effects of the drug (side effect of the drugs). It

is the additional and unwanted effect of a drug aside from the intended or

expected action. Sometimes adverse effect are harmful and may be the stronger

than anticipated results of a drug or something quite different.

Attitude: Pertains to the presence of mind. Free from worries or emotional

anxiety, free from disturbances and interruptions.

Cognitive Domain: It is related to the process of knowing, understanding

and learning.

Delegation: A group of people who represent a company and

organization: the process of giving power or word to someone else so that they

are responsible for part of normally does.

Dosage: The overall amount of a drug administration, determine by body

size, frequency and number of doses and taking into account and taking into

account the patient's age, weight and possible allergic reactions. Modern

techniques enable controlled dosage using transdermal (drug absorbed from a

plaster on the skin) and implant devices. The latter are polymeric substances that

contain the drug and are placed just beneath the skin to deliver the correct dose
of a predetermine rate.

Drugs: Any substances, vegetable, animal or mineral, use in the

composition or preparation of medicine.

Documentation: Official documents, reports etc. that are used too prove

that something is true or correct.

Homicide: Killing of human being by another.

Malpractice: Failure to meet the standards of acceptable care, which

results in harm to another person.

Medication error: A wrong drug that introduced into or on the body for the

purposes of medical treatment.

Skill domain: Ability to do something well specially because you have

learned and practice it.

Narcotics: A drug as (codeine, methadone, or morphine) that in moderate

dosage dulls the senses, relieves pain, and induces profound sleep but in

excessive dosage causes stupor, coma or convulsions.

 Negligence: Failure to provide care that a reasonable person would

ordinarily use in a similar circumstance.

Oncologist: A specialist who study of tumor and neoplastic disease.

Parenteral administration: Situated or occurring outside digestive tract

especially introduced or otherwise then by way of the digestive tract.

Pharmacology: A branch of medicine concerning the preparation,

properties uses and effects of drugs.

Route: Method of transmitting or administering a remedy.

Therapeutic index: Measure of the desirability of a drug for the attaining

of a particular medical and that is usually expressed as the ratio of a largest dose

producing no toxic symptoms to the smallest dose routinely producing no cures.

Toxic: Relating to, or caused by a poison or toxin affected by poison or

toxin; acting or likely to act as a poison.

 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Several local and foreign studies, reported incidence served as a basic

foundation of the present investigation.

Related Literature
Foreign

Nursing journals 2002, a poll designed to investigate nurses attitude and

expression regarding medication administration and error reporting were

conducted.

The formulation was done thru a series of question or statement based on

the asked practice of medication administration that commonly lead to

medication errors, error reporting is a valuable tool to measure a nurses

medication competency, most medication error when a nurse carelessly neglects

to follow the “five rights’ “ of medication administration, during the nursing career.

Medication error were not reported which might be personally or professionally

damaging, incident reports of medication error are placed in the personal file, a

good way to understood why errors are occur a through analysis of information

obtained from incidents report, when committed a mistake, fully disclose the

error to the patient, a family member, my facility has a policy for disclosing even

to patient and their families.Receiving an oral telephone order and writing it

directly on te patients chart and then read back the name of the drug, dose and

route to the prescriber and transcribing the word “ units”, using the abbreviation

“u”, when administering “ high alert” drugs ( for example, opiates, concentrated

electrolytes, anticoagulants , heparin , or insulin ) ,having another practitioners

independently, double check the calculation before I administering any

medication, and check for allergies by asking the patient and checking his chart,

ID bracelet and remove the medication from its unit-dose package before I enter

the patients room, concentrated electrolytes solution are stored in my nursing

units.

Reducing medication errors require the commitment of everyone with a

state in keeping patients safe.

In a similar manner, Fundamental of Nursing Review Models of

Assessment Technologies Institute include the extent of medication error of the

nursing students worldwide as much as practitioner on the following measure for

preparing and administering drugs, check the label on the medication container

3X, return medication to the pharmacy if the label is missing or illigible, follow

agency procedure for accounting for controlled substances ( example. Narcotics )

, notify the nurse manager if there appear tampering with any medication , never

administer medication prepared by another nurses, observe 5 rights, to identify

client ( check identification bracelet and ask client to state his/her name, remain

at bedside until medication 30 mins of scheduled time , recheck medication of the

clients questions their appearance or time of the administration and monitor the

effect of the medication.

This concept of safety measures would likewise guide each student from any

legal liability during the exposure.

