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Sources of Knowledge
The Scientific Method
•4 Steps
•Observe a phenomenon•Formulate hypotheses – tentative statementsof cause & effect•Further observation / experimentation to ruleout alternative explanations•Refining & retesting of explanations
•Provides a check on the validity of itsconclusions
Library Research
Learning “what is known”about the target behavior
Hypothesis Formation
Based on Lib. Rsh., proposesome “new knowledge”
Research Design
Determine how toobtain the data to testthe RH:
Data Collection
Choose sample,measures, method
Data Analysis
Appropriatestatistical analysis
Hypothesis Testing
Based on design propertiesand statistical results
Draw Conclusions
Decide how your “newknowledge” changes“what is known” aboutthe target behavior
The “Research Loop”
•Novel RH:•Replication•Convergence
Scientific Explanations
•Accepted because they have thefollowing properties:
•Empirical: based on objective &systematic observation with the senses•Rational: follows rules of logic,consistent with known facts•Testable: able to be verified, disproved•Parsimonious: uses fewest assumptions•General: apply to broad circumstances•Tentative: admittedly imperfect•Rigorously evaluated
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