Construction Technology Tall Buildings Shanghai WORLD FINANCE CENTERAhmedabadCEPT University Document

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 5:TALL BUILDINGS Page |1
RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

TECHNOLOGY,CEPT UNIVERSITY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
OVERVIEW:..................................................................................................3
OWNER/COST:..........................................................................................4
HISTORY......................................................................................................4
ISSUES:....................................................................................................6
BUILDING USES........................................................................................7
ARCHITECT...............................................................................................8
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER........................................................................10
THE NEW STRUCTURAL SYSTEM.........................................................11
THE MEGA-STRUCTURE.......................................................................12
THE DIAGONALS OF THE MEGA-STRUCTURE......................................14
THE COLUMNS OF THE MEGA-STRUCTURE.........................................15
ROBUSTNESS AND REDUNDANCY.......................................................16
LATERAL FORCES................................................................................16
WIND ENGINEERING............................................................................16
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING...............................................................17
OPTIMIZATION.....................................................................................17
CONSTRUCTION MANAGER....................................................................18
MEP ENGINEER.......................................................................................19

OVERVIEW:
The Shanghai World Financial Center is located at Block Z4-1 in the
Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone Center in the Pudong District of
Shanghai, China. The groundbreaking was August 27, 1997, and
the building is expected to be completed in 2008.
This is an extraordinary building, one that will attract the eye of all
in Shanghai. Making use of a composite, steel and concrete mega-
structure, the structural system is organized to respond to the
beauty of the architecture while meeting extraordinary engineering
challenges. While no two floors are identical, considerable repetition
is found in the concrete walls and steel framing. The building will be
mixed-use, with a museum at the base, a hotel at the top, and
office spaces in between. Above the hotel will be a visitor’s center,
while much of the area below grade will house mechanical parking.

KEY PLAN OWNER/COST:

The owner of the building is the Shanghai World Financial Center Co.
The building was developed by the Mori Building Corporation, and
the estimated cost is approximately 850 million dollars.
Chase Kieler, Owner
Nick Matthews, Architect
Adam Beyer, Structural Engineer
Jake Effinger, Construction Manager
Bill Kasch, MEP Engineer
HISTORY
With development by Mori Building Company and Kohn Pedersen
Fox as the Architect, designs for the Shanghai World Financial

Center began in New York in 1993. Following the completion of

conceptual structural designs by Ove Arup & Partners, New York, all
design work, but for Architecture, then moved to Tokyo, to be
completed by Shimizu Corporation.
By 1995, the piling had been tendered and installed, and the
structural package had been completed.
In preparation for tendering, Leslie E. Robertson Associates (LERA)
was approached by Nippon Steel Corporation with the goal of
providing a lower-cost, faster-to-construct structural system.
LERA completed designs in sufficient detail for tendering; however,
the project then went on hold.
With the foundation piling in place, the height of the building had
been increased from 460 meters (1,509 feet) to 492 meters (1,614
feet), and the base dimension had been increased from 55.8 meters
(183 feet) to 58.0 meters (190 feet). The overall exterior
appearance of the proposed building remained nearly unchanged.
The decision to increase the size of the building resulted in an
increase in gross area of approximately 15%, and an increase in
overturning moment from wind forces of approximately 25%.Making
use of reusable followers, concrete-filled steel pipe friction piles at
minimum spacing had been driven from the ground surface, with
the top of piling at the anticipated bottom elevation of the mat
[17.5 meters (-58 feet)].
Providing temporary support for the mat and below-grade concrete
floors, for top-down construction, steel H-piles extended from some
of the piling to the ground surface.
In part because the pile cut-off was well below grade, the cost of
reinforcing the existing piling was high.
LERA determined that the installed pile foundation system could
accept a larger building, only by decreasing the weight of the
original building by more than 10% and by redistributing the loads
to the piling so as to accept the increased lateral loads from wind
and earthquake.
This project, anticipated to be one of the tallest buildings in the
world, demanded a high-level of reliability in all aspects of the
structural design (Figure 1).


