PROJECT WORK FOR

ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATHICS 2010

CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT DIVISION

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MALAYSIA

PROJECT WORK 4
STATISTICS

NAME : ABDUL MAJID BIN ABD

AZIZ
CLASS : 5 SCIENCE 1
IC NUMBER : 930206-08-5689
SUBJECT TEACHER : SIR RAFHAN BIN
AHMAD

SEKOLAH MENENGAH RAJA DR NAZRIN

SHAH
KG GAJAH
INTRODUCTION
We students taking Additional Mathematics are
required to carry out a project work while we are in
Form 5.This year the Curriculum Development Division,
Ministry of Education has prepared four tasks for us.We
are to choose and complete only ONE task based on
our area of interest.This project can be done in groups
or individually, and I gladly choose to do this
individually.Upon completion of the Additional
Mathematics Project Work,we are to gain valuable
experiences and able to :

Apply and adapt a variety of problem

solving strategies to solve routine and non-
routine problems
Experience classroom environments which
are challenging, interesting and meaningful
and hence improve their thinking skills
Experience classroom environments where
knowledge and skills are applied in
meaningful ways in solving real-life
problems.
Experience classroom environments where
expressing ones mathematical
thinking,reasoning and communication are
highly encouraged and expected
Experience classroom environments that
stimulates and enhances effective learning.
Acquire effective mathematical
communication through oral and
writing,and to use the language of
mathematics to express mathematical
ideas correctly and precisely
 Enhance acquisition of mathematical
knowledge and skills through problem-
solving in ways that increase interest and
confidence
Prepare ourselves for the demand of our
future undertakings and in workplace
Realise that mathematics is an important
and powerful tool in solving real-life
problems and hence develop positive
attitude towards mathematics

Train ourselves not only to be independent

learners but also to collaborate, to
cooperate, and to share knowledge in an
engaging and healthy environment
Use technology especially the ICT
appropriately and effectively
Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic
values of mathematics and to become more
creative and innovative
Realize the importance and the beauty of
mathematics
APPRECIATION
Alhamdullilah,thank you to Allah for giving the will to me
to complete this Additional Mathematics
project.Secondly, I would like to thank the principle of
Sekolah Menengah Raja Dr. Nazrin Shah, Mr. Hj. Omar
Bin Bakar A.M.P,P.P.T for giving me the permission to do
my this Additional Mathematics Project Work. I also like to
thank my Additional Mathematics teacher, Sir Rafhan for
the guide and giving useful and important information
for me to complete this project work. Besides that, I
would like to thank my parents for their support and
encouragement. Lastly, a special thanks to all my friends
for their help and cooperation in searching for
information and completing this project work.
 A BRIEF HISTORY OF
STATISTICS
By the 18th century, the term "statistics"
designated the
systematic collection of demographic and
economic data by states. In the early 19th
century, the meaning of "statistics" broadened,
then including the discipline concerned with the
collection, summary, and analysis of data. Today
statistics is
widely employed in government, business, and
all the sciences. Electronic computers have
expedited statistical computation, and have
allowed statisticians to develop "computer-
intensive" methods.

The term "mathematical statistics" designates the

mathematical theories of probability and statistical
inference, which are used in statistical practice. The
relation between statistics and probability theory
developed rather late, however. In the 19th century,
statistics increasingly used probability theory, whose
initial results were found in the17th and 18th
centuries, particularly in the analysis of games of
chance (gambling). By 1800, astronomy used
probability models and statistical theories, particularly
the method of least squares, which was invented by
Legendre and Gauss. Early probability theory and
statistics was systematized and extended by Laplace;
following Laplace, probability and statistics have been
in continual development. In the 19th century, social
scientists used statistical reasoning and probability
models to advance the new sciences of experimental
psychology and sociology; physical scientists used
statistical reasoning and probability models to
advance the new sciences of thermodynamics and
statistical mechanics. The development of statistical
reasoning was closely associated with the
development of inductive logic and the scientific
method.

Statistics is not a field of mathematics but an

autonomous mathematical science, like computer
science or operations research. Unlike mathematics,
statistics had its origins in public administration and
maintains a special concern with demography and
economics. Being concerned with the scientific
method and inductive logic, statistical theory has
close association with the philosophy of science; with
its emphasis on learning from data and making best
predictions, statistics has great overlap with the
decision science and microeconomics. With its
concerns with data, statistics has overlap with
information science and computer science.

