Ambassador Randall Tobias

Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator

United States Department of State
2201 C Street, NW
Washington, DC 20520
December 1, 2003

Dear Ambassador Tobias:

As physicians, nurses, public health specialists, we write to you on World AIDS Day to
seek your assurance that US-funded HIV/AIDS prevention programs will be guided by
sound science and human rights principles. We are members of Physicians for Human
Rights’ Health Action AIDS campaign, which is committed to best practices for a
comprehensive strategy of HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and treatment. We support the
ABC’s of prevention – abstain, be faithful, use a condom – while insisting that a successful
prevention strategy must go well beyond ABC. Such a strategy requires that activities
protect even the hardest to reach – the most vulnerable populations.

Those most at risk – such as men who have sex with men, injecting drug users, and
commercial sex workers – are marginalized within their own countries. As you know,
USAID has a history of providing AIDS education and condoms to such groups, who in
many countries are not reached by their own governments’ initiatives. It is vitally
important that the United States continue to fill this extremely important gap.

Expanding access to prevention interventions for general population

Targeted programs for especially high risk for contracting HIV/AIDS is crucial, yet
slowing and ultimately reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS also requires making AIDS
interventions readily accessible to the general population. Access to prevention
interventions remains distressingly low in many AIDS-burdened countries. For example,
according to the United Nations, globally only one in nine people who are seeking their
HIV status have access to voluntary counseling and testing services. In Africa, fewer than
one in three people have access to contraceptive promotion programs. Thus, access to
prevention interventions must be vastly expanded, including voluntary counseling and
testing, management of sexually transmitted infections, risk reduction programs and life-
skills education for youth, targeted programs for married couples, and access to condoms.

The planned rapid scale-up of US-funded HIV treatment is also crucial to HIV/AIDS
prevention, because the possibility of treatment can motivate people to seek voluntary
counseling and testing, anti-retroviral therapy reduces patient viral load, and the
availability of treatment can help reduce the stigma associated with HIV/AIDS. Reducing
the denial, stigma, and discrimination associated with HIV/AIDS is central to HIV/AIDS
prevention efforts.

Mass marketing of condoms and comprehensive sexual education

As part of its HIV prevention strategy, the United States must continue to include mass
marketing of condoms and comprehensive sexual education. While abstaining from sex is
the only way to guarantee that a person will not contract HIV through sexual activity,
consistent use of condoms will greatly reduce the risk of people who do engage in sexual
activity. Studies demonstrate that condoms are at least 90% effective at preventing HIV

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transmission when used correctly and consistently. A recent study by the Guttmacher Institute concluded
that progress on abstinence, reduced numbers of multiple-partners, and increased condom use all
contribute to Uganda’s reduction in HIV prevalence, “although reductions in the number of sexual
partners and increased condom use may be playing a more significant role in reducing HIV risk than
sexual abstinence by itself.” A literature review of US sexual education programs by the AIDS Research
Institute at the University of California, San Francisco found that abstinence-until-marriage education has
no measurable impact, whereas comprehensive sexual education often delays the onset of sexual activity,
reduces the number of sexual partners, and increases condom use.

Congress has directed that one-third of money for prevention activities should be used for abstinence-
until-marriage programs. If grants are made to NGOs that do not support condom use, USAID must
ensure that these NGOs neither discourage condom use nor discredit their effectiveness. Further, these
grants must be balanced by grants to programs that do provide information on and access to condoms, so
that comprehensive prevention services are available to all. Also, it appears that the one-third provision
was meant to modify funding for sexual transmission prevention programs, to assure that the “A” portion
of “ABC” prevention strategies be funded. In keeping with that spirit, we respectfully urge that the one-
third provision apply only to sexual transmission prevention programs, and that abstinence programs not
be funded with resources from other prevention accounts, such as voluntary counseling and testing, safe
health care initiatives, programs to prevent mother-to-child transmission, and harm reduction programs
for injecting drug users.

