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ECHO SOUNDER 
A marine instrument used primarily for determining the depth of water by meansof an acoustic echo. A pulse of soundsent from the ship is reflected from thesea bottom back to the ship, the intervalof time between transmission andreception being proportional to the depthof the water. An echo sounder is really atype of active sonar . It consists of atransducer located near the keel of theship which serves (in most models) as both the transmitter and receiver of theacoustic signal; the necessary oscillator,receiver, andamplifier which generateand receive the electrical impulses to and
 
from the transducer; and a recorder or other indicator which iscalibratedinterms of the depth of water.Echo sounders, sometimes calledfathometers, are used by vessels for navigational purposes, not only to avoidshoal water  but as an aid in fixing position when a good bathymetric chartof the area is available. Some sensitiveinstruments are used by commercialfishers or marine biologists to detectschools of fish or scattering layers of minute marine life.Oceanographicsurveyships use echo sounders for charting the ocean bottom.
See also
 Scattering layer ;Sonar ;Underwater  sound.echo sounder,an older instrumentationsystem for indirectly determining oceanfloor depth. Echo sounding is based on
 
the principle that water is an excellentmedium for the transmission of soundwaves and that a sound pulse will bounceoff a reflecting layer, returning to itssource as an echo. The time interval between the initiation of a sound pulseand echo returned from the bottom can be used to determine the depth of the bottom. An echo-sounding systemconsists of a transmitter, a receiver that picks up the reflected echo, electronictiming and amplification equipment, andan indicator or graphic recorder. The first patent for an echo-sounding device wasgranted in 1907. The Fathometer, aregistered trademark often looselyapplied to all depth-sounding gear, wasdeveloped (1914) as a result of research by the Canadian engineer R. A.Fessenden in the application of echo-sounding principles to iceberg detection.
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