(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,Vol. 8, No.2, 2010
Mean – Variance parametric Model for the Classificationbased on Cries of Babies
Khalid Nazim S. A.,Research Scholar.Dr. M.B Sanjay PandeProfessor and Head,Department of Computer Science& Engineering, GSSSIETW,Mysore, India.
Abstract-
Cry is a feature which makes a individual totake certain care about the infant which has initiated it. Itis also equally understood that cry makes a person totake certain steps. In the present work, we have tried toimplement a mathematical model which can classify thecry into its cluster or group based on certain parametersbased on which a cry is classified into a normal orabnormal. To corroborate the methodology we taken 17distinguished features of cry.The implemented mathematical model takesinto account Doyle’s distance to identify the requiredfeatures out the 17 features for classifying the dataset.The dataset of 100 samples were taken to substantiatethe efficacy of the Model.
Keywords: Cry, Doyle’s distance.
I.
I
NTRODUCTION
Is crying a normal activity is a point which opens upmany queries based on method or pattern of cry. Cry is abehavior; in fact, it is a sequence of behavior patternsthat is part of the larger behavioral repertoire of theinfant. For the neonate and young infant, crying is theprimary mode of expressing and communicating basicneeds and events. It can be even defined as a signalwhich can be used to evaluate the neuro-respiratory andphonatory functions of the infants, which leads to thereason that cry pattern is having importance in assessingthe high risk babiesLieberman stated that it is important to study infant cryas the biological substrate of human speech involves aninterplay between biological mechanisms that have othervegetative functions and neural ad anatomicalmechanisms that appear to have evolved primarily fortheir role in facilitating human vocal communication[12].Cry has been reported to be used as a diagnostictool for the diagnosis of sick babies as other techniquesmay be invasive and may have varying amounts of risk and also require waiting until the infant is of appropriateage. With a recording and analysis of birth cry, themoment of birth itself offers data for an evaluation of theinfant. Early evaluation leads to possible early detectionof non normal or high risk infants which has enormousimplications in the diagnosis and remediationThe model by Golub assumes that musclecontrol is accomplished within three levels of centralnervous system processing, i.e., upper, middle and lowerprocessors. Each of the three muscle groups importantfor cry production is controlled independently.Consequently the parameters that each are responsiblefor are likely to vary independently. Secondly, if onecan pinpoint differences in the cry as caused by subglottal (respiratory), glottal (laryngeal) or supraglottalmalfunctions, then one will by able to correlate theacoustic abnormality with specific physiological andanatomical abnormalities [13].
84http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ISSN 1947-5500
(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,Vol. 8, No.2, 2010
Crying is the first tool of communication for aninfant. These cries seem to be uniform, but there are a lotof differences between two infants’ cries. A mother candistinguish her baby from others according to the crying.An infant cry contains a lot of information about thebaby, as hunger, pain, sleepiness or boredom[4,6,7,8].Crying is a behaviour; in fact, it is a sequenceof behaviour patterns that is part of the largerbehavioural repertoire of the infant. For the neonate andyoung infant, crying is the primary mode of expressingand communicating basic needs and events. For theneonate and young infant, crying is the primary mode of expressing and communicating basic needs and eventsCry is a signal which can be used to evaluatethe neuro respiratory and phonatory functions of theinfants. This is the reason that cry pattern is having somuch of importance in assessing the high risk babies.The abnormal infant cry is associated with chromosomal,endocrine, metabolic, and neurological disturbances, aswell as malnourishment, toxicity and low birth weighti.e. infants with acoustically abnormal cries are also atlong-term risk. It is possible to extract certaininformation from the crying sound and use it to tellwhether the infant is crying due to pain, hunger or someother reason. The analysis of the infant cry involves theextraction of frequency and amplitude parameters fromcry signal based on the values of these parameters infantis classified as normal or abnormal. Since cry is not onefeature valued, it has many frequency and amplitudeparameters. Therefore infant cry constitute the featurevalues in a multidimensional space [5].For the proper assessment of the disease, aknowledge base (KB) of healthy samples with respect tothat specific disease would be more useful. This thenwill become useful in developing a model whichcontrasts a test sample with the KB of healthy samplesand then declares it as a healthy sample if it tallies withthe KB satisfactorily; else it decides that the sample is anaffected sample. This specific problem of classificationcan be defined as a Matching Problem. The problem willbe a very focused 2-class problem, to be very precise aclass and a complimentary class problem, where classrefers to a healthy class and a complimentary-class refersto an unhealthy class [2].
II.
M
ETHODA. Subjects
A total of 59 infants were considered for the study whichcomprised 35 normal infants and 24 infants with highrisk factor. The infants were from neonatal and sick babywards of JSS hospital, Mysore.
Group 1:
This group comprised of 35 normal infants of the age range less than 24 hrs to 1 month from theneonatal ward of JSS hospital, Mysore. They were bornafter 37 weeks of gestation and their birth cries were
considered normal. They were born to healthy motherswho had normal delivery. The birth weight variedbetween 2500-3500 gms. These infants were consideredto be completely healthy and normal.
Group 2:
This group comprised of 24 infants of the agerange less than 24 hours to 1 month form the sick babyward of JSS hospital, Mysore and with high risk factorlike prematurity, hyper bilirubinemia, jaundice, low birthweight, hypoglycemia, sibling, still birth, consanguinity,family history of speech and hearing problems andmultiple risks like delayed birth cry, tachypnoea, birthasphyxia, hypertension, hypoplasia of fingers, inducedlabour and hypopiturarism.
B. Data collection
•
Sony digital IC recorder (ICD- P320) which had an in-built microphone was used for recording the infantcries
•
Laptop (Pentium dual core) with headphone and cablefor line feeding of the signal was used for theanalysis along with PRAAT software (version
85http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ISSN 1947-5500
(IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,Vol. 8, No.2, 2010
5.0.47; Paul Boersam and David Weenink 2009;University of Amsterdam)
•
Sony digital IC recorder (ICD-P320) with microphonewas used to record the infant cries. It was held at adistance of approximately 5cms away from themouth of the child. Maximum care was taken tocontrol the noise in the room and constant intensitylevel was maintained for all the recordings. Thus crysamples of all the 59 infants were recorded
.
C. Acoustical Processing
The acoustical analysis is the process throughwhich the acoustical features are extracted from thecrying wave; the process also implies the application of normalization and filtering techniques. By using PRAATsoftware the goal is to describe the signal in terms of some of its fundamental components. Input to thePRAAT is a cry signal, and its output is a vector of features that characterizes the key elements of the cry'ssound wave.We have constructed Knowledge Baseemploying the features of healthy samples of infant criesby removing the out layer values, which is presented inTable 1. Obviously the strength of the knowledgederived depends upon the size m. It is based on Mean(
µ
) and Variance (
σ
2
) parameters of the features of thesamples. The knowledge base consists of a pair of parameters- mean (
µ
) and variance (
σ
2
), for each featureof a set of healthy samples. Generally in supervisedclassification, the feature values are compared with themean values of the feature set of control samples, andsubsequently the variance component is helpful for theanalysis of error made by the classifier. A distancemeasure, called Doyle’s distance measure is employed toquantify the distance that the test sample holds with thereference base. Doyle’s distance model utilizes bothmean and variance parameters to compute the distance[2].
T
ABLE
I
ElementInputFeatureMean(
µ
1 )S D(
σ
1 )Doyle’sDistanceComponentsof HealthyInfant cryF1: Median pitch0.2103106940.2129 0.1124 0.0466F2: Mean pitch0.3430330.3284 0.1378 0.0579F3: Minimum pitch0.0790120.2398 0.2692 0.1648F4:Maximum pitch0.701103480.7231 0.1827 0.0605F5: Degree of voice breaks0.110752160.2211 0.1661 0.1107F6: Jitter (local)0.2895223890.3647 0.1806 0.0912F7: Jitter (local,absolute)0.1425919590.2179 0.1710 0.0883F8: Jitter (rap)0.3285217080.3674 0.1476 0.0663F9: Jitter (ppq5)0.3369746730.3524 0.1426 0.0599F10: Jitter (ddp)0.3286256060.3674 0.1476 0.0663F11: Shimmer(local)0.2131918020.3142 0.1826 0.1043F12:Shimmer(local, dB)0.0422890.1970 0.2127 0.1549F13: Shimmer(apq3)0.2649020.3535 0.1706 0.0955F14: Shimmer(apq5)0.249040.3448 0.1520 0.0969F15 :Shimmer(apq11)0.1896690.2718 0.1414 0.0849F16:Shimmer (dda)0.2649830.3540 0.1451 0.0906F17: Meanautocorrelation0.6787820.5931 0.1987 0.1017Net Doyle’s Distance Components of Healthy Infant cry 1.5412
Table 1: Doyle’s distance values for the Healthy samplesize = m+ m = 70
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Mean – Variance parametric Model for the Classification based on Cries of Babies
Cry is a feature which makes a individual to take certain care about the infant which has initiated it. It is also equally understood that cry makes a person to take certain steps. In the present…
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