Bai gidng s6 4 va sé 5 UNG THANG VA MAT PHANG TRONG KHONG GIAN _ Cac bai todn vé dutmg thing va mit phiing trong khdng gian lun luén co mat trong cac dé thi vé mén Toan 6 céc ki thi vao Dai hoc va Cao ding trong nhing nim gan diy (2002-2009), Bai gidng nay dé cp dén nhiing van dé sau: = Thiétlép phuong trinh mt phan. - Thiét lap phurong trinh dong thing. = Cae bai todn xa dinh diém va cdc yéu t6 khéc trong hinh hoc khéng gian. §1. BAI TOAN THIET LAP PHUONG TRINH MAT PHANG ‘Vigc thiét lap phuong trinh mat phing duge dya trén céc kién thire co ban sau: 1/ ava b [a mét c§p vecto chi phyong cia mat phing (P) néu ching khéng cing phuong va gia ciia ching song song véi (P) hoe nim trén (P). Khi do: i= [6] mst vectophap tuyén ea (P) 2/ Phuong trinh tng quét cia (P) c6 dang: Ax+ By +Cz+D=0(véi A+ B?+C7> 0), Khi dé 1 =(A:B:C) la mét vector phap tuyén 3/ Mat phiing di qua diém M(x: han n= (A:B:C) lam vector phap tuyén c6 dang: A(X—Xo)+ Bly ~yy)+C(z-2) = 0. to 4/ Mat phing theo doan chan: Mat phing di qua diém A(a:0:0) a B(0:b:0); C(0:0:c) véi a,b # 0 c6 dang: Come / Dui dang niy ta néi mat phing ©6 phuong trinh theo doan chan, Cie dang ton co bain Loai 1: Cae bai todn co ban lap phuong trinh mat phing: Cac bai ton co ban lip phuong trinh mat phing gém céc bai toan sau day: | ~ Viét phuong trink mat phing di qua diém M (Xo, Yo Z0).¥a nan vecto n= (A:B;C) lam vecto phap tuyén, 59Phucmg trinh cia né Ha: A(x-Xa) + Bly-yo) + C(2-20) = 0. phurong trinh mat phing di qua ba diém A. B, C khong thing hing cho Mat phing ed tim nh hai vest’ AB, AC tim hai vesto chi phuomg. Khi i= [ABLAC] ti vector 4 bai ton quy vé: Viet phurong trinh mat phing nbn s phap tuyén va di qua A. . - Vidt phusong trinh mat phing di qua mét digm A va song song voi hai duing thing dd Khi dé bai ton quy vé Viét phuomg trinh mat phing qua A vi nhén n= [ual] Kim vector phip tuyén 6 day uj.us twong ting li eae veeta chi phuomg ead vii ds, = Vist phuong tinh mét phing chia hai duimg thing song song d) va ds (dds) dim Med, Nedy. Bai toin.quy’ v phuong trinh mat phang nhan hai vecto MN. u, (u, 1a vecto chi phuong cia ds) va di qua di Ngoai ra cin nhigu bai todn khde ce dang co ban trén sau ede phép bign doi don gin. Thi due 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoe khdi B - 2008) Trone szian vGi hg ton d} Oxye cho ba diém A(0:1:2); BO: C(-2:0:1). Viet phuong trinh mst phing di qua A. B.C. Mat phang can tim nhan: u, = AB= (2:-3:1) va u. = AC =(. Do dé vecto phap tuyén n etia no Ha: =I; 1) kam e§p veeto chi phuong. 