T,ABI.

B OF CORTEN'rS

Naval Special Warfare Basic Sniper' Tr'aining II •• ' 9: 1

Occupation and Selection of POlsi tiolns ••••• 1 ••• 1 ~ ~ 11

Ran,ge Es tim.a tion Tech,n,iques....................................................... 151

Techniques of Cam.ou f 1 ag'e • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • .. .. .' .. • • .' • .' • .. .. .. .. • • • • • III • • 23

Introduction of Night Vision Devices ~ ~ 33

Litton Model M-485 Nig'ht Vision Weapons Sight 37

Il • 43

Sn~per Equ~pment •• '.I.".""' ••••• "".""""" •• '.' ••• I." -If. III III ' ..

I • 51

.AI'Ilrnun1 t1.on .. • • • • • • • .. .. • • • • III • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • .' .. .. • .' .' • • • • • • ... • • • • .. • • .. • • • • .. • • ""

I f' III 53

Techn1ques 0 Ob,servat1on II ' .' ,: .

Range Card. Log B,oo,k I and Fie Ld Sketch ing : D'et ai led au t1ine •...•..•. 61 Sigh ting , Aiming, and Trigger Control,...... III • • • ~ • • • • .. .. • • • • • • • .' • • • • • • 69

Correcting fo,r Environmental Factor's •• I ~ II- 73

Application of Fire iii II •• ' ' ••• ' 77

Leads • • .' .' • • • .. .. • • • • .. .. .' • .. It! • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. .. • • • • .. • • • • • • • • .. 83

Moving Lesson Lesson

T1ar'gets -II outlin,e:

Outline:

• • • •

..... ' .....

. . . .. ..

.. ... ...

• • •

II! ... •

• II! • ..

• • III ' .' .,87

Special Operations II! ~ .. 99

Aircraft Surveillance and Takedown .

• 107 .123 • 139 .1451

Pickup Zone and, Landing oper at.Lcns , ,.I.I. ~ ~ II! .

Bela Insertions/Ext,ractions call for' Fire/Hela/Spectre C-1301 .

Close Ai r Support ( F as t, Movers) . • . . . • . . . • . .. II • • .' .' .' • • • ..' • • II • • • • • • .. • • •

Dog Evasion ' • III ' •••• 1 155

.J\N' /' PIRC -11 7 • • • • .' • • .. • • ~ • • • • • • • • • .' .. .. .. .' .. .. • .. ~ • It! • • • • • • • • • • • • .' .' • .. .. ' .. • • .. • .. • 1 6 3

.M'/PSC-3 II ' It! ~ II! III ,1 72

LST- SB • .. .. • .. .. • • .. • .. iii • • • • .. .. ~ • • ~ • ~ • • • • • • • • • • .. .' • • • .' • ... • • • • ~ • • • • • • • • .. • • • 180

Planning and preparation of a Sniper Mission., , + 199

Range Brief , , , ••• ~ III ••••••••••• ' 9: •••• ' 241

Marksmanship Test iii iii ' .' ••• ~ 247

.. ...

• • •

• • • •

.. . ..

.............................. ~ 251

Stalking Exercises ~ ~ ~ 251

H ide Cons t,ruction Exer'c i s e s II • .. 9: " .. • .' .' • • • • • II! • • • • • • • 254

Range Estimation, Exercis,es ~ + ~ 256

Observ at ion Exer'c i s e •••. ' '.'............................... '.1 257

Memory Exercis e ..•.. II!! • • • • • • • .' ...... ' ..... ' •••

Camouflage and Concealment Exercises

• • •

• • III • •

• • • • • •

· .. .. .

• ••• 259

••• ' '., •• ' ' ~ 261,

Photos ...... ' • . ~ • . . . • . . .. .. . • .. .. .. .' ..

• • II! III •

... . . .

• ~ 263

Ene 1 o's ur'e S iii • • • • • • • • • .. •

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7~

.. . .

• •

.. . . . . . . .. .

· .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .

SiX-Week Required Required Student Load Oll,t ••••••• Ma.rksrn.anship

Training Schedule Equipment Load Out

• ~ _ 297

• ~ 303

Test ••. 1 .

... ... . . ..

. . .. . .

• •

.. . .. . . .. . . ..

• • • • •

. •• 305 .. .... 307

· ....... ' ..

. .. . . .. . .. . .

· . ... . .

b ' 1 III

o s,erv at l.on Tes t .. ..... ' .. '.' ...... '... ~ III • • • • • ... • • •

Ra.nqe Est jJUa, tion II ' • .. • • • .. • .. .. ..

.. ... . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .

.' ., ... 3109

• ••• 311

• • • • 3131

· . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .

· . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .

1

II AV'AL SF Be I AL WARFARE

BAS I C, SN I PER TRA I 11 I JIG SYLLABUS

NOTE~ The primary mission of the SEAL scout sniper in combat is to support combat operations by delivering percision fire on selected targets from concealed postions. The SEAL sniper also has a secondary mis,sion of gathering information for

Lnt elI tgence purpoises1 The future combat operations that would most likely' invol v'e Naval Spec La l Warfare wculd be low intensity ty'pe combat operatioas that would employ SEAL per aonneI in the ga theri.ng of i nfor-ma tLon for future mi 1 i,tary operat ions or the surgical removal of military targets and personnal with a Dinimal assult farce wi th no Lnst of 1 ife to ci vi Ian personne 1 ~ this is the ideal mission prof i 1 e to

e np l ny rsn i pers due to their advanced field ski I La, n=arksrnanshi p and the I r abl! ty t::::::

oper a t,e i.ndependen tIy ina f I.e I d env i r onme rrt ~

, H....,utTR·· -::- Y ERE A, "';fDo-.;-,nT O"t;' Q 'l.~~ J;K P1;'D T O· D· Oll I wrs· . T l? nrCT 1 n-"T

__ .. l..' '., ..... ~ , , ' ' .1..1. ~ '.' - 'it .LA ',..... _ - 'JIll ~ ....... ,.... ...:..".~ i. I -, '..... . J.Ii" .- .. ~ , .J. _.!I ..

HOURS

SUBJECT

40

NAVAL GUN FIRE SUPPORT SCHOOL (LITILECREEK VA~)

4

.

20

UNKNGfiN DISTANCE FIRIHG~

STATIONARY TARGET FIRING (M--14/BOLT' R.IFLEJ ~

31

KOVING TARGET FIRING.,

NIGHT FIRING UNDER ARTIFICIAL lLLUKINATION1

15

SHOOT I JlJG TESTS - STAT I ON ARY! KOV I NG I POPUpl T ILRG ETS ~

12

COMBAT PISTOL SHOOTING ..

12

HELD INSERT lONS/EXTRAGTIONS-C-ALL FOR FIRE (4 APPLICATiON EXERCISES- 2 HIGHT'/2 D'AY)

EXPLO'YKENT I KISS I 011 PLA1fIHG RELATED CLASSIES1

28

COV»UN~CA;T10MS" IN"ST· 'R·UIC~IO·~{6 A·pprICATID"~ ~XERCTS~S·)

.l~I..,;"l ,'"", J. ., '...L. II . I ,. I ~ , ".' J._ a' ' .. , '......' " ".u- .1...01'" . . ........ ~

LST'-5 B· Ii liT/.· PRe· - -1 117 p .. SC - ":I II "IT ,. P'R·{- -11 ~

'. ..., • ~~ ........ ...Il.. l t ' .' Ij II' l't.!l .... -.J I..&. ....J -I

42

)L4P P I HG I AE R I ~4LP HOITO I NST RlTCT I ON (6 AP P L I CA1 I ON EXE~C··I S~S )

WRITTEN TESTS~

44

81 At KING EXERG ISlES (II EXERC I SE·S) .

11

RA \TGli ES·T I v A T I O'N EXERC I SE·S· (,.1 1 EX' ER·C' I S:E· S·)

, .J.J' ~ I.: . l't..li..... . :. . ' . . .. .1. ...IL I .... ' .. I ..': .' I-

11

OBSERVATION EXERCISES(11EXERCISES)~

COllCEALXElIT EXCERG IS'ES (3 EXERG I SES) ~

10

HIDE C-O»STRUCTIOll EXERCISE (1 EXERCISE).

7?

.....

J( I S'S I ON EXERe lEES (3" EACH COVER I NG A 2 4 ~ HOUR PER I OD) .

16

TACTICAL EXERCISE WITHOUT TRGOFS(TEWT} (4EXERCISES)~

TOTAL, HOURS

24 SN'IPER PROF I C I ENey IRA I N I NG_

The purpose of proficiency training is to enable the qual.ified SEAL scout sniper to rnai ntai n t:1e degree of ski 11 and proficiency to which he was t r a.Lned ~ Prof i ciency training should be conduc tad on a quarterly in all sniper skills, although special empnasis should be made on -marksJnaJnship and stalking4 These should be practiced as f re'q uenl y as possi b l e I Every e,ffort should be made to rna.i nt az.n sni per prof ic iency ~

Snipers should be requalified each year in all SEAL s,cout snipe1r skills. They should also be It qu f zzed" and I or tested every quarter. Prof iciency training should be conducted to the same degree, af standards as it was originally taught so not to lose any effecti,veness in combat.. If a sniper is not retained quart,erly in a,11 basic sniper skills .. his quality of' performance will decrease.; thereforet he wi 11 not meet, the standards of the SEAL scout sniper~

NOTE~ SEAL scout snipers :mElst be' included. in the sniper ro l L, in nor na l SEAL tact ical tra10ing and in tactical exe'Tcises.

2

INmOOOCfION

1 ~ Gain, A tten tiClIl. Imag in.e Spec ia 1 Warfare suddenl Y COllTLi tted tal a peace keep ing force such as in Be i rut T Lebanon, Or , imagine being caurni t ted to preserve the peace and protect innocent 1 i ves and property in an urban environmen t such as Detroit or Watts, during a II Big Ci t Y U riot.. TNha tis the role of the sntper? Is the sniper a valid weapon for erop Iovment; in situations, like this?

2 ~ The answer is JnC)st emphatica 11 y r ye s! = We have on 1 y to loak around

us to see exarnp 1 es of how e f fecti ve the sniper can be in this type of

s i tua tion III P robabl y the bes t examp 1 es avai 1 able to us are DNa recent Br.i.t.i.sh involvements: Aden and Northen1 Ireland. In roth cases the sniper has played a significant rol,e in the successful British peace keeping efforts III Remanber, that one of the key prin.ciples of crowd control/peace keeping is the use of only rrurrimum fo.rce . The arri.pe r with his select.ive target identi fica tion and engagement wi t.h tba t one we Il airned shot iSI one of the best exampl es of the use: of minirntnn force,

), • Purpose

lIP' z

a , Pu!POse~ To provide the student with the general knc:wledge needed to employ a sniper soct.Lon in internal security type environments ..

b. Main Ideas. To explain the snil_J€r's role in:

(l) Urban guerrilla cparat.Lons , {2) Has tage si tua t.Ions 6

4~ Traif-ling Objectives~ UfOn ccmpletion of this period of instruction,

the student w'ill be able to:

a ~ Employ a Seal sn ipe.r section in either sniper cordon, r:eriphery, 0 ~ P. or ambush operations.

b. Construct and OCCUP}7 an urban o. p .

c ~, Obtain and use special equipnen t. needed for interna 1 security o:pera tions .'

d , Employ a Seal sniper section in a hostage situation,.

3

e . Se lect a hostage si tua tion f iring pos.i tion taking into cons .i.de.ra tion the accuracy requi rement.s and effects of gl aas on the bullet a

BODY

1.. Urban Guerrilla Warfa.re

a... General. The role of the sniper in an urban guerrilla errv i romuent. is to dcminate the area of ope.rat.i.ons by del.ivery- of se l eot.Lve , aimed fire against speci fie t.arqet.s as authorized by 1 oca 1 conmande.rss , Usually this au thori z ation on. I y comes when such targets are abou t to emp lay' f i r earms or other lethal weapons a.gainst the peace keeping force or innocent civilians. The sniper- s other' role, and a lroost; equally .irnpor+ant., is the gatherin.g and reporting of intelligence.

b. Tasks, . Wi thin the above ro le I sane speci f ic tasks wh.i.ch may be assigned inClude:

( 1, )1 When, aut.ho.r i zed by' 1 oca 1 conmander s I engag ing dis 5 idents I urban guerrillas when involved in hijacking, kidnapping r holding host.aqes , etc.

(2)1 Engaging urban guerrilla snipers as opportunity targets or as part of a deliberate clearance operation.

(3) Covertly occupying concealed pos i.t.ions to, observe selected

areas.

{ 4) Record.ing and reI_JOrting all suspicious activity in the area of ohserva t.ion .

(5) Assisting in coo'rdi.nat inq the activities of other' elE1T\€nts b,y taking advantage of hi.dden obsenra t,i,Q'D I=K)S ts .

(6) Providing protection for other elements of' the peace keeping force I inc 1 uding fireman, repair crews, etc.

c. Lj_m_i tati,ons . In urban gue rri 11 a operations there are seve r al

1 imi ting factors that sn.ipe'rs would not encount.ar in a conventional war:

(1) There is no FF:BA. and t.he refore no "No Mans Land" in whi,ch to operate. Snipers can therefore expect to oper at.e in entirely hostile

sur roundi.nqs in IDC)S t c ircums tances •

(2) The· enemy is covert, I=€rfect 1 y caroouf 1 aged among and tota 11 Y indistinguishable frcm the everyday IXlpulace that surrounds him.

(31} In area,s where confrontation between peace keeping' for'ces and the urban quer r i, lIas takes place, the guerrill a danina te 51 the ground entirely frr.::rn the point of view of conti.nue.d presence and observation. Every yard

of ground is known to them; i t Ls qround of their awn choos ing . Anything' approximating a conventional sta Ik to and occupat.i.on of I a hide is deaned

to failure ..

( 4·) Al though the sniper is not sub j ect to the same dif f icu 1 t

- condi tions as he is in conven t Iona l war I he is subject to other pres su res.

4

These include not only legal and po.t i.t.Lca l restraints but also the requi remen t to ki.ll or wound without the IOOti va t.Iona 1 st irnul us norma 11 y associated with the battlefield~

(5 )1 Nonna 11 y in conventional war, the sn i pe r needs no clearance to f ire his shot ~ In urban gue rr iII a warfare, the sniper must make every effort pos s.i.bLe to detennine in each case the need to open fire and that

it constitutes reasonable/min~um force under circumstances.

d.. Methods of Fmplo~nt

(1) Sniper Cordons/Periphe!y 0* p~ t S

(a} The difficul ties to be overcame in pt.ac i.nq sn Ipe.rs in heav i 1 Y popu La ted I has ti 1 e areas and for them to renain unde Lect.cd, arc cons i,de rab 1 e: . It is not Impose ill 1 e ~ but i t requ ires a high deqr'ee of tra in Lnq, not onI y on the part of the s ni:pers invo 1 ved, but a 1 so 0 f the suppor't i.nq t.roops II

(b) To ove-rcome the d iff icu 1 ties of detec tion and to maintain

seen r i ty during everyday sniping ope ra tions , the aim shou 1 d be to confuse the enem~~ The peace keeping forces are greatly helped by the fact that ITI(}st "t.roub l.e a rea.s " ar'e relatively' small, usua l Iy not more than a few hundred yards in d.imens Ion , All can be l.argely dcrninated by a considerable number of carefully sited o~ p. IS around their peripheries.

· (c l The urban guerrilla intelligence network will eventually

esta b I ish the locations of the v ar ious o. p ~ ,I 5 • By cons tan t 1 Y chang i ng the O~ P .. IS which are in current use it is irnpc}ssible for the terrorist to 1mON' exactly which are occupiecl. Hcwever, the areas to be covered. by the a ~ P. I S rBnain fair 1 y constant and the coor'di.na t.ion of arcs of fire

and obsenration must be cont.ro l Led at a high level_, usually batt.alion. It rna y 1:e de 1 ega ted tOI ccmpany 1 eve 1 for spec i f ic operations.

(d) The number of 0 .. P .. I S required to success fu 11 y cordon an area i SI cons ider ab I,e . Hence T the- dif f icu 1 ties of sus taining such an oper'a tion over a protracted per iod in the same area should not be llilder-estimated.

(a} In cases where intelligence is forth caning that a target will be in a specific place at a specific t~, a sniper ambush is frequently a, better a l t.e.rnat.Ive than a more cumber scme cordon. operation, ..

(b) Close reconna.Lsaance is easier than in norma l ope.rat.Lon as

it can be carrted out by the sniper as part of a normal patrol without

party to i ts hide undetected * To pI ace snipe r s in pos i ti on undetected wi 11 require sane fonn of a deception p l an, This often takes the fOIDn of a routine aearch ope ration in, at least platoon s trength ~ Our ing the course of the search the snipers position themselves in their hide~ They remain in posi tion. when the .rema.i.nde r of the for ce wi thdr aws ~ This tactic is especially effective when carried out at night ....

(c) Once in position the srupe rs must be prepa.red to remain for lengthy periods in the closest proximity to the enemy and their sympathizers.

(d) The i r slecuri ty is tenuous at rest. Mas turban o. P. I shave

.~ dead spot.s U and this canbined with the fact that spec.i.a 1 ambush pcJs i t.Lons are f requent.Iy out of direct observation by ot.he.r friendly forces makes them high 1 Y suscept.ib 1 e to attack I espec.io l I y fran guerri II as armed with

5

with exp Los.i.ves , The uncertainty about being observed on entry is a cons tant worry to the snipers. I t can and does have a most disqu_ieting effect on the sniper and underlines the need for highly trained men of stable chara.cter.

(e) I f the ambush pos i tion cannot be direct 1 y' supported fran a permanent; pos.i t.Lon, a "back up" force must be placed. at immediate notice to ext.ract. the· snf.pens after' the ambush or in the event of' canprani sel .. Normally it must be aasurned that after the ambush, the snipers cannot make the ir exi t wi thou t ass is tance . They wi 11 be sur rounded by 1 arge , ext.reme 1 y hosti Ie crrwds , con seque n tl y the "back up rr force must not on 1 y be close at hand but also sufficient in size.

c. UrbaIl Sniping Hides/D .. F. 'IS

(I} Selecting the Locat.Lon, The sel.ect ion of hides and O~P. pos i t.i.ons demand great care. The ove r+r.id i.nq requiranent of a hi,de/Ol~p. PJs i tion is for i t to· danina te i ts a.rea of' resp:.ns ib i.I i ty ..

(a) When selecting a su i t.ab Le locati.on there is a lways a ten.dency to go for height. In an urban oper'at.Ion this can be mistake. The g'reater the height attained, the mor'e the s.niper has to look out over an

a rea and away fran his irrmediate surroundings ~ For examp 1 e,i f an O, P • were established on the lOth floor of an apartment; bu.i.Id i.nq , to see a rood

.:beneath, the sni:per would have to lean out of the windOtrl, whi.ch does little for the a ~ p. I S secur Lcy, The 1 oca lions of Inczdent.s tha t the sniper might have to deal w'i th are large 1 y unpredictab Ie I but th~ ranges are usual 1 y

re 1 a ti ve 1 y short. Consequentl y, an 0 ~ P. must aim to cover i ts immediate ' surroundings as well as middle and far distan.ces.. In residential areas this is rarely poss ibf,c as o.P. I s are forced off qround f Ioor level by passing pedes t.rf.ans , But generally it is not; advisable to go above the passing pedestrians ~ But qenera.l Iy it is not advisable to go above the second f Iocr, because to go higher gr'eatly' increases the dead space in

f rant of the 0 .. p ~ Thi s is not a cardina I rul e , J1..orw'ever. Loca 1 condi ti ons I such as bei.nq on a bus route, may force the sniper tOI go higher' to avoid direct. observ at.ion by passengers ~I

(b) In v'iew of this weakness in local defense of urban o.P. '5, the principles of mutua.l SIUPPJrt between o.P. IS assumes even greater i_mp.:)rtance. The need for mutua 1 auppor't; is another reason f'or coordination and planning to take place at battalion level.,

(c) The follcming are poss.Ibre hide·/O.P. locations:

(1) Ord, derelict but.Ldi.nqs , Special at.t.ent.Lon should be plaid to the FOSS ibi Ii ty of encountering booby tra.ps ~ One proven method of detecting guerrilla booby traps is to not.Lee if the locals (especially children) move in and about the building freely~

(2) Occupf.ed houses. After careful observation of the inhabitants daily routine, snf.pe.rs can move into occupied homes and

es tab 1 ish h.ides /0 .. P .. s in the basement and attics. Thi s method is used ve ry successfully by the British in NOrthern Ireland_

(3) Shops.

(4) Schc:ols and Churches. When using these as hi,de/O.P~ locations, the snfper's risk possible damage to what might already be strained public relations.

{5} Factor ies " sheds, g'a.rages.

6

( 6) Basements and between f lcors in bui ldings. I t is poss ibte for the sniper team to locate t.hemselv·es in the s e· pos i.t.ions

al thou.gh there may 00 no wi~ or readf 1 y usuab l e f Lr.iriq port avail ab Le ~ These Iocatdons require the sn.iper to remove bricks or' atone WitholUt. leaving any' not.Lceab.l e evidence outside of the building.. To db this t.he sniper must carefully measure the width of the R1(}rtar azound a selected brick/stone.

He must then ccns't.ruct; a frame exactly the size of the se 1 ected br ick with

the" fl r'am '1 e edoes ex" act; lY:·i' rhe S'1i ze o if the·· su r·ro· undi.nq ! mo ····rt: a r, H: Ie,": the: . ri

o .", •••• ' • .' ._~ • • • I •• " "," ," ~ •• ' • i' .. 1 1. • -' ," ", ," ",........... J '. ,": .-"_... '.' .•..

care fut t y re.rruves the b·r ick f rrm the wall and p.laoes it in. hi s frame. The: mortzrr is then crushed and glued to the frame so that, it blends parfect.Iv with the W1 touched mortar sti 11 in place. The br ick./ frame canbina tion Ls

then placed back Into the wall ~ F rem th.e out.s ide I nothing appear's abnorrna 1 ,

whi 1 e ins ide t.he srupe r team has created an extreme 1 y dif f Lcu l t to d.e teet firing pojrt., Care must be· tak.en hovever tha.t when f i.r.inq fran this posi.t.Lon dust does not ge~t b Iown a1::out by muz z Ie hI ast and that the brick/ f r arne canbina ti.on is imnedia te 1 y rep laced. Anot.he r dif f icu 1. ty encount.e red with tltis pos it.Lon is that .it; olffers a. very restr'icted field of v Iew.

(7) Rural, areas fran which urban areas Clan be observed ...

{d) An ideal hide /01 .. P. ahou.l d have the fa 11 OW"ing characte r ist ics :

( 1 ) A secure and, quiet a pproach route , Thi.s shoul d I Lf possible .. be free of garbage cans" crumbling walls, ba.rking doqs and other .irnped.irnentis •

( 2 ) A secure entry and exi t point. The more obvious and easily access.ible entry'/exit points are not neceasar.i Iy the rest as their constiant; use duri.nq subsequent, re:lief of sndpe r teams may nxrre readily lead to compr~se.

(31) goodl a res but the greater the arc the

(41)' Sl r"'t

.: . ·;ecu 1 1 .y ..

of' obsezvat.Ion; Restricted arcs are: inevitable better.

These cons Lde.rat.Lons have aI.ready been dis-

cus sed above ,

(5) Canf'ort. This is the lowest priority but; n.ever the less .impor'tzmt., Uncrmfor'tiabIe obse rvatri.on and firing positions can only be maintaine.d for short per.iods , If' there is no adequate re 1 ief f rxm observat.ion, O.IP" s can rar'ely remain eff'ective for mare than a ff:!W: hours ,

('2)

/1

., _: ", .' • ~ • 1 •• ' ! . :" t.. I" , ~ .

I ~ I . ~ ~ l . " - .'

Mann.l.I1g the o. P . Hlde,

(a) Before rrov ing into the h.i.de 10 ~ p ~ the· sn.ipe.rs must have the fo 1 1 Chlin.g LnformatLoru

( 1 ) The exact nature of the mi ss Lon ( i .. e • observe, shoot,

etc. )

(2) The length of stay.

( 3 ) The local, si tua t.i.on,

(4) Procedure and timing for' entry'. (5) Emergency evacuation procedures. ( 6 ) Radio procedures.

(7) Movement of any friend 1 y t.roops , (8) plr{)C:edure~ ann timing for exi t .. (9) My spec La l equrpnen t needed ..

1

(b) The well-tried and understood, principle of remaining back

f rrm windCftNs and other apertures when in buildings has a marked effect on

the manning of 01 .. P _ s /hide 51. The f ie Id of view- f .rcm the back of a rocm

through a windcw is limited. Tal enable a worthwhile area t.o be covered" two or even three men may have to observe at one t~e fram different parts of the room,

{3} S~cial Equip!lent. for, Urban HideS/D.P. The fo.l Iowi.nq equiprent may be necessary for construction of or use in the udban/O~P.

(a) Pliers. TO cut wires~

(b) G las s Cut ter ~ To r'emove glass f rem windc:ws. (c) Suction Cup.s , To ai.d in removing glass ..

(d) Rubl:er Headed Ilanmer s , To use in construction of the hide

wi th mi.n.imat {e) (f) (g).

•

nor.se ,

Skeleton Keys.. To open locked door s .

Pry Bars.. To open janmed doors and wi.ndows ...

Pad locks. To lock doors near hide I 0 ~ P • en try and ex i t

p:Jints ...

2 ~ Hos,tage S i,tpations~

a . Gene r a 1 . Snipers and ccmnanding 0 ff ieers mus t appr'ec ia te that €'lefl a qood, we.l I placed shot may not always reslult in t.he instantaneous death of a t.er rori s't . Even the' best sniper when anned w'ith the best weapon and bu l Let, canbination cannot gparan,tee the desired resultsl~ Even an instantly fatal shot may not prevent the death of a hostage when muscle spasms in the te r ror is ts • s body trigger his weap:Jn III As a ru 1 e then, the sniper shou ld only l::e emp 1 oyed when all other means of rnov ing the situation have been exhausted ..

b. AccuraC)'. Rec.F!~remen,ts

(1) The Naval Spec.i a l Warfare Sniper Rifle is the finest ccmbat sniper weapon in the world. When using' the rake City MI18 Match 7 .. 62 mm arrmunition it wlill, c:onstantly group to witbin one minute of angle or one Inch atone hundred yards ..

(2) Keep ing this in mind, consider the size of the targe t in a hostage s i.tuat.Ion, Doctor's all agree that the only place on a man, where if struck with a bullet instantaneous death will occur, is the head.

(Gen,erally, the normal human being will live 8-10 seconds after' being sbot; di r'ect 1 y in the heart.) The ent.i.re head of a man is a rel a ti ve 1 y large target measuring approximate 1 y 7 inches in diameter _ But in, order to

nar row the odds and be rrore posi ti ve of an instant ki 11 ing shot the size

of the target greatly reduces.. The portion of the brain that controls

all motor r'e Iex actions is located directly behf.nd the eyes and runs generally fran ear lore to ear Lobe and is roughly bNo inches wide. In reality then, th,e size, of the sn.i.pe.rs target is two inches not Sleven Inches ,

(3) By a.pplying t.he wi,ndaqe and elevation rule, it is easy to see then that the average Seal sniper carmot and should not attempt to de 1 i ve r an instan tl y ki 11 ing head shot beyond 200 yards ~ To require him to do so, asks him to do scmet.hi.nq the rifle and anmunition caubination avai lab 1 e to him cannot do.

a

c . Pos: i tion Sel ect Ion, Genera 11 Y' the sel ection of a firing pos.i t.Lon for a hostage s.i.t.uat.i.on Ls not much d.if fe.rent; frau selecting a firing pos.i t.ion for any other fonn of ocmbat., The same guidel.ines and rulesl

app l.y .. RemernlJer, the terrai,n and si tuation wi 11 d.i.ct.a te your cbo.tcc of firing fX)S i.tio,ns . H~ver , the're are severa 1. pecut i.ar cons idera tions

the srripe r must; remember:

(lJ Although the sn.ipe.r ahou l d only be used as a l ast; resort, he should be 100Ived .i nt.o his pos i.t.Lon a,SI early' as, pos.si.b.l e , This will enabte him to prcc i.seIy estimat.e his range's, pos t.Lvc Iy identify bot.h the hos tages and the t.errori.s t and sel ect a 1 te ITIa te firing I_X)S i tions for use if the s i tua t.i.on shou 1 d change.

( 2 ) I f the s i tua ti.on 5 hou 1 d require: f i.r Lnq t.hzouqh g las s , the sn iper should know tYJO things!

( a) Tha t. when the ~li ls anmunf, t.Lon penetrates 9 1 a,S5 I in mast. oaaes the copper jacket is st.r.ipped off i.ts lead core and f'ragments. These fragments wi 11. in j: ur'e or ki 11 shou t d they hi t ei the r the has ta.ge or the terrorist.. The fraqment.s show no stan.dard pat.t.erri but r'andcrnl y fly in

a cone shaped pa t te r'n much 1, ike shot; E rem a shotgun. The 1 ead oor'e of the bullet dces oont.i.nue to fly in a straight Li.ne , Even when the glass is

anq Ied to as much as 450 the lead core wi.II not show any si.gns of def LectIon ... (back 6 feet f rorn the· po.i.nt, of irnpa.ct with the q Las s) ·

(b} Tha.t when the bullet. impacts with the glass, the gl.ass

wi 11 shatter and exp lode, back into the rcom. The angle of the: bull et. impacting with the g 1 asss has abso 1 ute l.y no bear Lnq on the direction of t:he f light of the shattered q.l ass , The shattered gl.ass wil.l alway's fly perpendf.cu Lar tOI the pane of the· glass.

d .' Carrnand and COin tro 1

(I} Once the dec i.s ton has been made by the caumander to empIoy the sn.i.pe r , all carmand and con.trol of hi.s actions shou Ld pass to the sniper team leader. At no time should the sniper have to fire on saueone ~ s carmand.. He shouId be g'iven, clearance to fire and then he and he alone ahoukd decide ~actl.y when ..

(:2) If rrore than one sniper team is. used to enqaqc one or more

hos tages i.t is Impera t i ve that the ru I e above appt .i.es t.o all teams. Bu tit will be necessary' for the sn.ipe.rs to corrmun.i.cat.e with each other. Th.e most re 1 iah i.e met.hod of accanp 1 ishing thi sis to es t.ab 1 ish a .. 1 and 1 ine· n or TJr\~312 phone Loop much like a gun leap u.sed in artillery battery f t r.i.nq pos.i t.ions , This enabl es all t.eams to cornnunicate with all the ot.her s

wi thout confusion about; frequencies, ra.dio· procedure; e t.c .

OPl?ORTUNIT'l" FOR OOEST1IONS MID COMMENTS

S~"'Y'

, I '. .....-

. I... '

11.' I: .' ".

1 • Re:=;mphas ize .. Dur i nq this pe r Lod of Lnst.ruct.Lon we discussed urban

quer r ilIa operat.ions and hostage s.i t11d tions ~ In urban quer r i. 11 a oper'a tions we out 1 ined th.e tasks and 1 imi ta tions ccnmon to all, opera t.ions ~ We then d.i.scuased the twa met.hods of employing snipers: (I) sn.i.pe r cordons,'

per iphe ry O. P .1 S and (2 )1 sniper ambus hes II We· discussed selecting a pos i t.Ion

9

in an urban area and the most suitable locations for hides/O .. p .. s.. Then we looked at lJaf to IIBIl an O .. P. and wbat special €qUipnent you might need txs constnlct and ~rk in it ~

In the discussion of hostage si.tuations we exami.ned the accuracy requirements and the pos i.tdon selection considerations ccnmon to, all terrorist envirornnents ~ We also discussed the carmand and control procedures: for anploying· snipers in this type of role.

2 . ReJTKJti va te. REmEmber , its not outs ide the reabn of poss.ib.i 1 ity that saneday you or saneone you've trained could find himse If in this type of

S1-t t1·on ~,t ~h~t time" 00 y. rl1 takl··e the··· te: st· Ie·tls ho"··pe·· we· hav n··o·

. lla .. I... n· -W,.I(l_. . .. :. ..ou ' .1.1'· o. • -- ·0·· 0 • 0 ·.0 o. ° e ..

failures.r because the po.l i t.Lca l and social repercussions are too great

a price to pay for one sniper who didn 1 t prepare himself to put that one round, on target ..

10

OCCUPATION

7L"L1T"\ ru.~1..J.

SEI ,e::-!'ION OF POSITIONS

INIRODUCTION

1 .. Gain Attention _ Re 1 ate s tory of Russ ian super- sni per Vassi 1. i Zai tsev and German super=sn.ipec Mc.ijor Koru.qs at the Battle of Stalingrad~ (Exce.rpt.s fran ~£my at the· Gates by William Craig .. )

2 ~ Simply stated, the Specwar srii.per's mission is to see without. being seen and to kill withou.t being killed ..

3 . Purp::Jse

a ~ Purp:Jse.. The purpose of thi s per'Lod of instruction is to provide the s.tudent; with the knowl edqe required to select and cccupy a position ..

b . Main Ldeas , The main ideas to be discussed are the fo 11OJNing:

{I} Position Selection ( 2 ) Hast,y Pas i t ions (3) Position Safety

(4) Actions in Position

46 TrainingObjectives~ Upon ccmpletion of this per Lod of instruction the student will:

a ., Iden tify those f eatu res which cont.r.Ibu te to the se 1 ection of a. pets i tion.. i . e ~ cover, concea lmen t., fie Ids of fire I avenues of' approach and withdrawal, etc.

bill Detennine I us ing maps I aerial photos and/or v Lsua 1 reconnaissance r the location of a suitable snir;er p:>sition ..

TRANSITION. To effectively accompl.Lsh their mission of su.pporting cCJT1bat opezat.ions by deliv'ering precision £ire on selected targets, the srriper team must se leet a pas i tion f raiL which to obse roe and fire.

roDY

1 III Pas i tion Se lection ~ The sniper I having decided upon an area of operation, must chose a spec.ifi,c spot fran which to operate.. The sniper mus t not forget that a position which appears to him as an obvious and idea I loca tion for a sniper wi 11 a I SIO appear' as such to the enemy.. He shou ld avoid. the obvious pos i t.Lons and stay away fran pranin.ent, readily

11

identifiable objects, and terrain features. {TA) The best position represen ts an, optimum ba lance be tween h-lol cons idera tions ..

a~ It provides maximum fields of observation and fire to the sniper _.

b , It provides maximum concealment fran enemy observation.

2. Hasty Position~41 Due to the limited na.ture of most sn.i.per missions and the r.equirernen t to stalk and k.i. 11, the snif}er team wi 11 in mas t cases uti 1 ize a hasty pos+ . Cons ide ring' the fundamenta.l s, of camouf lage and Concealment the team can acquire a hasty sniper post; in any terrain.. {TA) The prine i pIe involved. when aasumi.nq a hasty pas i tion is to uti 1 i z e a maximum of the t.eam/ s ability to blend with the background or terrain and utilize shadows at all times.. Utilizing the proper camouflage techniques, whi lese 1 ecting the proper' :P<Js L tion f rent wh i.ch to observe and shoot, the sniper can effectively preclude detection by the enerny~ (TA) While hasty

·positions in open areas are: the least desirablel mission accomplishment rna y recruire assuming a IXJs t in an undesi rab le a rca , Under these

c Lrcums+encos r ext.reme care must be taken to ut; i 1 ize the terrain { ditches" depres sians , and bushes} to prov ide maximum concea.lment , The u t,i 1 ization of camouflage n.ets and covers can provide additional concealment to avoi.d detection.. There should be no limitation to ingenuity of the sniper team in sle 1 ection of a has t y an.tpe r IXJIS t .. Under certain c ircurns t.anoes i t rna y

be nccesssa ry to fire fran trees, .roof tops r steep 1 es , under: logs, fran twme 1 s , in deep shadows , and fran bui Idings , Sl4arnpS I "W-CXXls and an un- 1 inti ted variety of open areas ~

].. Position. Safe~y. Selection of a well covered or concealed pos.i.t.Lon iSI not; a guarantee of the sniper's safety ~ He must remain alert to the danger of self-betrayal and must. not violate the fo.l Iowi.nq securit.y pr'ecaut.i ons ..

a. M1en the si tuation permf ts E se I ect and construct a s rri.per !?OS i tion fran which to observe and ahoot , T1he slightest movement; is the only requ.irernent for detection, t.he refrrre even during the hours of darkness caution must be exercised as the enemy may employ nigh.t vision equipnent and sound trave 1 s qrea t di stances at night.

b , The sniper shoUld not. be located against a contrasting background or near prcminent terrain features, these are usua.t Iy under observation,

d .. iii • t

or use as reglstrat10n poln·s.

c. In selecting a position, consider those areas that are Least; likely to be occupied by the enemy,

d. The pos Ltrlon must be located within ef f'ect.Ive range of the expec+ed targets and ~ust afford a clear field of fire.

e_ Construct or employ' alteTI1ate pos.i t.i.ons where necessary to ef f'ecti ve 1 Y cover an area.

f . Assume at all times that the sniper }?Os i ti.on is under eneny observation. Therefore while mov i.nq Irrto posi.t.Lon the sn.i.pe r team should take fu 11 advantage of a,11 avai 1 ab 1 e cover and concealment and practica 1 indi vidua 1 camouf 1. age d.Lsci.p 1 ine II i ~ e . face and exposed skin areas

12

carrouf I aged with appropr La te rna ter ia 1 .. The face vei 1 shou Id be ccmp 1 ete 1 y cover ing the face and upon nov .i.nq in to pas i tion the vei 1 shou Ld cover the 00 1 t rece L ve r and en tire I ength of the· scope ,

9 .. Avoid making sound ~

h. Avoid unnecessary movement unless concealed fram observation~

i.. Avoid observing over a skyline or the top of cove r or concea lment; which, has an even outline or contrasting backqround ,

j. Avoid using the binoculars or telescope where light may reflect fran lenses ...

k , Avo id moving f oi 1 age concea 1 ing the pos.i tion when, obse rving ..

1 . Obse rve around a tree fran a peas I tion near the ground ...

m.. S ta y in the shadow when observ ing f rail a srripcr pos t within a bu i.Ldanq ~

n .. , Careful consideration must be given to the route into or out, of the post., A worn path can easily be detected.. The route should be

I conceal ed and if pos S ill 1 e a cove red rou t.e acqu Lre •

o. When poss.Ib Ie , choose a pos i.t.i.on so that a te.rrain obstacle lies between it and the target and/or known or suspect.ed enemy location ..

p .. Whil e on the move and subsequent ly will Ie moving in to or out of pos i t.ion all weapons will be loaded with a round in the chamber and the wea:pon on safe.

4 ~ Actions in Pas i tion.. At ter arr i v ing in pas ition and conducting their hasty then detai led searches, the sn.i.per team organizes any and all

e<}Ui pnent in a convenient manne [" so i tis ream 1 Y' acce ssab 1 e if needed .. The sn.ipe r team continues, to observe and collect any and all pe rtinent information for intelligence purposos , They establ ish their own system for observation~ eating, sleeping, resting and making head calls when necessary . This is usua 11 y done in time increments of 30 to 610 minutes

and worked alternately bebNeen the two snipers for the ent.i re time they are in pos i.t.ion, all-cwing one of the individuals to re l ax to sane degree for short per tods , Therefore it iSI poss ibj e for the sn.Lper s to r'ema.i.n

ef f ecti ve for' 1 anger per icds of time ~

The sn.ipe r team must practice noise di.scipline at all t.imes while cccupying their pos.Lt.Ion , T1herefore ann and hand signals are widely used as a means of ccmnunicating... The fo l Icwi nq are reccmnended for use when

· di · 11 · f th trno t· rt

nolse .... ISC1P lne 15 o· e u "1 5 I. lItlf=O ' . ,ance.

a. Pain t,ing at onese 1 f;' meaning I I me I mi.ne ,

b 6 Painting at partner ~ meaning ~~{OU, your, yours ~

c . Thumbs up ~ meaning af firma t.i ve , }:res, go ...

13

d. Thumbs down; meaning negative, no, no go.

e . Hands over eyes j me·aning cannot see.

f _ Pointing at eyes; meaning l.ook, see , observe ~

9 II Slashing stroke across throat; meaning dead, k i 11 .

h. Hands cupped tog'ether; meaning together a

L, Hand cupped around earl palm facing forward: meaning 1 is t.en , hear ~

j 6 Fist; meaning stop, halt, hold UPI ..

k II Mak.e pumping action wi th arm: meaning daub Ie time ..

OPPORTUNITY FOR QUEST10NS

S~y

During this period of instruction we di scussed pes i tion ~ factors necessary to all positions (1) Provides abserv a lion and fire to· the sniper.. (2). It, provides maximum concealment fran enemy obse rvat Ion ...

1.

We then covered se 1 ection of hasty pos.i tions and that mission

accanp 1 istnnent migh.t requi re of hasty IXJs i t.ions and that mis s ion acccmpt i1ghmen t might requt.re as suming a position in an undes ireab 1 e area ~ All.

ava.i Labl.e terrain should be used to provide maxiInum concealment under these circumstances.

In cone 1 us ion we cove.red a numJ::er of saf'et.y precau t.Ions to be cons ide red whi Ie on the move and in the process of moving into and aut, of p:Jsition.

2 ~ Remotivate. IIGw we 11 the sniper team accanp 1 ishes the mission depends, to a large degree, on their knew 1 edqe , understanding, and app 1 ication of the various field techniques or sk.i.Ll s that a l Iows +hem to move, hide, observe I and detect. These ski 11 s are a measure of the srriper ' s abil i ty

to surv.lve ,

14

INTROOtJCrrON

1 ~ Gain At,te'ntion. Everyone has had to estimate the distance f rem one po in t to another at sane t.ime , Usually an estimate was made either because no

tool was available for exact measurements or because tUme did not allow

such a measurement.

2 .1 As a sniper" in ozde r to enqaqe a t.arqet. accurate 1 y, you wi 11 be required to es t.ima te the range to that target. However, un l ike wi th many of your early expe riences , a 1111 ba il-park gue s stimate IiJ wi 11 no Jonqe r suff Lee . You will have to be able to estimate ranges out to 1000 yards wi th 90% accuracy.

a. Pu1p2s~

a • Purpose , To acquaint t.he student wi th the various techniques of range est~tion he will use in his role as a snipera

b .1 Desc.r.ibe the use of maps I the 100 meter method, the

appear anee of objects method., the bracket.Inq method, the averaging methcxl, the ran,ge card met:hoC! and the uSle of the scope retic le in detenuining r'anqe ,

4. Training Objec:tives. Opon ccmpletion of this p?riod of instnlction, the student will::

a ~ JJete nuine range wi th the a id of a map].

b ~ Demonstrate the other techniques for determining' range by eye.

c. Ident.Lfy those factors which effect range estimation.

TRA.li.J'SITION ~ The snaper ' straining mus t concen tra te on methods which are

adaptabl e to the sniper J, s equi pnen t and whi ch wi Ll, not expose the sniper.

BODY A. MEHIODS OF RAN3E ESTIMATION

1.. Use of Maps. When available, maps are the moat; accurate a.id in detennining range~ This is easily done by using the pape.r+s br'Lp method for measuring

hor iZQ1n tal distance.

21. The 100 Meter Uni,t of Measure Metho:l.

a... Tecimigu,es.. Tol use this method., the sniper must be able to visualize a distance of 100 meters on the ground... For ranges up to 500 meters, he

15

deterntines the number of 1010 meter increments :between the two podrrt.s It, Beyond, 500 met.er's, he se I ects a, point mi~ay to the targets, determine the ntmlber

of 100 meter Lncrrment,s to the halfway po.irit , and doubres the result.

h. Ground which s Lopes upward gives the illusion of greater distance, while qround sloping downward gives an ill.usion of shorter than actual distance ..

c. Attaining Proficiency. Tb beccrne proficient with this methcd of range est,imation, the sniper must measure of f several 100 meter cour-ses on different types of terrain, and thent by walking over these courses several times, determines tile average nurobe r of paces required to cover t.he 100m of the various te r ra.ins III He can then p racti ce es tima tion by wa lking ave r un-

mesured terrain I coun t ing his pace 5 , and marking of f 101 Om incrernen ts .. Look.i.nq back over his trai 1 , he can study the appearance of the succes s i ve increments .. Conversely T he can estimate, the distance to a given po.i.nt., walk to it counting' his paces, and thus check his accuracy ...

d .' Limi ta tions .. The grea tes t 1 imi ta tion to the 1,01Om unit of measure method is that it I S accuracy is directly related to hC1.V much of the terrain is vl s i bfe to the observer.. This is parti.cularly· imFQrtant in estimat,ing long ranges.. If a target appear's at a range of 100 meters or more, and the

observer can only see a port ion of the ground between himself and the target, t.he- 100m uni t of rneasure carmot be used wi th any deqree of accuracy ..

3 + !\_p_I?e~ance-pf -Objects Method ..

a... Techniques... This met.hod is a means of determining range by the size and other characteristic details of sane object.. For example, a motorist is not interested in exact distance,. but only that he has suff'Lctent, road space to pass th.e car in f rant of him safe I y . Supp:Jse hrntever I that a rnotoris t knew that a distance of I, kilaneter {Km),. an onccming veh.i.c.l.e appeared to

be I inch high f 2 inches wide I wi th abou-t % inch l:tetween the head 1 ights . Then, any time he saw onccmi.nq vehfc Ies that fit these dimensions, he \lriC)uld know that they were about 1 ¥In away ~ This same technique can be used by sn.i.per's to detennine range. Aware of the sizes and details of pe rsonne l and equipment at known. ranges, he can can~are these characteristics Do s~ilar objects at unknosn di stances, and thus estimate the range +

b. To use the appearance-of +ob j ects method. wi th any degree of accuracy, the sniper ml ] st be t.hozouqh.l y fami 1 iar wi. th the characte ri 5 ti c detai 1 5 of objects as they ap~ar at various r'anqes , For example, the sndper should at.udy the appea rance of a man at a range of 1001 meters ~ He f i.xes the man I s· appearance f i Dill Y in his mind , carefully noting detai 1 s' of 5 ize and the characteristics of un.i.form and £qU.ipnent. Next, he studies the same man in

th kn 1 .. .. t .. d th Ii .JI,...\-. .. t I B II]! th

e . 'ee .1ng t_XJS 1 . 10n an' ·1 . i en 1n Lll€ prone pJSllon II! :.y canparmg I ··e

appearance of' these pos.itions at known ranges fran lOOI-SOOrn, the sniper can establish a series of mental Umages which will help htm in determining ranges on un..fami 1 iar terrain. Plractice time shou Id a 1 so be devoted to the appearance of other familiar' objects such as weapons and ve'hicles,.

c . Limi ta tions. Because the succes sful use of this I1lI2thcJd_ depends upon vi sibi 1 i ty,. or anything whf.eh 1 imi ts v is ibi 1 i ty, such as smoke, weather or darkness; will a tso limit the eff'ect.rveness of this method ..

16

4 · Canbina tion . of ~thcxls.. U'nde'r proper condi.t.tons , ei ther the lOIOIn unit

of measure or the appearance-of-objects method of detennining range will work, hclweve r/l proper con.di lions rare 1 y exist on the ba t.tl ef ie Jd 41 Consequent.I Y I the sn.ipe r wi 11 be rBIUired tol use a combination of met.hcds, Terrain can 1 imi t the accuracy of the 100m unit of measu.re met.hod and visib,ili,ty can limit the aplpelarance-of--objlects met.hod , For example .. an obsenrer may not be ab Le to see a 11 of the t.er.r ain Gill t to the target ~ but he may see enough to get a fair idea of the d i.s t.ance , A slight haze may obscure many of the targe t deta.i 1 s , but the observer can s t i 11 make S:CIlI€ j udqment; of i t r 5 size. Thus, by carefu II Y cons ide ring the resu 1 ts of both met.hods I an exper Ieneed obse.rvez shou 1 d. arr i ve at a f i gu re c lose to the t.rue range '"

5.. Bracket.in,] Methcd.. By this method, th.e sn.iper assumes that th,e target

Ls no more t.h an uXn meters but no less than" nyu meters a:way h th

.' . I ..• ILrul',· •. 1.1.:.11 .' 1 .'! r "~'.'.J, ... 111. ;.,: ···1.·.. '. ' ... 1· .•.. ···.··.1 · .. ··.1,',; 'e uses ·.Ie·

average as the est~tion of range.

6.. Averaging Methoo.. S·ni~r·s can increase the accuracy: of range es t.imat.Ion by eye by us in,g an aver a.ge 0 f the indi v Idua 1 team, merober s es t.irna tions .

7 . Range Card Methcx1. Lnforma tion contained on prepared r'anqe cards e s tablishes re£eren.ce pol.nt.s frCDL whi.eh the' sn.iper can judge ranges rapidly and

accurat'e'ly ~~e'n' a tar'get ap'pe"'ar's ~trs POS1~tl~O'n' 1.115 dete~~ne'd l~n rellatl'on

' •••. . 1 I . • .. : ./ .. l1il.iF . '. .: '.... II:': '. ".:' .. ' " . . Ji ..L... '. • : .• •. I.. .• '. . .'::'.' 1i..J.tuL I • . I .: . . :.... I. . '.. ..

to the nearest. object or' terrain Feat.ure drawn on the range card. Th.is will g ~ ve an approx ima tion of the ta.rgets range.. The sn.ipe.r dete rmi.nes th.e

d i f f e rence in range l::etween the reference po.i.n t and the target t: and aet.s his S igh.ts for the proper range, or uaes the correct ho 1 d of f .

8 ~ Range Estimation FOPllU 1 a .Meth<x.l. This me.thod requires the use of e i the r' binocul.ars or tel.escopic sights equkpped wi t.h a mil scat.e , To use th.e

fannul a, the s,ni:per must know the average 5 ize of a man or any g i ven piece of equipnent and he must. be able to express the he i.qht; of the target in yards .. The fonnul a Ls e SIZE OF' oro. (IN YDS) X 1000 - ItA N;E ID TAAGEl.1

SIZE OF OID ~ (IN MILS)

For example! A sn iper , looking' t.h.rouqh his SCOI_)€! sees a man standi ng ~ He

measures the s.i.ze of the man, using the mi.L scale on the re~ticle, and he sees that the man is 4 mi 15 high. He knows that the: average man is fi. ve

and a half fee~t, t.a l L. To convert; 6 feet to ya.rds , he d.iv Ldea by 3 and finds that. the man is 2: ~ 01 yards tall * Using' the Formu l a s

SIZE OF OS] (IN YDSI} 2.0 x 1000

SIZE: OF OBJ (IN MILS) 4

2000

4 = 500 yards

Once the formu Ia is understoo:l.,. the sniper needs only to be' abte to esst.irnat;e t.he actual he i.qht; of any' target and he can determine, the ran.ge to that tarqe t ext.reme l y accurate 1 y .

b ~ Limitations .. mule this Formu.l.a can be extrenely accurace , it does ha..ve severa l 1 imi.tations; ..

( I. ) At Ionq ranges, rneasu.remen t in mi 1 s must be proc ise tOI the nearest hal f mi 1 or a. miss wi 11 resu 1 t. 41 For ex amp 1 e j I f a man standing appear's to the 1 ~ mi 1 51 high I he is 1333 yds awa y ~ I f he appear's tOI be 2 mi 1 s h.iqh I he is on 1 y 10100 yds away'.. Care 1 ens measurement cou 1 d resu 1 t in a range es timation error of 333 yds in, this case: ~

17

(2) This formula can be worked quickly_, even if the corputat.Ions are done mentall.y.. HCJN"ever, as with any formrI a, care must be taken, In working it or a totally wrong answer can resul t., and

(3) The f'orrmi l.a depends entirely Din the sniper's ability to estimate the actual height of a target in yards.

B. FACIORS EFFECrltvG RA&;E ESTIMATION

1 ~ Natur:e of. tl1e Target

a. An object of regular outline, such as a house, will appear closer than one of irregu lar out 1 ine I such as a clump of trees'.

b. A target which contrasts with it I S background will appear' to be closer' than it actua.l l y Ls ,

c . A partiall y exposed target wi 11 appear more distant than it actua 11 y

III

]_S.

2. Nat.ure of Terrain. Th,e obse rve r ' s eyel fo.l Lows the irregularities of terrain conformation, and he will tend, to averest~te distance values~ In observing over smoonh terrain such as sand, water, or snC)'IIJ, his tendency is to unde.rest.ima te II.

3 ~ Light Conditions. The more clear 1 y a, target can be seen I the close r i t appears. A target in full sunlight appears to be closer than the same

targe:t. when v.i.ewed at dusk or dawn, through smoke, fog or rain~ The posi.t.Ion of the sun .in rel.ation to the target also affects the apparent, range. When the sun is behind the v i.ewez , the target appears to be closer.. When the,

Sllil is behrnd the target I the target is more dif f icu 1 t to see I and appe:ars

to be farther away'.

OIPPORTUNITY FOR QUESTIONS AND

ST~l\n'y

I U1,l".ll 'I" l.t'U'\. I

1 ~ ~hasize . We have seen various ways to estimate range· ~ Each. one of them works we.ll under the cond.i t.Ions for which it was devised, and when used in canb,ination with one another, wi 11, suit any condition of visibil i t Y or terrain.

2 ~ R,erroti va.te • The accuracy of the shot, you wi 1 I fire wi 11 depend to a large extent on whether or not you have applied the rules for range eat.irnat.Ion , Rernernter # if you cannot det.erm.ine hew far your target is away f rail you I you \YOU Jd just as we 11 have Ie f t your rifle in the' azmcry ,

18

METRIC/ENiLISH

EC;U'/ .. ,' , .... ',

¥OS

.

. "P.""' .

IDS/METERS

. .

,

• , • I

:" . j: .: ' .. ::

ENGLISH 1 MJA (IN)

C

I

.

1 IDA (rn)

] 1019 1.010 91 1
4 5 164 1510 1.37 1 5
... . •
6 219 200 183 2
7 iii 5 273, 2510 2:28 2 .- 5
9 ]28 3;010 2:14 3
10.5 38,3 ]50 3120 ] .5
12 4]7 4010 3,65 4
13.5 492 450 411 4 5
... .
15 5461 500 457 5
1695 602 55·0 5103 5 .. 5
.
19 656 600 5149 6
19~5 711 65,0 5,94 6 .5
21 766 7010 6140 7'
2.2.5 820 71-0 6186 7 .15
:l" ,
24 875 BOlO 7311 8
·,2:5 .15 929 850 777 B ~5
2:7 9814 9010 823 9
2'8 5 1039 950 869 9 ~5
. .. :
30 1094 1000 9114 101
31.5 1148 105·0 9160 101• 51
33 1203 11.00 1005 II 1.9

RAN3E ESTIMATION T~BT Z FOR SIX FCXJr MAN

, .,

Average Standing Man - 6 Feet Tall/2 Yards Tall

Average Sitting/Kneeling Man - 3 Feet Ta,ll/l Yard Tall

HEIGHT

- IN MILS

STANDING RAN:iE

S ITrING/KNEELJJ"i(; RANGE

.

1 2000 1000
I .. 51 13313 666
2 1000 500
2.5 800 400
] 666 333
31.5 57'1 286
4 500 250
4.5 444 222
5 400 200
II 5~5 364 182
6 333 167
6.5 308 154
7 286 143
7.,51 267 133
81 250 125
8.5 2351 118
9 222 III
9.5 211 105
10 200 100 20

RAN3E ESTlWlTION TABLE: OF MITS

FOR·,: Pi rr;roC-"'~l'Ji.~ - 6,·' 5· fl 9, n andl·: S' r 6·, .. ,I

I· I ~l.~'tc~ . 1.... , ,...' . ," .

MILS

... _." Wi ... _

1

2000

1900

1800

1600

1440

1-1/2 1-3/4

1333

1.266

1143

1085

1028

2

950

900

844

2-'1/2: 2--3/4 3 3-'1/4 3-1/2 3-3/4

720

727

654

666

633

600

615

584

553

571.

5421

•• ,.' 1

51.4

533

506·

480

4

500

450

4-1/4

447

42:3

4-1/2: 4-3/4

44·4

422:

42.1.

400·

378

5

400

380

36·0

5-1/4 51-l/2 5·-]/4

380

361

]42

362

345

327

347

330

313

6

300

6-1/4 6-1/2

320

304

288

277'

6-3/4

281

266

7

271

8

250

237

2:25

9

222

211

200

10

100

180

23

TECHNIQUES OF C.ru~[J(JFIAJ3E

INTRoDucrroN

1. Gain Attention.. ~st uninformed people envision a sni.per to be a person with a hi.qh powered r if 1 e who either takes pot, shots at people fran high buildings or ties himself in a coconut tree until, he I s shot out of

i t ~ But to the enemy,. who knows the~ rea 1 capabi 1 i ties of a sn.iper , he .i SI a very feared ghostly phantan who is never seen, and never heard until his

well aimed round cracks through their formation and explodes the head of their p La t.oon o:::rrmander or radio man.. A we l1 trained sniper can great 1 y decrease the, movement and capabi 1 .i ties of the most disci pI ined t.roops because of the fear of this unseen death.

2.. This gives one example of how ef'fect.ive sn.Ipe rs can be and how the pos s ibi 1 i ty of their presence can work on the human mind. Bu t., marksmanship is only part of tile job. If the siniper is to be a phantan to the enemy I he must knew and apply the proper techniques of camouflage ~ He cannot; be just goo::l at, camouflage. He has t.o be perfect if he is to ccme back alive.

3~ ~se

a. Purp::Jse ~ The purpose of this per ic:d of .tnst.ruct.ion is to prov ide the student with the basic knowledge ro be able to apply practically, the proper techn.iqu,es of camoU£l a.ge and concea lment needed tol remai.n undet.ected in a ccmbat env i.rorment..

h. Main Ideas. The main ideas which will be discussed are the follChling:

{ I ) Target IndiCia tors

(2 ) Types of Camouf lage (3) Geographica 1 Areas

(4) CamcJUf lage DurInq MJvanen t {5} Track.s and Tracking'

4·. Tr~in~i.!.lg Objectives. Open canplletion, of this pe r.Iod of' Lnst.ruct.Lon, the student wi 11 :

a. camouflage his unifanm and himself by using traditional. or expedient methods as to resallhl.e c tosety the terrain through which he will move ..

b. Carrouflage all of his equipnent to present the least chance or detection ..

o , Know and un.derstand the principles whi.ch would reveal him in canbat and h()W to overcome thE?Jll.

d. Understan,d the basic prLncf p l es of tracking and what infonnation can 1:Je learnedl fran track.ing ...

SODY

l~ Target Indicators

a , Gene'rai., A, target indicator is anything a sniper does, or fa.il s

to do that wi 11 reveal his posi tion to an enemy. A sniper has to know and understand these indicators and their principles if he is to keep frem

lJe ing loea ted and a 1 so that he rna y re abl e to 1 oca te the enemy ~ Addi tiona 11 y r he must re able to read the terrain to use the most effective areas of

concea lmen t for :movement and f ir ing pos i tions . Furthennore, a sn i pe r

adapts h i.s dress to meet the t.ypes of terrain he might move through.

b.. Sound. Sollll13 can be made by movement; I equipnen t rat tl ing, or

ta lking . The enemy rna y dismis s small no ises as na t.ura.l , but when scmeone speaks he knows for ce rt.ai.n scmeone is near II Silenc~ing gear should be done bef'ore a mission so that it makes no sound while nmning or walking.. Mov'ing quietly is done by slow, 5mOOth, deliberate movements, being conscious of

.where you place your feet and how you push aside bush to move through it~

c ~ MJv·ernent. !rbvffi1ent in i tse 1 f is an indica tor • The human e:ye· is at.t.rac+ed to movement.. A stationazy target may be .impoas ib l.e to locate, :18. slQ\,ily mov Inq target may go undet.ect.ed, but a quick or jerky movement wil,l be seen quickly. Ag ain 1 s low I' de 1 il>era te movements are needed ..

d. Irnpro~ r Camouflage. T'he 1 arges t nurnbe r of targe ts wi 11 usually be detected by improper camouf 1 age. They are divided into three groups.

(I) Shine. Shine canes fran reflective objects exposed and not toned down, auch as be It; buckles,. watches, or glasses. The lenses of optical gear wi 11 ref 1 ect 1 ight . This can be s topJ_:ed by putting a paper' shade t.aped to the end of the score or b.inocul ara , Any object. that reflects light, shouId be camouflaged.

( 2 ) au tl iDe ~ The au tl ine of i terns such as the body T head, r if 1 e or other equipnen t must be broken up. such aut 1 ines can, be seen fran great df.st.ences , Therefore I they must be broken up into features unrecognizable, or unnoticable f rom the rest of th,e backqround ,

( 3 ) Con tras t with the Background. When using a pas i tion for concealment I a backqround shou Id, be chosen that w_ill absorb the appearance of the sni:per and. his gear.. Contrast means standing out against the backgroun.d, such as a man in a dark unifonn s tanding on a hill t01P against the sky; A difference of co.tor or shape fran the background will usually 1::e spotted.. A an.i.per; must therefore use the coloring of his backq'round and stay in shadOV/S as much as poas i.b.Ie ..

2a ~s of camouflage

24

a _ Stick. Camouflage ~ In us ing t.he 11 grease paint "I I all the exposed

skin shout d be covered I to inc 1 ude the hands, back of the neck, ears I and face.. The parts of the face that natura t Ly fonn shadows shourd be Li.qht.ened , T1he predaninate features t.hat; shine_, should be darkened .. such as the forehead J cheeks, nose and chin. The pattern and coloring that shou Id be used

is one that will brend wi,th the na+ura I vegetation and shadows II For jungle or wcodland I dark and 1 Lqh t green are qood; White and g'ra y shou ld 00 used for Sfl.OiV areas, and light, broHIl and sand coloring for dcser't;s ,

(1) Types of Patterns. The types of f'ac.La l pat+e.rns can vary frrm irregular at.r.Ipes across the face to bold spt.ot.ch.inq. The best pattern, perhaps, is a cc:mblina tion of both stripes and sp 1 otches ~ What one dces

not want is a wild t.ype design arm coloring that stands out f rrm the background ..

b ~ Cam:Jufl age Clothing.

(1) The Ghillie Suit. The guillie suit is an outstanding fonn of' personal carnoufLaqe , It is used by bot.h the British and Canadian Srupcr s to enable them to stalk close to their targets undet.ect.ed, The ghillie sui t .i.s a camouf 1 age uni fonn or outer smock that is cove red with irregu 1 ar patterns of qarrii.sh, of blending color, attached to it. It also has a

sma 11 mesh netting sewn to the back 0 E the neck and shou Iders , and t.hen

- draped over the head for a vei 1 ~ The ve i 1 is used whi le in 'pos i tion to

b reak up the ou tl ine of the head, hid the rif'! e scope; and at Low movernen t of the hands wi thou t fear of detection. The ve i 1 when draped over t.he head should oome dawn to the stomach or belt and have camouflaged garnish tied in i t to break up the outl ine of the head and the so 1 id f ea t.ures of the - net. When the sniper is walking, he pushes the: ve.i.l back on his head and neck so that he wi Il have nothing obstruct ing his vision Qlr hindering his movements_ The veil is, however, worn down while crawling inDo position

or whi le near the enemy. Tlhe ghi 11 ie suit" though qood, does not make one invisible 4 A sniper must still take advant.aqe of natural camouflage and concea lment . Also wearing this suit,. a sn.iper would contrast with regular troops I so it woui d only be worn when the sn.ipcr' is operating on his own ,

(2) Field ~!entsl. If the desired corponent.s for the c'on-

s truction of a ghi 11 ie sui t are not on hand, a make-shift suit can be made by exped.i.en t measures , The garnish can be replaced by c loth discarded frau socks, blankets], canvas sacks, or any other material that is readily available. The material is then attached to the suit, in the same way.

Wha t is iJnI:ortan t is that the texture and au t.l ine of the uniform are broken ~ The cloth or any other equip-nent can be varied in color by us.i.nq mud,

coffee qrounds , charcoal,- or dye. Oil or grease shout d not be used because of thei r strong sme II ~ Natural fo 1 iage he 1 ps g'rea tl y when attached to

the artificial camouflage to blend in with the background. It can be

a ttached to the uni.form by elastic bands sewn to the un i.form or' by the use of 1 arge zubber bands cut fran inner tubes. Care must be taken that the bends are not tight enough to restrict movement or the flow of blood.

Alsol as fa 1 iage gr~5 old, or. the terrain, changes I. i,t, must be changed ..

c.. Garnouflaging ¥guipl1ent

(l) One of the ob jectis of primary conce rn for camouflage is the rifle. One has to be carefut in c.atOOuflaging the rifle that the ope rat Ion

25

is not interfered with, the sight is clear, and nothing touches the barrel. Camouflage netting can be attached to the stock, scope and sling, then garnish tied in it be break up their distinctive outline.

The M-16 and M-14 can be camouf 1 aged in the same way ensuring that the rifle Ls fully operati.onal.

{2} Opt.Lea 1 Ge'ar slu,ch as a spoting scope and binocul ars are

camouf laged in, the same manner'. The stand is wrapl_)ed or draped wi th

netting and then garnish is tied into it. Make sure that the outline' is broken up and the colors blend with the terrain.. The binoculars are

wrapped to break their disti.nctive form. Since the glass reflects light, a paper hood. can be s l rpped over the objective lens on the scope or binoculars ~

( 3 ) Packs and Web Gea r ~ Web gear can be camouf 1 aqed by dying" tying garnish to it, or attaching TIe t t.ing wi til g arrri.sh ~ The pack can be camouf 1 aged by 1 aying a piece of netting over it, tied at the top and bottcm. Gan1ish is then tied Irito the net to break U.p the out.I Lnc ,

3 • GeD:Lraphic ~as

a. General. One tytJe of camouflage naturally can not be used in al L tJlF€5 of terrain and geographic ar'eas. Before operations in an area, a srrLper should stu.dy the terrain, vegetation and lay of the land to detennine tile best possib le type of persona I camoufI age.

( 1 } S~ ~ In areas wi th heavy snow or in wcxxled areas with t.rees covered with snow, a fu 11 whi te caroouf 1 age suit is WOIn... Wi th Sl1(:1ltl on the ground and the treesl are not covered, white trousers and green-brown tops are worn, A hood or ve.i 1 in S,1lON' areas is very ef fecti »e ~ Firing pos.i tions can be made alIoost toltally invisible if made with care. In snCl\tl regions, visibili ty during a bright night is as qood as in the day ~

(2 ) Desert.. I n sandy and desert areas I texture camouf 1 age is normall y not necessary J but fu 11 use of the te rrain must be made to remain unnoticed. The hands and face should be blended into a solid tone using the proper camoufl.age stick, and a hood should. be wom~

( 3 ) Jun.gl e.. In jung 1 e areas,. fo 1 iage , artif icia 1 camouf 1 age, r and camouflage st,ick are applied in a contrasting pattern w.!th the texture relati.ve to the t.er re.Ln, The vegetation, is usua.l Ly very thick so nnre de:pendence can be made on us.i.nq the natural foliage for concealment.

4 • Cffi.IlOUf lage Our ingMovement ..

a. G_amouf 1 age Consciousness ~ Tlhe srupez must be carrouf 1 age conscious fzxm the time he departs on a mission until the time he retunts. He must constantly observe the terrain and veg'etation chanqe , He should utilize shadows caused by vegetation, terrain features, and cultural features to remain undetected. He must mastie r the teclmiques of htdanq, blending,. and dece i ving .'

26

27

( 1 ) Hiding 9 Hiding is conp letel y conceal ing yourse 1 f aga inst obsezvatrton by' laying yourae If in vexv thick vegetation, unde r leaves_, or however else is necessary to keep fram being seen.

(2 ) Blending. Bl endf.nq is what. is used to the greatest extent

in camouf 1 age, since i t is not always poas.i.b 1 e to coup 1 ete 1 y cemouf lage in such a. way as, to be indis tinguishabl e from the surroW1ding a.r'ea , A sn.iper must; remember that his camouflage need be so near perfect that he shourd fa i 1 tOI be recogniz ed t.hrouqh opt Lea 1 gear as, we 11 as with the human eye + He must be able to be 1 coked at di rectl y and not be seen. This takes much prac.tice and expertence ,

(3) Deceiving~ In de·ceiving, the enemy is tricked into fa.l se cone 1 us ion reqardfnq the sniper lsI oca tion I' inten tions I or movement. By pLanting objects such as arrmo cans, food cartons, or sanething to intrique the enemy, that he may be decoyed, into the open where he can be brought under fire. Marmequins can be uaed to lure the enemy sniper into firing, the reby rev·eal. ing his pos.i tion .

5 . Tracks and Tracking.

a + Gene ral . Once a sniper has 1 earned camouf lage and conceatrnent; to perfectionr- he must go one step further , This is the aspect; of him leaving no trace of his presence ~ activities or passaqe in or through an area.

T'his is an art in itself ... and is closely r'e Lat.ed to tracking, which can

te 11 you in detai 1 abou t the enemy around you,

( 1 ) Enemy Trackers or Scouts ~ I t is said that the greatest danger to a anfpe r is not the regular enemy soldier, but in fact, Ls hidden. booby traps, and the enemy scau t who can hunt the snipe r on his 0N11 tenns ~ If

an, enemy pa tro 1 cernes across unf ami 1 iar tracks in Lt; I S area of opera tion ~ it may be possible for them to obtain local trackers.. If it is a man- s

1 i ve 1 Lhood to, 1 i v'e by hunting, he wi 11 usua 11 y be very adept at t.racki.nq , What a professional can read fran a trail is truly phenaninal. Depend.inq on the terrain_, he will be able to detenni.ne the exact age of the trail t the number of persons in the par+y t if they are carrying heavy loads I how

we 11 trained they are by haw" we J l they move I their na tiona 1 i ty's by thei r habits and boot soles_, haN fast they are movinq and approximately where they are at the JTICIrlf2nt .. , If a tracker detenuines a fresh trail to be a party of four" who, but reoon and sniper teams move in -such small groups behind enemy lines? The enemy will go to a~st any extreme to capture or kill, t.hom,

( 2) H id.i.ng Personal. Signs.. A modern profess iona 1 tracker who makes his living of trailing lost ch.i.Id.ren, hunters, or escaped convicts, was once asked I n Can a man hide his c::wn trai 1 we 11 enough that, a tracker cannot fa 11 ow him?" Th,e professiona 1 t.racker' answered, 11 NO, t.he re is no

way tal hide a trail fran a true tr·acker." The chances in canba t of being pitted against, a .. real tracker n are rare I but a 1.1 .i t, tak.es is one time.

This is to emphasi z,e the .importance of leaving no S igns at all for the enemy scout to read, This is done by paying particul.ar attention to where and how you wa Ik, be ing sure not to walk in loose dirt 01~ mud if i t can

be avoided" and not scuffing the feet., Walking on leaves, grass;" rocks r etc. can help hide tracks. Tlrai is are also made by broken vegetation

such as weeds, 1 Imbs ,I sor ape marks on bushes" and I, .imbs that have been l:::en t in a certain di.rection ~ When, moving through thick bru.sh, gently ITKJVe the brush forwards s 1 .ip through i t I then set i t back to i tIs nonna.l [.OS i t.ion . Mll.d or di rt partie 1 es, 1 eft on rocks or exposed tree rcolts. are a sign of one I s presence. Even broken spi.de r webs up t.o the level of a,

man 'I s height shc::1rt movement.. In the process of hiding hi.s trail, a sru.pe.r must r ernember to Ieave no debr.is such as, papar , C-Ration cans , spt.Ll ed food." etc .... :behind him. Empty C-Ratian cans" can either be carried out, or smashed I buried I and camoufl aged ~ Al.ong thi s same 1 me , a ho 1 e shou 1 d be dug for exrrrement., then, camoufLaqed , The smell of ur i.ne Gin gr'ass or bushes lasts for many days in a hot humid, environment, so a hole should

be dug for thi s al SOl + One 1 a 5 t object of Impor-tance I the fi rcd casings,

f ran the snil_:€ r ri fIe must always, be b.rcuq h t. back" for they are a su re

.. f .. •

s rqn 01.1.' a sn rpe r s pr'eaence ..

(3) Reading Tracks an.d Si91).s.. To be proficient at tracking takes many yenr's of exper.i.cncc , but a knowl cdqoab Ic sniper can g'ain much Lnformat.Lon

frcm signs left by the enerny. Fo r instance, he, can, tell roughly the amount; of enemy movement; through a. q i ven area J what. size uni ts they move Ln., and wha t area.s they f requen t the mos t , r: f an ar'ea is EOWl.d whe re the enemy'

s l ept., it may be possible to det.ermi.ne t.he size of the unit" hc:w well

disc i p l in.ed they' are I by the Slecur i ty that was kept $ and the ir ave ra 11 fonnation... It can be f'airly certain t11.a.t t.he enemy is well fed if pf.eces

~ of di sca.rded food or C- Ra t.Ion cans wi +h uneaten food in them are f ound ~ The oppos i.t.e will a lso be t.rue for' an enemy with little food. Irnpr i.nt.s in the d.i.rt; or gras,s can reveal the presence of crew- se.rved weapons I such as machine guns or mortars.. Also F prints of arrmo cans r supp 1 ies F radio gear may possibly l:e seen. T1he enemies habits may cane to light by' st.udydnq tracks so that he may be engaged at a spec Lf'Lc time and pl ace 6

ST ~'(7l,ny'

UI.-I·.u. ..... ~ "I

1 • Reemphas,i ze ~ Dur in.g thi 5 pte riod 0 fins truction, we have di scus sed ta.rget indicator's T Lypes of camoufl age r qeoqr aph i.ca I areas, and t.racks ,

.Irri. tiall y, we covered what a targ'e t indica t.or Ls , and that sound I movement. I and Improper camoufIaqe make up i.ndicators. Care must be taken that sh.irie, out; 1 me , and oont.raat; wi. th the background aze e I imina ted. .

We Learned the diff'erent tYI=€~S of camouflage, such aSI grease pe Lnt., and how trrt.one dC1lN11 the skin with i t $ the gh.i II ie au i. t , used as oamouf 1 a.ged clothing r and fie ld exped.i en t measures for carnou f 1 aq in.g clothing' and

equ i.pncnt., In the sect.Lon Din gecJgJraphical areas, Ylle learned the different +ypes of cemouf 1 age used in the various c 1 ima te: regions.

The fourth area. covered was concea lment during movement; and 1"1cnt.T to use, terL-ain f'eat.ures , We I ea.rned the di ff'e rence in hi.ding, blending', and

dece i,ving ~ and how- to use each, We learned of the danger of enemy scouts or' t.r ackers , and. the irrtportance of leavi.ng nOI Lndt.cat.ton of one I S: presence while on a mi ss ion. Last.Iy T we covered what a sni.per can learn fran,

enemy tra.cks if he is obse.rvan t enough tOI see them and takes "the time to learn their meaning.

28

2 . Rrnuti va te _ The job of a sniper is not for a person who jus t wants the prestige of being called a sniper. It is a very dangerous position even

if the snipt:=r is well trained, and highlY mot.Lvat.ed, Expert.i se at camouflaqe to remain unnoticed takes painstaJ<.ing care, and thoroughness which the wrong t.ype 01£ individual woul d not take time to do II If you are to be successful

a t camouflage and concea lment I' i t take s a daub 1 e port.ion in careful nes s on your. part, if you are to cane back alive.

3 . Conoea lmen t

a_ Concealed Approaches.. It is, essential that the nat.ura l appearance of the ground remains unaltered,. and that any camouflage done iSI of the highest order_ The sniper must also remember that though cover fram

v i erN is cover f ran aimed fire, all concea Imcnt. wi II be wa,sted if the s n.i r=e r is observed as he enters the hide. It follows" theref'ore, that concealed approaches to the hide are an linportant consideration, and movement around it must be kept to a m.i.nirnum, Efforts rnus t; be made to rest,rict entry to and ex i.t; fran the hide prior to darkneas , Track discipline must be rigidly enforced ...

b ~ Screens ~ AJly 1 i ght shining fran the rear of a hide through the front loophole may give the pcs i t.ton away.. It is necessary, therefore, tOI put a screen ove r the en t.r ance to the hide T and al so one over the Ioopho 1 e itself.. The two screens must never be raised at the same time. Snipers must remember to 10\V€r the entrance screen as soon as they are in the hide and to laver the Icophot e screen before leaving .i.t • These precautions

will prevent Li.qht; fran shining directly through both operririqs ..

c. Loopho l es , Loopho Ies must be camouf l aqed using foliage or other material which blends with or is natural to the' surroundings. lDgically ... anything not in keeping with the sur round.i.nqs wi 11 be a source of S,U51-

p i.ci.on to the enemy' and hence a sourc'€ of danger to the sniper ..

d .. , Urban Areas. In urban areas, a secure and quiet approach, with the

rnanUmurn number of obstacles such as crumbling wall and barking dogs is required... ~:n necessary, a diversion in the f'orm of a, vehi.cre or house search can be set up to allcrw- the sniper the use of the cover of a vehicle to approach the area unseen and ocmpy the hide.

4.. The Use Of Buildings And Hides As Fire Positions.

a.. Di,sadv"antages~ Bu.i l.d.Lnqs can often offer qood opp:trtunities as sniping pos t.s under static conditions ~ they suffer ~ hr.:1w-e\rer, the great di sadvan tage that, they rna y be the object of attention fran the enemy' 5 heavier weapons.. Isolated houses will probably be singled out even if a sniper using it has not been detected ..

b ~ Preparation ~ Houses shou 1 d be prepared for use in much the same way as other hides, simi 1 ar precautions t.ava rds concea lInen t be ing tak.en; loopholes being constructed and fire positions made~

c • Ou tward APr.>earance a Spec ial care must be taken not to al-l ter th,e outward appearance of t.he house by operu ng windows or door's that were found closed, or by drawing reck curtains.

29

d, Free Pas i tiOlns . The actua 1 fire posi t.Ions must be we 11 back in the shadc:w of the rocm against which the' srripe r might be Silhouetted, must be screened.

e~ Loopho.l es , lcopholes may be holes in windows, shutters of the roof , preferable those that have been made by shells of other projectiles ~ If such Loophot es have be be picked out of a wal.l , they must be made: to leak like war damage~

f. Obse~rvation Rest. Sane form of re.st; for the f.i rer and observer wi 11 have to be cons t.ruc+ed in order to obtain the mas t accurate resu 1 ts . Furrri t.ur'e f rxm the house, a Ld rna t tres ses , bedspreads and the 1 ike wi 11 serve the- pUrpJS€ adrnirab 1 y ; if none of thi s rna,te rial is avai 1 ab 1 e I sandbags rna y have to be used ..

5 ~ Firing F~QI L Hides.

a. Fire Di,scipline. Fire fran a hide must be discreet. and only undertaken at specific targets~ Haphazard harassing· fire will quickly 1 ead to the enemy 1 oca ting the hide and di recting f ire to it.

b . Mu.z z 1 e F lash ~ At dusk and dawn, the flash f rxm a shot can usua 11 y be clearly seen and cars must be taken not to disclose the position of the hide when firing under such circumstances.

c. Rif 1 e Srroke ~ On f ros ty morru.nqs and damp days I" there is a great dange r of smoke fran the rif 1 e 9i v ing the pos i tion awa~7. On such occas ioos I the sn.iper must keep as far back in the hide as 1_X)5S ib Ie ..

d a Dust. When the surroundings are dry and dusty, the snipe r must be careful not to cause t.oo much dust to rise. I t rna y be necessary to dampen the surroundings of the Loopho Ie and the hide when there Ls a danqe.r of rising dust.

6 . TYPes (Jf Hi@s. A hide can take m.any fonus. The type= of ope.ra tion or the bat.t.Ie si t.uat.Ion coupled with the task the snipiers are, gi.ven, p'lus the time available, the terrain and ab:Jve all" the ingenuity and inventiveness of the snipers, will decide how basic or elaborate the hide can or must be. In all situat.ions, the typt2 of hide will differ, but the net result .i.s the slame" the srdper can obse rve and fire without lJeing detected ..

a ~ Be :tl,y . Hide. This type hide is best used in mobil e s L tua tions or when the s,niIJer doesn It pLan to be in pos Lt.Ion for any ext.ended per.i.od of time. Sane of the advarrtaqes and disadvantages are:

(I) It is simple and can be quickly built.

(2 ) Gc)(xl when the sni pe r is expect.ed to be mobf 1 e, because many can be made.

Disadvantages

(I) It is uncanfortable and carmot be occupied for long pe riods

of time~

30

b . Eh 1 argecl Fire Trench Hide. Th.is type hide is nothing rrore than an en Larqed f i.qht.inq role wi,th advantages being:

( 1 ) Abl e to maintain a 1 CkI si.l houet te I

(2 ) Slimp I,e to construct T

(]) Can be occupied by roth sn.iper and obse.rver,

(4} It can be occupied for longer periods of time with scme degree of canfort.

Disadvantages

(I) It is not easily entered or ex.i ced fran.

(2} There is no overhead cove r when in £ Lr ing }?Os .it.ion .

c , Semi-Permanent Hrde , 'l'hi.s tyt?e hide resembiesl a fort.Lfi.ed bunker and ahou l d always be used if time circumstances permit. The advant.aqes are:

( 1 ) Can be occupied for Ionq per icds of time ~ (2 } Gives prot.ect.Lon f ran fire and shrapnel,

(3 ) Enab 1 es movement for fire and observa t.Ion, (4) Provides SOOLe ccmfort.

Disadfvantages

iii

( 1 ) Takes time to construct

(2 ) aru,ipnen t such as p.Lcks, shovel S , axes 1 etc. are need.ed for construction.

d, Shell Holes. Building a hide in a shell hole saves a lot of d_igging, bu t needs plenty of wcod_ and rope· to secure the sides ~ Drainage is the main disadvantage of occupy i.nq a she 11 hole as a hide.

e .. Tree Hides. In, se lecting t.reos for hides I use trees that, have a go:::xi deep .root; such as oak, chestnut, hickory.. During heavy winds,. these trees tend to remain steady better than a pine which has surfa.C€ rcots and sways qui te a hi t in a breeze. A large tree shoutd be used that is back fran the wcxxl line. This may limit your field of v i.ew, but; it will better cover you fran vielfl ~

oproRTlJNITY FOR QUESTIONS AND

S~y

1. RgE?!!1Phasize. During this pe r fod of Lnst.ruct.Ion, we covered the complete construction of hides and locating the best area of this construction.

It should be stressed that the srripe r should use his 0Nn irnaginat,ion and

ini tia ti ve whi 1 e constructing his hide ~ I n cone 1 us ion" we discussed the

various types of hides, advan,tages and d.i.sadvantiaqes and in what s i tuat ion a particular hide could be best used,

2~ Rerootivate. The type of hide you build will depend on a great many things.. T line, Terrain, Type of Operation I Enemy Situation, and Wea:r:ons ~ So always construct a qood defensive tride , It will keep you effective and keep you al ive ~

INTRODUCTION OFI NIGHT VISI'ON DIEVICES

The objective of this lesson was to enable you to engage targets during hours

of 1 imi ted vis ib iIi ty with the night v is ion device by' proper rnount Lnq I- ope ra tion, and ma.lrit.enance of' this piece of equipnent, and explain the capabilities and

1 imitations of each,

1_ In order to effectively enqaqe targets during hours of limited visibility I you must know pr-oper' procedure for mounting I opera tion, and operator main t,enance of the N:VD.

2.. The, adaptor' bracket; must be aligned with the mourrt i.nq qroove on. the left side of the receiver and tightened securely with an allen, wren.ch before the sight assemo.l y can be installed, by rot.at.Lnq the lock knobs count.e rc Iockwi se until they stop on the pins on th,e assembly. You then slide the ooresight onto the guide ra,il until it, is positioned against the pinstop. The last

st'ep" 1" n mount.L nq 1- s t· t.Lqht.en t.he loco k knob by trrrnf.nq c Iocki .. 'P· s'e

. . I . . I LtIo..,..I. I. . . I . 01 . ..., ..:'L- ....., . I. I. . .. ' . ...lL.I. I.. I. . 'LI'\..-J\...W l. ......

...

3 . The first po irrt; to reroante r al:out oper'atiLon of the NVD is the mercury

ba t tel}' is irri table to the eyes and other mucus membranes ~ Even though the image intensifier will turn off automatically to protect the observer, the image in tens i f ier shou I d nev'er be po in ted at the sun on or of f . The N\lD will always be inspected before use , The operational sequence is def i n.i ce as shculd always be followed.

4. The NVD will operate fran -65°F tor -125°F and the lenses will have to be cleaned f requerrt.Iy in sandy or dusty areas and will a l.so ope:rate in wet or htJInid areas~,

5.. Operator ma.intenance can be performed with the t.oo Ls and equipnent pro-vided \~i th the exception of a s,crewdri ver and shaul d be fa 11 awed step-bystep. Ab:Jve a,II, never use lubricating materials on the mo.

6 ~ To, canp 1 ica te training, the Uvo scopes in the syst .. em {ANI/PVS- 2 and

AN/PVS-4} have sane .impor't.ant. differences:

alii They require different ze ro procedures ,

b a They have totally different reti.cles .. ,

c .. They ha.ve dif feren,t mourrt.i.nq and disnoun ting procedures.

d. Wi.ndage and elevation adjustments on the AN/PVS-2 are ma.de in the direction of the error, whi.le adjusbnents on. the AN/PVS-4 are made in the di rect; ion of the desired, po.i.n t of impact.

7.. At 25 meters, the' pof.nt. of .impact; for the AN/PVS-2 is 1.2 an high and 3 .. 8 an right ~ The AN/PVS-,4 is 1 ~ 4 em high a

33

AN!PVS,-4

HOI:" i zoncal I ine fran I ef t poi.nt; of origin

20 f·eet at ranges ShONl1~

Range is in hundreds of meters ~

EXample:

o tl

10 I

<0 ,1:6

.1 p~ .8

J ().

A) Distance to tank is 8·00 m

B) Di.s tance to 61 man is, 600 m

C) D istanc~e to 6 1 man is, 2001 m

Reference: ~ 11--5855-21.1-101

Vert,ica 1 1 ines above or

be ION ho.r izontal 1 ine

represent. 6 feet at ranges shown .. Range i 8, in hundreds of meters ..

M14:-'M60 Aiming po.irrt.s .. Ranqe is in hund.reds of meters.

Use center' of bAo hori zonca.l 1 ines for 0-2501 mete rs ~

34

AN/PVS-,2

- .

••

150m

..

J 250m I 300m 1400m 1450m

IsoOm

Through expcr ience and te Sit firing (zeroing) I it has been

detennined tihat; the pl acement; of the reti,cle index marks produce

the above not.ed r'anqe ze roin.g reference po.i.n ts •

Using the,sle aiming- po.i.nt.s in the cen.ter of maas of a target

wi II enab 1 e the slni)?er to obtain a first round hi t ~

-!"

Ref e renee:. TC 2:3 -14

35

SCOUT/SNIPER SCHOOL

DATE

LJTTON MODELl M-845 NIGHT VISION WEAPONS SIGHT

1 • LESSON PlJRP()SE. In order the SEAL sni per to engage targets during hours of 1 imited visibility, he must use a night vision device ~ This per i.od of Lnst.ruct.Lon will provide you with the knowl edqe necessary to mount, put into o~ration, zerol and maintain the :M-845 night vision device.

2 ~ OBJECTDJES :

a ~ Lesson Obj ecti ve : To enabl e the student to IrOlIDt, put into operation, and zero the M-845 night vision device as stated in class ...

h. Training Objectives~

1. Mount the M~'84 5, •

2. Place the NVD into opor'at.Ion ..

3 41 Zero the M-8 4 5 NVD.

GENERAL•

...

The Litton Mcxle 1 M-845 is a compact., 1 igh twe ight, battery powe.red night v isi.on wea:pons sight for sma 11 arms use in low 1 ight condl tions ~

The weapons sight is effective at both short and intermediate ranges in a variety of environments and conditions ~ Employing a state-of'-the-art 18.(\M 2nd. qenerat.Ion mi.orochanne.l plate image Lrrbens if i.cr tube (light amplifier) J the M-845 affords smell anns users a canpletely "paas ive " night sighting and aUming capability.

The Litton M-845 is spcci.f icaj Iy designed for use wit.h small bore weafX}nsl, {7. 62~ and 5 a 561~ calibers}. The litton night vf.s ion weapons sight is the sma llest and 1 ightest device of i tSI tYI_:e current 1 y used by Specia 1 Warf a re .

The r if 1 e sight is furnished wi th a wate_rprcof I f 1 i p-up lend cover that incorpora tes a day 1 i ght f i 1 ter . This f ea ture pcmu.t.s zeroing of the weapon during the hours of daylight.

1,.

ltr.'1f"'IIn ~K J!\. T fVVLA. . n ;L,IMENT'· ...

1. "(\.J _['U'" .1l"1...LJ \.....1I..A.1l .l.Il, .. •

Model M-845 night vision weap:J1ns sight.

h.

Lens cap/day l Lqht; filter IE

37

c ..

elll

f.

g ..

h.

2~

a ...

hili

c ..

a.

3 ..

Leins cleaning tissue ..

Instruction and Inaintenance manua 1 III

2 tj7lJe E-132 mercury ba,t ter ies .

ThelJll()-'fonned ASS plastic transit and s+oraqe case.

:.Mounting kit wi th all too 1 s and hardware for moun ling the M-845 ..

rY"'\ .... 'J'1""iOO"LS, ~ 1\l1'I 7\, n IT ~S':TMENTSi ,I, I ,"

\-v 1."'t 1..£'\. , _l-U "tI LJ .t1J..A...J UI" ,,' " •

ON/OFF rotary switch~

Diopter focus ring.

Elevation adjusbnent knob ...

Windage ad justrnent knob.

SYSTfl.i ..

..

3 • ET .FX:TRlCAL ~

a.1 R3.ttery life III ••• ~ • ~ .. ~ ~ Ppprox . 40 hours (70 degrees).

b. LcJw battery indicator ~ ...... ~ ... 1 ... ' • Red L ~ E .. 0 ~

Ba t tery type (one each) ...... I. 6 •• ' .. Mercury _, Lithirnn -

2 .. 8 VDC TYPe 132~

3~O vue TYPe 440S-BT.

alii

h.

e ...

Lenqt.h, ~ III III III; • .. • • .. ~ ~ III -Ii • .. • • .. .. ~ III ~ • ... 9 .. 7

II

1ll ...

Hei ght ~ ~ ........ III .. !III .. ~ ........... ' • • .. .. ~ II ..... III ~ 3 .. 2

IIrJ

an ,

Wid-th ~ ~ III .. III III .. ~ .. ~ 2 . 6

III

1n ..

d.. Weight, w/battery ....... II ...... III ...... 1 • 2 .2 Jbs ,

NOTE:

a. T1he 1 i tton M-8 45, at, 1 anger ranges ( 200 yards and beyondl the red. dot will obscure a man size target III

38

P REL,I MIN'AR Y DATA S BEET

4X Night Binocular, Model M975 t M97'6

System Performance

Focus Range:

Llimi t ing Resolut ion:

4 .. 2 x

B .. 5 degrees

30 m to Lnf Ln Lt v

~

Magnification~ Field of View:

3.0 Ip/mR

*Detect~on Range (m)

:.

Full Moon

Starlight/Overcast

Gen II Gen III Gen II Gen III
Ma,n 1140 IS·010 380 6qQ
Tank 2,850 4000 950 1600 Objective Lens

Focal Length:

T-Number' ~

1.16

rom

2 .. 0

Image Intensifier M975

M976

Type: Gen I I pilus . ...,. non+Lnve rt f.rig

Gain: 18,000 - 25~OOO

Reso lut ion (min):. 28 Lp /nml

Gen III, non-inverting

20,000 - 35,0'00 28 Ip/mm

* Detection ranges are calculated from laboratory tests under controlled light levels. Actual field performance may v ar y depending on atmos-

h· d·tll

p er1C con'1 1ons~

39

b , The M-845 does not have the light gathering capabilities of the PVS-4 nigh t v is ion dev Lee ~

c , The M-845 also does not have a range finding capability as canpared to the PVS-4 night vision device.

5 .. MJUNrING PROCEDURES.

a ... Attach the adapter to the base of the M-84 5 us ing t.he i 10-24 x ~ 312 L ~ socket head cap screws~

The use of a thread locking compound such as 222 locktight is recoomended.

b ... Place the adapter on the night sight into the gn::ove in the carrying handle.

c , A.lign the tapped hole in the adapter with the, hole in the handle; then insert and tighten the level screw assaubly ...

6 .. ZEROI~ PRCCEDURES •

..I

a.. Place a target at 25 meters ~

b. Supper+ the weaJ?C.ln in a stable firing pos i.t.Lon ..

c .. fum. the acope on.

d.. Fire a f'ew rounds to soat, the night sight on the weapon, retightening if necessary ..

e .. Place the red dot. over the center mass of the t.arqet; and f i r'e a three round group.

f. Adjust the elevation and windage gears as r~ired.... Each click on the el eva tion or windage will rrove the impact of the round 0 ~ 55 in at 25 meter's ~

g. Rep2at steps e and f unt.i I the cen+e r of the impact group is at the center of the target, or unt.i. 1 the weapon is shoot.i.nq po.i.n t of aim po.i.n t of impact.

h, Place· a target at 1010 meters and zepea t steps e and f (at 100 meters when the weapon is ze roed at 25 meters I' t.he podrrt. of aim point of impact wi 11 be?

5 on high).

IDTE:

Each click of the elevation and win.dage will move the bullet impact a greater dis tance at longer ranges ~ (I . 2 in.ches / click pe.r 100 meters) .

40

Eyepiec,e Lens

Exit Pupil~

Eye Relief Dis Lance:

Ent er pupLl.Lar y Dd s t ance :

Diopter Range:

8 mlD

.
27 mm
55 to 7 1 mm
-6 to +2 Mechanical

Weight:

Length x Max W'id,th:

i , 1 Kg with AA 'ba t t e r Les 240 mm x 130 mm

..

P ower So ur c e.

Operational Life @ 20°C

2 x A.A. ( 1. s VDC) 610 Hours
or 1 x B1A-1567/u 30 Hours
or 1 x BA-5567/u 301 Hours Other Features

* Daylight Trainin.g Filter incorpolr·ated in. obj ective Lens cap * F1ully interchangeable with M972. M973 Night Vis ion Goggle

* Immersion tested 1 m water for ~ hour

* NBC mask compatible

41

BELON: .L I'TTON M 845 .MK I I E lLECT.RON DEV r CE RIGHT: LITTON M,B 4 5 MK II AND ACCES SORlES BOT'To'M': LITTON M975 ELECTRON DEVICE

42

..... m."!: rnT'_ IC'P'li'V""I\I\ T ~."" rlT\'1l'i"! 'I"Tl1l";1' 1.~V.":~ O·~· ~ .t1-l.II '~'''_~'.HJ."'I...J[!..J

SCOUT SNIPER SCHOOL

DATE

------~~------------

SNIPEB. ~IPMENT

Rl" fIe n~!U!ATIt,~'t.'I' \.;fr'InEL 70"0

_ , .I."i.L£~ .u; • .bll..J.'(\:2' .L UJ. ~ J.'!'.l'o.JU . ..

Too sniper rif 1e used by Naval Spec.tal Warfare is a 00 1 t act.Ion, 7' ~ 62m:n ri fle w Lt.h a stainless stee.1 barre 1 for improved aocuracy. It we ighs anywhere frem 9~. 100 to 12 lbs depending on the type stock used ~ The stocks v:ary in weight from 1 lb. 1'0 024. to 3 tbs plus,. and ,are consbructed fram fibergla.s9'~ The rifle isfitte:d with a ~ted ·telescope base, '1:0 which the sniper scope can be r.eadily attached without special tools~

a ~ Safety 1 ever ~ lsI oc a ted at the rear of Ehe: rece i ver behind the bol t handle.

b ~ When pulled to ths rear, the weapon is on safe ~

c , Bolt 5'Wp. The bolt s'top release is Iocat.ed inside the trigger guard

just forward of 'l:h,e tri:ggier:,. When depressed, it allows the 001 t to be removed frem the r if I e· .•

d~ Floor plate Lat.ch, Is forward of th.€! trigger guard and is opened by pressing t.he serrat,ed deibent on the forward edge of the trigger guard",.

e , Tabulated data.

ca, l' tber. ~ ii, .. ~ ;;; ~ ii .. .. • .. • ~ ~ ... ~ •• • ~ .. 7 .. 62ft1n m.ro

I.eng-th.. ~ . . . ~ ., ~ ,. !! .~ 0; ~ .. .. ~ '" .,. .. ~ ;0 .. , 4· 4 inches

Weight,. ~ " ,. ~ ~ .. ~ .. " .. ,,. .. '" ;0 ~ ii ~ •• , ... , 9 ~ Iba EO 12 100

Barrel length .. ;; ~!! ~ ~ ~ ~ '. "ill " ..... 24 inches

Lands and groves ~ " ... ;; .. ;0 ii " ... , •• 1 t.urn Ln 12 inches,

Trig-ge_I" weight ~ ... ii, •• , • ~ !! ~ ~ '" ~ .. 3 to 5 Ibs ~

Torque," .. , '", '" '. ~ ~ ,. .. ' " ,. .. ~ ....... ii ...... 65 inch/pounds

Mag'a.z,ine capaca ty" ... ;; .. ~ ... ,~ .. 5. rounds

Max effective range .. ;;;; ... , .. ,.,;; 1000 yards

2. ~ TELESCOPIC SIGHT.

ii3' ~.

GEN:ERAL" A te l.escopi.c sight. is an .tnst.riment; which faci Ii tates accurabe aiming by use of precision gound lenses and crcsahai.ra in a metal body,

1. The optical .~ry:stem,.. Is CQ(li'pOsed of a series of glass lenses which t.ransruit and magnify the i.ma!ge of !:;he target t.o the sniper.

:'2. MAGNTFlCA'rION (Resolving' pcMfer;,) 'The· aveI'ag·® unaided eye can distinguish l-inch detail a.t 100 yards. Ma,gnification, cc..mbined with gocd optics design" parmi, ts reso 1 u ti.cn of t:hi 5 1- inch di v'ided by the mag-nif iea tion .. Thus r 1/10 inch detail can be seen at 100 yards wi th a lOx scope .i.

3.. LENS OOATING~ The Leupol e & Stevens. Ultra M-l lens surfaces are coated with a high ef'ficiency, lOW" r'efleci:ion film. This roating increases the light gathering capabi.li,ty to appil""QximaJ'te 91% of the available light.. With uncoated lenses, a 45% of the avai.lable light is lost in the scope ..

4. 'FIELD OF VIEW" Fie1d of view is the diameter of the picture seen through a scope ,r and it is usua 11 Y in. uJ"'E:El" AT HUNDREDS OF YARDS. n

a. ULTRA lOx-Ml field of vie\;V' @ 100 meters = 3.50 meters '.'

5 ;; TAB.LTlATED DATA

.WEIGHT. . . .. . ~ .. ~ ~ .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . 1 , 4, 100

LE:N::;,TH ~. ~ .. ;; .... '". • • • • .. ...... '.' .. 13 1/8 Inches

,MAGNIF I CA:T ION " .. • ... ' '" .i ;; rii ••• lOx

EYE RELIEF' ~ .~ " .. ~ " ~ .... ;; i •••••• 3 inches fixed

ADJUS~~S (E).rii"rii.~"~~~ or - 45 {W} " .. " to ~ '" ~ • • •• + or - 22 .. 5

ELEVATION AND WINDAGE 1/4 minute.. 90 :minutes of eleva.tion and windage

MAIN E:LEVATION ~ .. ~ OJ ~ .. 1/4. minute resolution type adjustment

WINDAGE" '" E ;0 ~ 1/4 minube reset ut.Ion type. adjustment

RETICLE" " " " ~ " , .. " ,., ;; " .. Mi 1 dot dupl e·x for ru1.ge estimation and ca 1 cu ra tk"d,

1 eads on 11IOving targEd::.s.;; (3/4 or 1/4 mt I dot .. )

6. F'O::US CHECK... The· reescopo shoul a be focused t-o the . ndi vidual. I j s eye ..

To check the focus, point !:he scope at a distance scene or the sky and drape a white hanks r(::hief over the objective end i1 Look. at a distance scene wi th unaided eye fo· several seconds and quickly .glance into the eyepiece of th.@, scope ~ If proper 1 y focused, the r@t1cu,le shoo 1.0. appear ins tan tl 'i , distinct and sharp. If not the case; the eyepiece requires focusfnq ,

7 i. FCCUS OF THE E'iEPIECE~ To focus the eyepiece, adju.st the, si,de f'ocus knob uflltil the correct focus is achieved.

44

8 . PARALIAX. Para Ll ax is defined as the apparent movement of an obj ect as seen fran bt10 diffe'rent po.int.s not on line with the object. Observe a tarqet at a range of 3100 yards. While lcoking through the scope, IOOve the head vert.i.ca tIv and hor.izont.at Lv in small Lncrernent.s , The retic'le shou Id not appear to ohanqe pos i tion on t.he target... If it does, para 11 ax is prosent; and the objective lens mus t, be focused.

91.. PARALI..AJ{~ To focus the objective lens, adjust the side focus knob until

the scope is free of para 1 lax .. ,

10 ~ EYE REI,IEF ~ When issued the +e teacopc should be set all the way forward in the scope mounting rings_ This setting will provide the needed 2 to 3 inch eye re 1 ief for almost all shoot.e ra ~ It is p::JS sib 1 e , h.aiiev'er, to IllOV€ the sight slightly to achieve pzope.r eve relief by unl ocki.nq the keeper ring to the rear of' the scope and adjusting the rear of the S,CO]?e to the desired. eye relief ~

II ~ THE RETICT.E. The duplex reticle in the telescope provides, the sniper with a r'ange-finding capabd l ity . To detennine range, the fo.l Iowf.nq fonnula is used:

Ht?ighth of target (in IllE?ters or yards) x 10001

He igth of tar'get (in mi is) == Range

...

The dots. on the fine eros shairs are 1 mil apart wi th a total of 5 dots frau the center to the thick post; in each d.i.rect.aon,

12 • ElEVATION AND WINDA.GE. The lOx Ml mode 1 has approximate 1 y 9 0 minutes of elevation adjusbnents, and 15 minutes of windage, it features friction type adjustnlents ~ For exarrpj.e , almost twice as much needed for the 7 ~ 62 nn~~ 173 gr. na tiona 1 match car t.r idge to reach 1000 yards , The ad j ustment.s harve 1/4

mtnut.es clicks with bot.h audible and tactical fee<llJack ..

45

M:Jd.e 1 1.OX-M3A. SCOI_:)e

~~ • ~ M~IN NOMI NA l

"

, 5 I~ ~ IJ... ~----~--"I

"

I

] 4 MIN_ D~A

I

3/ 4· Min II M.il Cot R.eticle Fig'4 #3

The Mil Colt Re'ticle is a duptex stY'Ie reticle having t.h.i.ck out.e r sections and thi.n center secti,ons. Supe rimpoaed on the thin cente·r section of the reticles. is a s,e'ries of dbts, (4 each side of the center and 4 above and be 1 ow the cen.te r ) that a.re spaced 1 mi.ll i r'ad.i.an apart I and 1 mi II i radian £ rem both the center and the start of the thick aect Ion of the r'et.i.c Ie , Tlhis apaci.nq a l Iows the use'r to make very accur'at.e estimates of ta.rget range, as.suming ther'e Ls

an obj ect of known 5 Lze (es t.ima t,e) in the fi.e 1 d of view II For examp le I a human target cou td be assumed to be al:out 6 II tall, which equals 14 83 mct er's , or at 5010 met.ers, 3~, 65 dots high (naninally f about 31. 5 dot.s high).. Another exampl e

wou Id be a 1 meter' ta,r'get at, 1000 ffie·ters range wou ld be the height tJetw'een two dots or th.e width 1::etween Glo dots... Basically', g'iven a qood es t.imat ion of the objects size,. it is poss i.b te to fairly accu.rat.e Iy dete.rmine the target range us i.ng the mil dot sys tern.

46

NA.VAL SPECIAL WARFARE

SCOUT SNIPER SClKX)L

DATE

OBSERVATION AIDS

The sni.per ' s success is detecting targets, or the signs of enemy presence,

.. d pend' t hi f btl' To · h .. ahi.I 10· ...... _

1 S : eper '. en on m.s power's or onserva aon, .r: ancr'ease 1S ... 1" .111 ty LO

observ-e we II , he is aided by the use of the te Lesoope , binocul ar's I. and starlight sco~ ..

1. OBSERVATION SCOPE~ The observation telescope is a prLsmat.Lc optical instrument of 20-fUNer magnification. The Lenses are coated with. magnesimn. flouride for high light gathering capability. The soope should be carried by the sniper team when it is justified by their mission. The h i.qh

magnifica t.Ion of the tel escape makes observation and target detect.ion poss.ib Ie when conditions \\TOul d otherwise prevent Lt., Carnouf Laqed targets and those

in deep shadows can be located, t.roop rrovements can be distinguished at great distances, and selected targets can be identified.

2, ~ OPIERATION.a An eyepiece cap cover cap and ob j ecti ve 1 ens cover are used to protect the optics when the telescope is not in use. Care must 00 taken to prevent eros s-threadi.ng of the fine threads ~

3 ~ FOCl_JS ~ The eyepiece focusing sleeve is turned c lockw Lse or count.e rclockwise until the. image can be clearly seen by the ope'rat.or , On other moclels the focus is ad jus tOO by the focus knob at the botrtrm of the tel esco:Pe ~

4·. TRIP()[)~ The height ad just.Lnq collar is a, desired height for the telescope~ The cotIar is held in pos.i t.ion by tighting the c Iampi.nq screvN.

The shaft rota t,ion locking thumb screw clamps the tri,p:Xl shaft at any desired az imrch ,

The e levating thumbJscr~ is used to ad jus t the of the triI_JCXl, to increase # or decrease the angle of elevation of the telescope~

ThE:: t.r Ipod legs can be held in an adjusted. position by tightening the scra-l nut at the upper end of each leg.

4~ SE1:-rI~ UP THE SCUPE AND TR.lPOD. Spread the legs and place ~ t.r ipod on a level pos i t.Lon Din the, ground.

Attach the SCO~ to the t.r ipod by screwing the attachment scr€\\f on the t r.Lpod, clockwise unti 1 tight ~ Tb take the scope off the tripod., unscrew the attachment screw oounterclockwise.

47

I., BI.·· Each sniper team. will be equ.ipped with binoculars to aid

in observ tnq t.he enemy and in soarch.inq for and se 1 ecting targets.. Tlhe focusing adjustment.s are on each eyepiece. Tlhe left monocle has a mil scale etched into it.

2 ~ Jw.lliTHODS OF HOLDING THE B . • The binocu lars should be he 1 d 1 ight 1 Y

resting on and suppor+ed by the bee ls of the hands. The thumbs block aut light that would enter be~en the eye and the eyepiece~ The eyepieces are

held lightly to the eye to avoid transmitting body movement. Whenever poss Lb.te , a stationary rest shou 1 d sUPl:~:)rt the e Ibows .

An alteTI1ate methcxl for holding the bf.nocu l ar's is to move the hands forward ... cupping them around the sides of the objective lenses a Th.is, keeps light f.ron reflecting off the Lerisea , which "WOuld reveal t.he srriper ' s pos.i.t.ion ,

3 III ADJUS~SI • The interpupill ary distance is the distance between the

eyes.. The monccles are hinged to:Jether so that they can be adjusted to meet this distance. The hinge is adj usted un ti 1 the fie 1 d of vision ceases to be two overlapping circles and appears as single,. eharp.ly d.efined circle... The setting of the hinge scale should be recorded f'or future use.

Each individual and each eye of that indi v idua 1 requires, dif fe rent focus settings. Adjust the focus for each eye in the follo.ving manner:

a. With bot.h eyes open, Iook through the glasses at a distance object ..

b. Place one hand over the objective lens of the right monocle and t.urn the focusing ring of the left monoc Ie until the object is sharply def Ined ,

c , Uncover the, right monee le and cover the left one.

d. Rotate the focusing ring of the right. monoc Ic until the object is sharply defined~

e. Uncover the left monoc le , The object ahou Id t,hen be clear to both eyes.

f. Read the diopter scale on each focus.i.nq ring and record for future reference~

(1) RErICI,E. The mil scale that is etched into the left lens of the binoculars is called the reticle pattern and is used in adjusting artillery fi.re and det.ermt.ni.nq zanqe tal a target.

(2} Determining r'anqe w'ith the binos is done similar to the t.e Ieacope sight retic'le.. The height of the target is measured in mils. This is then divided into the height of the target in yards (or meters}, times 1000, to give the range to the target in yards (or meters).. care shaul d be taken to measure the target, to the neares t 1/4 yard.

48

1 a ADDI.TIONAL USES FOR BII ". . ;. .... . ... In addition to obsezv ing and adjusting

f ire and .ranqe eat.ima tion I binocul ars may be used, to:

a~ Identify troops, equipment, vehicles, etc.

C 6 Make visual reconnai ssance

d. Locate targets

e -. Study terrain

f . Se lect routes and pos i tions

g. ~rove night vision

h. Improve v Ls.ion in peruods of reduced vision ..

2... EYE' FAT'IGUE~ Pro.lonqed use of the binoculars or telescope will cause eye fatigue, reduc ing the ef f ecti veness of observa tion. PerioCls of observation wi.th optical devices should be limited to 30 minu.tes by a minimum of 15 minutes of rest.

49

AVVTTII I T I ON

-=~I .. -t.l_.:1 ::: ..

1Iatch qua l Lt.y ammuntfan will nnr ne Ly be issued. because of' its gr'eater accuracy and r-eduoe d sensi ty' to the wi.nd. However. i.f match. ammunt ien 1s not a. va i I ab l e. or the sidua.tion d1 ctates grade of a.mmu ni t i Din may ha ve to be uaed, In ammuni t,ion othelr t:han match tl a.ccuracy and poi n t of ai m point of impact may vary noticea b l y.. Amolng di ff'ere nt

1 nt s . .' ,'. " .' . t a I '. '. '. t· ,'. Lo't r- ". . .' b . i d· .' It I .. f' l' ,.' d· I t h . . I h' , ,'. d· I 1 t . 'h' . II d 1-..,'. , ".' d

,0 ~ t- an, espec ,a.. accura ,e 0 can ·e,en 1, Ie roug. I USle t- a.n I . S I IOU. I, I ue use.

as long as it is ava11able~

I. DATA KATCR ArnfNITION' Ml!8~

173'" .. b tt .' 1 b 11 t

'I '_'.' .... -,: .. ' .. ·.·T· I .', ' .

. gra~noa,a~.u e,

Accu racy Spac tf ica t i D'n .. ~ .... -e .1 ... ~ ... ~ 345 fee t mea n r'ad i us at 600 yar'ds ~ {I, mi nute of

" ..

an·g· ~ e' J

. .': -.. r' ~

Cali ber ~ ... 4 .. 4 .1 ~ ...... ~ ~I ~ .. tl • ~ ... ~ • ~I ... 1 ~I M.a t.ch is stamped on the head, a long wi. th t he year

of production and the i.nti tial.s of t he a.r ae aa l which produced it{e.g~ L~C. ID~Lake city}~

DATA' DALL A' l.Cll"1U·l.T !' T' I' O' 'J "e'" 0"

I: _1 ." "_., D ,: I.:. '_ .. .r-~~ 1. j J.J . . 'j _ .(11. I : .. ~ iii

147 gra,in bullet

Veloei ty~ 4 • '14 II .. 4 ~ .. II t, .. ~ .. ~I ...... ~ ... 4 ~ t, .2,.750 feet p1e'r second.

Identi fi e r s ~ II ~ II • 'I ... 1 ~ ~ .' ~ .... II 'I ~ • ~ .... 1 .. The year of product i Dn and the, a rsse na l ' s i ni till Is

are stamped on t.he head ..

IOTE: M8DEl is the most ac-cura te of the ball ammu ni t,ion-t,

Because' MA.TCB ammuni.tion 1s heaver and slolwer than t.he Dither types, it is s,afe, to assume that all other types of amrnu n1 tl on wi II s,tri ke highe'T on the targ·et.

5,1

L~a\KE CITY' M118 JtJ1TCH: GR .. 4DE AIOruNITION WILL BE ISSUED TO THE SNIPER AND SHOULD BE FIRED AT ALL TIMES,- WHEN AVAILIBLE~

52,

TEOINIOOES OF OBSERVATION

1... G·a,in A1;tentioln... The S~cial, ~~arfare sn.iper ' s mi.ssi.on requires him to SUPIXJ rt ccmba t operations by de 1. i ver ing pr'ec.i s ion fire f rxm concea l ed

pos i.t.i.ons tOI select.ed targets;.. T'he tenu "ae l eotied ta.rgetslll correctly im-

plies] that the sndpe.r is more concerned with the significance of hi.s target,s than with t.he numbe r of' them. En h.i.s process of obse.rvat.i.on , he wi,II not shcot the first one available, but; w'ill index the loca.tion and identification. of all the targets he can observe ..

2 .. The sniper is expect-ed to pe rfo rm seve r a 1 mi S 5 ions other than sni pinq + One of the more irnpJrtant is obscrvat Ion of' the en.emy and his activ·ities.

3 . PulJXl:se

a , PuI}XJse~ The puq:ose of' this] pcr Iod of instruction is to p.rovrde student with th.e knowl edge , procedures and t.echn.i.ques applicable to bot.h day and night t~e observation~

b ..

1\JIi......, .1

.1.'" ..I.Cl 1. n

Ideas ..

Tihe main .i.deas which wi 11, be discus Sled are +he fol r owi.nq :

( l} Obsenra tion Capab.i 1. i ties and Limi, tations (2) Obis e rva tion Procedu.res

4·.. Trai,niDg. Ob,jectives. At the conclu.sion of this per iod of instruction., the s t.udent; I wi.thout the aid of references, w i.II be ab 1 e to:

a .. Oeser .i.be the 1 imi ta t Ions 0 f observation and the s.teps to be taken. to overxxme those 1 imi ta tions ..

b. Desscr Lbe the uae of the telescope,. lOX Ul.tra, and the s.tarlight scope as, an, obse rva t.Ion a.id ,

c , Describe the procedures used to olbse:rv€ aJ1d maintain. observation o,f a spec.i.f.i.c area. or' target ..

TRANSITION. Observation is the keynote to a sni~r I S success . He must be fut ly aware of the human capab.i Li.t.Les and limitations for productive obse r= va tion in waning 1 i gh t and in darkness and of hi 5; aids I which can enh.ance

h i.s visual powe r s unde r those condi.tions R01

5,3

BOO"Y"

.

. I

.

1.. CapabJli ties and Lmitatians.

a ~ Night Visi,Qln. Ni,ght runs the gamut frail abso.tut.e , dar'kneas to,

br i.qht; moon Li.qht., No matter hCJW bright the night may appear to be, however', it will never permi t; the human eye to function. wi.th daylight pr'ec.i.s i.on ,

For max.imum effectiveness, the sniper must appl,y the proven principles

of night v i s i.on,

( 1 ) Darkness A~a.pta t.i.on, I t takes the e~ye about 310 minutes to regu 1 a te~ i tse 1. f to a marked lower .i.nq of' i I. lumina tion. Dur.i.nq that time, the pupils are expand.i.nq and the eyes are not .re Li.ab Ie , In Lnstances when, the sn.iper is to depart on a mi s:s ion. during darknes s , i t is r'eccnmended that he wear red qLas ses while in Li.qht; areas pri.o·r to his, departure~.

(2) Off ..... Center vs .. Direct Visi,QID. {TA, #1) Of f+cerrt.e r v i sLon is

the technique of focusing attent.ion on an object; without looking directly at; i t., An object under direct g'aze in dim 1 i ght wi 11 b l ur and appear to c:hange shape , fade I and reappear' in s ti.ll another fonn. I £ the eyes are focused at different po.i.nts around the ob ject; and about 6 to lO degrees away frcrn .i t , side v.i si.on will provide a true p.i.ctruro of' the ob ject..

(3 ) Scanning .' Scanning is the act 0 f mov ing the~ eyes in short, abrupt. I Lr requ 1 ar changes of f'ClCUS around the ob j ect of in teres t.. The: eye must; st.op mcment.ar.i Iy at each po.int., of' course I' since it cannot see while

.,

movl_ng •.

(4) Factor's Mfecting N'ight Vi.sian

(a) Lack of vitamdn A ~pairs night vision. HOwever, overdoses of v'itamin A will not improve ni,ght vt.s.ion.

(b) col ds I headache I fa t.Lque I narcotics, heavy smokin,g, and a 1 coho.l execs s all. reduce night vision.

(c) E:qxJsure tol a bright ligh.t impairs night vision and n.ecessi,-

tal .. ·te··.··s.·.· a.··1 readap·ta·tl1on· to dar'kn' '5S

..... ·1" I •.•.......• ': .. I .. ' .'.1 ., l T tr e ......•

{d) Darkness bf.ot;s out det.ai t . The sniper must learn, to recoqn.i ze obj eets and per-sons fran ou tl Lne arone ,

b, TrNil,iqht~ Dur'ing dawn and dusk r the cons't.ant Iy changing natural light,

1 eve 1 causes an ~1, 1 Y cons tan t. proces 5 of eye ad j ustmen t.. Dtlr Lnq the se~ per Iods, the sniper mus t be oapec Lal I y alert t.o the Lreachery of ha 1 flight and shadow, Twilight induces a false sense of secur.ity,. and the s,ni_pelr

mus t be doubt y' c ·ar· . ef'u1l for hi" s ..,....- .. .,..-, saf 'e' tl y F' or .._ he same rea son' th·· ie onen y'

'.. ' :. .... ..' .• ' •• I . .' .' I -......J! ....... J..k.. I: .' W.L. ILJ..l~~ .L'~~: , '.' . I ,~( •. ,

is prone to carel essness and wi 11 f I€<lUen tl Y expose himse If to the wa t.chfu I sn.tpe r , The cr'oasha i.r s of the telescopic sight are visible fran about oneha 1 f hour prior to sunrise unti 1 aOOut one-hal f hour' after sunset.

c • III tmrinati.oln Aids _ On occas Lon, the sn.lpe.r may have the as s Ls+ance Qlf arti f ic ial L 11 tmi.nat.Ion for observ a tion and f i r.inq ~

54

EXAMPT.ES:

'I} Cartrid.ge', I llumi~ting, M30.lp..2 ~ Fixed fran an Blnm rrortar,

this shell p~uces 501000 candlepower of light which is sufficient for use of the binoculars,. the spotting scope, or the rifle telesCQlpic s i.qht ,

(2) Search,lights~ In an area Ll Iununated by searchligh.t, the srii.pe r can use any' of the above equipment with excellent advantage~

( 3 ) Other. Enemy campfires or 1 ighted. areas and, bui ld.ings are other aids to the observing' srd.per .

d~ Observation Aids.

( 1 ) Binocu 1 ars • (TA #: 2 ) Of the night observa tion aids I bino-

culars are the simplest and fastes.t to use. They are easily manipulated and the sco-pe of coverage is limited on 1 y by the sniper I 5 scanning abi 1 i ty ~

Each snipe:- team wi ~ I be equipped wi ~ binoculars to. aid. in observingA the enemy and 1n searching for and se Iect i.nq targets. The bd nocu l ar , M17 1,

7 x 50, has, seven power magnification and a 50nm objective lens. Foca l

ad juatment.s are on the eyepiece with separate adjustments for each eye.

The left monocle has a horizontal and vertical, scale pattern, gradua.ted in mils +ha+ is visible when the binocular's are in use ...

III

(a) Methcd . of Hold;ing It Blinocul.ars should be he ld lightly" monoc les resting on and supported by the hee Is of the hands ~ The thumbs block out light that wou.ld enter between the eye and the eyepiece. The eyepieces are held lightly to the eye to avoid transmission of body movement., Whenever poss.ib te , a statio,nary rest shourd support; the e l bows ,

(b) Ad jusbnents

{l} Int.e!Eup1illary Adjusbnent. The interpupillaty distance (distance between the eyes) var ies wi th individual s . The Ovo monee les that

make up a pair of field glasses are hinged t.cqe~ther so that the receptive lenses can be centered over the· pupi.l s of the eyes , ~st b.inocuj.ar s have a scale on the hinge, allow:ing the sniper to pr'eset the glasses for interpup i 11 ary dt.st.ance , To detennine this setting I the hrnqe is adj us ted. unti 1 the field of vision ceases to be two overlapping circles and appears as a single aharp ly def ined circle ~

(2) Focal Adjus-gnent.. Each individual and each eye of that individu.al requ.i.res different focus settings. Adjust the focus for each eye in the fo 11 ow Lnq manner:

(a) With both eyes open, Iook through the glasses at

a dis tan t obj ect .

(b) PI ace one hand over the obj ecti ve 1 ens of the r i ght monoc I e and turn the focus ing ring to the 1 eft monoc le un til the object, is sha~ly defined.

55

(c) Uncover the right monoc l.e and cover the left one ,

(d) Rotate the focusing ring of the right monocle until the object is sh.arply defined.

(e} Uncover the left monocle; the object should then be clear to roth eyes ~

(f} Read the diopter sea 1 e on each fOOJ.s ing ring and record for future reference.

{c) Reticle. The ~l scale that is etched into the left

Lens of the binoculars is the reticle pa t.t.e rn and is used in adjusting artille~ fire and measuring vertical distance in mils. The horizontal scale .is divided into 1 O-mi 1 .i ncr'emerrt.s , The z era 1 ine is the s hart ve rtica 1 1 ine that projects be low th,e horizontal scare Cetween two number's n IIJI] .. To measure the angle between two objects, (such as a ta.rget and an artillary burst) ~ center the target above the zero 1 ine .. Then re ad the nurnbe r which appear's

on the seale under the arti 11 e ry bu rst * There are -0.1'0 set.s of mi 1 sea 1 es J' one above the zero on the horizontal scale, the oth.er above the left horizontal 5 O--mi 1 1 ine on the hor i zan ta 1 s.cal e . The vert ica 1 sea 1 es are di v Lded into increments of 5 mils each.. The vertical angle benree...ll. the house and po.i.nt; A at the base of the tree is 10, nu.Ls . The third vertical scale is the range sea le . I t is used to es tima te ranges fran a known range but is not used by the sniper since he est~tes his ranges by eye_

(2) Rifle Telescop1icSight_:t. lOX Ultra~ When equipped with the telescopic sight, the sn.i.par can obsenr€ up to 800 meters with varying effectiveness in artificial illumination6 In full moonlight~ it is effective up to 6,00 meter's ~ For rest resu 1 ts , a support.ed PJs L tion. shou I d be used ~

(a) 10 Power _ At 10 powe r , the field of view is more reduced and scanning c 1 ari ty is impaired.. Hi gh pt::)\Ner can be used to distinguish specific objects, but acanni.nq wi.Ll lend a flat" unfocused appearance to terrain.

(3) Starlight Sco~.~ Although the function of the starlight, scope is to provide an efficient view'ing' capabi 1 i ty during the conduct; of night canbat operations, the starlight scope does not give the- width, depth, or clarity of day I i.qht; v i s ton, However , the individual can see well enough

at night to aim and f i.re his weaPJTI,. to observe effect of firing_, the

t.e rra in, the enemy I and his own fo rces : and to perf arm numerous other tasks that confront Seal- 5 in night cxmbat , The s t.ar Li.qht; acopc ma_y be used bv sni_r.:ers to:

{a) Assist sniper teams in deploymenT under cover of darkness to preselected positions~

{b)1 Assist srd.pe.r Learns t.o move undetected, to alternate pos i t.Ions ,

(c) Locate and suppress hostile fire.

(d) Limit or deny the enemy movement at n.i.qht..

(e) Counter enemy sn.iper fire .. 56

a. Factolrs Affecting ElrIplolyment., Consideration of the factors affecting employment and proper use of the starlight scope will permi.t; more effective' execution of night oper'at i.ons . The. degree to which thes,e factors aid or limit th.e ope rat.Lonar capabilities of the starlight scope will vary depending' on the li.ght Leve I , weather conditions,. operator eye fatigue, and terrain over which the starlight scope is being employed.

(I) Light. Since th.e starlight scope is designed to function using the ambient light of the night sky, the most ef'fect.ive ope.rat.ion can

be expected under conditions of bright moonlight and s t.ar Li.qht . As the ambient light level decreases, the viewing capabilities of the starlight scope diminsion. When the sky is overcas t and the amb.i.en t 1 i ght 1 eve 1 is law, the viewing capabilities of the starlight scope can be greatly increased bly the use of flares, illuminating shells or searchlight.

(2) Weather Cond.i.t.Lons , Cle·ar nights provide the most favorabrc ope rat i.nq conditions in that s l ee t , snow, smoke_, or f:r.:Jg" affect the viB\1ing capabilities of the starlight scope.. Even so', the starlight scope can be expe·cted to provide sane dcqr'ce or vi.ewi.nq capability in adver se w'eather. cond.i tions .

(3) Terrain.. Diffe'rent terrain will have an adverse effect

on the star 1, ight SCOIpt2 due tal the varying amo.i en t 1 i ght condi ti on 5, whi.ch exis t.. It wi 11 be the sni:per I s res pons ibi 1 i ty to aval ua te these conditions and know haw each wi 11 af feet his abi 1 i ty to observe and ahoot..

(4} EYe Flatique. ~st ope.r'at.or.s will initia.lly exper i.ence eye

fa ti gue at ter f i ve or ten minutes of continuous obse.rva tion through the starlight score. To aid in maintaining a continued viewing capcWility and lessen eye fatigue, the oper.at.c'r may al t.e.rnat.e eyes during the vi€'n'ing pe.r.i.od ,

4~ Observation Telesco~~ The observation telescope is a prismatic optical instnnnent of 20-~r magnification. It is carr.i.ed by the an.i.pe.r teams whenever just.i f ied by the nature of a mi SIS ion. The 1 ens of the te·l esco,pe are coated with a hard film of maqnes ium flouride for maximum liqht trans-

mission. This coating together with the high magnification of the teleSCO:p2: mak.es observation and target dete.ction poas i.b l e when conditions or

s i tua tions waul d otherwise prevent pas i t.i ve target identi fica tion.. camou-flaged taDgets and those in deep shadows can be distinguished, troop move-

men ts can be observed at great dis t.anoes , and se 1 ecti ve targets can be identified more readily.

a.. ~ration.. The eyepiece cover cap and ob'jeot i.ve lens cover must be unscrewed and r'emoved frau the +e l.escopo bef'or'e it can be used. The cap and cover protect the opt.i ca when the telescope is not in use. The eyep'iece focusing sleeve is tarrned clockwise or count.erc Iockwi.se until the image can be carefu 1.1 y seen by the opera tor ~, CAUTION: Carre mus t be tak.en to prevent. cross-threading of the fine threads.

(2) Obsenra tion Procoduros , The sniper, hav ing set t Ied into the best obtainable position~ is ready to search his chosen area. The p~ cess of observation Ls P 1. anne d and sys t.ema tic ..- Hi 5 first cons.i.dera tion is +owards the d Lscovc.ry of any inunedia te danger tOI hirnse 1 f I so he beg ins wi th a "hast.y search" of the entire area. This is fo l Iowed by a s Iow .. de l i.ce.rat;e

57

observ-ation which he calls a "detailed search", Then,- as Ionq as he remains in pos.i t.ion the sn.iper maintains a, constant observation. of' tile area using the has ty and detai 1 ed search methods as the occasion. requi res, .

(a) Hasty Search. Thisl Ls a very rap.id check for' enemy

acti vi t.y conducted, by roth the sn Iper and the observe r . Th.e obse rver

makes the search with the 7 x 50 binoculars, making quick g'lan,ces at speci.f i,c po.ln t.s throughout the area,. not; by a sweep of the· terr'ain in one con t.imious panoramic view.. Tlhe 7 x 50 binoculars are used in t.h i.s type search because they afford the observer with the wide field of view necessary to caver a

1 arge area in a short, time II The has t y search, is ef f ecti ve because t.he eyes are sensitive to any slight movement;s occurring within a wide arc of the

ob j ect upon which they are f ocused, Tlhe s,niper, when condu.cting his has ty search I uses t:hi,s f acu 1 ty' ca 1, 1 ed U Slide vision" or' iii seeing out of the corrte r of the eye ", The eyes, must be focused on a apec.i.f i,c podrrt; in order to have thi 5 sensi ti vi ty ..

(I} If the sn.iper and his partner fail to locate the enemy during t.he has t y search,. they must then beg in a systematic examination known as the 50-meter overlapping st.r.ip met.hod of search. Again the: observer conducts this, s,ea.rch with the 7 x 50 binocul ars , a£ fording him the wideslt,

yieN" available·. NorI[tally', the area nearest the srii.per offers the greatest pot.en tia 1 da nger to him III Theref'ore I the search should beg in wi til the terrain nearest the observer I s Iocat.ion, Beginning at, ei ther f lank, the observer shoutd systematically se~arch the terrain to his fron.t in a 1801-degr'ee~ arc',

50 rnetier's in dept.h, At ter reaching the Op:pJS i te f lank, tihe obsezve.r shout d search the' next area near'es t; hi.s pos i, t.Lon . This search ahoul.d cover the terrain, inc 1 udes abou t ten meters of the area, examtned during the first search. This technique ensures ccrnple·te coverage: of the ar'ea, Orlly when a targ'et appear's does the obaezver use the observation. SCO}?e to get a IIK)re~

d toed d · d ... I fth t hob' III

eta.11 ..•. an' plrec~lse :'Iescrlptlon 0 : ne t.arqet., 'I'he « ····servat1on scope

should not be used, tOI conduct; e.i.the r the hast.y or detai,led search as it

1 imi ts the observer with such a smal l fie 1 d of view-. The observer coin tinues searching fran one flank to the other in 50-meter overl.apping st r tps a,s far out as he can see ,

(2 )1 1\:) ag'ain take advantage of his si.de vis ion, the

obae.rver shou.Id f'ocus his eyes on spec.i Ei.c po.i.nt.s as he searches fran one f lank to the other ~ He shou 1 d make menta I notes of praninent terrain

f ea tures and areas that rna Y offer cover and/or concea Iment; to the eneny .. In this way, he beoames f~liar with the terrain as he searches it4

(c) Main,taining' Observ at i.on

(1) Method. Afte·r canpl.eting his det.a.i Iod search, the ani.per may be requi.red to mainta in obs e IVa t.ion of th.e area.. To do thi S I he shou t d use a method simi La r to his, nas ty sielarclh of' the area. Tha t is I he uses qui.ck g lances at various po i.n ts throughou,t the ent.ire area, focus ing his eyes on spec.i.fi.c fea+ures ,

(:2) S:eq,uence... In mai.nt.a.irunq observation of the area, he should devise a set sequence of searching' to ensure coverage of al t terrain. ~

58

S,ince it is ent.Lrel y posa wI e that this hasty search may fai 1 to detect the initial rnovanen t of an enemy, the observer shou Ld periodicall y r'epea t

a detai.l ed search. A. detai led search shoul d a 1 so be conducted any' time the attention of the observer' is distracted.

OPPORTUNITY FOR QUESTIONS

1 ~ RCE!ffiPhas ize ~ Our ing this per.iod of Lnat.ruct.Ion J we have discussed the capabilities and limitations of observation during the hours of roth daylig'ht and dark. The different t.echn.iques and. aids of improving your vision were discussed.

We covered the night obse rva tion a ids tha.t are avail a Ibe to the sn Ipe r .

I t was nobed that the b.i.nocul ars are th.e simplest and f aat.est; t.o use . The 5 tar 1 ight scope was di scuased in detai 1 as to i t '1 5 emp lo:yrnent and those factors affecting it I S emproyrnent.,

In conclusion, details of observation p·rocedures were covered. The "Hasty Sear'ch" is understcxx1 to be the f'Lr st; search conduct.ed by thel an iper once he move 5 in to pos i tion as this aearch is conducted to discover any irrmedia te danger to him ~

2·1~ Rernot,ivate. Your ability' to become proficient in the teclmiques mentioned will allOil you to see the enemy l>efore he sees you and get that first round off.

59

OBSERVATION lOG

~~r_.~ _

II

ShNt of __

______ . Tow of Duty __ ---

Patitlan _

. Serial Tin.' G.W CoonlMte

, GI' ........

'dian or I.m", !

D 11. .... "lr'-E r» 1\ n n T' ("V"'" OCO' L 'K' ?l.~

n..t-U Vl.::1' ~ ,..J....A...I\.J .': :". l'""!d .. V

FIEI,D SKETCHING

DETAIl .F~:D O'UTL INE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Gain At.t.ent.ixm , "The primary mi.as Ion of Seal sniper is to deliver

prec is ion fire on se 1 ecte<l targe ts from concea 1 ed p:JSI i tions ~ His secondary miss ion is to co 11 ect inf orma t Ion about the enemy ~ To do thi s , he mu s+ primarily be observant, first to locate prospective targets and second to be ab 1 e to iden t.Lf'y what he see s • Howeve r observant he rna y be # the sniper cannot be expeot.ed to exercise the sheer feat of memory necessary to remember the ranges to all pcas tbt e targets within his area of observation, or to recall all tidbits of information he may CQ~e across. The means designed to assist hL~ in L~is task are the range card, the log book and the field sket.ch ,

2.. Tcday you are going to Lea rn how" to record the data which you wi Ll need to accomp 1 i sh bot.h your primary and, your secon,dary mi S5 ion, the reby qreat Iy enhanc i.nq your chance of achieving a first round hit and of collecting useful and useable raw intelligence ..

a. Pu.g:x?se .. To introduce you to the r'anqe card,. log:book and field sketch as used by the sniper in recording range estimates and in collecting Informat.Lon about the enemy.

b ~ Main Ideas. TOI des c r Lbe the prepara t.Lon of range ca rds and their relationship to field sketches, and to teach how to draw adequate field sket.chcs , Also to teach the ccmp:)nents of various tactical .repor+s for inc 1 us ion in the s rripe.r log ]XX)k ..

4. Training Objectives ~ UPJn crmp l et.i.on of this pcr icd of .i ns t.ruct.Ion, the student will be able to:

a .. Plrepare a Range Ca rd

b~ Prepare a Log Book

c~ Prepare a Field Sketch

61

BODY

1 . The ranqe card is a handy ref'e renee wh.i.ch the sn.iper uses, to make r'apf.d, accura te estimates of range' to targets which he may Locate in. the course,

of his observrations.

a.. (ShCJW 5,1 ide it 1 , Fie 1 d Exp2dient Range Card) This slide iII us tra te s a range ca.rd which a an.i.pe.r might have prepared aft.e r his arrival at a

poi.rrt of observation. The: card is, drawn freehand and contains the fol Iowi.nq .i.nformat.i.on e

(1) Rel.at.i.ve loca.tions of dcminating objects and terrain Fee.tu.rea ,

{ 2 } Car'e ful I y es t ima.ted, or map measured T ran.ges to the ob j ec ts or' features ..

(3)1 The sn ipe r' s sight sett,ing and holds for each range.

b • {Show 51l ide # 2 I Prepared Range Ca rd) Pr'io,r tOI depart.ure on a miss .ion I the srripe r can prepare a ret ter rang'e card ~ shown here. UJ?C).n. arr iva 1

i.n pos i t.i.on , he draws in terrain fea.tures and donrinant. object.s , To avo.id preparing several cards for use in succcas tve pos it Ions , the snf.pe r can, cover a single card with a.cetate and use a gr'ease penc i L t.o draw in the area features .. , Copies of the prepared range card should be prepared and

...

used whenever poes.ibt.e ,

C'. Use of the~ Range Card

( 1 ) Ho liling _ (ShcM slide i 2, Prepared Range Card) The sniper

locates a target, in the doorway of the house at 101 olcloc'k frcm his pos.ition.. Fran his, card, he quickly det.ermi.nes a range of 4510 yards and holds at crotch Leve l , He centers t.he crosshairs on the crotch" fires, and hits the tar'get in the center of the cheat; ..

(2 ) Sight Set,ting.~ T1he sniper 1 DC'a tes a target on the r()Qf' of

the house at one Q f clock fran his posi tion.. He notes the sight setting 61, a ppll, ie 5 that s Lqht; setting J and, fires.

2 . The Fie ld Sketch.,

a ~ The· fie 1 d sketch is a drawn reprcdect.Ion of a vi.ew obt.a.i.ned fro u any gi,ven point, and it Ls vi tal. tol the value of a snfper ' s log and range ca rd, that he be abl e to produce such a sketch.. As is the case f'or al.l dr awings I arti,stic abi 1 i ty is, an, as;set, but; sa.ti sf ac to ry sketches can be produced by anyone, regardless of artistic ak i.Ll , Practice Ls , however, es,senti,al and the fol,l~ing principles must be observed.

(1) Work frem the whole to the part.. Study the ground first carefu II y roth by eye and wi.th b.i.nocut ars be fare a tternpt,ing a drawing .. Dec i.de haN much of' the COlU1 try is to be: inc 1 uded in the sketch. Se I ec,t the rna jor features which wi 1.1 fOI:ILll the f ranle'NOrk of the panorama.

(2) Do not attempt to put t.oo much detai 1 into the drawing ..

Minor featarres shoul d be ani t ted, un l ess they are of tactical i..rnI;ortance,

62

or are requi red to 1 ead the eye to salle ad j acen t feature of tactical impJrtance.. Only' practice will show how much detail should be included and. ha., much left out.,

'3 ) Draw ever_tthi.n.g in per spect.Ive as far as poss ib Ie .

h. ~ersI!2ctive.. The general pr i.nci.pt es of p-ers:pective are:

( 1 ) The f arthe r away an object is i n nature II the smal l.er its haul d appear in the drawing.

(2) Para 11 ell ines receding from the observer appear to converge; if prolonqed, they will meet in a potnt. cal.led the "van i.sh.i.nq poirrt , U

The vani shing po i nt; may always be assumed to be on the same plane as the para l l.e t I Lnes . Thus, railway lines Qln a perfectly ho.r i.zont.a l , or flat, surface r r'eceding' f'rrm the observer will appea.r t.o meet at a po.int; on the ho ri zan -" I f the plane on wh i.ch the rai 1 wa y 1 ines 1 ie is ti 1 ted either up or down, the vanishing po i.nt; appears to be similarly r'a.i.sed or' lChler·ed ..

(S 1 ide :# 31) Thus, the edges 0 f' a road TIlilIling uphi 11 and away fran the observer wi, 11 appear tOI converge on a vani sihing po.irit. above the hori zan I and if running downh.i 11, the vani s hing pain t wi Il appea r to be l>e lOW" the horizon. (Slide 14)

c . Conven tional ShaJ?2s. Roads and a l l na tu ra 1 ob j ects , such as trees and hedges, should be shown by conventional outlinel except, where

pecu 1 iari ties of shape make than usefu 1 landmarks and su i tab 1 e as ref'erence pc.i.nt.s , Thi s means tha t the tendency to draw actu.a 1 shapes seen should be suppressed, and convent.Lona l shapes used, as they are easy to draw and convey the r'equ i.red Impr'es s ion , Building's should nonnally be shown by conventional outl ine only ~ but acutal shapes may be ahown, when this is necessary to ensure reccqnition, or to emphasize a feature of a building which is of tactical .impor't.ance , The filling in of outlines with shackJwing, or hatching, ShOll 1 d genera 11 y be avo ided, but alight hatch may sometimes be used to d.i s t.i.nqu.i.sh wooded areas fran fields ~

Li nes IIlUS t be finn and con tinuous .

d. ER!Ji~nt.. The sniper shou l.d have with him the follChling items!

(l} Suital)le paper' in a book with a st.iff cover to give, a reaso1nable drawing surface ~

(2) A pencill preferably a No. 2 pencil with eraser

(3,} A knife or razor blade to sharpen the. pencil

(4) A pro1tractor or ruler, and

(5) A piece of string 15n long.

e .' Exten t of COlll1.try. to be Inc 1 uded ~ A convenient me thodl of making a decis ion as to the extent of the' country tOI be drcrwn in a ake tch is to hold a pratr actor about; 11 inches frail the eyes, c lose one eye, and cons i.d.er

the section, of the country thus covered by the prot.r actor to 1Je the area sket.ched, The extent of this area may be increased or decreased bly moving

63

the pr'ot.r actor nearer to I or f arther away f ran r the eyes ~ Once t.he mast satisfactory distance has been chosen; it must be kept constant by a piece of string at.t.ached to the prot.rae+or and held between the teeth.

f • Fr'amew:ork and Seal el ~ The next. step is to mark on the paper all outstanding points in the landscape in their correct relative positions~ This iSI done by not.i.nq the horizontal df.st.ance of these po irrt.s f rcm the edge' of the area to be drawn .... and their vertical di.stance above the botton line of this area, or be row the hoz.i.zon , If the horizontal length of the sketch is the same size as the horizontal length, of the at.ra.i.qht; edge of the protractor, the hori zontal distances in the picture rna y be got ten by l~~ering or raising the protractor and not.Lnq whf.ch graduations on .it.s straight edge coincide with the feature to be plotted; the protractor can then be laid on the paper and the pos i.t ion of' the feature marked against the gr adua tion noted. The same clan be done with ve rti ca 1 di stances by turning the: st.ra iqht; edge of the: prot.rac'to r to, the vertical pos i.t.Ion.

g. Scale~ The~ eye appear's to exaggerate the vertical scale of what

i t sees I re 1 at.i, ve to the horizontal seal e , i .. e ~ things 1 C)(Jk tall er than they are. It is preferable, therefore, in field sketching to use a larger scale for vertical distances than for horizontal, in, order to preserve the aspect; of things as they appear to the viewer.. A suitable exaggeration of the vert ica 1 sea 1 e re 1 a ti ve to the hor Lzont.a 1 is 2: 1, which means that every vertical measurement. taken to fix the outstanding po i.nt.s are platted

..

as read.

h. Flilling .in the Detail. Wh,en all the impJrtant features have been plotted on the paper in their correct, re tat.ive pos i.t.i.ons , the intennediate detail is added f either by eye, or by further' measurement from these plotted po.i.n ts . In thi 5 way I the sketch wi 11 be bui 1 t up Uf.XJn a framework. All the original lines should be drawn in lightly. -when the work is canpleted,.

it must be examined. carefully and canpa.red w'ith the landscape ... to make sure that no detail of military significance has been anitted... The work may

na4 be dr arwn in more f innl y with da rker 1 ines , bearing in mind that the pencil lines shou ld beocme darker and finner as they approach the foreground.

i~ Conventional Representation of Features~ The following methods of repre sen t.i.nq natura 1 obj ects in a convent.iona 1 manner shout d be borne in mind when making the siketch:

( 1 ) Prcminent Fea tu res ~ The actual s ha1_:€ of a 11 prauinent features which mrrght readily be selected as reference points when describing targets, such, as oddly shaped trees, outstanding building~ bowers, etc.I ... should be sho:.~ if poas Lb Ie , They must be accentuated with an ar row and a line with a description, e. g~ Praninent tree with Larqe withered br'aneh ,

(2 ) Ri,vers .1 TrNoI 1 ines diminishing' in width as they recede shou 1 d

be used,

(3 ) Tree,s.. T1hese shou Id be represented by out 1 Lne only _ Scrne attenpt should be made to show" charactxar.Lst.Lc shape of individual tr'ees in the foreground, ~

64

(4) ~s ~ Wcxds in the distance ahoutd be shovm by outline only ..

In the foreground, the tOIPS of individual trees may be indica ted ~ Wco:is may be shaded, the depth of ahadowi.nq becc:mes less wi.th distance ..

( 5 ) Roads a Roads shou 1 d be: ShOtNIl by a double continuous 1 ine dUninishing in width as it recedes.

( 6 ) Rai.l ways. In the foreground, rai 1 wa ys s,hou 1 d be s,hCJttm. by

a double line with small cross lines (which represent the ties) to distinguis h them f rem roads; in the distance E they will be indicated by a 5 ing le line l\fith vertical ticks to replresent the telegraph {Xll.es.,

(7 ) Ch.urche s • Churches shot: 1 d be shown Q1n out line on 1 y" but care should be taken to denote whether trey have a tower or a spire~

( 8) Tcwn.s and Vi II ages.. De t in i te rectang:ul ar shapes denote

houses; tQV.Tersl factory chinmey's and prcminent buildings should be indicated whe re they occur.

(9) Cuts and Fi,lI.s. These may be ahown by the usual. top::>graphic symbo 1 s , ticks di.min i shing in thickness fran t.op to rot tan I and wi th a

f irrn 1 ine nm.ning along the top of L~e s lOIJe in the case of a cut ..

( 10) Swamps and f.1a.rslh 1 and. They may be s hown by the conventiona 1 topographic symbols.

j . Other ~1ethcd.s of Fie 1 d Ske tching .

(I) The Grid Windcw. A sirnple device which can he Ip a great dea l

in fie 1 d sketching can be made by' t.ak.i.nq a piece of cardboard or hard plastic and cutting out of the center. of it, a rectangle 611 x 2". A piece of clear plastic sheeting or celluloid is then pas.bed over the rectangle.

A qr id of squares of ~n size is drawn on the plastic sheeting. You na.-l have a ruled p'l as tic windcJw through which, the 1 andscape can be v Lewed .

The paper' on which the drawing is to be made is ruled with a similiar

grid of squares. I f the f rarne is he Id at a fixed distance fran the eye

by a piece of s tr ing he 1 d in the t,ee th I the de tai 1 seen can be transferred to the pape r square by square ..

(2 ) ~p~ Congas s Meth~. Ana the r methcxl is to divide the paper into strips by drawing vertical lines denoting a fixed nombe.r of mils of arc and p Iot; tLnq the pos i t ion of :inlt~ rtan t features by taking ccmpass l::earings to Lhem, This method is accu.ra+e but slO\tJ~

3. TJhe Snir:er y:q Beck. The sn Iper log is a factual, chronological record of his emptoyment., which will be a permanent; source of ope.rat.Lona l data ..

It will provide information to intelligence personnell unit oommanders,

other srriper s and the sniper himself. Highly deve Ioped powe.r's of observation are essential to the sniper, as ~xplained in earlier lessons. Because of this" he is an ilrlpJrtant source of intelligence whose r epor't.s may influence future operations, and upon which many lives may depend~

a ~ Oa ta to re Recorded. The 1 oq wi 11 contain at a mi rrimum, the folla.ving infonnation:

( I ) Names of observer's"

( 2) Hours of observat.ion ....

(3) Data and Pos i.t.ion (Grid Coordinates) (4) Visibility

(5) Numbered observations in chrono.loqi.ca l order', (6 )1 T irne of observa tion J

{7} Grid refe'renee of obse.rvat.j.on ,

{8)- Ob'j ect seen" and,

(9) Remarks or act.i.on taken.

hi. ~l!Ppl€D!=nta~ Materials. The srd.per log i.s always used in conjunction with the field sketch. In, this, way, not only does the sn.ipt2:r have a written account of what; he saw, but also a pictorial refer'ence sI--oving exac·tly

whe re he sigh te.d or SUSI_JeCted enemy act iv i ty • I f he is then, re 1, ieved in

p Lace, the new observer' can more easily Iocat;c oarLi.er si.ghtings, by oem-paring the fLe Ld sket.ch to the Landscape, t.han he could solely by USe of

grid ooordinates.

OPOORTUNITI FOR. QUESTI:ONS PJIDI '

. . .. ..

S~""'y'

. - 1. ~' . 1.

• . • • I. I

1. • R,eernphas ize. Dur ing thi SI per Iod of instru.ct ion, we have 1 coked at. the Ranqe Card, The Fie 1 d Sk_e~t,ch I and T1he log Book ~ Each was preserrted as, an. en.tity in itself and as, hOW" each rel,ated. to the' other ..

2 ~ Remot.i.vatie , T1he primary and secondary mi.sa i.ons of the sniper were ment.ioned at the beginning of' this cl ass , The prrima.ry mi.ss.ion can be ful-

f illed wi thout use of a Ioq book and the secondary mis s Ion can be accrmp 1 i shed wi thou t recourse to a range card, Howeve r , to be a canp 1 ete. Sea 1 Scau tl Sniper" you, must be able to prepare a useable field sketch and r'anqc card

to ensure accurate sh(x)ting and a thorough log book to co 11 ect all avai. 1 abte in,te 1, 1 igence data ..

66

SNIPERS RANGE CARD

RANGE 1000 900 aoo 700· 600 500.· ~ 300 200 100

200 300 400 SOO· 600 700 800 900 1000 RANGE

GRID COORDINATE OF POSITIONS ~ __._ __

METHOD OF OBTAINING RANGE -. -............,_···,____,...."..'Q.,..,........._"I_Q Q _ __",UYA ,_.......,...,....,....-...,-, 1 __ -..............". "'_I • --.....-.._1=.

MADEOUTBY __ ~~~~--~ __ ~~~ __

DATE~ __ ----~--~--~ __ ~--~- --~~

SIGH'rINGJ AIMI~ _AND TRIGGffi CONTROL

INTRODUCTION

l.. Gain· Atte:r1 tion. The first of L~e bas.i c ma.rksmansh.i.p fundament.a 1 s taught to the shcloter are s i.qht.i.nq, aiming and trigger' control... The re'ason for; this is that without an unde rs tanding of the fundamenta 1 s , a sn.ipe.r wi 11 not be able to ac~lish his pr~~ mission~

2 ~ M:>ti va te .. During your eight weeks here at the schoo 1, you wi 11 00 taught individual movement., cover and eoncca.lment., map reading and many other related sniper skills, in addition to marksmanship. By the time you graduate, you wi l l be ab.l.e to move to a sni.per pos i.t.Lon, fire a shot and withdra\v, all without being observed. H()Wever, all this wi 11 be to no av ai 1. if I because

you do not understand the principles of sighting, aLming and trigger contr-ol, yon miss your target. when you db f.i re ,

3 • State Purp:?se and Main Tdea.s ,

A. Pu!I:"!Q~e . To in trocluce the student to the pr i.nc tpl es of sighting, aiming and t,rigger control as applied to the anfper rifle with telescopic sight.

( 1 ) Sighting and aiming wi 11 be discussed in three phases:

(a} The r'e~ 1 a tionship 1::etween the eye and the sights

(b) Sight picture

(c ) Breathing

(2) Trigger control will be expfained through smooth action, in.terrupted pu 1, 11' co nee n tr a-tion and f 0 lla..l-through ..

4 • Training Obj ecti :v:e~. Upon ccmpletion of thi s period of instruction I the student will be able to:

A.. Understand and demonstrate the sighting error known as "shadow ef'fect." ~

B. understand and demons tra te nQuarte ring iii the ta rget.

C, Unders,tand and dEmOnstrate proper trigger control ..

69

TRANSI'TION. The arrangement of an optical sight allOtis for aiming without recourse to organic r.if Je sights.. The role of the front sight in a t.e l escope is fu 1 f iII eel by the eros shairs * Because of the orosshaf.rs and the image of the ta rqet; are in the foca 1 plane of the 1 ens, the shoobar can use bot.h at the same t.ime and with equa 1 c lari ty .

BODY

A. Aiming

{I)- Relationship retween the eye and the sights* In order to see wha tis requ ired during' aiming r the s hcote r must know h:Jrw to use hi s eye. Varia t ions in the p:Js i tions of the eye to the te 1 escope wi 11 cause variations

in the Imaqe received by the eye. The placement of eye in this respect is

ca I Led eye re 1 ief .. Proper eye re 1 ie f is approx.imate 1 y 2 - 3 inches fran the exit pupil of the telescope'T and can be determined to be correct when the shoote r has a f u II f Le 1 d of view in the tel escape wi til no shadows ~ I f the sniper I 5 eye is located wi t.hou t prope r eye re 1 ief, a c ircu 1 ar shadow will occur in the field of v.i s.i.on, reducing the field size, h.inder.i.nq observation, and, in qener'a l , making aiming d.i.f f t.cu l t . If the eye is shifted to one side or another of the exit pupil, cresent shaped shadows will appear on the edqes of the eyepi.ece (TP i 1 Shad~ Ef feclts) ~ I f these cresen t shaped s hadcws appear" the bullet w'ill strike to the side away' from the ahadow, ThereforeJ when the sn i.per has a f'ul I f i.e Id of view- and is focusing on the intersect~ion of the crosshairs, he has aligned his sight.

(2) Sight P'icture~ With the: te~lescopic sight" this is achieved when the crosshai rs are centered on the target,. and the target has been quar+e red, {Place on TP #311 Sampl e Sight Pictures}. This transparency shows aampl.es of different t.ypes of sight pictures.. In each easel you can see that the t.arqet; has been quartered to max~ze the chance of a first round hit~

( 3) Breathing * The' con tro 1 of breathing is critical to the aiming pzoces s , If the sniper breathes while aiming" the rising and f'alling of his chest will cause the muzzle to move ve.rtri.ca Ll y , To breath proper Iy during aiming, tile sniper inha les 1 then exhal es nonna II y and stops at the manent of natural respiratory pause. The: pause can be extended, to 8-10 seconds, but it should never be extended unt.iI it feels, uncanfortable. As the body beqIns to need air, the muscles will start a s Li.qht. .i.nvo Iunt.ary movernent., and the eyes will Ioose their abt.Li.ty to focus critically.. If the sniper has been hold tnq his breath for more than 8-10 seconds, he shou ld resume nonnal breathing' and then s tart the aiming proces s over again.

B ~ Trigger Control

(l) The art of firing your rifle without disturbing the perfected aim is the most important u tal of marksmansh.tp, Not hitting where you aim is usually caused by the aim being disturbed just tefore or as the bullet leaves the barrel. This can be caused by jerking the trigger or f Lf.nch.i.nq as the ri f 1 e f Lre s . A shoot.er clan correct these errors by us ing the correct technique of trigger' control.

(2) Contro 11 ing the trigger is a mental process 1 whi Ie pull ing the tri gg'er is a physical one a Two methcds of trigger control used with the sniper rifle are smooth action and interrupted pull~

70

(a) Using the 5mC)OL~ action methcx1 r the shooter takes up the ini.tial pressure, or free p lay, in the t.ri gger . Then, when the aim is, perfected~ increases the pressure smoothly until the rifle fires~

( b) When using the interrupted methcxi of trigger pull, the

shooter takes up the ini tia.l pressure' and beqa.ns to squeeze of f the shot, when the aim is perf'ect.ed. HOWever t because of target mOV'E1Uen t or wea{X)D movemen t I he pauses in hi s tri qger squeeze un ti 1 the movero.en t stops, then continues to squeeze until the weapon fires.

(c) Tr:igger Control J?evelq::ed as a Reflex. The shcoter can develop his trigger control to the pod.nt; that pulling the trigger no longer requ.i res conscious ef fort.. The shooter wi 11 be aware of the pu l L, but he

I! t I b di' ., ... 1 t toi t 1

w111 no' conSC10US 1 y •. e ; . rectlng 1 t .. A c .ose an.a logy . a ·.r1gger oorn .ro .

can be found in typing' ~ MIen first 1 earning to type, the typis,t reads the alphabetic letter to be typr=d, mentally selects the cor.reapond.i.nq key, and consc.ious 1 y di rects a finger to s tr Lke the key. After training and practice, howeve r I the typis t wi 11 see the 1 et t.er which has to be tYP2d and the finger wi Il hit it au tana tica 11 y ~ Thi s the.n, is a conditioned ref 1 ex ; conditioned because it was built in and reflex because it was not consciously d.ircctod.

The same type of conditioned reflex. can be developed by the sn.iper •

When he first starts firing, he must consciously direct his finger to squeeze the trigger as soon as the aim Ls perfected~ As a result of training, however_, a circuit will be established between the eye and the trigger finger .. The eye, seeing the des Lred sight picture, will cause the finger to squeeze the trigger without consc.i.ous mental effort. The shooter, like the typist is aware of pressure aqai.nst; the trigger" but is not pl.anning or consc.Ious Iy directi.ng i t ~

(d) Developing Trigger ContDDl.. In all positions, one of the rest metho:is for deve Lop inq proper trigger control is through dry f i r Inq, for here the shooter is able to detect his OVID er ror-s without having recoil conceal undesirable movement.s , Only through patience, hard l-tOrk, concent.rat.ion and great s,elf-discipline will the mastery of trigger control be achieved ..

(3 ) Facto1rs . Affecting Trigger Con tro 1 ..

(a) Concentration.. The shooter' I s concentration shoul d be focused on the perfection of aim, as, trigger con tro 1 is app 1 ied. Cone en tration. defin.ed as the will to demand obedience, is the most Import.ant; factor in the technique of trigger control.

(b) Placement of the Trigger ying~r _and Grip qn the Rifle~ The finger' shoul.d be placed, on the trigger' in the same p Laoe each t.ime • OnI y through pr'act.Lce can the shooter detennine which part of his finger shou Id go on which spot; on the trigger I! Any' p:JS i tion of the finger in

rc la tion to the trigger i s acceptable so long as the ahoot.ec can pull the trigger st.raight to 1:he rear.

~reover I in order to achieve a srrooth, cons is tent trigger squeeze I the atock must be grasped firmly and in the same place each time ..

71

(c) FollOtJ~ThFough. Fa llCJn1-tlrrough means doing the same things after each shot is fired_, thereby insuring that there is no undue movememt of the rif'le before the bullet leaves the barrel. The shoot.er continues, to hold his breat11, to focus on the crasshai rs and, to practice trigger contro 1 even though the rifle has already fired. By doing this .. the shooter can detect any errors in sigh.t alignment and sight pi.ctu.re and he can correct th.Em after fo.l Lcw-Lhrouqh has been canpleted.

OPPORTlJNITY FOR Q[.T&STIONS AND CO~

(1 MIN)

Sr~1'mn·y urill ... "'.ll1I\.. :

(I MIN)

1 a Reemphas ize . We have just covered the marksmansh.i p fundamerrca.l s of sighting, aiming and trigger' control, and how to apply them pro]?erl.y.

2 ~ Remotivate.. Your ability to hit a target at any range and unde-r any

condi.t.tons will be a measure of l:lovI well you have pr-act.Lced and mastered. these principles~

..

•

72

CORRECTING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FAC'IORSI

1. PURPOSE. In the case of the highly trained sni~r# effects of the weather are a primary cause of error in the strike of the bul Let , The wind, mirage, light, temperature, and humidity all have effects on the bullet,

the sn i.per , or both, Satle eff'ect.s are insignificant depend.i.nq on the ave raqe conditions of' srii.per cmp.loyment . HaNever, sniping iSI accanp1 Lshed under extreme of weathe:r and therefore all effects must be cons Ide.red. The observat.i.on telesco}?e wi,II not only assist you in detecting well cemouf l aqcd targets, it may also be used to r ead mi raqe , This two hour conference will provide you with the necessary- information to compensate for the ef Eect.s

of wind and weather and to proper Iy use the observation t.e l eacope ..

O°.·~ IVES' ., ...

OJ .cA.,... 1. . ' •

a , Training Objective. To enable the arn.pe r to explain the effects of wi.nd and weather on, the strike of the bu l Ict; and, ~ to canpensate for these effects and use the observation telescope in accordance with, TC 23-14.,

h. Traipting Objective., Asl a at.udent; in a f Le Id cnv.Lrorment., acccmpl Lsh the fa llCJW'ing' training obj ecti ves in accordance with TC 23-14 and as, discus sed in class:

( 1 ) Exp 1 ain tile ef f ects of wind.

(2,) Exp I ain the effects of mi rage ~

(3,) Ex{) lain the effects of ten~ra ture ~

( 4) Exp lain the effects of 1 Lqht ,

( 5 ) Exp 1 ain the e f fec'ts of humidity and al ti tude .'

{6} Use the observerls telescope.

73

The objective of t.hi.s lesson was, to enable you to exp.ta.in the effects of wind and. weather' on the strik.e of the bullet and h!J\4 to ca11J?€nsate for these effects, and to use the observation telescope in accordance with TC 23-14.

a, The conditions which constantly present the greatest problem to

the sniper is the wind~ The flag, drop field exped.ierit., or clock thEmth may be used to estimate wind ve loci ty ~ H()IIIever, the most accurate method. of detennining wind ve lex: i.ty is by· ead.inq rnir age ..

b , To det.errmne wind velocity using the flag (or drop) methcx:l, divide the angle the range flag (or light object dropped fran the shoUlder) makes f rom the vertic 1 e by a cons tan t of 4 .

..

~,: I" MPH ,.

c , To detennine the nurnl::er of Clicks ncceseary to CCInpensate fran, the

wind, using either iron sight or SClOI_:e:r the foll0\4ing fonnulas are used:

( 1 ) For Mll8 NM amnuni ti.on use:

RxV ~ Number of clicks for a full value wind 10

( 2 ) For' M8 0 ba 11 arrmuni tion use:

Rx.V == Minutes of ang Le for a full value wind 15

NOrE: For rantes less than or equal to 500 yards; beyond 500 yards const.ant, 15 changes Do bullet velocity loss.

D J\ 1\, "V"'IE .£\t'"U..~'

CONSTANT

600 7010 800 900

1,,000

14 13 13 12 11

74

d. Using MBO ball arrmunition, the answer in minutes of angle must be multiplied t.imes 2 to detennine c.l Lcks ,

€. For a half value wind, divide clicks by 2.

f , To det.ermi.ne the amount; of "ho.ld-of f " needed to canpensate for the wind the fo 1 low- ing £ormu 1 a is used. _,

CXR ~ Inches of hold-off 2

C: Is the numt:er of clicks ..

R:: I s the range to the ta rget, in neares t hundreds ( i .. e ... , 5001 yards I converts to 5) ..

V: Is the wi.nd velocity in MPH.

g. Field expedient met.hod e

WIND

s

,

t,

•

Ol-03 04-07 08-12 13-18 19-24

Direction of wind shown by smoke but not by flag. Win,d fel t on face, leaves rustle ..

Leaves and small twigs in cons tant mot ion.

Raises dust and Ioose pa_per;' small branches are moved.. Small tree in leaf be.inq to sway ..

h, There are three t YJ?2s of miraqe e

FAST

BOILING

0-7 MPH

8-15 MPH

No value

~rage also has density, in addition to direction:

THICK

-

THIN

High Temperature, High HlIITlidi ty I B,right Light

Low T~rature and/or Lew Light

L, To read mi raqe , the sniper'/observer focuses, his spot.t.Lnq scope at mid-range.

( 1 ) At 300 yards ~ a +20 deqree change in temper'a ture necess ita tes a + 1 minute of angel change. *

( 2 ) At 6010 yards I a + 15 degree change in temperature necessitates a +1 minute of angle change .. *

{31) At 1,000 meters, a 10 degree change in temperature necessitates, a + 1 minute of angle change. ..

*oorn: Ranember that 1 minute of angle = 2 clicks.

jl. The rule of thumb for tempe:rature correction is temperature up, sights d.cMn and ternper'ature down I' sights up.

k ~ The ru 1 e of thumb for hlIDlidi ty is hrnnidi ty up, sights UPI and humidity -down, sights down.

1. The rule of thumb for ohanqea in light conditions is lights up, sights up and light down, sights down.

m, Eleva lion above sea 1 eve 1 can have an imp:J-rtan t ef feet on bull et t.rajec'tor'Les , At higher c levat.ions , roth a.i r dens.i t.y and temperature decreases I and air drag on, the bu 11 et decreases .. At higher e 1 ev a t.i.ons , the sntper has, a t.endency to shoot, h.iqh,

n .. The obsorve.r I s tel escape not; on l y aids the sniper in detecti.ng targ:ets, it is al so a val, uab 1 e too 1 in reading mi.raqe , The observer te le-

he di .. iii f ed I'd

scope', w n real' I ng nurage, 1S ()CUS', " at ffil", - range.

76

APplLI CATION OF FIRE

1. PURPOSE: Under nonnal conditions, all. snipin,g occur's ove r unknown dist.anoas , Without a thorough grounding in the practical appLfcat.i.on of ext.e rna l ba Ll i s t.i cs , it is unlikely that a sniper will be capable of' h.i t.t.i.nq his targets, at any _():J int but. the sihortes t zanqcs , This 1 es son concerns

Lt.se 1 £ with. the fundamental S of unknown di s.t.ance 5 hCXJt ing and the app 1 ica tion. of ext.er i.or ballistics ..

a , Olbjective. Tb enable the srrtper to aplply the fundamentals of

ext.e r .ior ba 11 i sties i.n the enqaqement; of targets at unknown di.s tances to Inc.l ude r definiti.on and eppt Lcat.ion of minute, of angle coz rec ti.ons , minute of angle, conver.s.i.ons , Lndi.cat.ion of targets and fire cont.rol orders, and practical appl.ication of exterior ballisti.cs for fir'ing over qround and canpu ting hi t probabi.l i ty .,

b. Training Object.Lves . M a sn ipe r derronst rat.e the application, of t.he fa llowring training obj ec:ti,ves in accordance' wi th FMFM 1- 3B and TC 23 -14 ..

(1) Calculate minute of anq Ie oor.reot.Lons and convcr s i.ons .

{2) Define the ccmponent.s and t.he factors which inf Juence a bullet I 5 t.rajectory .

(3) Demons't.race t.he in.dication of' t.arqet.s at unknown distances ..

77

APPLICATION OF FIRE

1. A minute of angle (MOA.) is an angu_lar measure which subtends 1/60th of one degree of arc; and for practical purposes is the equivalent of one (I) inch, per 1010 yards of range, ie, 1 ~A, := 3 inche.s at 300 yards, or 3 an per 100 meters of ranqe , .i.e , 5 IDA == 751 an at 5001 meters.

2. To determine minute·s of correction, divide the error in inches or centirneter·s by the whole nllI1ll:er of the range in hundreds of yards or meters.

3 ~ To convert mils to mi.nut.es of angle, mu l tiply minutes mils by 3 .. 375 ..

II

1 Mal ~ 3.]75 Mlnutes

4. Trajectory is the path a bullet f'o l Lows when fired fran a weapon,

5 . The £ actor's whl ch inf 1 uence trajectory are:

a. The initial {muzzle) velocity.

b . The angle of departure.

c ... Ai r. re si.s t.ance ..

d. The rotation, of' the projectile about; its axis ~

e.. Gravity.

6. Angle of depar-tu re is the elevation in minutes or degrees that. must; be imparted. to the barre 1 through sight corrections r in ord.e r that the bullet will strike a, target at; a spec i f ic distance.

7.. Anql.e of departure_, and therefore point of impact, is not constant and is affected by four (4) var'iables:

a . Var Lat ions in ini tia 1 ve lac i t.y due to irnperf ections of amnuni t.Ion.

b. Impe rf·ections in aiming'.

c ~ Irnper'fect.Lons in the r if 1 e ~

d. Errors in holding and canting the r'Lf Ie ,

78

8. Air resistance is the most significant factor in trajectory ~

9~ Maximum ordinate is the highest potrrt of the trajectory., It divides the trajectory into the ri sing branch and the fall ing branch.

10. Point of aim is the po i.nt; where the line of sight meets, the t.arqet..

114 Point of impact is the point where the bullet strikes the target~

12 . The re are bNo (2) danger spaces:

a. The di st.ance in front of the muzzle, within which the bullet does not rise higher th.an the object fired at .. is called the danger space of the rising branch~

b , The d i.st.ance beyond the rnax:imum ordinate, within which the bullet, drops £ rom the he ight of the target to be' 1 CM targe t 1 eve 1 I is the danger space of the fa 11 ing branch. Th,is is divided Irrbo tile dange r space in f .ron t of the target, and danger space beh.ind the target, with the height of the

po i.nt; of aim as the dividing po.irrt ..

13 .. The ex tent of the da nger space is dependent upon:

~ a~ Height of the firer~

b 4 Height of the target ~

C4 The flawlessness of the trajecto1ry.

d. The angle of the line of sight.

e _ The slope of t.he ground where the target res ides ..

14 ~ There are three (3 ) methcds of indica t.i.nq targets:

a.. Direct met.hod,

C 4 C lock ray methOO.

15. WhEn indicating targets, the fo l Iowi.nq information must be given:'

a.. Range.

b. Corrections - For wind, leads, or hold off.

c. Indications.

16., The sniper team must; learn to work tOf:Iether in such a :manner so that each knows exact 1 y what the other means in as few words as passib le ..

Before the snit:er fires he must ensure that the observer is ready to "read" the shot 4

79

17 a The sni.per team, before lliey start a mission, must agree and understand what methc:xis wi, 11 be used to indicate targets to the other and what methods will be used to ensure both are ready before the shot is made,

1.8.. When firing aver ground, the extent of i ts danger space depends on the rela.tionship between:

a. The tra j ectory and the 1 ine of sight I or ang le or fall ~ and the'refore on the range and the circumstances of i ts tra jectory .

h.. On the height of the target ..

c.

On the point of

..

aam,

d. On the point of impact ~

20 ~ For the given height of target and point of aim" the danger space is

of f i.xed dimensions over leve 1 grotmd , while the swept space varies in relati,onship to the slope of the ground; being greater on falling ground and lesser on rising ground ..

iii

The fo IIONing is a 1 ist of ccmpensa t ion factors to use in setting the sights of the sn.iper weapon systen when firing fran any of the follow-ing angl.es. To use this t.ab le , find the angle at which you must fire and then multiply the estimated range by the decimal figure: shewn to the right" i.e. estimated range is 500 meters, angle of fire is 35 degreesl set zero of weapon for:

SOD * .82 - 410 meters

SIDPE AN:;LE MUL~IPLY RAN3E

UP OR IXJNN BY
;r.
.. 05 deq, .99
• 10 deq , .98
.. 15, deg. .96
-'120 deg .. .94
.25 deq, 91
..
.. 30 deq, •. 87
.. 35 deq, ..82
. 40 deg • .77
.45 deg~ .70
.. 501 deg~ .64
~55 deq, .57
a60 deg. .50
a65 <leg. • 42
• 10 deg • • 34
.75 deg iii 26
..
• 80 deg . .17
• 85 deg • OQ
... .....
•. 90 (leg. .00 81

As can quickly be seen the steeper. the angle the shorter the range will be set on the scope or Slights to cause a first round h i.t , Also the s+eeper the angle the more precise you must be in estimating or measuring the angle .. In t.erpo I a t.ion is necessary for ang les between tens and fives.

As an exemp.le 72 degrees is 40 % between 70 and 80 degrees

70 degrees == • 34 and 7 5 degrees == • 26

( .. 34 + a26) / 2 = _30 or 72~5 degrees - .30 72 degrees would equal approximately .311

A range of 650 meters at a 72 degree angle -would equal: 650 * .31 = 201~5 meter zero.

Interpo 1 a tion can be further carr Led out to 71 degrees or 7 4 degrees by us ing the same method wi th the .. 3 0 found for 72. 5 degrees:

..

( .. ]0 + .26) / 2 = ~28 for 73~75 degrees or ( .. 30 + .34) /2- .32 for 71~25 degrees

82

LEADS

I NTROD UCf I ON'

1 * Gain Attention"l You and your partner have been in pos.i t ion for several day's wi t:.b:Ju t any' 1 uck at a, 1,1, and are' j list pack i,ng i t .i.n when your pa_rtne r cat.chos Slight of saneone movin.g down a dry river bed, approximately 675 to 7001 yards down r'anqe , You both decide that he is movi.nq at about a 45 degree angle to you, an at ave rage pace , You obtain what you. think is the proper hold and lead for that ranqe and squeeze the shot of f . Your part.ner doesn "t; say anyt.hi.nq, but Icoks a,t you and winks ..

2. First rOW1d kill is th.e name of the qame , Being snf.pcr's , you COUld. very we 11. be P laced, in this s i tua tion and when you, are I wi 11 be e:xp::=cted to. put that r'onnd ri.ght where it betonqs an a moving target out; to 8010 yards_

a. Purpc?se ~ The purpose of thi.s per .iod of .i.nat.ruct.Lon is tOI prov ide

the student; with the knowl.cdqe of' the proper Leads to be used to hit a moving target (walk,ing and running) at rangesl frorn 100 to 800 yards.

b . Main. Ideas ~ The main ideas to be diSCllS sed are the fo 11 owin.g :

( 1 ) Methods of Lead i.nq a ~ving Target ( 2 ) Ang le of Target Movement,

(3) Nannal Leads

(4) Doubre Leads

4 ~ Train,ing' Object.Ives , Uf.X.1ln ccmpletio·n of this period of Lnst.ruct.ion the student will,l without the aid of referen,ces'l undarat.and and be abre to demonst.r at.e t.he proper 1 ead necessary tol hi.t a IilCJV ing target, at r'anqes f rem 100 to 800 yards ..

TRANS ITION ~ The best exampl e of a 1 ead can be demonstrated by a quarterback thrc::tvIing a pass to his receive r ~ He. has to throw: the ball at some po.i.n t down field tol where the recei,ver has not, yet. reached, The aame principlle applies in shooting at a moving t.arqet, with the sn.iper r i.f.Ie ,

BODY

I. LEADS. ~vin9 t.arqet.s are the most dif'f'icult to hit.. Mlen engaging a tar.get whl.ch is nnving laterally acroas his line of sight, t.he srripc.r

must concentrate on mDV ing hi.s weapon wi th tihe target whi 1 e aiming at a po irrt;

sane distance ahead. Holding this "lead" I the sniper fires and fo.l Iows throu.gh with the movement, after the sbot., Using thi s method, the srrtpe r reduces the possibility of missing. ahouf.d t.he- enemy suddenly stoPI: hit the deck , or change dire.ction. The fo 11 <:1Wing is a 1 ist of ranges and leads used to hit moving targets roth walking and runni.nq:

WALKING

RUNNING

D l'\ 'PI. Y""E .. .£\.t1J._"¥.\.:l I

LEAD

.

LEAD

100 200 300 4010

500 600 700 800

Front edge of body ~ foot/body width 1 foot/body width 1 ~ feet/bcd.y width 2 feet/body width 2~ feet/lxdy width 3 feet/bqdy width 3~ feet/body width

~ foot/body width 1 foot/rody width 2 feet/body width 3 f'eet/lxx1Y width 4 feet/body width 5 feet/body width 61 fee:t/lxxly width 7 feet,/l::ody width

Another met.hod of leading a target, and one which is used ext.ens.ive Iy

by the British, is known as, the rllJ_l\ml)usrunglll + By II ambush II, we mean the sniper

selects a point some distance in front of his target and holds the crosshairs or Mil Dots on that po irrt . As the target moves acrosa the horizontal eros shai r' or Mi 1 Dot , it. wi 11 eventua 11 y reach a po.int. which Ls the proper

1 ead dis tance f rem the center .. At that instance I the sniper must fire hi 5 shot. This is a very simple method of hitting a moving target, but a few basic ma'rksmansh.ip skills must not be forgotten:

a. The sniper must continue to concentrate on the crosshairs and not on the target.

b , The snir::er must continue to squeeze the trigger and not, jerk or flinch prior to the shot being fired.

c . Sane snipers tend to start wi th this me+hod, but beg in to track

the target once i t reaches that magic dis tance and then fire the shot.. Use one of the blO met.hods and stick wi.t.h the: one which you are conf ident; will get that shot, on target. (The instructor should draw these methods of leading on the chalkOOard to better illustrate.)

TFJ\N'S ITION . The 5 rupe r must not only es tima te hi s targe t range ~ but al so it II S st=eed and angle of travel relative to his line of s i.qht; in order to determine the cor'rect lead ~

(a} Full Lead Target,.. When the targe t is rnov ing across

the observer I s front and only one ann and one side are v.i.s.lb.te, the target is moving at or near' an anql e of 910 degrees and a full va 1 ue 1 ead is necessary.

84

{b) Half Lead Tarqet., When one arm and bNo-thirds of the front

or back are v is ib 1 e, the target is; IIlCN ing at approximate 1 y a 45 degree angle and a one half value lead is necessary.

(c) No Lead, Targ_et _ When bot.h anus and the entire f rant or back

a re visible, the target is moving directly t.oward or away fran the srri.pe r and will requ,ire no Lead;

OPPORTUNITTY FOR QUESTIONS

SUP-1MARY

1 ~ Reenphasize. During this per'Lod of in.struction, we have discussed. the two different meth:xis most of t.en used to lead a moving target and emphasized that it was i_mp:)rtant to st.i.ck with on.e m.ethcd and not fluctua.te back and forth be bnreen the two,

We covered the requf red leads that shoul d be used to hi t a moving target out bo 800 yards ..

In conclusionl we discussed how to estimate angle of target movement, and use of a full lead and half lead.. Double leads were covered and the situation was covered as when to appl y them ..

2.. Rarotivate. As you can see ... the sniper must nCM becane proficient in his ability to judge di.st.ance, how fast his target is, moving, and at what.

ang le the target is moving with respect; to him and still put that first round on target at ranges out tol 8010 yards.

85

MGErS

. '. . ... I 1 "

T·.·.'.I·II ..

S~'IT'V WU:.uuJL.J..C..l

Times

lee ·tllli . / Yd L'"

. . '.' . , i " I I' ,

.a· lon " . .'. J.ne

R4: I 300 - 600 Yd Line

R4 I 300 - 600 Yd Li,ne

R4· / 700 and 800 Yd Line

R4 / 7010 and 800 Yd Ldrie

II

R4 / 300 and 800 Yd Line

R4, I 300 and 800 Yd Line

I.. '_welve, (12) 1211 FBI' silhouette targets for all the above dates.