STATISTICS TODAY

During the 20th century, the creation of precise

instruments for agricultural research, public health
concerns (epidemiology, biostatistics, etc.), industrial
quality control, and economic and social purposes
(unemployment rate,econometry, etc.) necessitated
substantial advances in statistical practices.
 Today the use of statistics has broadened far beyond its
origins. Individuals and organizations use statistics to
understand data and make informed decisions
throughout the natural and social sciences, medicine,
business, and other areas.

Statistics is generally regarded not as a subfield of

mathematics but rather as a distinct, albeit allied, field.
Many universities maintain separate mathematics and
statistics departments. Statistics is also taught in
departments as diverse as psychology, education, and
public health.

PART 1
The prices of goods sold in shops vary
from one shop to
another.Shoppers tend to buy goods which are
not only reasonably priced but also give value
for their money.
You are required to carry out a survey on four
different items based on the following
categories i.e. food, detergent and
stationery.The survey should be done in three
different shops.

QUESTION

a) Collect pictures,newspaper cuttings or photos on

items that you have chosen.Design a collage to
illustrate the chosen items

Answer:

FOODS :

DETERGENTS :
STATIONARY :
(b) Record the items and their prices systematically
as in Table 1.Since items maybe differently packed,be
sure to use consistent measurements for each item
selected so that comparison can be done easily and
accurately.

Answer:

PRICE(RM)
CATEGOR KOOP
ITEM KOOP KIOSK
Y SARJAN
IUI PUM
A
FOOD 1.SELF-RAISING
4.00 3.70 3.60
FLOUR (1000 g)

2.SUGAR (1000g) 2.00 1.90 1.80

3.BUTTER (250g) 4.70 4.50 4.30

4.EGGS (GRADE A)
5.90 5.50 5.00
1 DOZEN

TOTAL PRICE 16.60 15.60 14.70

DETERGEN 1.SOAP (3 BARS) 3.20 3.00 2.80

T
2.LIQUID
DISHWASHER 4.29 3.90 3.20
(1000ml)

3.CLOTHES
18.90 17.00 16.50
DETERGENT (3KG)

4.TOILET CLEANER
5.50 5.50 5.50
(500ml)

TOTAL PRICE 31.89 29.40 28.00

STATIONER 1.SHARPENER 1.50 1.30 1.00

Y
2.PENCIL (2B) 1
5.00 4.80 4.50
DOZEN

3.PEN 1.30 1.20 1.00

4.ERASER 1.30 1.20 1.10

TOTAL PRICE 9.10 8.50 7.60

GRAND TOTAL 57.59 53.50 50.30

(c) Create at least two suitable graphical
representations (the use of ICT is encouraged) to
compare and contrast the price of the items chosen.

Answer:

1)FOODS
2)DETERGENT

3)STATIONERY

(d) Based on the graphical representation that

you have constructed in Part 1(c),
interpret,discuss and draw conclusions.Comments
on your findings.

Answer:

Based on the graphical representation that I have

constructed in Part 1(c), it is shown that there are
large and small differences among the pries of
items in each category between the shops.In the
food category, the smallest price difference are of
those sugar, while the highest is the price of
eggs.Besides food, detergent also shows a large
price difference between its items.Among them is
the price of liquid dishwasher and clothes
detergent.On the other hand, stationery items
doesn;t have any obvious price difference.The
graph also show that most of the items that are
high priced comes from the KOOP SARJANA, while
the lowest price items come frm the KIOSK
PUM.the graph 1(d) will show the conclusion of the
difference among the shops based upon the shops
grand total.

Graph 1(d)

(e) Identify an item that has a large price difference

among the shops. Calculate the mean and standard
deviation of that particular item. Hence, suggest and
discuss possible reasons for the price difference.

Answer:

Liquid Dishwasher

Mean = 18.9+17+16.5
3
= 17.47

Standard Deviation
= (x)/N (x)
= 18.9+17+16.5
3
= 0.97

The large price difference of clothes detergent

among the shops maybe because of the standard of
the shop.A high standard shop or supermarket, the
items sold intend to be much more expensive than a
regular shop or supermarket.Also, the price
difference of the items may also due to the quality of
the item present.A better quality means a higher
 price.

PART 2

Every year SMK Indah organises a carnival to

raise funds for the school. This year the school
plans to install air conditioners in the school
library. Last year, during the carnival, your
class made and sold butter cakes. Because of
the popularity of the butter cakes,your class
has decided to carry out the same project for
this years carnival.