Marginalized populations

Women at risk of domestic violence and coerced sex

Prevention efforts must provide people options that are relevant to their circumstances. Safe sexual
behavior is not an option for many women, as they risk violence, abandonment, and economic destitution
if they contest the sexual demands of their partner. To help provide women the ability to choose the
terms of their sexual interactions without risking violence or jeopardizing their ability to meet their basic
needs, the United States should incorporate the protection of women’s rights into its strategy to combat
HIV/AIDS. Key elements include: 1) tailor HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and treatment programs to
address specific needs of women, such as by incorporating partner communication skills in prevention
programs, and ensure women’s access to these programs; 2) integrate voluntary counseling and testing
services into antenatal and other health services used by women; 3) assist law enforcement in preventing
and prosecuting violence against women; 4) promote income-generating opportunities for women and
economic assistance to survivors of domestic violence; 5) establish shelters for survivors of domestic
violence; 6) encourage legal change to provide women equal rights in areas including property,
inheritance, and divorce, and ensure women access to legal assistance; 7) support domestic violence
sensitization programs for health providers and encourage the establishment of protocols on health
providers’ interactions with survivors of domestic violence, and; 8) promote widespread education on
women’s rights.

People engaged in sex work

Women and men engaged in sex work are especially vulnerable to HIV infection. Many sex workers,
most of whom are women, do not choose this form of work. Rather, they enter it as a last resort to earn a
living for themselves and their children. Prevention efforts should include support for girls’ and women’s
education and income-generating projects that will provide sex workers other options, but not to the
exclusion of strategies to protect women and men who are engaged in sex work, including condom
dissemination, prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections, and voluntary counseling and
testing. In Thailand, promoting universal and consistent condom use among commercial sex workers has

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been central to Thailand’s success in turning the tide of its epidemic, as new HIV infections have dropped
by 80% from peak levels in the early 1990s. UNAIDS reports that in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, targeted
prevention efforts for sex workers increased their condom use from about 20% in 1992 to almost 80% in
1998, while cutting their HIV prevalence by nearly two-thirds.

Men who have sex with men

Aggressive outreach efforts are needed to provide HIV/AIDS services to men who have sex with men,
who are often driven underground by stigma and persecution. Prevention efforts should include targeted
distribution of condoms, promotion of safer sex, and treatment of sexually transmitted infections. They
should also offer opportunities for these men to communicate openly on issues they face and to provide
support for one another. Prevention efforts will be most successful when coupled with efforts to defend
the human rights of men who have sex with men. Countries should not punish sex between consenting
adults and should make available non-punitive and non-judgmental confidential prevention, care, and
treatment services to men who have sex with men. These services work. In Jamaica, for example, a
national AIDS organization sponsors an outreach and risk reduction project for men who have sex with
men. Over eight months in 1996, the project led to a 40% increase in condom use and 30% reduction in
reported high-risk behavior among clients. The United States should help build the capacity of
organizations that provide these outreach services and endeavor to protect the rights of men who have sex
with men. The US government should also strongly and openly condemn remarks by officials in AIDS-
burdened countries that are hostile to the rights of homosexuals, or even deny the very existence of
homosexuals in their countries. Such comments are anathema to HIV prevention, and must be addressed.

Injecting drug users

In Eastern Europe, Russia, and much of Central and Southeast Asia, injecting drug use is the major force
driving the AIDS epidemic. Given the complexity and long-term nature of the problem of drug use, an
AIDS prevention strategy for injecting drug users cannot rely solely on efforts to stop injecting drug use.
Rather, it should follow a harm reduction approach, which incorporates a spectrum of strategies ranging
from safer drug use to managed drug use to no drug use. These strategies include ensuring access to
condoms and sterile syringes, as well as education and access to voluntary counseling and testing and
HIV care. Needle-exchange programs do not increase drug use. A global review from 1988 to 1993 of
29 cities with needle-exchange programs found no increase in the number of injecting drug users; HIV
prevalence fell by 5.8% per year. This finding has been confirmed by numerous studies since. Needle
exchange programs have reduced the prevalence of HIV among injecting drug users in New York City,
New Haven, and other US cities, and is being implemented in several countries in Asia including
Thailand, India, and China. In 1997, the National Institutes of Health credited needle exchange programs
with reducing HIV transmission rates in the United States by one-third to two-fifths. The same year, the
US Conference of Mayors endorsed needle exchange as part of a comprehensive harm reduction strategy
for injecting drug users in the United States.

