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MOHD NOOR AIN BIN SARIP
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930926 02 5043
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5 Sains Tulen
Encik Shamsulbadri Bin Ishak
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Contents

Appreciation 3

Objectives 4

Introduction 5

History 6

Integration by parts 8

Answers to more examples 18

Questions.………………………………………………………………………………….........19

Further exploration ……..……………………………………………………………24

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………….32

Reflection…………………………………………………………………………………………..33

References …………………………………………………………………………………………34
Appreciation
First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me the strength and health to do
this project work.

Not forgotten my parents for providing everything, such as money, to buy anything that
are related to this project work and their advise, which is the most needed for this project.
Internet, books, computers and all that. They also supported me and encouraged me to complete
this task so that I will not procrastinate in doing it.

Then I would like to thank my teacher, Encik Shamsulbadri Bin Ishak for guiding me and
my friends throughout this project. We had some difficulties in doing this task, but she taught us
patiently until we knew what to do. She tried and tried to teach us until we understand what we
supposed to do with the project work.

Last but not least, my friends who were doing this project with me and sharing our ideas.
They were helpful that when we combined and discussed together, we had this task done.
Objectives
The aims of carrying out this project work are:

i. to apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems;

ii. to improve thinking skills;

iii. to promote effective mathematical communication;

iv. to develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a

way that increases students’ interest and confidence;

v. to use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely;

vi. to provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances

effective learning;

vii. to develop positive attitude towards mathematics.

Introduction
Integration is an important concept in mathematics and, together with differentiation, is one of
the two main operations in calculus. Given a function ƒ of a real variable x and an interval [a, b]
of the real line, the definite integral

is defined informally to be the net signed area of the region in the xy-plane bounded by the
graph of ƒ, the x-axis, and the vertical lines x = a and x = b.

The term integral may also refer to the notion of antiderivative, a function F whose derivative is
the given function ƒ. In this case it is called an indefinite integral, while the integrals discussed in
this article are termed definite integrals. Some authors maintain a distinction between
antiderivatives and indefinite integrals.

The principles of integration were formulated independently by Isaac Newton and Gottfried
Leibniz in the late 17th century. Through the fundamental theorem of calculus, which they
independently developed, integration is connected with differentiation: if ƒ is a continuous real-
valued function defined on a closed interval [a, b], then, once an antiderivative F of ƒ is known,
the definite integral of ƒ over that interval is given by

Integrals and derivatives became the basic tools of calculus, with numerous applications in
science and engineering. A rigorous mathematical definition of the integral was given by
Bernhard Riemann. It is based on a limiting procedure which approximates the area of a
curvilinear region by breaking the region into thin vertical slabs. Beginning in the nineteenth
century, more sophisticated notions of integrals began to appear, where the type of the function
as well as the domain over which the integration is performed has been generalised. A line
integral is defined for functions of two or three variables, and the interval of integration [a, b] is
replaced by a certain curve connecting two points on the plane or in the space. In a surface
integral, the curve is replaced by a piece of a surface in the three-dimensional space. Integrals
of differential forms play a fundamental role in modern differential geometry. These
generalizations of integral first arose from the needs of physics, and they play an important role
in the formulation of many physical laws, notably those of electrodynamics. There are many
modern concepts of integration, among these, the most common is based on the abstract
mathematical theory known as Lebesgue integration, developed by Henri Lebesgue.

History
Pre-calculus integration

Integration can be traced as far back as ancient Egypt ca. 1800 BC, with the Moscow
Mathematical Papyrus demonstrating knowledge of a formula for the volume of a pyramidal
frustum. The first documented systematic technique capable of determining integrals is the
method of exhaustion of Eudoxus (ca. 370 BC), which sought to find areas and volumes by
breaking them up into an infinite number of shapes for which the area or volume was known.
This method was further developed and employed by Archimedes and used to calculate areas
for parabolas and an approximation to the area of a circle. Similar methods were independently
developed in China around the 3rd century AD by Liu Hui, who used it to find the area of the
circle. This method was later used in the 5th century by Chinese father-and-son mathematicians
Zu Chongzhi and Zu Geng to find the volume of a sphere. [1] That same century, the Indian
mathematician Aryabhata used a similar method in order to find the volume of a cube.[2]