QUESTION

(a ) Suggest a shop from Part 1 which you would go

to purchase the ingredients for the butter
cakes.State and discuss your reasons for
purchasing from the shop you suggested.

Answer:

The Giant Supermarket.This is because the total

price of the ingredients from this shop is the lowest
from the three shops.

(b) Complete Table 2 with the prices of the items

found in the
 Shop/supermarket that you have chosen

Answer:

INGREDIEN QUANTITY PRICE IN PRICE IN

T PER CAKE THE YEAR THE YEAR
2009(RM) 2010(RM)
Self-Raising 250g 0.90 0.90
Flour

Sugar 200g 0.35 0.36

Butter 250g 3.30 4.30

Eggs (Grade 5 eggs 1.25 2.10
A) (300g)

Table 2

(i) Calculate the price index for each of the

ingredients in Table 2 for the year 2010 based
on the year 2009

Answer :

INGREDIE QUANTIT PRICE PRICE PRICE INDEX

NT Y PER IN THE IN THE FOR THE
CAKE YEAR YEAR YEAR2010
2009(R 2010(R BASED ON THE
M) M) YEAR 2009(I)

Self- 250g 0.90 0.90 100

Raising
Flour

Sugar 200g 0.35 0.36 102.86

Butter 250g 3.30 4.30 130.30

Eggs 5 eggs 1.25 2.10 168

(Grade A) (300g)
1.Self-Raising Flour

I= 0.90.9 x 100 = 100

2.Sugar

I= 0.360.35 x 100 = 102.86

3.Butter

I= 4.33.3 x 100 = 130.30

4.Eggs (Grade A)

I= 2.11.25 x 100 = 168

(ii) Calculate the composite index for making a

butter cake in the year 2010 based on the year
2009.Discuss how you obtained your answers.

Answer:

To calculate the composite index,weightage is

needed
(W), WeightTotal Weight

INGREDIENT WEIGHTAGE (W)

2501000 = 14
Self-Raising Flour
 Sugar 2001000 = 15

Butter 2501000 = 14

Eggs (Grade A) 3301000 = 310

Composite Index

= 14(100)+ 15(102.86)+ 14(130.30)+ 310(168)

1
= 128.54

(iii) In the year 2009,the butter cake was sold at

RM15.00 each.Suggest a suitable selling price
for the butter cake in the year 2010.Give
reasons for your answer.

Answer:

On 2009,RM 15.00
On 2010, price = 15 x 100 =
128.54%
x 100 = 128.54 x 15
 = 1928.1100

= 19.30

Thus,the suitable price for the butter cake for the

year 2010 is RM19.30.The increase in price is
also suitable because of the rise in the price of
the ingredients.

(c)
(i) Find out from reliable source how to
determine suitable
Capacity of air conditioner to be installed
based on the
volume/size of a room.

Answer:

For common usage, air conditioner is rated

according to horse power (1HP), which is
approximately 700W to 1000W of electrical
power. It is suitable for a room size 1000ft
which is around 27m of volume.

(ii) Work in group to estimate the volume of

your school
Library.Explain how you arrive at your
answer.Hence,
determine the number of air conditioners
with the
appropriate capacity required for your
library.

Answer:

By using a measuring tape,the dimension for the

library is:

Height = 3.6m
Width = 9.17m
Length = 20.12m

Volume of the room = 3.6 x 9.17 x 20.12

=664.20m

1 unit of air conditioner is for 27m

For 664.20m = 664.2027
= 24.6

That means our school library needs 25 unit of air

conditioner

(iii) If your class intends to sponsor one air

conditioner for the
School library, how many butter cakes
must you sell in
 order to buy the air conditioner

Answer:

1 unit of 1HP air conditioner =RM700

Cost for a cake = 0.9 + 0.36 + 4.3 +
2.1
= RM 7.66
Selling price = RM19.30
Profit = 19.30 7.66
= RM 11.64

Number of cakes = 70011.64

to buy 1 unit of = 60.13
air conditioner = 60 cakes

PART 3
As a committee member for the carnival, you are
required to prepare an estimated budget to organize
this years carnival. The committee has to take into the
consideration the increase in expenditure from the
previous year due to inflation. The price of food,
transportation and tents has increased by 15%. The cost
of games, prizes and decorations remains the same,
whereas the cost of miscellaneous items has increase
by 30%.