These are far from the complete range of interventions needed as part of a comprehensive strategy for
HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and treatment. Populations besides those discussed above are at high-risk
and require targeted strategies, including street children and other youth, as well as migrant workers.
Prevention efforts are also required for the general population. US-funded prevention programs should
target all routes of HIV transmission. Programs to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission and to end
HIV transmission in health care settings, including through blood transfusions and medical injections,
should expand dramatically.

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Now that the United States is ready to mount a serious response, it would be tragic if that response
ignored best scientific practices. We look forward to working with you and stand ready to offer you our
assistance.

Sincerely,

Kimberly Adams-Tufts, ND, RNc, WHNP, FAAN

Associate Professor of Nursing and Health Policy
Case Western Reserve University*
Cleveland, OH

Rabia Akram, MPH, MBA

Program Coordinator
Sinai Community Institute
Chicago, IL

Joel Albers, PharmD, PhD

Clinical Pharmacist
Minneapolis, MN

Jonathan S. Allan, DVM

Scientist, Department of Virology and Immunology
Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research
San Antonio, TX

Emily Althaus, MA
Counseling Center
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, IL

Holly Atkinson, MD
President, Physicians for Human Rights
Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health
Weill Cornell Medical College
New York, NY

Suzanne Bakken, RN, DNSc, FAAN

Alumni Professor of Nursing and Professor of Biomedical Informatics
Director, Center for Evidence-based Practice in the Underserved
Columbia University
New York, NY

John G. Bartlett, MD
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD

D. Bennett, MD, MPH

Rollins School of Public Health
Emory University
Atlanta, GA

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Alan Berkman, MD
Professor, Department of Epidemiology
Mailman School of Public Health
Columbia University
New York, NY

Cathy Berman, NP, RN, MS

Nurse Practitioner
Oakland, CA

Robert E. Booth, PhD

Professor of Psychiatry
University of Colorado School of Medicine
Denver, CO

Donald S. Burke, MD
Professor of International Health
Bloomberg School of Public Health
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD

James F. Campbell, PhD

Director, University of Rhode Island Counseling Center
Kingston, RI

Susanne M. Campbell, RN, CMS

Vice-President, Health Services
United Community and Family Services
Norwich, CT

Rafael E. Campo, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine
University of Miami School of Medicine
Miami, FL

Alberto Cardelle, PhD, MPH

East Stroudsburg University
East Stroudsburg, PA

E. Jane Carter, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Pulmonary, and Critical Care
Brown Medical School
Providence, RI

Anthony C. Cheng, MD
Contra Costa Regional Medical Center
Martinez, CA

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Julie Chitty, NP, RN, MPH
Africa Specialist
United States Agency for International Development
Arlington, VA

Wanjiku Chiuri, PhD

Beloit College
Beloit, WI

Michael H. Chung, MD, MPH

Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease
University of Washington
Seattle, WA

Colleen Clark, PhD

University of Southern Florida
Tampa, Florida

Jodi Clark, MD
Florida International University
Miami Gardens, FL

Mardge H. Cohen, MD
Director of Women’s HIV Research
Cook County Bureau of Health Services
Chicago, IL

Eve Cominos, MD
Contra Costa Regional Medical Center
Martinez, CA

Molly Cooke, MD
Professor of Medicine
University of California, San Francisco
Director, The Haile T. Debas Academy of Medical Educators
San Francisco, CA

Joseph Courtney, PhD

California Department of Health Services
Berkeley, CA

James Curran, MD, MPH

Dean, Rollins School of Public Health
Emory University
Atlanta, GA

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Susan Cu-Uvin, MD
Associate Professor, Obstetrics and Gynecology
Medical Director of the Immunology Center
The Miriam Hospital
Brown University
Providence, RI

Nils Daulaire, MD, MPH

President and CEO
Global Health Council
White River Junction, VT

Frank Davidoff, MD, MACP

Editor Emeritus
Annals of Internal Medicine
Wethersfield, CT

Andrew J. Desruisseau, MD
Chief of Medicine
University of Kansas
Kansas City, KS

Marcela Dixon
Community Health Worker
Multnomah County Health Department
Portland, OR

Deborah Donnell, PhD

HPTN Deputy Director,
Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center
Seattle WA