8)//(1:2:-4) Vay mat phiing edn tim e6 dang: Mx 0) 42(y— 1) Az 2) = 06> x+2y 424 6=0. Thi du 2: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi B~ 2006) ‘Trong khong gian voi hg toa dd Oxyz. cho diém A(0:1:2) va hai duvdng thing xeltt : dy fr 12 le=2er Viet phuong trinh mat phang (P) qua A, dong thiri song song vai d) va d>. es Dudng thing 4 €6 veete ehi phuomg wu; = (2:1:-1) During thing ds 66 vets chi phuong v, =(1:-2:1) 60‘Vi (P) song song vai d, va dy nén nhan u, va u, Ia cap vecto chi phurony. [a] tim secre u, va _u, kh6ng eiing phurong). Do dé (P) nhan 2] phap tuyén. Ta 6: (| |" y a-[u (Loh A Mat Khe (P) di qua A (0:1:2) nén (P) e6 dang M(x-0) = (y=) -5(2-2) = 0 <> x + By + 52-13 =0. Thi du 3: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dgi hye khdi B~ 2005) Trong khong gian v6i hg toa 46 Oxyz cho hinh lang tru dmg ABC.A;BiC, vei A(0: ~3:0); BE4:0:0); C(0:3:0); By(4:0:4). Goi M Ha tung digm cia A,B), Vikt phurong trinh mat phiing (P) di qua A, M va song song v6i BC, Ta od: Ay=(0; ~3:40 va C, = (0:3:4) ( \ViM 1d trang digm eta AyB) nén M =| 2:— Pir dé 06: AM ) va BE =(-4:3:-4) Mat phiing (P) di qua A. M va song song v6i BC, nén nin hai vecto AM va 3 vectrphip tyén ni cia (P) xe dnh nh sa: BC, lam ep vector chi phuong. Do >({B ap ab 4 n=[AM.BC; Ap aM a 23} |= (6; 24:12) / (1: 4:2) (b-Jh ha Mat phing (P) di qua A nén né e6 phusemg trinh fi (x46) — Aly #24) 422-12) = 0 <9 x4 dy — Thi du 4: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hye khdi D— 2005) Trong khong gian cho hai dum thin Xol_y+2 q=35 3 z+l 1/ Ching minh dy // ds 2/ Viet phurong trinh mt phang (P) ehisa e4 (d,) va (a). 1/ Dubng thing d) e6 veeto chi phuong fa u, = (3:~1:2) va di qua diém MC: 2:0), Dug thing d: 66 veeto chi phuong la Lr a ( oo ify af) & Nhu vay Mat khae dim M (1: ). do dé ds /! ds => dpe 61 1) khOng thude ds (hién nh2/ Cho y = 0 trong hé phuong trinh xac dinh ds, ta c6: x-2-2=0 ° x-I 4 Vay di di qua di ). o 2 Mat phiing (P) chia (d,) va (d3) nhin c&p vecto 2:11) va uy =(3;-1:2) lam e&p veeto chi phuong nén vecto phap n ciia (P) xdc dinh nhur sau: = pee j2 uy) fit tif fin | =[SaNia, EN A) sani—7 anf) (2H pean Ra ring (P) di qua M (1; ~2: ~1) nén (P) ¢6 phwrong trinh: 15(x-1) + 1I(y#2)~ 17(2#1) = 0 €9 15x + Ly ~ 172-10 =0. Thi dy 5: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khdi A ~ 2002) Trong khéng gian v6i hé toa d Oxyz cho hai dung thang, x=l+t x-2y+2-4=0 as |x +2y-22+4 z=142t ‘Viét phuong trinh mat phing (P) chira d, va song song v6i G Dusng thing dy c6 veeto chi phuong: = (13:2) ‘During thing dy 66 veeto chi phurong: (att th 3) 4) Tiong hi phaong tei inh cox 0.0: | Vay M(O: ~2:0) € di Mat phiing (P) chtia d, song song véi d>, n n nhgn cae vecto u,;u, kam cap vecto chi phuong, do dé né 6 veeto phép tuyén la (13 4] \4 4 9-0-0 21 (hai Do (P) chira dy nén M € (P). Vi thé (P) c6 phitong trinh la: 2(x-0) ~ (2-0) = 0.