QUESTION

(a) Complete Table 3 based on the information given

above

Answer:

EXPENDITUR AMOUNT AMOUNT

E IN 2009 IN 2010
(RM) (RM)
FOOD 1200.00 1380.00
GAMES 500.00 500.00
TRANSPORTATI 300.00 345.00
ON
DECORATIONS 200.00 200.00
PRIZES 600.00 600.00
TENTS 800.00 920.00
MISCELLANEOU 400.00 520.00
S

Table 3
 (b) Calculate the composite index for the estimated
budget of the carnival in the year 2010 based on
the year 2009. Comment on your answer.

Answer:

EXPENDITURE AMOU AMOU PRIC WEIGHTA

NT IN NT IN E GE, W
2009 2010 INDE
(RM) (RM) X, I

I=
P1P0
X

100%

FOOD 1200.00 1380.00 115 12

GAMES 500.00 500.00 100 5

TRANSPORTA 300.00 345.00 115 3

TION

DECORATION 200.00 200.00 100 2

S

PRIZES 600.00 600.00 100 6

TENTS 800.00 920.00 115 8

MISCELLANEO 400.00 520.00 130 4

US

Composite Index

I = IiWiW
 =
11512+1005+1153+1002+1006+1158+130(4)12+5+3+2
+6+8+4

= 446540

= 111.625

The total price for the year 2010 increase by

11.625%.This is because
some price in the year 2009 increased in the year
2010.

(c) The change in the composite index for the

estimate budget for the carnival from the year
2009 to the year 2010 is the same as the change
from the year 2010 to the year 2011. Determine
the composite index of the budget for the year
2011 based on the year 2009.

Answer:

Composite index for the year 2009 to the year 2010

= 111.625
Composite index for the year 2010 to the year 2011
= 111.625

I20112009 X 100 = I20102009 X I20112009

I20112009 = 111.625 X111.625 X 1100
I20112009 = 124.60
FURTHER
EXPLORATION

Index numbers are being used in many different

daily situations, for example air pollution index,
stock market index, gold index and property index.

Obtain information from the internet or other

reliable sources on the importance of two different
types of index number of your choice. Elaborate
the use and the importance of these index
numbers in daily life.
AIR POLLUTION INDEX
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals,
particulate matter,
or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to
humans or
other living organisms, or damages the natural
environment into
the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous
system that is
essential to support life on planet Earth.
Stratospheric ozone
depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as
a threat to
human health as well as to the Earth's
ecosystems.

The Air Quality Index (AQI) (also known as the Air

Pollution
Index (API) or Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) is a
number used by
government agencies to characterize the quality of the air
at a given location. As the AQI increases, an increasingly
large percentage of
the population is likely to experience increasingly severe
adverse
health effects. To compute the AQI requires an air
pollutant
concentration from a monitor or model. The function used
to convert
from air pollutant concentration to AQI varies by
pollutant, and is
different in different countries. Air quality index values are
divided
into ranges, and each range is assigned a descriptor and a
color code.
Standardized public health advisories are associated with
each AQI
range. An agency might also encourage members of the
public to take public transportation or work from home
when AQI levels are high.

Limitations of the
AQI
Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI. Many
countries
monitor ground-level ozone, particulates, sulphur
dioxide, carbon
monoxide and nitrogen dioxide and calculate air quality
indices for
these pollutants.
Causes of Poor Air
Quality
The AQI can worsen (go up) due to lack of dilution of air
emissions
by fresh air. Stagnant air, often
caused by
an anticyclone or temperature inversion, or other lack of
winds lets air
pollution remain in a local area.
Indices by location
South Korea
The Ministry of Environment of South Korea uses the
Comprehensice
Air-quality Index (CAI) to describe the ambient air quality
based on
health risk of air pollution. The index aims to help the
public easily
understand air quality level and protect the health of
people from air pollution. - The CAI has values of 0 through
500, which are divided into six categories. The higher the
CAI value, the greater the level of
air pollution. - Of values of the five air pollutants, the
highest is the CAI value.