Cristiane Duarte, PhD

Assistant Professor
Columbia University
New York, NY

Paul Eckburg, MD
Division of Infectious Diseases
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford, CA

Leon Eisenberg, MD
Professor of Psychiatry and Professor of Social Medicine Emeritus
Department of Social Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA

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Wafaa El-Sadr, MD, MPH
Harlem Hospital Center/Columbia University
New York, NY

Margaret Eng, MD
Assistant Program Director, Department of Medicine
Monmouth Medical Center
Long Branch, NJ

Joseph J. Eron Jr., MD

Associate Professor of Medicine
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, NC

Paul Farmer, MD, PhD

Maud and Lillian Presley Professor of Medical Anthropology
Co-Director, Program in Infectious Disease and Social Change, Department of Social Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Vice Chair, Division of Social Medicine and Health Inequalities
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Medical Director, Zanmi Lasante, Cange, Haiti
Founding Director, Partners In Health
Boston, MA

Carey Farquhar, MD, MPH

Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease
University of Washington
Co-Director, International AIDS Research and Training Program
Seattle WA

Maria Fernandez, MPH

Senior Project Coordinator
South Los Angeles Health Projects
Inglewood, CA

Joyce J. Fitzpatrick, PhD, MBA, RN, FAAN

Elizabeth Brooks Ford Professor of Nursing
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, OH

Donna M. Gallagher, RNCS, MS, ANP, FAAN

Principal Investigator and Director, New England AIDS Education and Training Center
President, International Education and Training Consultants
Boston, MA

H. Jack Geiger, MD, M.Sci.Hyg.

Arthur C. Logan Professor Emeritus
Department of Community Health and Social Medicine
City University of New York Medical School
New York, NY

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Thomas P. Giordano, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, TX

Stephen Gloyd, MD, MPH

Professor and Director, International Health Program
School of Public Health and Community Medicine
University of Washington
Executive Director, Health Alliance International
Seattle, WA

Warner C. Greene, MD, PhD

Director, Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology
Professor of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, CA

Ronald J. Grossman, MD
Anderson Clinical Research, Inc
New York, NY

Sergiu Grozavu, MD, MPH

Psychiatrist
Los Angeles, CA

Thomas Hall, MD, DrPH

Emeritus Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Program Head, Program in International Epidemiology
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, CA

Jane Halpern, MD, DrPH

Director, University Health Services
Bloomberg School of Public Health
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD

Michael J. Harbour, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor
Division of Infectious Diseases
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford, CA

Barbara J. Hatcher, PhD, MPH, RN

Director, Scientific and Professional Affairs
The American Public Health Association
Board Member, Harambee Africa AIDS Initiative
Washington, DC

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Frederick M. Hecht, MD
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, CA

Vickie Height, MD, MPH

President and CEO
Medical & Compensation Consultants
San Francisco, CA

Robert Heimer, PhD

Department of Epidemiology & Public Health
Yale School of Medicine
New Haven, CT

Arnd M. Herz, MD
Chief of Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases
The Permanente Medical Group
Hayward, CA

Sharon Hiner, MD
Contra Costa Regional Medical Center
Martinez, CA

Martin S. Hirsch, MD
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Professor of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health
Editor, the Journal of Infectious Diseases
Boston, MA

David Hoos, MD
Assistant Professor of Epidemiology
Mailman School of Public Health
Columbia University
New York, NY

Christina Hoven, DrPH

Director, Child Epidemiology Group
Columbia University
Bronxville, NY

Joyce Hunter, DSW

Researcher, HIV Center
New York State Psychiatric Institute
New York, NY

Kenyetta Jackson, MPH

University of Michigan School of Public Health
Ann Arbor, MI

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Thomas L. James, PhD
Professor & Chair, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, CA

Dayle Joseph, EdD, RN

Dean, University of Rhode Island College of Nursing
Kingston, RI

Naunanikinau Kamalii, JD
Health Service Officer
Honolulu, HI

Michael Katz, MD
Senior Vice President for Research and Global Programs
March of Dimes, Birth Defects Foundation
Carpentier Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, Columbia University
White Plains, NY

David A. Katzenstein, MD
Associate Director, AIDS Clinical Trials Unit
Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease
Stanford Univeristy
Stanford, CA

