Outline

• Overview of financial markets

• Institutional infrastructure
• Role and functions of stock exchange
 Overview of Financial
Markets
Financial market are the organizations that facilitate the
trade in financial securities.
It is an organized institutional structure or mechanism for
creating and exchanging financial assets.

Types of financial markets

•Money markets
•Capital markets
•Debt Market
•Hybrid
 Financial System

EEB 3
 Constituents of Financial
System

EEB GASCI Seminar 2005 4

Risk-Return Trade off
The Hierarchy of Markets
Asset backed
securities &
derivatives

Corporate bonds &

equities

Government bond
market
Gov’t T Bills
Money market
 Instruments
• Equities Most popular investing
instruments
Stocks and shares
Bonus issues
Rights issues

• Debt
Corporate
Government

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 Financial Market r t ing
p p o
Su nts
age
Capital Insurance
Primary
Money market market cos
Mkt Inst
NIS
Commercial Primary
banks Credit
market Second
unions
Stock ary
Firms raise exch market
Short term capital ange
Investors
instruments debt trade
equity securities
issued in
Public primary
Private market
placement
 Money Market Instruments
Short-term debt is traded in the money markets.
Short-term is any debt instrument sold with a life that is
365 days or shorter.
Typically, money market securities have the following
features:
– No stated rate of interest – instead, sold at a price that is at a
discount from the par or face value of the security.
Examples include:
– Treasury bills
– Commercial Paper

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Short-Term Debt and the Money
Market
Commercial Paper
Short-term debt instruments, usually unsecured, issued by
corporations.
Involve credit risk because the financial health of a corporation can
deteriorate and jeopardize the repayment of the amount borrowed.
– Sold at a discount from their face value
– Maturities less than a year
Because of the credit risk, usually there is only a market for
commercial paper offered by the most credit worthy corporate
issuers.

EEB GASCI Seminar 2005 10

 Bank Financing
Short-Term Financing

Banks are an important source of

financing
They provide:
– Lines of Credit in support of working capital
needs
– Term Loans in support of longer term
investment in equipment

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 Market infrastructure
• Stock exchange
• Clearing and settlement
• Education and training
• Investors’ protection
• Rating agency
 Intermediaries
• Brokerage houses
• Rating Agencies
• Stock brokers
• Advisors
• Merchant Bankers
 Role and Functions of
a stock exchange
Established for the purpose of
assisting, regulating and
controlling business of buying,
selling and dealing in securities
 Role and Functions of
a stock exchange cont’d
• Provides a market for the trading of
securities to individuals and
organizations seeking to invest their
saving or excess funds through the
purchase of securities
 Role and Functions of
a stock exchange cont’d
Provides a
physical/electronic location
for buying and selling
securities that have been
listed for trading on that
exchange
 Role and Functions of
a stock exchange cont’d
Establishes rules for fair
trading practices and
regulates the trading
activities of its members
according to those rules
 Role and Functions of
a stock exchange cont’d

The exchange itself does

not buy or sell the
securities, nor does it set
prices for them
 Fair
The exchange assures that
no investor will have an
undue advantage over other
market participants
 Efficient market
This means that orders
are executed and
transactions are settled
in the fastest possible
way
 Transparency
Investor make informed and
intelligent decision about the
particular stock based on
information
 Transparency cont’d

Listed companies must

disclose information in
timely, complete and
accurate manner to the
Exchange and the public on
a regular basis
 Transparency cont’d
Required information include
stock price, corporate conditions
and developments dividend,
mergers and joint ventures, and
management changes etc
 Doing business

People who buy or sell

stock on an exchange do
so through a broker
 Doing business cont’d
The broker takes your order to
the floor of the exchange looks
for a broker representing
someone wanting to buy/sell
• If a mutually agreeable price is
found the trade is made
 Price
At any point in time, the
price of previously
issued stock is
determined by the ebb
and flow of supply and
demand
 Listing requirements
There are specific
requirements for allowing a
public company to list its
securities on the Stock
Exchange these are set out
in the legislation
 Benefits of listing
• Visibility
• Market support
• Investors confidence
• Increased demand for products and
services
• Overall increase in profitability
 Once traded
• Aura of reliability
• Accuracy in reporting financial
data
• Reputation
• Strength
 Delisting
Stock exchange can delist companies
for a number of reasons including :-
• Merger with another company
• Solvency problems
• Name change company asked to be
removed
• Failure to comply with exchange rules
 Desirable Characteristics
of a stock market
Liquidity

Ability to sell an asset

quickly at a fairly
known price Low
transactions costs
 Desirable Characteristics
of a stock market cont’d
• Availability of information
Market efficiency
• Prices react quickly to new
information
• Small price fluctuations
• Narrow price spread
 Financing the exchange
• Transaction fees paid by members for
each order executed
• Fees paid by firms when their securities
are originally listed
• Annual fees by firms
• Entrance fees from new members
• sale of historic trading and market
information
 Major challenges for the
Exchanges
• Cross border trading
• Issuers and investors are expanding
their horizons beyond their home
markets
• Investors becoming much more
demanding
 •Regulatory improvement
Transparency and Corporate
Governance
Protection to Strong
minority industry
Shareholders regulator
Enhance
Corporate market
Governance confidence

Disclosure
 Ownership of the
Owners company is by the
public in the form of
shares one share,
one vote

Board is elected by
shareholders to
Board of represent the best
Directors interests of the owners

Board hires and fires the

Managers management of the
company