ISSUES:
The construction of the Shanghai World Financial Center has been
set back several times by a variety of issues.
Economically speaking, financial hardship and major property issues
in Shanghai during the Asian Financial Crisis in the late 1990’s
caused the construction of the building to be postponed just after
the foundation was laid.
The delays cost the building its chance to be the world’s tallest as
was initially planned.
Urban planning issues were also a factor in the design of this
colossal structure. The Mori Building Corporation proposed a
structural design change that would raise the final height of the
building from 492 meters to 510 meters.
This change would enable the structure to surpass Taipei 101 in
Taiwan (508 meters) as the world’s tallest building (for a brief period
of time until it would be surpassed by the Burj Dubai Tower).
However, local Shanghai authorities rejected this idea because it
interfered with city regulations on building height.
These regulations are enforced in order to protect skyline views on
both sides of the Huanpu River.
Furthermore, midday on August 14thof this year, a fire broke out in
the building. The fire claimed no lives and was quickly put out, but
this still served as yet another setback to an already troubled
project


BUILDING USES
The Shanghai World Financial Center has five primary uses.
The majority of the building is designated for office space. Several
different companies will, upon completion, find their offices located
on any of the floors in the range of 7 to 77.
The tower also designates floors three, four, and five to large
conference rooms. Furthermore, the Shanghai World Financial
Center serves as a shopping mall, which is located on the first few
floors.
Additionally, the structure contains a five-star hotel, the Park Hyatt
Shanghai, located on floors 79-93.
The luxurious hotel offers scenic views, has 174 rooms, and plans
on opening in July of 2008.
Finally, the building offers observatory levels at its peak, floors 94-
100; this includes the world’s tallest observatory.

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 5:TALL BUILDINGS P a g e | 10
ARCHITECT
The architectural firm for the Shanghai World Financial Center is

Kohn Pedersen Fox, based out of New York City.
With secondary studios in London and Shanghai and projects in over
30 countries, KPF is one of the leading international design firms in
the world.
The firm was established in 1976 by Eugene Kohn, William
Pedersen, and the late Sheldon Fox.
Since its inception, each founding member of KPF has taken on a
very specialized role within the company, which was a major reason
for their quick success.
KPF was the youngest firm ever to receive the Architectural Firm
Award from the American Institute of Architects and has won a total
of over 300 awards.
Its portfolio includes Dulles International Airport, the Grand Hyatt
Tokyo, and Madison’s own Engineering Centers Building.

The architectural style of the Shanghai WFC is widely considered

postmodern, given its highly symbolic nature, its references to its
surroundings, and its stylized form.
Its style is embedded in Chinese symbolism, as shown by its square
base and (initially) circular aperture.
These features reflect the Chinese conception of the earth as a
square and the sky as a circle. The sheer height of the structure was
also intended to convey the message that China is “striving firmly
upwards from the earth towards the heavens” (Fuchs).
The design attempts to culturally integrate Chinese architectural
traditions, resulting in the use of a “moon gate” at the top of the
tower.
While the moon gate was intended to be circular, it was changed to
a trapezoidal shape so it would be cheaper and easier to
implement. In addition, it faced many protests because it looked
very similar to the rising sun of the Japanese flag.
The moon gate exhibits the postmodern feature of form and
function, as the symbolic aperture also serves as a large relief to
high wind pressures.
The primary architectural materials used in the WFC are lightly-
mirrored glass and horizontally banded stainless steel.
The glass is an architectural laminated glass from DuPontTM with
Butacite® interlayer, chosen for its outstanding optics and safety.
This laminated glass surrounds the entire structure and is even used
in vision portions of the tower (e.g. observation deck) due to its
excellent acoustics and energy-saving performance.
Having the laminated glass form a sheath around the tower
decreases the risk of spontaneous breakage that sometimes occurs
with tempered glass.
Since the events of September 11, 2001, the issues of evacuation
and fire safety in supertall towers have been reexamined.
Traditionally, stairs have been the main means of egress (MOE),
with requirements that there be at least two remote staircases.
The independence of these staircases is intended to make sure that
no single incident can block access to both stairs.