The next major step in integral calculus came in Iraq when the 11th century mathematician Ibn
al-Haytham (known as Alhazen in Europe) devised what is now known as "Alhazen's problem",
which leads to an equation of the fourth degree, in his Book of Optics. While solving this
problem, he performed an integration in order to find the volume of a paraboloid. Using
mathematical induction, he was able to generalize his result for the integrals of polynomials up
to the fourth degree. He thus came close to finding a general formula for the integrals of
polynomials, but he was not concerned with any polynomials higher than the fourth degree. [3]
Some ideas of integral calculus are also found in the Siddhanta Shiromani, a 12th century
astronomy text by Indian mathematician Bhāskara II.

The next significant advances in integral calculus did not begin to appear until the 16th century.
At this time the work of Cavalieri with his method of indivisibles, and work by Fermat, began to
lay the foundations of modern calculus. Further steps were made in the early 17th century by
Barrow and Torricelli, who provided the first hints of a connection between integration and
differentiation.

At around the same time, there was also a great deal of work being done by Japanese
mathematicians, particularly by Seki Kōwa.[4] He made a number of contributions, namely in
methods of determining areas of figures using integrals, extending the method of exhaustion.

Newton and Leibniz

The major advance in integration came in the 17th century with the independent discovery of
the fundamental theorem of calculus by Newton and Leibniz. The theorem demonstrates a
connection between integration and differentiation. This connection, combined with the
comparative ease of differentiation, can be exploited to calculate integrals. In particular, the
fundamental theorem of calculus allows one to solve a much broader class of problems. Equal
in importance is the comprehensive mathematical framework that both Newton and Leibniz
developed. Given the name infinitesimal calculus, it allowed for precise analysis of functions
within continuous domains. This framework eventually became modern calculus, whose
notation for integrals is drawn directly from the work of Leibniz.

Formalizing integrals

While Newton and Leibniz provided a systematic approach to integration, their work lacked a
degree of rigour. Bishop Berkeley memorably attacked infinitesimals as "the ghosts of departed
quantities". Calculus acquired a firmer footing with the development of limits and was given a
suitable foundation by Cauchy in the first half of the 19th century. Integration was first rigorously
formalized, using limits, by Riemann. Although all bounded piecewise continuous functions are
Riemann integrable on a bounded interval, subsequently more general functions were
considered, to which Riemann's definition does not apply, and Lebesgue formulated a different
definition of integral, founded in measure theory (a subfield of real analysis). Other definitions of
integral, extending Riemann's and Lebesgue's approaches, were proposed.

Notation

Isaac Newton used a small vertical bar above a variable to indicate integration, or placed the
variable inside a box. The vertical bar was easily confused with or , which Newton used to
indicate differentiation, and the box notation was difficult for printers to reproduce, so these
notations were not widely adopted.

The modern notation for the indefinite integral was introduced by Gottfried Leibniz in 1675
(Burton 1988, p. 359; Leibniz 1899, p. 154). He adapted the integral symbol, ∫, from an
elongated letter s, standing for summa (Latin for "sum" or "total"). The modern notation for the
definite integral, with limits above and below the integral sign, was first used by Joseph Fourier
in Mémoires of the French Academy around 1819–20, reprinted in his book of 1822 (Cajori
1929, pp. 249–250; Fourier 1822, §231).
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
One of very common mistake students usually do is

To convince yourself that it is a wrong formula, take f(x) = x and g(x)=1. Therefore,

one may wonder what to do in this case. A partial answer is given by what is
called Integration by Parts. In order to understand this technique, recall the formula

which implies

Therefore if one of the two integrals   and   is easy to

evaluate, we can use it to get the other one. This is the main idea behind Integration
by Parts. Let us give the practical steps how to perform this technique:

1
Write the given integral

where you identify the two functions f(x) and g(x). Note that if you are given
only one function, then set the second one to be the constant function g(x)=1.