Related Studies

Local

The famous Somera case, wherein one Lorenzo Somera a head nurse,

was found guilty of the crime of homicide through reckless imprudence, has been
cited actual case in nursing malpractice in this jurisdiction. In this case, RN

Somera a 10% solution of cocaine instead of Novocain as ordered by the

physician. The patient died after having been given a third syringe of cocaine

solutions. Hence, Somera was convicted of her negligence.

Foreign

A pharmacist received a telephone order from oncologists to start a patient

as what he heared as “thalidomide” therapy. Because prescribes and pharmacist

must be registered in a restricted program to prescribe and dispense thalidomide,

he called the pharmacist who was authorized to dispense it. The second

pharmacist realized that his been seen the patient earlier on rounds and the plan

wanted to start the patient influtamide , not thalidomide. Both products are used

to treat cancer.

Although reading back a verbal order after you’re written it provides a

measure of safety, the drug names in this care sound so much alike that

readings back the drug name without spelling it might not have prevented to

error. Never accept herbal order for chemotherapy drugs.

A prescriber who wanted a patient to receive 1000 units of heparin, 25

cc/hr .however , handwritten “ cc “ looked like a “u” and the order was interpreted

as 25 uits/ hour.

Whether poorly written or not, the abbreviation “cc” is misleading. It's short

for “cubic centimeter “, a measure of solid materials. To describe a volume of

liquid or gas, use the appropriate metric measure, such as “ml” to indicate
“millimeter”. Inappropriate abbreviations are totally considered unacceptable.

Double checks are worthwhile and research shows that staff trained in the

proper technique who perform independent double checks catch 95% of errors at

each verification point.

When more than one practitioner administer drugs to the patient during a

shift, the risk of double dosing increase. For example, one nurse might has an

ordered insulin drugs for the patient being switched from subcutaneous insulin

therapy and another nurse, unaware of the change, might administer previously

ordered subcutaneous dose. To promote safety its requires a designate

responsibility in each shift, give and get report any time of transfer a patient care

to someone else. Check prior doses when retrieving a medication from an

automated dispensing cabinet, note when the last dose was removed for that

patient, check the medication administration record immediately before

administering a medication to insure correct timing, tell the patient what

medication you’re administering and ask when, if ever, he received it before and

document immediately by always taking the MAR to the bedside and

documenting the drug dose as soon as you give it.

Those finding would represent some issues for further study among

student nurses of universal College of Nursing during their related learning

experience, uplifting their level of competency.

Moredrug look alikes drug order for a patient admitted in psychiatry unit

was includes the antidepressant fluoxetine ( prozac ), 60 mg by mouth daily and

what appeared to be “ Norvase” ( amlodipine, a long acting calcium channel

blocker ), 15 mg by mouth daily. The patient had received one dose norvase and

request the pharmacy and missing dose of psychotic Navane ( Thiothixine )

which was not included in the patient profile and again retrieved by the

pharmacist and dispensed and resulted to hypotension. It project unfamiliarity

with the usual dosage and administration leading to medication error that may

harm the patient.

Two infants with the same first name and similar hospital ID number were

in neighboring isolettes with their medication administration records between

them. The nurse picked up wrong MARS and administered a dose of

Palivizumab ( Synagis; used to prevent respiratory syncitial virus ) to the wrong

infant. In this scenarios JCAHO ( Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health

care Organization ) implements a rules to avoid error in the mix-up and equip.

A patient being discacharge from a hospital in Australlia was told to “ take

two orange-and white capsule “ ( Phenytoin , 100mg ) each right to treat

seizures. He also received a prescription for calcitrol 0.25 mcg, which in that

country are also orange – and white capsule. The doctor presribes four capsules

of phenytoin each Tuesday and Friday.

The patient was readmitted with seizures and ask to demonstrate his
regimen, the error become obvious storing the capsule in the same
error.
Synthesis

The literature and studies direct the researcher a sufficient background on

the problem on hand and proivided them high level of critical thinking of

medication error. This related literature guided them in formulating the tools
used in statistically measuring the extent of medication error.

A medication error can be defined as an act of commission or omission

that prevents the achievements of the therapeutic objectiive, that is benefit for the

patient. Research indicate that medication error are often preventtable. In fact,

serious medication error are those most likey to be preventable. Most medication

error results from errors at the ordering stage but may also occur at the

administration stage. Prevention strategies should target both stages of the drug

delivery process. Nursing students are encourage to stay current on the latest

findings related to medication errors in professional journals, seminar, and/or

continuing oppurtunities.