David L. Kaufman, MD
Chief, Ambulatory Care
Medical Director, Spellman HIV Center
St. Vincent’s Midtown Hospital
New York, NY

Carol A. Kemper, MD, FACP

Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Stanford University
Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center
Santa Clara, CA

James Kiarie, MBChB, MMed, MPH

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
University of Nairobi
Kenya

Amy V. Kindrick, MD, MPH

National HIV/AIDS Clinicians' Consultation Center
San Francisco General Hospital
San Francisco, CA

Tess Klaristenfeld, MPH

Brown University School of Medicine
East Providence, RI

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Mark W. Kline, MD
Professor of Pediatrics
Head, Section of Retrovirology
Director, Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative
Baylor College of Medicine
Texas Children's Hospital
Houston, TX

Daniel R. Kuritzkes, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Vice-President, Board of Directors
HIV Medicine Association
Cambridge, MA

Peter Lamptey, MD, DrPH

President, Family Health International AIDS Institute
Arlington, VA

Jeffrey Laurence, MD
Professor of Medicine
Director, Laboratory for AIDS Research
Weill Medical College of Cornell University
Editor-in-Chief, Patient Care & STDs and The AIDS Reader
New York, NY

Jay A. Levy, M.D.

Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, CA

Vivan Levy, MD
Stanford University Division of Infectious Disesases and Geographical Medicine
Stanford University
Palo Alto, CA

Robert Lipton, PhD

Research Scientist
Prevention Research Center
Berkeley, CA

Grace E. Macalino, PhD

Assistant Professor, Department of Community Health
Brown Medical School
Providence, RI

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Kenneth Mayer, MD
Professor of Medicine and Community Health
Director, Brown University AIDS Program
Brown University
Providence, RI

Mahrukh Mohiuddin, BBA, MPH

Research Assistant, Infectious Disease Unit
Tufts University
Jamaica Plain, MA

Donald E. Morisky, ScD, MSPH, ScM

Program Director, Social and Behavioral Determinants of AIDS and Tuberculosis Training
Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences
University of California, Los Angeles School of Public Health
Los Angeles, CA

Cynthia D. Mulrow, MD, MSc

Deputy Editor
Annals of Internal Medicine
Philadelphia, PA

Krishna K. Murthy, DVM, PhD

Department of Virology and Immunology
Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research
San Antonio, TX

Jeffrey Nadler, MD
University of South Florida
Tampa, FL

France Nguyen, MPH

University of California-Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA

Colette O’Keefe, MD
Contra Costa Regional Medical Center
Martinez, CA

Jennifer Okonsky, MA, APRN, BC

Nurse Practitioner
Raritan, NJ

Marc Oliver, MPH, RN, MA

Research Coordinator
University of Maryland Occupational Health Program
Baltimore, MD

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Susan Palsbo, PhD, MS
Senior Research Associate
National Rehabilitation Hospital Center for Health and Disability Research
Washington, DC

Caitlin Pepperell, MD, FACP

Fellow, Division of Infectious Diseases
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford, CA

Debra Perez, MPH

Harvard University
Cambridge, MA

William G. Powderly, MD
Professor of Medicine
Co-director, Division of Infectious Diseases
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, MO

Munro H. Proctor, MD, MPH

Boston University School of Medicine
Boston, MA

Holly Rahman, MD
Physician
Springfield, MO

Colleen A. Redding, PhD

Associate Research Professor
Cancer Prevention Research Center
University of Rhode Island
Kingston, RI

Kyndaron Reinier, PhD

Postdoctoral Associate, Medical Biostatistics
University of Vermont
Burlington, VT

Josiah D. Rich, MD, MPH

Associate Professor of Medicine and Community Health
Brown University
The Miriam Hospital
Providence, RI

David Rimland, MD
Chief, Infectious Diseases
VA Medical Center- Atlanta
Professor of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine
Atlanta, GA

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George F. Risi, MD, FACP
Infectious Disease Specialists
Missoula, MT

J. Peter Rissing, MD, FACP, FIDSA

Sydenstricker Prof of Medicine & Chief, Infectious Disease
Medical College of Georgia
Medical Director, MCG Health, Inc.
Augusta, Georgia

