Aircraft Systems Electrical, And Avionics Subsystems Integration 2nd Edition

Sections

CHAPTER1
Introduction
Principles of flight control
Flight control surfaces
Primary flight control
Secondary flight control
Commercial aircraft
Flight control linkage systems
Push–pull control rod system
Cable and pulley system
High-lift control systems
Trim and feel
Trim
Feel
Power control units
Simple mechanical actuation
Mechanical actuation with electrical signalling
Multiple redundancy actuation
Advanced actuation concepts
Direct drive actuation
Electromechanical actuator (EMA)
Electrohydrostatic actuator (EHA)
Civil system implementations
Top-level comparison
Airbus implementation
A320 FBW system
A330/340 FBW system
Boeing 777 implementation
Inter-relationship of flight control, guidance and flight management
References
Engine control evolution
The control problem
Fuel flow control
Air flow control
Control systems
Control system parameters
Input signals
Output signals
Example systems
Design criteria
Engine starting
Fuel control
Ignition control
Engine rotation
Throttle levers
Starting sequence
Engine indications
Engine control on a modern civil aircraft
Characteristics of aircraft fuel systems
Descriptions of fuel system components
Fuel transfer pumps
Fuel booster pumps
Fuel transfer valves
Non-return valves (NRVs)
Fuel quantity measurement
Level sensors
Fuel gauging probes
Fuel quantity measurement systems
DC fuel gauging system examples – Fokker F50/F100 and Airbus
‘Smart’ probes
Ultrasonic probes
Fuel system operating modes
Fuel pressurization
Engine feed
Fuel transfer
Refuel/Defuel
Vent systems
Use of fuel as a heat sink
External fuel tanks
Fuel jettison
In-flight refuelling
Integrated civil aircraft systems
Circuit design
Actuation
Hydraulic fluid
Fluid pressure
Fluid temperature
Fluid flow rate
Hydraulic piping
Hydraulic pump
Fluid conditioning
The reservoir
Warnings and status
Proof of design
Aircraft applications
The BAE SYSTEM 146 family hydraulic system
Yellow system
Yellow system stand-by AC pump
Yellow system emergency
Yellow system reservoir
Engine-driven pump
Green system
Green system stand-by PTU
Green system stand-by AC/DC generator
Green system reservoir
Accumulator
The BAE SYSTEMS Hawk 200 hydraulic system
The Panavia Tornado hydraulic system
Civil transport comparison
Airbus A320
Boeing 767
Landing-gear systems
Nose gear
Main gear
Steering
Braking and anti-skid
Electronic control
Automatic braking
Multi-wheel systems
Aircraft electrical system characteristics
Power generation
DC power generation
AC power generation
Power generation control
DC system generation control
AC power generation control
Modern electrical power generation types
Primary power distribution
Power conversion and energy storage
Inverters
Transformer Rectifier Units (TRUs)
Auto-transformers
Battery chargers
Batteries
Secondary power distribution
Power switching
Load protection
Typical aircraft DC system
Typical civil transport aircraft system
Electrical loads
Motors and actuation
DC motors
AC motors
Lighting
Heating
Subsystem controllers and avionics systems
Ground power
Emergency power generation
Ram Air Turbine
Back-up converters
Permanent Magnet Generators (PMGs)
Recent systems developments
Electrical Load Management System (ELMS)
Variable Speed/Constant Frequency (VSCF)
Theory of VSCF cycloconverter system operation
Generator operation
Converter operation
270 VDC systems
More-electric Aircraft (MEA)
Electrical system displays
Use of bleed air
Engine bleed air control
Bleed air system indications
Bleed air system users
Wing and engine anti-ice
Engine start
Thrust reversers
Hydraulic system
Pitot-static systems
The need for a controlled environment for crew, passengers and equipment
Kinetic heating
Solar heating
Avionics heat loads
Airframe system heat loads
The need for cabin conditioning
The need for avionics conditioning
The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)
Environmental control system design
Ram air cooling
Fuel cooling
Engine bleed
Bleed flow and temperature control
Refrigeration systems
Air cycle refrigeration systems
Turbofan system
Bootstrap system
Reversed bootstrap
Ram powered reverse bootstrap
Vapour cycle systems
Liquid-cooled systems
Expendable heat sinks
Humidity control
The inefficiency of current environmental control systems
Air distribution systems
Avionics cooling
Unconditioned bays
Conditioned bays
Conditioned bay equipment racking
Ground cooling
Cabin distribution systems
Cabin noise
Cabin pressurization
Hypoxia
Molecular sieve oxygen concentrators
g Tolerance
Rain dispersal
Anti-misting and demisting
Warning systems
Fire detection and suppression
Emergency power sources
Explosion suppression
Emergency oxygen
Passenger evacuation
Crew escape
Computer-controlled seats
Ejection system timing
High-speed escape
Crash recorder
Crash switch
Testing
Reference
Special requirements of helicopters
Principles of helicopter flight
Basic helicopter control
Key helicopter systems
Engine and transmission system
Hydraulic systems
Electrical system
Health monitoring system
Specialized helicopter systems
Helicopter flight control
EH 101 Merlin flight control system
NOTAR™ method of yaw control
Active control technology
Advanced battlefield helicopter
AH-64 C/D Longbow Apache
Integrated flight and propulsion control
Vehicle management systems
All-electric aircraft concept
More-electric aircraft generation options
Integrated drive generator
Variable Speed Constant Frequency (VSCF) cycloconverter
VSCF DC link
Variable Frequency (VF)
270 VDC
230 VAC
Switched reluctance machines
MEA aircraft subsystem implications
V-22 tilt rotor system
Impact of stealth design
Lockheed F-117A stealth fighter
Northrop B-2 stealth bomber
Joint Strike Fighter (JSF)
Boeing X-32 configuration
Lockheed Martin X-35 configuration
Technology developments/demonstrators
Fault-tolerant 270 VDC electrical power generation system
Fault-tolerant 270 VDC electrical power generation system
Thermal and Energy Management Module
AFTI F-16 flight demonstration
Prognostics
Systems Design
Development processes
System design
Key agencies and documentation
Design guidelines and certification techniques
Major safety processes
Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA)
Preliminary System Safety Analysis (PSSA)
System Safety Analysis (SSA)
Common Cause Analysis (CCA)
Requirements capture
Top-down approach
Bottom-up approach
Requirements capture example
Fault tree analysis
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Component reliability
Dispatch reliability
Markov Analysis
The product life cycle
Concept phase
Definition phase
Design phase
Build phase
Test phase
Operate phase
Disposal or refurbish
Development programme
‘V’ diagram
The nature of micro-electronic devices
ARINC 429 data bus
MIL-STD-1553B
ARINC 629 data bus
Data bus examples – integration of aircraft systems
Experimental Aircraft Programme (EAP)
Airbus A330/340
Boeing 777
Regional aircraft/business jets
Fibre-optic buses
Avionics packaging – Line Replaceable Units (LRUs)
Typical LRU architecture
Integrated modular avionics

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