Clinical instructor assest with the medication of the cause of any error and

implement changes that help to prevent further occurences. This consist of

making time for talking about the incident, sharing experience, and problem

solving to prevent and reoccurence.

Chapter 3

Research Methodology

A comprehensive and appropriate methods, techniques and instruments

were carefully selected by researchers in arriving a successful data gathering.

This chapter presented the method of research used. It includes the research

design, participants of the study, research instrument, data gathering procedure

and statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

The descriptive method of research was employed in this study. This

describes the nature of phenomena to which the study is based; to explain the

course of a particular phenomenon to further discover facts on which particular

judgment could be based.

In this study, the phenomenon considered were the extent of medication error

among third year nursing students of Universal College of Paranaque City.

Participants of the Study

In this research study, we have selected 100 3rd year students who all

have experienced in extent of medication errors among 3rd year Nursing students

in Universal College of Nursing.

Research Instrument

The study used survey tool such as questionnaire needed in gathering the

much important data in identifying the extent of medication error among third

year nursing. Students of universal college of nursing in Paranaque city.

To draw out info from the pupil – respondents, the questionnaire where

used as the principal instruments. The first part was aimed at gathering

information on the personal data such as name, age, gender, religion, civil status

and educational attainment. While second part was used to gather data
regarding on the factors

Data Gathering Procedures

In order to make possible the data gathering procedures, a permission

from the research adviser, Dumadag and from the College Dean Mrs. Ellena

Jacomille, RN, MAN was secured so that the researchers can draft survey

questionnaires at the locale of the study.

Statistical treatment of Data

This described the profile of the respondents in terms of the following

demographic variables: age and gender

Sample size: This was used to determine the total number of respondents that

have participated in the study.

n = 100/ 1 + 100 (0.05)2

= 100/1 + 100 (0.0025)

= 100/ 1 + 0.25

= 100/1.25

= 80

Mathematical treatment
 This describe the profile of the respondents in terms of the following
demographic variables: age, gender, Religion, Civil status, name, Educational
attainment.
Sample size: this was to determine the total number of respondents that have
participated in the study.

n= N/1+Ne2 n= 100/1+100 (0.05)2 n=100/1+100(0.0025) n= 100/1+0.25

n=100/1.25 n=80

Where: n =refers to the sample size

N= the population size
e= the desired margin of error

Percentage: this presents the percentage equivalents of the data presented.

The formula is:
P= f/n x 100

Where: P= standard for the percentage

f= frequency
n= total number of respondents

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION OF DATA, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the

data gathered. The results of the study are presented in tabulated forms were

analyzed and interpreted. The presentation follows the sequence of the specific
questions posed under the statement of the problem. Part 1 describes the

demographic profile of among 3rd year students in terms of age, sex, civil status,

religion, educational attainment. Part 2 discusses with the total number of 100

respondents in the actual assessment of nursing questions related to medication

error based from competency of each students.

Table 1

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution according to Age Group

Age Group Frequency ( f ) Percentage ( % )

16-19
20-23
 24-27
28-above
Total

Table 2

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution according to Sex

Sex Frequency ( f ) Percentage ( % )

Male
Female
 Total

Table 3

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution according to Religion

Religion Frequency ( f ) Percentage ( % )

Roman Catholic
Iglesia ni Cristo
Jehova's witness
Others
Total

Table 4

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution according to Civil Status

Civil Status Frequency ( f ) Percentage ( % )

Married
Single
Single Parent
Total

Table 5

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution according to Educational Attainment

Educational Frequency ( f ) Percentage ( % )

Attainment
1st courser
2nd courser
 Total

Table

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution

CATEGORY FREQUENCY ( f ) PERCENTAGE ( % )

Always
Frequently
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Total

Table

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution

CATEGORY FREQUENCY ( f ) PERCENTAGE ( % )

Always
Frequently
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Total

Table 6

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution of Students Basic Foundation in Skills Laboratory

CATEGORY FREQUENCY ( f ) PERCENTAGE ( % )

Always
Frequently
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Total

Table 7

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution of Checking the label 3X

CATEGORY FREQUENCY ( f ) PERCENTAGE ( % )

Always
 Frequently
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Total

Table 8

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution Rturning the Medication to the Pharmacy

CATEGORY FREQUENCY ( f ) PERCENTAGE ( % )

Always
 Frequently
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Total

Table

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution of Notifying the Clinnical Instructor for Tampering