Malaysia
The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air
Pollution
Index. Four of the index's pollutant components (i.e.,
carbon
monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are
reported
in PM10 particulate matter is reported in
g/m.
Unlike the American AQI, the index number can exceed
500. Above
500, a state of emergency is declared in the reporting
area. Usually,
this means that non-essential government services are
suspended, and
all ports in the affected area closed. There may also be a
prohibition
on private sector commercial and industrial activities in the
reporting
area excluding the food sector.
STOCK MARKET INDEX
A comparison of tree major U.S. stock indices: the
NASDAQ Composite, Dow Jones Industrial Average,
andS&P 500. All three have the same height at March
2007. Notice the large dot com spike on the NASDAQ,
a result of the large number of tech. companies on that
index.

A stock market index is a method of measuring a section

of the stock market. Many indices are cited by news or
financial services firms and are used as benchmarks, to
measure the performance of portfolios such as mutual funds.
Types of indices

Stock market indices may be classed in many ways. A

'world' or 'global' stock market index includes (typically
large) companies without regard for where they are
domiciled or traded. Two examples are MSCI World and
S&P Global 100.

A national index represents the performance of the stock

market of a given nationand by proxy, reflects investor
sentiment on the state of its economy. The most regularly
quoted market indices are national indices composed of the
stocks of large companies listed on a nation's largest stock
exchanges, such as the American S&P 500, the Japanese
Nikkei 225, and the British FTSE 100.

The concept may be extended well beyond an exchange.

The Dow Jones Total Stock Market Index, as its name
implies, represents the stocks of nearly every publicly
traded company in the United States, including all U.S.
stocks traded on the New York Stock Exchange (but not
ADRs) and most traded on the NASDAQ and American
Stock Exchange. Russell Investment Group added to the
family of indices by launching the Russell Global Index.
More specialised indices exist tracking the performance of
specific sectors of the market. The Morgan Stanley Biotech
Index, for example, consists of 36 American firms in the
biotechnology industry. Other indices may track companies
of a certain size, a certain type of management, or even
more specialized criteria one index published by Linux
Weekly News tracks stocks of companies that sell products
and services based on the Linux operating environment.

Index versions

Some indices, such as the S&P 500, have multiple versions.[1]

These versions can differ based on how the index components
are weighted and on how dividends are accounted for. For
example, there are three versions of the S&P 500 index: price
return, which only considers the price of the components, total
return, which accounts for dividend reinvestment, and net
total return, which accounts for dividend reinvestment after
the deduction of a withholding tax. As another example, the
Wilshire 4500 and Wilshire 5000 indices have five versions
each: full capitalization total return, full capitalization price,
float-adjusted total return, float-adjusted price, and equal
weight. The difference between the full capitalization, float-
adjusted, and equal weight versions is in how index
components are weighted.
USES AND IMPORTANCE OF AIR
POLLUTION INDEX AND STOCK
MARKET INDEX
As everyone can see,the air pollution index is use by the
government to measure the quality of air index and to detect
any pollutants in our countrys air.This is to ensure the air is
clean and safe for us ti inhale.Besides that,an early warning
can be given to us if the air pollution is too high for us to get
out of our homes.This warning is given based upon readings
and unterpretations of the air index.

As for the stock market index, it is mainly for the business

entrepreneurs. This type of index is used to determine the
outcome of a stock market and also the conclusion of a stock
market. The stock market index is important because a
countrys economical state sometimes depend on it.
CONCLUSION
After doing research,answering questions,drawing graphs and
some problem solving, I saw that the usage of statistics is
important in daily life.It is not just widely used in markets but
also in interpreting the condition of the surrounding like the air
or the water.Especially in conducting an air-pollution survey.In
conclusion,statistics is a daily life nessecities.Without
it,surveys cant be conducted,the stock market cant be
interpret and many more.So,we should be thankful of the
people who contribute in the idea of statistics.
REFLECTION
Adter spending countless hours,days and night to finish this
project and also sacrificing my time video games and mangas
in this mid year holiday,there are several things that I can
say...

Additional Mathematics...
From the day I born...
From the day I was able to holding pencil...
From the day I start learning...
And...
From the day I heard your name...

I always thought that you will be my greatest obstacle and

rival in excelling in my life...
But after countless of hours...
Countless of days...
Countless of nights...

After sacrificing my precious time just for you...

Sacrificing my Computer Games...
Sacrificing my Video Games...
Sacrificing my Facebook...
Sacrificing my Internet...
Sacrifing my Anime...
Sacrificing my Manga...
I realized something really important in you...

I really love you...

You are my real friend...
You my partner...
You are my soulmate...
I LOVE U ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS...