6-1 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Operations Management

William J. Stevenson

8th edition
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6-2 Process Selection and Facility Layout

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6-3 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Introduction
 Process selection
 Deciding on the way production of goods or
services will be organized
 Major implications
 Capacity planning
 Layout of facilities
 Equipment
 Design of work systems

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6-4 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Process Selection and System

Design
Figure 6.1

Facilities and
Forecasting Capacity Equipment
Planning

Product and Layout

Service Design

Process
Technological Selection Work
Change Design

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6-5 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Process Strategy
• Key aspects of process strategy
– Capital intensive – equipment/labor
– Process flexibility
– Adjust to changes
– Design
– Volume
– technology

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6-6 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Process Selection
 Variety Batch
 How much
 Flexibility
What degree

Job Shop Repetitive
 Volume
 Expected output

Continuous

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6-7 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Process Types
 Job shop
 Small scale
 Batch
 Moderate volume
 Repetitive/assembly line
 High volumes of standardized goods or services
 Continuous
 Very high volumes of non-discrete goods

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6-8 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Product – Process Matrix

Figure 6.2

Process Type

Job Shop Appliance repair Not

Emergency room feasible

Batch Commercial
bakery
Classroom
Lecture

Repetitive Automotive
assembly
Automatic
carwash

Continuous Not Oil refinery

feasible Water purification
(flow)

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6-9 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Product – Process Matrix

Figure 6.2 (cont’d)

Dimension
Job variety Very High Moderate Low Very low
Process Very High Moderate Low Very low
flexibility

Unit cost Very High Moderate Low Very low

Volume of Very High Low High Very low
output

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6-10 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Automation
 Automation: Machinery that has sensing and
control devices that enables it to operate
 Fixed automation
 Programmable automation

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6-11 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Automation
• Computer-aided design and
manufacturing systems (CAD/CAM)
• Numerically controlled (NC) machines
• Robot
• Manufacturing cell
• Flexible manufacturing systems(FMS)
• Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)

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6-12 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Facilities Layout
 Layout: the configuration of
departments, work centers, and
equipment, with particular emphasis on
movement of work (customers or
materials) through the system

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6-13 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Importance of Layout
Decisions
 Requires substantial investments of
money and effort
 Involves long-term commitments
 Has significant impact on cost and
efficiency of short-term operations

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6-14 Process Selection and Facility Layout

The Need for Layout

Decisions
Inefficient operations
For Example: Changes in the design
High Cost of products or services
Bottlenecks

Accidents
The introduction of new
products or services

Safety hazards
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6-15 Process Selection and Facility Layout

The Need for Layout Design

(Cont’d)
Changes in
environmental Changes in volume of
or other legal output or mix of
requirements products

Morale problems
Changes in methods
and equipment

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6-16 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Basic Layout Types

 Product layouts
 Process layouts
 Fixed-Position layout
 Combination layouts

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6-17 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Basic Layout Types

 Product layout
 Layout that uses standardized processing
operations to achieve smooth, rapid, high-volume
flow
 Process layout
 Layout that can handle varied processing
requirements
 Fixed Position layout
 Layout in which the product or project remains
stationary, and workers, materials, and
equipment are moved as needed

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 6-18 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Product Layout
Figure 6.4

Raw Finished
Station Station
Station Station
Station Station
Station
materials 1 22 33 44 item
or customer
Material Material Material Material

and/or and/or and/or and/or

labor labor labor labor

Used for Repetitive or Continuous Processing

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6-19 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Advantages of Product
Layout
 High rate of output
 Low unit cost
 Labor specialization
 Low material handling cost
 High utilization of labor and equipment
 Established routing and scheduling
 Routing accounting and purchasing

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6-20 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Disadvantages of Product
Layout
 Creates dull, repetitive jobs
 Poorly skilled workers may not maintain
equipment or quality of output
 Fairly inflexible to changes in volume
 Highly susceptible to shutdowns
 Needs preventive maintenance
 Individual incentive plans are
impractical

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 6-21 Process Selection and Facility Layout

A U-Shaped Production Line

Figure 6.6

In 1 2 3 4

Workers

Out 10 9 8 7

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 6-22 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Process Layout
Figure 6.7
Process Layout
(functional)

Dept. A Dept. C Dept. E

Dept. B Dept. D Dept. F

Used for Intermittent processing

Job Shop or Batch

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6-23 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Product Layout
Figure 6.7
(cont’d)
Product Layout
(sequential)

Work Work Work

Station 1 Station 2 Station 3

Used for Repetitive Processing

Repetitive or Continuous

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6-24 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Advantages of Process
Layouts
 Can handle a variety of processing
requirements
 Not particularly vulnerable to equipment
failures
 Equipment used is less costly
 Possible to use individual incentive plans