2
Introduce the intermediary functions u(x) and v(x) as:

Then you need to make one derivative (of f(x)) and one integration (of g(x)) to
get
 Note that at this step, you have the choice whether to differentiate f(x) or g(x).
We will discuss this in little more details later.

3
Use the formula

Take care of the new integral   .

The first problem one faces when dealing with this technique is the choice that we
encountered in Step 2. There is no general rule to follow. It is truly a matter of
experience. But we do suggest not to waste time thinking about the best choice, just
go for any choice and do the calculations. In order to appreciate whether your choice
was the best one, go to Step 3: if the new integral (you will be handling) is easier than
the initial one, then your choice was a good one, otherwise go back to Step 2 and
make the switch. It is after many integrals that you will start to have a feeling for the
right choice.

In the above discussion, we only considered indefinite integrals. For the definite

integral   , we have two ways to go:

1
Evaluate the indefinite integral

which gives

2
Use the above steps describing Integration by Parts directly on the given
definite integral. This is how it goes:
(i)
Write down the given definite integral

where you identify the two functions f(x) and g(x).

(ii)
Introduce the intermediary functions u(x) and v(x) as:

Then you need to make one derivative (of f(x)) and one integration (of g(x)) to
get

(iii)
Use the formula

(iv)

Take care of the new integral   .

The following examples illustrate the most common cases in which you will be
required to use Integration by Parts:

EXAMPLE 1
Evaluate

Let us follow the steps

1
This is an indefinite integral involving one function. The second needed
function is g(x) = 1. Since the derivative of this function is 0, the only choice

left is to differentiate the other function  .

2
We have

which gives

3
We have the formula
4
Since

we get

Since the derivative of   is 1/x, it is very common that whenever an integral

involves a function which is a product of   with another function, to

differentiate   and integrate the other function.

EXAMPLE 2
Evaluate

First let us point out that we have a definite integral. Therefore the final answer will
be a number not a function of x! Since the derivative or the integral of   lead to the
same function, it will not matter whether we do one operation or the other. Therefore,
we concentrate on the other function   . Clearly, if we integrate we will increase the
power. This suggests that we should differentiate   and integrate   . Hence

After integration and differentiation, we get

The integration by parts formula gives

It is clear that the new integral   is not easily obtainable. Due to its similarity
with the initial integral, we will use integration by parts for a second time. The same
discussion as before leads to

which implies

The integration by parts formula gives

Since   , we get

which finally implies

Easy calculations give

From this example, try to remember that most of the time the integration by parts will
not be enough to give you the answer after one shot. You may need to do some extra
work: another integration by parts or use other techniques,....
EXAMPLE 3
Find

The two functions involved in this example do not exhibit any special behavior when
it comes to differentiating or integrating. Therefore, we choose one function to be
differentiated and the other one to be integrated. We have

which implies

The integration by parts formula gives

The new integral   is similar in nature to the initial one. One of the
common mistake is to do another integration by parts in which we integrate   and

differentiate   . This will simply take you back to your original integral with
nothing done. In fact, what you would have done is simply the reverse path of the
integration by parts (Do the calculations to convince yourself). Therefore we continue
doing another integration by parts as
which implies

Hence

Combining both formulas we get

Easy calculations give

After two integration by parts, we get an integral identical to the initial one. You may
wonder why and simply because the derivative and integration of   are the same
while you need two derivatives of the cosine function to generate the same function.
Finally easy algebraic manipulation gives

Try to find out how did we get the constant C?

In fact we have two general formulas for these kind of integrals

and
EXAMPLE 4
Evaluate

Looking at the two functions involved in this example, we see that the function x is

easy to integrate or differentiate. The real problem is how to handle   . First it

is not clear how to integrate this one but its derivative is the rational function   .
Therefore this suggests the following

which implies

The integration by parts formula gives

The new integral will be handled by using the technique of integrating rational
functions. But we can also do the following (which comes up doing the same ideas
used in partial fraction decomposition)

Using this we get

The main idea behind this example is valid for many other functions such

as:   ,   , etc.. In fact, this is how the integration by parts should be
carried whenever the integral is given as a product of f(x) and one the previous
inverse-functions, try to integrate f(x) and differentiate the inverse-function. The same

remark holds for the function   .