¢> 2x-2=0 Thi du 6: (Dé thi tuyén sink Cao diing khdi A, B, D ~ 2009) Viét phurong trinh mat phang (P) di qua diém A (1;1;1) va dng thoi vuéng g6e véi ca hai mat phng: (Pi): x 2y 432+ 4=0 va (Pa): 3x + 2y-2 41-0. 2Ro rang (P,), (P2) edt nhau vi 4 3 do giao yd [x+2y+32+4=0 3x+2y-z41=0 ‘vudng géc véi (P). Duimg thing d c6 vecto chi phyong la: yi) 8:10. A)/I( 4, Li bal] =( yer n chinh la vecto phap tuyén cita (P). Do (PY qua A(I:1:1). nén (P) 66 phuomng trinh Ki 4X1) — 5-1) + 22-1) = 0 2 4x-Sy=22-1=0 Thi du 7: (Dé thi tayén sinh Cao ding khdi A, B, D - 2008) 3 = 2S va idm A (1:13) Vidt phuong trinh mat phing (P) qua diém A va vudng gc void. Gii Vi (d) thuge (P) nén vecto chi phurong (1: cia d chink la vecto php tuyén cua (P) Do (P) qua A nén (P) ¢6 phurong trinh: Mx- = My- 1) +22-3)=0 > x~y+22-6=0. hong trinh chim mat phing dé viét phurong trinh mat phing: Gia sir cho hai mat phing (P) va (Q) eft nhau: (P): Ax By + Cyz + Di =0, (Q): Ax + By + Cxz+ D: Ki d6 mat phang di qua giao tyén cia (P) va (Q) €6 dang a(A\x+Byy+C,z+D,)+B(A.x+ B.y+C.z)=0. (1) véi a? +B >0 (1) goi fi phuomg trinh chim mat phing (P) va (Q). = Ngudi ta sir dung Trong khong gian cho during thing (d) 7 = dinh bai | phurong trinh chim mat phing dé viét phuong trink mat phing trong eae bai todn ¢6 ndi dung sau: Cho ducing thang d viet dudi dang: AX#By +0, 4) {ax B: (fava Bai todn d0i hoi viét phuong trinh mat phing (P) chia (4) va c6 mét tinh chat nado dé. ; ach gidi bai todn teén tin hanh nbur sau: 63svage pang (1) wa: yao diéu kign diu bai ta s@ thiét lip duge mot phuromg trinh nao do lién hé gita a8. Buoire 3: Chi ¥ ring a, B khong dng thoi bang 0, nén sé xe dinh durge a. B. Thi dye 1: (D2 thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khai A — 2002) Trong khdng gian cho hai dong thang, 2y+z-4=! wr Viét phuomg trinh mat phing chita (d,) vt song song v6i (42). Gidi fc Vi (P) chira (d)) nén (P) thude “chim mat phin (x2) +2-4)+B(x+2y-2244)=0 | <2(+B)x+(-20+28)y-+(a-2B}2—dar+4B.=0 (1) a (w +p? >0) Dud dang (1) (P) co vector phap tuyén la: = (a+Bi2a + 2B:a-B) (2) 1:2) ea do phi 5 x azegno' IY t t =1e2t Do (Py/ds. Vi thé vector chi phurony 6 nde ghe ¥ 106: uw Lneuln=0 2 a+f-20 +24 2(a-2f)=0 era=f Do a’ +f >0 nén chon Thay Iai vito (1) vie: 2 Nin xét So sinh vai cach gidi co ban cin thi dw nay trong thi dy 5, loai 1, §1, 66 ve sii niy nhanh gon hom Thi dy 2: (D8 thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khdi D- 2008) Trong khong gian cho hai durémg thing: lea! 0. D6 li phuomg tinh edn tim cia (P) Ching I Viet phurong trinh mat phng (P) chira cad). ds. Xem di gidi thi dy 4, logi 1. §1 Vi (P) chita dy nén (P) thuge “chim mat phing™ a(x + y= 2)4 B(x + 3y~12)=0 (1), voi a 4 BF >0. 4yfldy nn dy/! (P). Vi thé dy © (P) néu nbur: MCL 1) € (P) (day M € dy), 4 (P) nén tie (1) ta 68 phuomg trinh ~2a-178=0 (2)