CATEGORY FREQUENCY ( f ) PERCENTAGE ( % )

Always
Frequently
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Total

Table 9

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution of identifying Client

CATEGORY FREQUENCY ( f ) PERCENTAGE ( % )

Always
Frequently
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Total

Table 10

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution of Remaining at the Bedside

CATEGORY FREQUENCY ( f ) PERCENTAGE ( % )

Always
Frequently
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Total

Table 11

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution of Administering Scheduled Medication

CATEGORY FREQUENCY ( f ) PERCENTAGE ( % )

Always
Frequently
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Total

Table 12

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution of Rechecking the Medication if Client Questions

CATEGORY FREQUENCY ( f ) PERCENTAGE ( % )

Always
Frequently
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Total

Table 13

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution of Prepared Medication by Another Nurse

CATEGORY FREQUENCY ( f ) PERCENTAGE ( % )

Always
Frequently
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Total

Table 14

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution of Right Focus and Knowledge

CATEGORY FREQUENCY ( f ) PERCENTAGE ( % )

Always
Frequently
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Total

Table 15

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution of Knowledge and Abbreviation

CATEGORY FREQUENCY ( f ) PERCENTAGE ( % )

Always
Frequently
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Total

Table 16

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution With Knowledge in Drug Computation

CATEGORY FREQUENCY ( f ) PERCENTAGE ( % )

Always
 Frequently
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Total

Table 17

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution of No Destruction in Drug Preparation and Administration

CATEGORY FREQUENCY ( f ) PERCENTAGE ( % )

Always
Frequently
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Total

Table 18

Frequency and Percentage

Distribution of Drug Documentation

CATEGORY FREQUENCY ( f ) PERCENTAGE ( % )

Always
 Frequently
Sometimes
Seldom
Never
Total

Universal College of Nursing

Dr. A Santos Ave. Paranaque City

Questionnaire
Name:_____________________________________
Age: ______________________________________
Sex:_______________________________________
Religion:___________________________________
Civil status:_________________________________
 Educational attainment:_______________________

Instruction: Put check in every column based from the question asked.

CATEGORY Always Frequentl Sometimes Seldom Never

y
1. Does your basic foundation
in skills lab greatly help a lot in
the actual exposure during
hospital duty with respect to
administering?
2. Checking the label on the
medication container 3X?
3. Returning the medication to
the pharmacy if the label is
missing or illegible.
4. Notify the clinical instructor
if there appear to tampering or
in doubt to any medication?
5. Observe 10 rights:

a. Right patient
b. Right dose
c. Right route
d. Right time
e. right drug
f. Right approach
g. Right frequency
h. Right preparation
i. Right action
j. Right documentation
6. Identifying client,;
a) Identification bracelet
b) Asking the client to state
his/her name.
7. Remaining at the bedside
until the medication is taken?
8. Administering schedule
medication within 30 mins of
schedule time?
9. Rechecking medication if
the client questions their
appearance or time of
administration?
10. Monitoring the effects of
the medication?
11. Administering medication
prepared by another nurse.
12. Has the right focus and
knowledge in administering
medication.
13. Has the knowledge in
Pharmacology
14. Has the knowledge in
medical abbreviations?
15. Has the knowledge in drug
computation?
16. No destructions and
interruptions in preparing and
administering medications.
17. Documents all necessary
procedures done with the
patient in the Nurse’s notes
 Universal College of Nursing
Dr. A. Santos Ave. Paranaque City

March 12, 2007

Mrs. Elena Jacomille , RN, MAN

Dean, College of Nursing
Universal College of Paranaque
Dr. A. Santos Ave., Sucat Paranaque City
Dear Madam:
We, the nursing students of Universal College are presently
conducting a study entitled “Extent of Medication Error Among 3 rd year students
of Universal College of Nursing” as partial Requirements for the course in
nursing.
In view of this, we may request to conduct our actual assessment of
100 students as the respondents on March 12 and 14 from 8:00 am- 5:00 pm for
5 minutes duration during their classroom classes’ at the most convenient time of
the respondents.
Rest assured that the finding of the results of this study will be kept
with outmost confidentiality.

Sincerely yours,

_____________________________
BSN 3rd year student, UCN
Group leader, Representative

Noted by:
_____________________________
Prof. Norma Dumadag, RN, MAN
_____________________________
Dean Elena Jacomille, RN, MAN
College of Nursing, UCN