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6-25 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Disadvantages of Process
Layouts
 In-process inventory costs can be high
 Challenging routing and scheduling
 Equipment utilization rates are low
 Material handling slow and inefficient
 Complexities often reduce span of supervision
 Special attention for each product or customer
 Accounting and purchasing are more involved

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6-26 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Cellular Layouts

 Cellular Production
 Layout in which machines are grouped into a
cell that can process items that have similar
processing requirements
 Group Technology
 The grouping into part families of items with
similar design or manufacturing characteristics

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6-27 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Functional vs. Cellular

Table 6.3
Layouts
Dimension Functional Cellular
Number of moves between many few
departments
Travel distances longer shorter
Travel paths variable fixed
Job waiting times greater shorter
Throughput time higher lower
Amount of work in process higher lower

Supervision difficulty higher lower

Scheduling complexity higher lower
Equipment utilization lower higher

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6-28 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Other Service Layouts

 Warehouse and storage layouts
 Retail layouts
 Office layouts

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6-29 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Design Product Layouts: Line

Balancing

Line Balancing is the process of assigning

tasks to workstations in such a way that
the workstations have approximately
equal time requirements.

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6-30 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Cycle Time

Cycle time is the maximum time

allowed at each workstation to
complete its set of tasks on a unit.

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6-31 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Determine Maximum Output

OT
Output cap acity =
CT

OT = operating time per day

D = Desired o utput rate

OT
CT = cycle tim e =
D

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6-32 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Determine the Minimum

Number
of Workstations Required
(D)(∑ t)
N =
OT

∑t = sum of task times

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 6-33 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Precedence Diagram
Figure 6.10

Precedence diagram: Tool used in line balancing to

display elemental tasks and sequence requirements
0.1 min. 1.0 min.
A Simple Precedence
a b Diagram

c d e
0.7 min. 0.5 min. 0.2 min.

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6-34 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Example 1: Assembly Line

Balancing
 Arrange tasks shown in Figure 6.10
into three workstations.
 Use a cycle time of 1.0 minute
 Assign tasks in order of the most number
of followers

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6-35 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Example 1 Solution

Revised
Time Assign Time Station
Workstation Remaining Eligible Task Remaining Idle Time

1 1.0 a, c a 0.9
0.9 c c 0.2
0.2 none - 0.2
2 1.0 b b 0.0 0.0
3 1.0 d d 0.5
0.5 e e 0.3 0.3
0.3 - - 0.5

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6-36 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Calculate Percent Idle Time

Idle time per cycle
Percent idle time =
(N)(CT)

Efficiency = 1 – Percent idle time

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6-37 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Line Balancing Rules

Some Heuristic (intuitive) Rules:

 Assign tasks in order of most following

tasks.
 Count the number of tasks that follow
 Assign tasks in order of greatest
positional weight.
Positional weight is the sum of each task’s
time and the times of all following tasks.

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6-38 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Example 2

0.2 0.2 0.3

a b e

0.8 0.6
c d f g h
1.0 0.4 0.3

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6-39 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Solution to Example 2

Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4

a b e
f g h
c d

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6-40 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Parallel Workstations
30/hr. 30/hr. 30/hr. 30/hr.
1 min. 1 min. 2 min. 1 min.

Bottleneck

30/hr. 1 min. 30/hr.

60/hr. 60/hr.
1 min. 1 min. 1 min.
30/hr.
1 min. 30/hr.

Parallel Workstations

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6-41 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Designing Process Layouts

Information Requirements:
1. List of departments
2. Projection of work flows
3. Distance between locations
4. Amount of money to be invested
5. List of special considerations
6. Location of key utilities

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 6-42 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Example 3: Interdepartmental
Work
Figure 6.12 Flows
for Assigned Departments

30

170 100
1 3 2

A B C

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6-43 Process Selection and Facility Layout

 Author’s note:
 The following three slides are not in the 8e,
but I like to use them for alternate examples.

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6-44 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Process Layout
Milling

Assembly
Grinding
& Test

Drilling Plating
Process Layout - work travels
to dedicated process centers

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6-45 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Functional Layout

222 222 222

111

2
Mill Drill Grind

22
444 3333
444

22
33

1111
2222 Assembly
33

44
111333

33
33

44
33

4
33

111 111
33
Heat 111 Gear
3

333Lathes
treat cutting 444

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6-46 Process Selection and Facility Layout

Cellular Manufacturing
Layout
Heat Gear
-1111 Lathe Mill Drill -1111
treat cut

Heat
Mill Drill Grind - 2222

Assembly
222222222 treat

Heat
3333333333 Lathe Mill Grind - 3333
treat

44444444444444 Mill Drill Gear - 4444

cut

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