engineering acoustics

Edition 1.0 30th April 2006Engineering Accoustics from Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection

Note: current version of this book can be found at http:/en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics

2

C

ONTRIBUTORS

.........................................................................................................................................................6

P

ART

1: L

UMPED

A

COUSTICAL

S

YSTEMS

...............................................................................................................7S

IMPLE

O

SCILLATION

................................................................................................................................................7Solving for the Position Equation........................................................................................................................7Alternate Position Equation Forms......................................................................................................................9F

ORCED

O

SCILLATIONS

(S

IMPLE

S

PRING

-M

ASS

S

YSTEM

)........................................................................................10M

ECHANICAL

R

ESISTANCE

......................................................................................................................................19Mechanical Resistance.......................................................................................................................................19Dashpots.............................................................................................................................................................19Modeling the Damped Oscillator.......................................................................................................................20Mechanical Impedance for Damped Oscillator..................................................................................................21C

HARACTERIZING

D

AMPED

M

ECHANICAL

S

YSTEMS

...............................................................................................22Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems....................................................................................................22Calculating the Mechanical Resistance..............................................................................................................22Critical Damping................................................................................................................................................22Damping Ratio...................................................................................................................................................22Quality Factor....................................................................................................................................................23E

LECTRO

-M

ECHANICAL

A

NALOGIES

.......................................................................................................................24Why analogs to circuits?....................................................................................................................................24Two possible analogies......................................................................................................................................24The equivalent spring.........................................................................................................................................24The equivalent Mass..........................................................................................................................................25The equivalent resistance...................................................................................................................................25Review of Circuit Solving Methods...................................................................................................................25A

DDITIONAL

R

ESOURCES FOR SOLVING LINEAR CIRCUITS

:......................................................................................26M

ETHODS FOR CHECKING

E

LECTRO

-M

ECHANICAL

A

NALOGIES

..............................................................................271. Low-Frequency Limits:..................................................................................................................................272. Dot Method: (Valid only for planar network)................................................................................................27E

XAMPLES OF

E

LECTRO

-M

ECHANICAL

A

NALOGIES

................................................................................................28Example 1..........................................................................................................................................................28Example 1 Solution............................................................................................................................................28Example 2..........................................................................................................................................................29Example 2 Solution............................................................................................................................................30Example 3..........................................................................................................................................................31P

RIMARY VARIABLES OF INTEREST

..........................................................................................................................34Basic Assumptions.............................................................................................................................................34Variables of interest...........................................................................................................................................35E

LECTRO

-

ACOUSTIC ANALOGIES

.............................................................................................................................37Electro-acoustical Analogies..............................................................................................................................37T

RANSDUCERS

- L

OUDSPEAKER

..............................................................................................................................48Acoustic Transducer...........................................................................................................................................48Magnet Motor Drive System..............................................................................................................................48Loudspeaker Cone System.................................................................................................................................48Loudspeaker Suspension....................................................................................................................................48M

OVING

R

ESONATORS

............................................................................................................................................48Moving Resonators............................................................................................................................................48Example.............................................................................................................................................................50

P

ART

2: O

NE

-D

IMENSIONAL

W

AVE

M

OTION

.......................................................................................................51T

RANSVERSE VIBRATIONS OF STRINGS

....................................................................................................................51Introduction........................................................................................................................................................51What is a wave equation?...................................................................................................................................51One dimensional Case........................................................................................................................................51

3

Characterization of the mechanical system........................................................................................................53T

IME

-D

OMAIN

S

OLUTIONS

......................................................................................................................................55d'Alembert Solutions..........................................................................................................................................55Example of Time Domain Solution...................................................................................................................55B

OUNDARY

C

ONDITIONS AND

F

ORCED

V

IBRATIONS

...............................................................................................57Boundary Conditions.........................................................................................................................................57Wave Properties.................................................................................................................................................65Forced Vibrations...............................................................................................................................................66

P

ART

3: A

PPLICATIONS

.........................................................................................................................................70R

OOM

A

COUSTICS AND

C

ONCERT

H

ALLS

................................................................................................................70Introduction........................................................................................................................................................70Sound Fields.......................................................................................................................................................70Room Coefficients.............................................................................................................................................70Sound Decay and Reverberation Time...............................................................................................................72Great Halls in the World....................................................................................................................................73References..........................................................................................................................................................73B

ASS

R

EFLEX

E

NCLOSURE

D

ESIGN

.........................................................................................................................74Introduction........................................................................................................................................................74Effects of the Port on the Enclosure Response...................................................................................................74Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure.......................................................................................................76Development of Low-Frequency Pressure Response.........................................................................................78Alignments.........................................................................................................................................................79Butterworth Alignment......................................................................................................................................79Quasi-Butterworth Alignment............................................................................................................................80Equating the system response | H(s) |

2

with | H

QB3

(s) |

2

, the equations guiding the design can be found [1]:..81Chebyshev Alignment........................................................................................................................................81Thus, the design equations become [1]:.............................................................................................................83Choosing the Correct Alignment........................................................................................................................83References..........................................................................................................................................................84Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters......................................................................................................85Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas.....................................................................................................86N

EW

A

COUSTIC

F

ILTER

F

OR

U

LTRASONICS

M

EDIA

.................................................................................................88Introduction........................................................................................................................................................88Changes in Media Properties Due to Sound Wave Characteristics....................................................................88Why Coupled Acoustic Media in Acoustic Filters?...........................................................................................89Effects of High-Intensity, Ultrasonic Waves in Acoustic Media in Audio Frequency Spectrum......................91An Application of Coupled Media in Acoustic Filters.......................................................................................92References..........................................................................................................................................................94N

OISE IN

H

YDRAULIC

S

YSTEMS

...............................................................................................................................95Noise in Hydraulic Systems...............................................................................................................................95Sound in fluids...................................................................................................................................................95Source of Noise..................................................................................................................................................95Fluidborne Noise (FBN)....................................................................................................................................95Structure borne Noise (SBN).............................................................................................................................96Transmission......................................................................................................................................................97Airborne noise (ABN)........................................................................................................................................98Noise reduction..................................................................................................................................................99Hydraulic System noise....................................................................................................................................100References........................................................................................................................................................100B

ASIC

A

COUSTICS OF THE

M

ARIMBA

.....................................................................................................................101Introduction......................................................................................................................................................101Components of Sound......................................................................................................................................101Why would the marimba need tuning?............................................................................................................104Tuning Myths...................................................................................................................................................105