In the case of the Shanghai WFC, stairs are part of the MOE, but the
major aspect of the evacuation plan is the use of two “occupant
egress elevators” at opposite diagonals of the tower.
These elevators, originally intended for use between ground level
and observation floors, were redesigned so they would stop at every
25th floor, termed “refuge floors”.
These refuge floors consist of large open areas that are able to hold
everyone from 24 other floors at 3 ft2 per person during an
emergency.
Thus, no occupant would need to travel more than 25 floors of stairs
(13 if everyone went to the nearest refuge floor). For those
occupants fully incapable of using the stairs, firefighter-operated
interior elevators would be available to transport them to refuge
floors.
Aesthetically, the laminated glass that surrounds the WFC provides
the tower with “great monolithic simplicity and beauty” (DuPont).
The elegant simplicity was intended to be juxtaposed with the
disconnected look of surrounding buildings due to the rapid urban
development in the area.
The lightly-mirrored glass has thus far worked exactly as the
architect intended. It has a silver shimmer on the outside, while its
high transparency on the inside provides excellent views of
Shanghai for the tower’s occupants.
From the initial design stages of the WFC, the aesthetics of the
tower have been of primary concern.

The structural engineer for the project, Leslie E. Robertson himself,

said that a main goal for his role in the project was “preserving the
grace, dignity, and beauty of the architectural design”.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
The Shanghai World Financial Center’s structural design was done
by Leslie E. Robertson Associates. Leslie E. Robertson Associates, or
LERA was founded in 1923. Currently, they are a 75-person design
firm that provides structural engineering for architects, developers,
contractors, and owners.
The history of the Shanghai World Financial Center began in 1993.
The original design was not done by LERA and was for a smaller
building.
In 1995 the piling for the building was completed; however further
construction was halted due to an economic crisis in Asia.

LERA was then contacted in 1997 to provide an alternative

structural design. In 2000, Mori Building Company wanted a taller
building and LERA was able to grant this request through their
innovative engineering.
The previous height of the Shanghai World Financial Center was 460
meters, but the new design called for a height increase of 32
meters resulting in a final height of 492 meters.
In 2001 LERA had to develop a design that would do three things:
Support a taller building, use the existing piling (many designers
doubted this could be done), and the end product would incorporate
15% more floor area.
The decisions to change the building in this manner resulted in an
increase in overturning moment by 25% due to wind forces.
The three problems mentioned were done by some innovative
designs. A diagonal bracing system was used. They also added
outrigger trusses. By changing these designs, a decrease in the
thickness of the service core shear walls was achieved and a
decrease in the amount of structural steel used.
Another reduction was realized when the outrigger trusses were
coupled to the columns of the mega-structure.
Three parallel and interacting structural systems were used in the
design in order to resist forces from typhoon winds and
earthquakes.
The first was the mega structure which consisted of the major
structural columns, the major diagonals, and the belt trusses.
The second was the concrete walls of the services core.
The last structural system was the interaction between the concrete
walls of the service core and the mega-columns (created by the
outrigger trusses).
LERA’s final design of the structure consisted of three narrow
columns, as opposed to seventeen wide columns.
This new design will give the occupants a sense of openness and
magnificent views of the city of Shanghai.
The stiffness of the perimeter and outrigger trusses was adjusted so
that the moments and the shears in the concrete walls of the
service core could be increased or decreased.

This allowed the weight of the service core to be designed at the

structural engineer’s full discretion (Robertson).
The robust and redundant structural system used by LERA is part of
a philosophy by their company.
LERA’s designs allow for the structural system to accept the
simultaneous loss of several elements. This concept is similar to
the design they used on the World Trade Center in New York.
The wind engineering was changed when LERA designed the
structure.
They were able to obtain more “realistic” figures from the
authorities. This was able to be done by extensive wind testing.
The final result allowed LERA to allow far greater loads due to wind
than before.
Also, the design by LERA was considered to be structurally superior
so a damper was not needed for the building.
The earthquake engineering that went into the building was
extensive.
The final design that was used was a redundant structural system.
The final product allows for a 200 year return period on typhoons,
and a 2000 year return period on earthquakes.
The final design for the Shanghai World Financial Center resulted in
a 7% increase in height. Also, the new structural system used by
LERA resulted in a 10% decrease in the building weight. All of this
was able to be achieved by reducing the weight of the structural
steel and the amount of concrete used due to their robust and
redundant structural system.
THE NEW STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

In order to decrease the weight of the building, the majority of that
decrease had to be found in a reduction of the thickness of the
concrete shear walls of the services core.
This reduction could be achieved only by decreasing the wind- and
earthquake-induced lateral forces resisted by those walls.
That decrease could be found only by increasing the stiffness of the
lateral force resisting system of the perimeter wall.

Accordingly, abandoning the Developer’s design for the perimeter

framing (that of a Vierendeel moment-resisting space frame), LERA
resurrected its 1995 design: a diagonal-braced frame with added
outrigger trusses.
This change enabled a decrease in the thickness of the services
core shear walls, as well as a decrease in the weight of structural
steel in the perimeter walls.
Further, by making use of outrigger trusses coupled to the columns
of the mega-structure, an additional reduction was realized.
These conceptual changes made possible the ability to design an
efficient and economical structural system while still responding to
the constraints of the existing piling.

THE MEGA-STRUCTURE
The Mega-Structure concept is shown in Figures 2 and 3 (both
Figures omit intermediate floors). To resist the forces from typhoon
(hurricane) winds and earthquakes, three parallel and interacting
structural systems were incorporated:

The mega-structure, consisting of the major

structural columns, the major diagonals,
and the belt trusses.
The concrete walls of the services core.
The interaction between the concrete walls
of the services core and the mega-columns,
as created by the outrigger trusses.
The concept for the structural system
reduced the cost of the structural system
while responding to the essence of the
architecture, as well as successfully
responding to the limitations of the existing
foundation piling.
At the same time, the new structural
system provided for speedier construction.
Seeking to improve the quality of the office
spaces, on each of the four orthogonal
faces, the new structural system decreases
the perimeter framing from seventeen wide
columns to just three narrow columns.
Hence, building occupants will be provided
an extraordinary sense of openness and
unparalleled views of the surrounding city
of Shanghai.
By adjusting the stiffness of the perimeter
mega-structure and the outrigger trusses,
both the shears and the overturning
moments resisted by the concrete walls of
the services core can be either increased or
decreased. In this way, the weight of the
services core is subject to control by the
structural engineer.
The design both controlled the thickness of
the services core concrete walls and
optimized the design of the outrigger
trusses.

The mega-structure is only subtly displayed behind the windows of

the building.
Architecturally founded on a heavy stone base, the mega structure
gives the impression of both strength and of permanence.
Indeed, it is one of the goals of Mori Building Company to
communicate these two attributes, while displaying the wonderful
elegance of the building form

THE DIAGONALS OF THE MEGA-STRUCTURE

Turning more to the engineering detail, as shown in Figure 4, the
diagonals of the mega-structure are formed of welded boxes of
structural steel.
These steel boxes are in-filled with concrete, thus providing
increased stiffness, non-
linear structural behavior,
and structural damping.
As well, in the upper
reaches of the building and
enhanced with stud shear
connectors, the concrete is
used to stabilize against
buckling the thin steel
plates of the diagonals.
Only the side plates of the
steel box diagonals are
connected at the space-
frame nodes. In this way, complex, three-dimensional connections
are avoided. The detail
is depicted in Figure 5.
Also, the structural
systems of most very
tall buildings are driven
more by the
performance aspects of
the structure than by the
need for strength.
The simplification
associated with
connecting only the side
plates in the vertical
plane more than
compensates for the very modest loss in tensile strength; there is
no loss in compressive strength.


THE COLUMNS OF THE MEGA-STRUCTURE

The columns of the mega-structure are of mixed structural steel and
reinforced concrete.
At the connection of the mega-diagonals to the columns, the steel
column must be of a size capable of fully transferring the vertical
component of the load in the diagonals to the composite columns.
Above and below this connection, the size of the steel column is
reduced.
Away from the area where the column transfers load to the
surrounding concrete, the steel column only needs to be strong
enough to carry the construction load of the steelwork above.
As shown in Figure 6, in the lower reaches of the building the
composite columns are of impressive size. Reinforcing steel must
necessarily be 50mm (2 inches) in diameter, the largest size
available, and bundled into sets of four bars.

ROBUSTNESS AND REDUNDANCY

In keeping with the underlying philosophy of all of LERA’s designs,
and as demonstrated by the robustness of the World Trade Center,
New York, the structural system is designed to accept the
simultaneous loss of a multitude of structural elements.
For example, at any level, the small perimeter columns are able to
be accidentally removed without the disproportionate collapse of
the surrounding construction. Further, members of a perimeter belt
truss can be removed without disproportionate collapse.
Similarly, accidental removal can be accepted for the steelwork
within the services core.
LATERAL FORCES

The lateral-load resisting system is the primary determinant in the

selection and the proportioning of a suitable structural system for
any very tall building.
WIND ENGINEERING
It is not uncommon for the gradient wind speed stipulated by the
Building Code to be deliberately and properly conservative. These
wind speeds, with their resulting loads and pressures, are used for
those projects wherein detailed wind engineering evaluations are
not accomplished. For this project, a detailed analysis of the wind
climate for Shanghai was completed, as well as a report examining
the relationship between the reliability of a supplementary damping
system and the design wind speed.
A four-phase program of wind tunnel testing was completed at the
Alan G. Davenport Wind Engineering Group:
Force balance test for structural loads (structure strength) and
dynamic response (human comfort).
Pressure test for the development of steady-state and the
dynamic pressures and suctions on the façade (for the design
of the façade).
Environmental test (for windiness in the streets and
courtyards).
Aeroelastic test for structural loads and dynamic response.
34
Further, a study was completed examining the relationship between

the reliability of a supplementary damping system and the design
wind speed. The conclusion of the study was that a properly
designed damper may be considered as 100% reliable to reduce the
strength of the structure required for wind loading. However, based
on the superior structural characteristics of the design, it was
concluded that a damper was not required.

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Because of the unusual nature of the structural system, considerable
attention was given to resistance to the moving earth. The analyses
included:
Dynamic Response Spectrum Analysis

Time History Analyses, accomplished for six histories.
Non-Linear Static Pushover Analysis.
As can be seen from Figure 7, the structure is designed to remain in the
elastic mode throughout the life of the building. The design procedures
followed, being outside of the scope of the building regulations of the
People’s Republic of China, was in keeping with much of United States
practice, aided by the thoughtful input of the seismic experts from many
regions of China.
OPTIMIZATION

Recognizing that there are two basic materials (reinforced concrete

and structural steel), adding considerations of the speed of
construction, and recognizing that structural detail is perhaps more
important than are structural quantities, the optimization of this
structure relies in part on experience and in part on judgment.
The determination of the proper distributions of lateral shear and
overturning moment between these three parallel systems, then, is
not subject to precise analysis.

CONSTRUCTION MANAGER
Construction of the Shanghai World Financial Center began when
the foundation stone was laid on August 27, 1997.
The original completion date for the building was set in 2001, but
due to the financial complications, construction was halted until
February 13th, 2003 when it finally resumed.
The building reached its total height of 492 meters on September
14th, 2007 after installation of the final steel girder.
The building is currently still under construction with an expected
completion set in early 2008.
When the building is completed it will be the world’s third
tallest building, containing 101 floors.
The floor area will be around 377,300 square meters. Other
unique construction features include a mega-frame structure,
reinforced concrete and braces steel services core, and
outrigger trusses.
The top of the building contains a trapezoidal hole at the top
where a “sky bridge” will be constructed to span across the
50-meter-wide opening.
The main project engineer of the Shanghai World Financial
center is Mori Building Company, Ltd. Founded on June 2,
1950, the main scope of their business has been every aspect
of the urban landscape.
They specifically deal with urban redevelopment, real estate
leasing and management, and culture, art, and town
management.
Their newest concept of city development is their “Hills”
concept. Within this idea they try to take advantage of
existing topography and history, restore lost greenery and
create urban environments in which nature and humankind
coexist in harmony.
The Mori Group is utilizing expertise acquired from over 100
projects in Japan and China to develop a truly premier
destination in the Shanghai World Financial Center.

The two firms that are mostly in charge of the actual construction
process of the Shanghai World Financial Center are the China
Architecture Engineering General Company and the Shanghai
Construction General Company Association.
The China Architecture Engineering General Co. is known for
designing and installing curtain wall systems of glass, steel, and
stone for commercial applications.They also do work with designing
and installing associated roofs and roofing systems . The Shanghai
Construction General Company Association is mainly known for
providing construction and engineering services for the use of
residence, industry, public utility, governments, and others.
Both Construction companies worked together to make enormous
contributions in building construction skills of the Shanghai World
Financial Center.
The majority of construction in China is concrete and masonry.
However, according to Chinese Code, the height of the Shanghai
World Financial Center clearly exceeds the stipulated maximum
height for a composite frame, or reinforced concrete core building.
This led to the construction of a steel concrete structure (SRC) and
steel structure (S).
Also, China has been interested in the pursuit of building projects.
In fact, China has incorporated this idea into their building energy
codes, which include a 35-50% energy savings at less than 10 %
cost increase compared to pre-existing buildings.
The construction process of the building has been going smoothly.
The new design ideas proposed by the structural engineer have led
to efficient construction.
For example, making use of reusable followers, concrete-filled steel
pipe friction piles at minimum spacing had been driven from the
ground surface, with the top of piling at the anticipated bottom
elevation of the mat.
Providing temporary support for the mat and below-grade concrete
floors, for top-down construction, steel H-piles extended from some
of the piling to the ground surface.
In part because the pile cut-off was well below grade, the cost of
reinforcing the existing piling was high. This all allowed for a
speedier construction process.
MEP ENGINEER
With regards to its HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning)
and electrical systems, the Shanghai World Financial Center will
employ a Lonmark open system.
In the past, a building’s subsystems (HVAC, electrical, security, etc.)
operated separately or were connected by an expensive, high
maintenance gateway that connected to a single human-machine
interface.
An open system integrates all these systems into one simplified
control network which can be accessed on-site or remotely.
Using an open system has many advantages. It allows integration
of any subcomponent, no matter who the vendor is, so the owner is
not forced to choose one vendor for many different subsystems.
An open system is less costly to install; many components are
connected by a single twisted pair of wire using any topology and is
easy to reconfigure.
Multiple subsystems can be connected to a single device that gives
output information. For instance, a motion sensor provides
information to the lighting, security, HVAC, and elevator systems
instead of requiring each subsystem to have an output device of its
own.
The software that will be used will allow facility managers to analyze
their subsystems with one program, implementing new energy
efficient algorithms.
Thus, the building will be able to be monitored and controlled very
precisely and efficiently, reducing maintenance costs and energy
consumption, thus making the building more environmentally
friendly. China State Engineering Co. is contracted for the MEP
systems not installed by the vendors.
The HVAC system lowers energy consumption by using a
Variable Air Volume control system for the first time in China.
A VAV system can save as much as 30 percent in energy
costsare more economical and simple to install and operate,
and duct sizes as well as central air units are smaller.