Kenneth Rosenberg, MD, MPH

Office of Family Health
Portland, OR

Allan Rosenfield, MD
Dean, Mailman School of Public Health
Columbia University
DeLamar Professor of Public Health and Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology
New York, NY

Linda Rosenstock, MD, MPH

Dean, University of California, Los Angeles School of Public Health
Los Angeles, CA

Christine Ross, MD
Contra Costa Regional Medical Center
Martinez, CA

Don H. Rubin, MD
Professor of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, TN

Rosanne Rushing, DrPH, MPH

Assistant Professor
Loma Linda University School of Public Health
San Bernardino, CA

Michael S. Saag, MD
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL

Michelle Sampin-Salgado, MPH

Communications Manager, Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention
Harvard School of Public Health
Boston, MA

William Schaffner, MD
Chair, Department of Preventive Medicine
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Nashville, TN

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Arnold Schecter, MD
Professor, Environmental Sciences
University of Texas School of Public Health
Dallas, TX

Jacqueline Sedgwick, MD, MPH

Medical Director
Clinica Salud Valle de Salinas
Salinas, CA

Daniel D. Shin, MD
Infectious Disease Fellow
Stanford School of Medicine
Stanford, CA

Janey Skinner, MPH

Public Health Consultant
Oakland, CA

Michael Snoddy, MA
District of Columbia Department of Health
Washington, DC

Donald L. Sodora, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor, Internal Medicine
University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, TX

Paul Spearman, MD
Associate Professor, Pediatrics and Microbiology & Immunology
Vanderbilt Universeity
Nashville, TN

Bruce Paul Squires, MD, PhD

Former Editor, Canadian Medical Association Journal
Secretary, World Association of Medical Editors
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada

Mark Stinson, MD
Contra Costa Regional Medical Center
Martinez, CA

Margaret Strode, MS, MPH, RD

California Department of Health Services
Sacramento, CA

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Mervyn Susser, MB, BCh, FRCP
Sergievsky Professor of Epidemiology Emeritus
Columbia University
New York, NY

Susan Swindells, MBBS

Terry K. Watanabe Professor and Medical Director, HIV Clinic
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Omaha, NE

G. Tesfaledet, MD
Clinical Director, Department of Medicine
The Aga Khan Hospital
Nairobi, Kenya

Lucy Tompkins, MD, PhD

Chief, Division of Infectious Disease and Geographic Medicine
Stanford University School of Medicine
Palo Alto, CA

Sandra L. Torrente, MD
Chief of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Kansas
Kansas City, KS

Abraham Verghese, MD, DSc (Hon)

Marvin Forland Distinguished Professor
Director, Center for Medical Humanities and Ethics
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
San Antonio, TX

Paul Volberding, MD
Professor of Medicine and Vice Chair of Medicine
University of California, San Francisco
Co-Director UCSF-GIVI Center for AIDS Research
Chairman of the Board, International AIDS Society-USA
San Francisco, CA

Ron Waldman, MD, MPH

Professor of Clinical Public Health
Mailman School of Public Health
Columbia University
New York, NY

Bruce Walker, MD
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Professor and Chair, Division of AIDS
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA

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Alan Wells, PhD
Senior Research Associate, American Medical Association
Chicago, IL

Edith Welty, MD
Associate Director, AIDS Prevention and Control Program
Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Board
Flagstaff, AZ

Thomas Welty, MD
Associate Director, AIDS Prevention and Control Program
Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Board
Flagstaff, AZ

S. Bruce Williams, MD
University of New Mexico School of Medicine
Albuquerque, NM

Paul Wise, MD
Vice-Chief, Deaprtment of Social Medicine and Health Inequalities
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Boston, MA

Mary E. Wilson, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Associate Professor of Population and International Health, Harvard School of Public Health
Boston, MA

Sara Wright, MPH

Bay Area Physicians for Social Responsibility
San Francisco, CA

Seth Wright, MD, MPH

Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, TN

Seiji Yamada, MD, MPH

Area Health Education Center
University of Hawaii School of Medicine
Mililani, HI

Irene Yeh, MD, MPH

University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, CA

Sauda Yerabati, MPH

California Department of Health Services
Oakland, CA

* All affiliations listed for identification purposes only.

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