2 .. Se~ven (7} U A •• type ta1rge·ts ...

31. In addition to normal ccmbat equi.pnentl each sniper' team will re: equipped with sniper rifle and bf.nocul.ara/Bpot.t.Lnq Seope ,

4.1 Student unifonns as directed.

1 ~ State~. ~se and Main Ide·as.

a -II Pur:po,se. Tol make the arii.pe.r determine the proper 1 eads neces s ary to hit a target walk,mg' or running at. ran.ges of 100 to 800 yds ~

b. Ma.in Ide'as ~ TJ1e main Ideas to be discussed are the fOlllONin.g:

......

(1) Methcds of' leadin.g a rroving target .. (2) Angle of target rrovanent.

<: 3 ) Speed of target.

(4) Norrna.l Leads ,

{5) Ilouble Leads.

87

2. T1raining Objective:s=~ Ul_X)fl canpletion of this period. of ins; true t.ion, the student will:

a , Be able to understand the proper methods or leading a target at r'anqes of 100-800 yds ,

BODY

1 ~ Conduct of Firing Exe rc.i se ,

a ~ The stud,en t w j_ 1, 1 wear CBJTK)U f 1 age and move tactica 11 y during the mov.inq exe rc ise .. Tactica 1 movement; for thi 5 exerc i se w'i 11 cons i at. a f a low c.raw 1 fran beh.i.nd the firing pc:. int to the firing lXl in t (approx ima te 1 Y' 10-,15 yds) and back.

b ~ Each srriper team will be given a block of t.aroet.s that wi 11 be his firing position (approximately 35 ft. l.ong) _. Each sn i.pe.r team must pick a firing position within his sector of fire and low crawl to his firing

pos i t ion.

c.. Tr-~.e stude·nt then, must load five (5) rounds of ammuniti.on into his, sn.iper rifle and wait until a target appe-ars in his sector of fire ..

d. McJving t.arqet.s will appear' on the far left sector first and far

.Ii

right s ector second of the snipers f iring sector.

e .. When a target appears, the sniper I 5 obse rver mus t te 11 the sni J?e r where in the sector the target is, the wind element at the time of' the sighting and any other element that may cause a error in a first round h i.t. ..

f ~ After the sntpe r has engaged his target and it is a hit, the target will go down and move to the far cozner s of their sector of fire and wait un ti 1 all targets have reached this I_XJs i tion. On ocmnand f rO'l the Pit

Off i.cer or orc, all targets w'ill be sent into the air and s,hOAf' their hits ~ The sniper I s observer wi II then 'record his hold used. and plot the impact of the shalt.

g ~ If a target has reached the end of the sector and L t has not been fired upon or hit, the student wi 11. bring the t.arqet. into the p.Lt;s ~ On crnmand frail the Pt. t Off icer /01 C a 11 targets wi 11 go into the air.. A rni.as wi 11 be Lndi.cat.ed by facing the back 5 ide of the target tONards the

firing line.. On the comnand from the P i.t Officer/Ole a 11 targets wi 11 be taken back Irrto the pits" and again on carmand fran the Pi.t Officer/OIC .. the next set of targets will care up and start to move frcm right to left in their sector 01£ fire.

2. Conduct of Pi~ Office·r/OIIC~

a , TO insure t.arqet.s , past.ers , and spot.te.rs are available for each target.

b, To insure a 11 ta rgets are spaced:

{I} Pit team 1 -. 1-8 (2) Pit team 2 - 9-16

as

(3) Pit team 3 - 17-24
(4) Pit team. 4 - 25-32
(5) i t; t.eam 5 ]3-40
P1:' -
(6 ) Pit team 6 - 41-50 c . To insure that bNO ( 2 ) students are manning each moving' targets.

d. Tb contact the Conducting Officer/OIC when pits are ready to start the firing exe.rc i se ,

e~ On conmand frau the Con.ducting Officer/OIC each student will raise a moving target at the far left sector of fire, (e. g. l, 9, 17, 25, 33, 41) and start. wal k.i.nq fran left to right or to the end of the f i r.i.nq sector (e .' g.. 8 s 16 _, 24 , 32 I 40 , 50) ..

f. The Pit Officer/OIC must insure that all targets start at the fa r left sector of fire f i rsst.. (e. g ~ targets 1, 9" 17 I 25, 33, I 41}

g ... On camnand , raise all IfK)V ing targets and wal k to the end of' the sector (c , g. 8, 16, 241 32, 401 50) ..

h. Insure that if a. target is hit, the student pulls the target into the pits and walks to his far sector or end of his sector and wa.i.t.s a If

a Ir. targe tis not enga.ged or the arri.pe r fires and mi sse s , insure that the target keeps moving unti.l it reach.es the end of the sector and t.hen brought dclwn into the pits ..

.i , On camnand frcm the Conducting Of'ficer/OIC,. all targets will appear to show the student their impac t .. If i t is a mi S5 , the back side of the moving targe t wi 11 appear.. On oorrrnand all ta rgets wi 11 be taken back into the pits ..

ja Again on command the next set of targets will start to move from right to left.

k , If th.e student hears the word "ma.rk" in their sector of fire_, he will pull the target dCMIl and lCXJk for a Shot4 If an impact hole can not be found, raise the rroving target and walk to the end of the sector ..

3. Scoril}g ..

a, The value of each hit will be detennined by t.he formula V ~ R / 100; V = va Iue of the hit, R == the range

i.e. V = 500/100 ~ 5

V == 600/100 ::::: 6

V =: 300/100 - 31

b. Misses will be scored, as zero.

c . Passing score fo r a firing exerc ise \vi 11 be 8 0%1 of the tota I points ava.i l ab 1 e +.

89

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1:

LEAD IN KILS X 3,375

- T EA'J D' T ~T l.t" r- 1.1

.J....I. . . ;.. .l~ l,r;". t, .......ll'.. ~.... i

3~ SUBTRACT NOR~kL LEAD IN MILS COHVERTED TO ~~O~A~ FROM WIND CORRETION IN Jrl~O!A.

T EIA"D' IN I ~ r~ A

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90

M)VIR; TARGET LEADS,

NOTE: HOLDSI ARE FRO'M CENTIER. OF TARGET

WALKItG- 2 MPH

MILS

100 yards

Leading edge of target.

200 yards

1

3

0.5

300 yards

1 1/8

4

1 .• 0

400 yards

1 1/4 1 1/'4 1 1/'2

1.5

2:.0

6001 yards

5 O·

... '.

2.5

1 1/2

5.0

3.0

800 yards

1 1/2 (1 3/4) 1 1/2 {I, 3/4)

5 .. 2:5 {5_S}

5.25 (5~5)

)1.5 (3. 75) 4~O (4.251) 4·~5 {S •. O)

•

1000 yards

100 yards

1, 3/4 1/34 2 1/'4

6

0.5

200 yards

1.0

300 yards

8

2 ... 0

4001 yards

2 1/2

3.0

9~5

4.0

600 yards

* 3

1.0

700 yards

* 3

10 ~2:5

6.0

800 yards

* 3

10 5'·

.• .1

* 3 1/4

8 O·

I

.... '

lOaD yards.

* 31 1,/4

9 01

III '.

*Running targets; are not zeccemcndcd at these r'anges due to the leads re .............. e qui.red. If target must be engaged then use winda.ge knob and ho 1 d directI y on fhe I.earling edge of' the t.arqet., Example, runn.er left to right, 6100 yards, use right 10 minutes olf angle and hold an his leading' ed.ge.

91,

FAST WALKERS-3-4 MPH

MILS

100 yards

Leadi.nq edge of the target

200 yards

1 1/4 1 3/4

4.5

0.75

300 yards

6.0

1.75

400 yards

2

6 .. 5

500 yards

2

3.0

2:

4.0

700 yards

2

6.75

4.5

800 yards

2 1/4 2 1/4 2 1/2

5~5

900 yards

1000 yards

8.5

7.5

It mus t; be' emphas ized that these are beginning 1 cads anI y . Each individual will have his own lead for any given t~e and/or circumstances. The wind will also playa very big factor in the lead, used for a given shot at a given range.. As an example, a walker at 600 yards rroving fran left to r igh t wi th a w'ind of 1,5, mph fran 1 ef t; to r Lqht; wi 11 change the 1 ead f raft

2 .5 feet or 1 ~ 5 mils to the leading edge of the target. (15 *' 6 :::: 90/10 :=: 9/2 ::::: 4.5 M)A.. Nannal lead for a walker at 600 yards is 5 MOA, a dd ff'erence of .5 MJA or 31 inches at 600 yards.}

Half leads fo'r angular movement and double leads for movement, ta-lards the' sho:Jters shooting hand must also be comput.ed into the Jead,

92

~224 dia.! S5 gra FULL METAL JACKET B.T.

R~~NG E: Y.:~ R lJ S

MIJZZLE

100

200

500

VEL .. FPS

ENERGY Fir 4 LB ~ DROP I~~CHES

f.TI-~q O· Ii' EFLEICIT·I ,,,-- 0: N"~

IN ':"1. U ,. , .. , , .L" L '

INCH:ES

VEL~ FPS ENERGY FT. LB~ DROIP IN CHEIS

~iIND DEFLECTI,Q,N INCflES

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1872 1167 -72.712

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97

lESSON OurI~NE

INrRODU~ION

1. Gain Attention .' The continuation of a snip-er progrram in Special Warfare wi 11 depend on hc:x.i well ~ you as snipers can support the Seal Platoons to carry out their' assigned mission or independent aruper operzrt.i.ons ,

2 . Pu:rfX?~e • This lesson au tl Lne is constructeO. to better· adv ise the Sea 1 Scout Snipi2r to employ himself by giving a bet.t.er understanding of weapons. tactics, and employment invo 1 v ing ~ HaskinS 50 Cal S. W • S., Ship Boarding, AcroslS the Beact operations,. HAHO Airoorne Insertion.s.

3 ~ Training. Obj e<±i ve~s . At the end of this per Lod of i.nstruction you should be able to:

a. Descril::e the tactical errp loyment; of snipers in, 50 Cal. S.W.Sa Operations, Ship Boarding, Across the Beach and HAHO Operations, Lnvo.lv.inq snipers in the supp:>rt of Seal Platrxmsll or conducting independent Seal Sniper Operations.

BODY

1. Ceneral.. Before we can start, we first must knc:M what exactly is meant by the tenn uS}_)ecial Operat.Lon" ~ Special Operations involving Seal Scout Snipersl can be considered any miss Lon tha.t is not normal I y encountered by your standard Seal Sniper.

(a) MaxUmum effective range - 2000 - 3000 meters

(b) Less than one minute of accuracy.

(el 20X Leapol.e Vitra MI, Telescopic sight allarNs for i

Imp1roved target identification and 1.{)Ca lion ~

(d) Used primarily in enqaq tnq hard targets

(2} Limitations

(a) Singl e shot be 1 t aci tons; not capable of-semi -autcmatic f·ire

99

(b) Wei,ght, - 40 Jbs ,

(c) Requires special maintenance and repair

(3 ) Arrmuni lion

(a) Armor Piercing

(b) Ba,Il amno.

(c) Tracer

Cd) Tncencr-ary

(e) RDX

4. Sniper Employme'nt

A. General

( 1 ) Ef'f ecti ve sniping by we II-trained and we ll-organi zed sni per's wi, 11

do more than inf 1 iet casual ties, and inconvenience to the enemy' ~ It wi. 11 have a marked. effect on the security and rmrale of enemy pe'raorme I ~

..

(2) The method. by which Seal Sndper s are employed will be cont.rol Ied by many factors:

- Nature of the ground (Terrain)

- Distance (To the target)

- EXistence of obstacles

-

Inse,rtion and extraction methoc1s

Degree of initiative shown by the enemy Type target (Hard/ Sof t)

Number of snipers ava t Labl.e ,

-

-

-

{3} The 50 Cal S'~W~S. was designed to engage hard targets fran extended ranges up to 2000 meters_, due to the excess ive we'ight of this wea_lX)n, makes the emp loyment of a t:wD man Slni per Team, .impr'act.Lca 1 ~ The three man Sniper Team concept. has been developed, to adjust; for the weight problems encountered when usInq this weafOln.

a.. Pr Man - w'ill carry all carmunications equipnent, normally will also be O~I~IC.

b .. Sni,:per - w'i 11 be resp:l1ns ill 1 e for carry-ing the upper rece i ver of the 50 Cal S~W.S~

c. Observer - Respons ibd I Lt.i.es will be to call wind for the sniper, carry the 1 ower receiver I bo 1 L, muz z Ie break 1 50 Ca 1 aIm1O., spot.t.Lnq scope, range finder.

d. Depending on the mission and the number of srii.pe.rs required to carry all t the ass igned mission, it may' be necessary to emp loy' rrore than one 3 man Sniper Team.,

100

2 .' SlhipBoarding Snipgr ~rations

A,. General. The employment of snipers to support a ship OOarding assault is at~-asset available to the Assault Force Uni,t Ccrrma.nder.1 The Employed seal sniper team I' s objective is to set secutiry for the assau 1 t teams movin.g to, the shi,p,. whi.l e toarding , moving to their set point, during the assaul t and af ter the assaul t has taken place'.

BI. ~~ployrnent. The employment of sniper teams will depend on:

- Number o,f sniper' avai labl e

- T'errain

- Obstacles

- ~r of Targetsl

- Distance ...

The sniper team wi 11 cons.i.s t of a two man sniper team ( srrtper / observer) . These ani.pe rs shou td set 360a security ar.ound the target ship if poss ibj.e , These sniper teams when possible should be 8i1pl.oyed in advance of the main, assault foroe , By placing these sniper teams into pos i.t.Ion in advance, reliable infonnat.ion can be passed back to the main assault force of the si tuation on and around the~ target area. Thi s inf anna t.Ion wi 11 be re 1 ayed back to the assault force unit ccmmander to aasi st; him in plarming his OpE!ra t.Ion __

{a} When us ing sni};.lers in reduced 1 ight condi lions all friend 1 Y' forces should be marked in a way which clearly Ldent.Lf Ies them, as such. Depending on what nig'ht vision devices are being used by the snipers (active or nonactive I ~ R ~ sources) wi 11 defend on the marking procedures.

(b) Acti v'e I.R. Sources.

1) I.R* lazer designators _. I.R. ta~ (glint) should re worn by all friendlies~

(c) Non. Active I. R _ Sourc'es

1) Night, Vi,sion Scopes - I .. R. Chen lightsl should be worn by all f riendl ies ...

d) Helo SUpf:Qrt. -- One met.h.o(] avail.able to a sniper team when employm£?nt of sni:per teams in advance is not feasabl e ...

1 ) Emp lOYIllent - 1Wo He los wi 11 nonuall y be used, one por+ and one starooard of' the target ship~ n-ro sn.lpezs will IJe employed with each Hela., One sniper on each side of the aircrafta

2} The responsibi I i ties of the at.rcraf t is to set 360 0 security on the target, while the main assa.ult force aasaul.t.s the target ship.

3} EcIt!ipnen1:.

- Night vis ion capabi 1, i ty

_, I a R. Lazer Designator w /weafQns •

101

3 .. !tcross. the Beach ~:rati.op.s

Gfmeral. Across the Beach operations] invol vin,g snipers wi 11 be conducted in b.u methOOs:

-

In direct support; to a larger as saul t force

-

"' depend t· ..

In]·· ·:en· sru.per operat.Ions

1) FmploY!Qellt. (Supp:>rt of Larger assault force)

A} The emp Loyment; of sni.per teams to support; a 1 arger assaul t force is an asset that can be used by the suppor-ced Unit Crnnander. Snipers should be anployed if poas ib Le ahead of the main force (24-48 hours} to set securi.ty_, and, to mark the exact locations for the main force to core across the beach .. Sniper team...s shou td set security 1800 to the front of the main force, 2, bNo man sniper teams should be used if pass ible .

~ Il Sniper

Main As saul t FOrce l'

ft4ain As saul t Fo,rce'

2) Sni}?t?rs ResPQns wi 1 i ties.. The number one man, is r'espons.ib 1 e for frontal securi ty . NumJ::er two and four men are responsib le for flank security,

numbe· ··r t.hre .. ·e man . I S resrYlin· sib' -;11· till! es are to·· ma rk the beach 1 Ink up Wl' th the

.' ' ,. I'. 1 ,·,1, .. ] ~II ..• '·L. '. I' ...•.. ' : ".'1 ....•....• , .....•.

ma i n force to· pass anv 11 nformat.I on and co gu III de' th ma L n fore . t.o t.he

..J.d... ' .. ':. ~, ... . , ... : ~. .. :..L..~I~. .. I., ,: .::... 1·. . . e ..... I ] ,(. e . : ' .. ..

obj ecti ve .. Af ter the main force has moved fran their e}I:HactuiQU poi.nt.,

. i .

arriper 1, 2,. and 4 will have two options: ~- - ,

-

They can rrove wi th the main force Keep f lank and frontal security

REmain behind the main f'oree to set se.c:uri ty I and

help guide the main force to their extraction rally point.

If srripar teams cannot; be atlp,loyoo ahead of the main assault force, sn ipex teams should ccrne across the beach with the main assault force. Once the sni:per teams are on the beach f: their primary job is 001 set ] 60 0 security for the main assault force. Sitllation will dictate how snipers wi.ll be emptoyed ... Ma.in poi.nt.s to remember I srupers are best anployed where the main force is most; vunerabl e.

102

- rwtwing across the reach

_, ~ing frat. the objective rally' poin~ to the object .

- ~in9 fran the objective To 1 \.-\ "- ~ ,. \ \:. ~ (" ~ ~ N e_ of'" \ \.)J \?T ~

- ~ing f'rrm the extraction rally point, for extraction back, out

to sea.

B} IndepeI¥.\ent Sniper~. QpeI:"ations

When conduct.Lnq across the beach opezatiLona that inrvolve snfpers or very small units (1-4 men) the follOlr1ing tactics are best used:

1 . ~ernent Across the Beach. Snipers shaul d swim in a swimner pool whi Ie swiIrming to the reach. Once the:! sniper team or teams have reached a

po irrt approxdmat.e Iy 200 meter out fran the shore line should get on line facing the shore 1 ine in order to observe the beach for any movement; ~

Once the sniper team (s) have reached a potnt. where they can stand up and renove the ir fins the follCJlling act.Ions shourd be obse.rvedr

- Before raooving their fins" the sniper team sboul d observe the beach for any enany movement.,

- Once the team is com ident the beach is secure ~ One member' at a time wi 11 rerrove his fins and prep any equipnen t for movement; across the teach ..

Once ready, all Itl.Bnbers wi 1, 1 move together on 1 ine across the beach. Once across , the ani.per teanl will proceed. to their initial rally point, to prep any weapons or equi.pnent; for movement, tal the objective ra 11 y po.int.,

2 . Tactics. Involving movement across the beach shou I d consider' the foll~ing:

- ~'emen t across the beach involving 1-4 men should not €!UP loy' swj_nmer scouts.. Due to the small ntm1bers this tactic is not feas.ibre ,

- M:Jvement frail the surf zone to the reach shou ld be carried out wi th all personne 1 on 1 ine .' This tactic, wi II bring a II guns to bear if the sn.iper team is compranised while rroving across the beach,

General.

HAllO/HAID Opezat.Ions Lnvo.lv.inq sniper teams can be carried. out in support; of a main assaul t f'oree or i.ndependentl y .

1.. In sUPffirt, of a Assau1.~ Fp-rce. Sniper teams (if feasible) should be

employed ahead of the main force (24-48 hours) to support the main forces

U · t (."""I---. ..... ......,~ .. the f 11" .

n1, '--L.ILlua.llUer ln, .. ... .. 0 ,.0001ng areas:-

- To gather information on tile ob ject.Lve area.

- To set secur.i ty for the main force' 51 D a Z ~

103

- Mark D.Z.

- Guide main force to the objective ..

2 • IndeE?!ldent S~iIJer _Qperatiorls ~ (lW10)

General... When condu.cting HARD operations involving (1-4) snip.er groupings the most important factor to consider oil

The use of HAHO operations is feasible only when the need to offset the release point. due to:

- Risk of canprcmising the D, Z .'

- Threa ts to aircraft (AAA. sights}.

_, Insertion aircraft cannot; deviate fran nonnal flight path.

A) Grouping... . Due to the small number's involving snipers ( 1-4) grouping of all persorme 1 is of great lInpJrtance ~ In the ernp loyrnent of srripe.rs the loss of one member wi II IlDst 1 ike 1 Y' resul t in the cance 1, 1 at ion of the assigned

t, ..

ffil.SS10n ..

..

B) F 1 i ght Fonnation ~ The staggard stack fonna tion is best enlp Joyed (2$ up!2S reck) This offers] the most control.

4 Man. •

2 Man -

•

•

•

C) ~se Leg... The base leg of the flight fannation Irrto the DZ shou l.d

consider the following:

- Al ti tude a (15,~0 foot max) The higher the al ti tude the higher the· .r.i.sk of ccmprrmi.s ing the D. Z ~

- Boxing~, times.

Right hand turns into the D. Z • Should be maintainerl at all

Wind D'ir.

!

A.GL

__ B_:as~e_·~_1_E~a~·~)~ {1~5_00~·~f~t~~) ~7 ~ __ ~

(~OO' '

'I!JV

..........

t--' o

ge;

t-t

104

- Note: If altitude should be bled off approximately one mile out. fran the D~Z.. The flight leader sbou'ld do Flate S 'turns, H.e shoUld give a visual slignal to the rest. of the fonnation by moving

his leg in the direction of the tUTI1,.

- COf@SS. He?~!ng - Once exiting the aircraft and jumpers have ensured a clear airspace. they shOUld ~ediately assume their c~ass heading into

the D~ Z ~ Af·ter the format.ion is heading on the correct ccrnpass heading the jumpers should assume their slots in the formation.

- Stick leader. Is usually the heaviest or most €XI_)erienced jumper.

Hi.s pos i t.ion upon exit fran the aircra.ft will depend an what type of release the j l.JITl}_:Inaster has selected.

Cross Wind Re l ease - Middle of the stick

UWind R~lease - Front; of st,ick

The stick leaders zespons.ibf 1 i ty is to safe 1 y nav iga te the flight fonnation

t theD'Z

o . ..• ..

-

Action on the D. Z . - One wor'd wi II sum this up .. secur.i ~y n •

..

NOTES:

1 ~ Marking jumpers ( s tLck leader}

A. Sti.ck leader ahou.Ld be marked with chemical, lights and at robe light

B . Chern light s should be attached to the backpack. of the MTIX reserve. Two blue, one red chern light attached to the rear right foot and green chern light to the left foot.

C. This m.arking procedure is used to positive1y ID the stick Leade r and to aid the stick leader in signalling his intentions when making right or left t.u r ns .

D. The stick leader' should m.ove the leg tha.t corresponds to this desired turn.

2. Actions on the DZ

A. Ra,lly poin.ts {primary and secondary) should be pred.esignated prior to insertion ..

B. Once safely on the DZ, and de pend i.nq on t.he type of m.i s s Lon and situations, parachutes should be gathered up (para bags should be reused}, and all jumpers should move to a central location. Once there, 360~ security should be established and all ehu t.e and equipment should be bur i.ed , If time and mis s Lon dictate that chut.e s and s uppo.rt; ing equipment cannot be buried, a11 equipment should be centralized and cammied as best possible.

C. Security is a prime consideration 36010.. One man digs while others keep security.

105

LESSON OlJT'L I b~

To enabl e the SEAL Scou t Sniper to' e:mploy' hinGe 1 f during sur~lei lla:nce ...... a.1r- e' Ii a f..--:tn· '

~ I ~ ...... -n- .....

-

and aircr~f~

2.1 Tr~ining objectives b Dt sc r I be and demastrate the tactical employment of SIEAL

.

Scout Snipers dur i, ng an a Lr c r af t ~surve i llance and takedown ~

BODY

1 ~ Gen,e:ra! I Sn,i peTS wi 11 be uti 1 Lz ed i!l the i nt ial pre~assual t

1.. 1 ." + 11 1 ...JI l' h It d h

~Q. 'n con ra 1 na .e a we p annec aC::-CL1a I - o'nee' tiel as-lu or 'p.r na s

ll_ s: " I , '- ,~-' ' , " ' . • " " , ........... --""-I U. ,L.. I ' , ' , ,', ' l..:l", , 'I ' _ .... .' ._

I I 1'1 • .., "11 - ., I 11 b .. t f th 1 t

am per s pr i mar y reisponsil D1 1: 1 es "~1 I I ,'e S2cur'1 ,y 0, ;, ile aSSlla, ,

remove a3 many identifie,d t.argQ.ts as possi ble, and the disablement

I f't d .... t ' 1 · . . ' b" 1 · t ~ ,

a 1 r-cr ar I a' ·Cl r ona.r respOS1, ,11 ~ 1 12S ~

surveillence to

been g'i ven the SE~~L forcet surgicallly of the target

- Gather'ing of pertinent Lnf or raat t ou for in~elligence~ purposes ..

Selective target eliminatia~ ..

- Aircraft takedolwn in conj uc t i on with br eac her-s and assual t teams~

~ Assual t force securi ty' w-hi lei movi ng to their aircraft set poi rrt , dur i ng the ossual t and after the aaauaI t force has assual ted the aircraft.

- Photographic reconn.

107