This system controls the air conditioner using a sensor to

detect the level of temperature inside the building and
automatically adjusts the indoor temperature to the right
level.
Temperature sensors in different zones control the amount of
primary air, the cool air received from the main duct, by
adjusting dampers.
That is, they vary the amount of air volume received in each
zone. (ACHR News) The building will have more than one
thousand different monitoring zones.
The Otis Elevator company is contracted to design and install
sixty four elevators and escalators in the Shanghai World
Financial Center.
Of the thirty-one elevators to be used, sixteen will be
advanced super double-deck elevators.
These elevators allow transport of a greater number of
passengers while maintaining high space efficiency and can
service floors with varying floor-to-floor heights.
Two cars are mounted, one on top of the other, so one stops
at odd floors and the other at even floors.
Six double-deck elevators, two of which will shuttle
passengers to the observation lobby, and seven machine-
roomless Gen2 elevators will also be used in the building.
The Gen2 elevators use flat polyurethane-coated steel belts
instead of heavy, woven steel cables allowing for a smaller
sheave design.
This along with other improvements in design allows for a
smaller machine.
The machine will be allowed to mount in the hoist way itself,
eliminating the need for a machine room and thus, further
increasing space efficiency in the SWFC.

References
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Shanghai World Financial Center: Welding Brilliant Architecture to
Imaginative Engineering. Structure Magazine, 32-35.
2. LERA, R.L.L.P. (2004). Projects and About the Firm. Retrieved

November 26, 2007, from Leslie E. Robertson Associates R.L.L.P.
Web site: http://www.lera.com/projects/,
http://www.lera.com/ourfirm.htm
3. Emporis. (2007). Shanghai World Financial Center.

Retrieved November 26, 2007, from Emporis. Web site
http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=shanghaiworldfinancialcenter-
shanghai china
4. Summary. Retrieved December 2, 2007 from

http://finance.google.com/finance?q=SHA:600170
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http://www.shanghaihills.com/en/overview/company.html
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Retrieved
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Shanghai-Robertson-June07.pdf
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http://www.otisworldwide.com/k2-elevators.html

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0VgnVCM 100
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CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 5:TALL BUILDINGS Page |1

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

KEY PLAN OWNER/COST:

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

Center began in New York in 1993. Following the completion of

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

The architectural firm for the Shanghai World Financial Center is

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

The architectural style of the Shanghai WFC is widely considered

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

The structural engineer for the project, Leslie E. Robertson himself,

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

LERA was then contacted in 1997 to provide an alternative

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

This allowed the weight of the service core to be designed at the

THE NEW STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

Accordingly, abandoning the Developer’s design for the perimeter

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

The mega-structure, consisting of the major

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

The mega-structure is only subtly displayed behind the windows of

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

THE DIAGONALS OF THE MEGA-STRUCTURE

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

THE COLUMNS OF THE MEGA-STRUCTURE

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

ROBUSTNESS AND REDUNDANCY

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

The lateral-load resisting system is the primary determinant in the

Further, a study was completed examining the relationship between

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

Dynamic Response Spectrum Analysis

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

Recognizing that there are two basic materials (reinforced concrete

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

This system controls the air conditioner using a sensor to

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

2. LERA, R.L.L.P. (2004). Projects and About the Firm. Retrieved

3. Emporis. (2007). Shanghai World Financial Center.

4. Summary. Retrieved December 2, 2007 from

5. Company Profile. Retrieved December 2, 2007 from

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

RAHUL N.SOMPURA (2905),SCHOOL OF BUILDING SCIENCE &

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