Answers to More Examples

 Problem 1: Find

Answer:   .

 Problem 2: Find

Answer:   .

 Problem 3: Find

Answer:   .
Questions:
The diagram below shows the gate of an art gallery. A concrete structure is built at the upper
part of the gate and the words ‘ART GALLERY’ is written on it. The top of the concrete structure
is flat whereas the bottom is parabolic in shape. The concrete structure is supported by two
vertical pillars at both ends.
The distance between the two pillars is 4 metres and the height of the pillar is 5 metres. The
height of the concrete structure is 1 metre. The shortest distance from point A of the concrete
structure to point B, that is the highest point on the parabolic shape, is 0.5 metres.

0.5 m

1m B

4m
(a) The parabolic shape of the concrete structure can be represented by various functions
depending on the point of reference. Based on different points of reference, obtain at least
three different functions which can be used to represent the curve of this concrete structure.

(b) The front surface of this concrete structure will be painted before the words ‘ART
GALLERY’ is written on it. Find the area to be painted.

SOLUTIONS:

(a) Function 1

Maximum point (0,4.5) and pass through point (2,4)

y=a ¿

b=0 , c=4.5

y=a ¿

y=a x2 + 4.5−−−(1)

Substitute ( 2,4 ) into ¿

4=a ¿

4 a=−0.5

a=−0.125

∴ y=−0.125 x 2+ 4.5
Function 2

Maximum point (0, 0.5) and pass through point (2, 0)

y=a ¿

b=0 , c=0.5

y=a ¿

y=a x2 +0.5−−−(2)

Substitute ( 2, 0 ) into(2)

0=a ¿

4 a=−0.5

a=−0.125

∴ y=−0.125 x 2+ 0.5

Function 3
Maximum point (2, 4.5) and pass through point (0, 4)

y=a ¿

b=2 , c=4.5

y=a ¿

Substitute ( 0 , 4 ) into(3)

4=a ¿

4 a=−0.5

a=−0.125

∴ y=−0.125 ¿

(b)
Area to be painted

= Area of rectangle - Area under the curve

2
¿ 4 x 1−2 ∫ (−0.125 x 2+ 0.5 ) dx
0

2
−0.125 x 3
¿ 4−2 [ 3
+0.5 x ]
0

¿ 4−2 ( 23 −0)
2
¿ 2 m2
3

FURTHER EXPLORATION
(a) You are given four different shapes of concrete structures as shown in the diagrams
below. All the structures have the same thickness of 40 cm and are symmetrical.
 Structure 1 Structure 2

0.5 m 0.5 m
1m 1m

5m 5m

4m 4m
Structure 3 Structure 4

0.5 m 0.5 m
1m 1m
1m 2
2m
5m 5m

4m 4m

(i) Given that the cost to construct 1 cubic metre of concrete is RM840.00, determine
which structure will cost the minimum to construct.
 (ii) As the president of the Arts Club, you are given the opportunity to decide on the
shape of the gate to be constructed. Which shape would you choose? Explain and
elaborate on your reasons for choosing the shape.

SOLUTIONS:
Structure 1

0.5 m
1m

5m

4m
2
Area=2 m2
3

Volume=Area x T hickness

2
¿ 2 m2 x 0.4 m
3

16 3
¿ m
15

16 3
Cost = m x RM 840
15

¿ RM 896
Area=Area of Rectangle− Areaof Triangle

1
¿ 1 m x 4 m− x 4 m x 0.5 m
2

¿ 4 m2−1m2

¿ 3 m2

Volume=Area x T hickness

¿ 3 m2 x 0.4 m

¿ 1.2 m3

Cost =1.2 m3 x RM 840

¿ RM 1008
 Structure 3

0.5 m
1m
1m

5m

4m

Area=Area of Rectangle− Areaof Tra pezium

(4 m+1 m)
¿ 1 m x 4 m− x 0.5 m
2

5
¿ 4 m 2− m2
4

¿ 2.75 m 2

Volume=Area x T hickness

¿ 2.75 m 2 x 0.4 m

¿ 1.1 m3

Cost =1.1 m3 x RM 840

¿ RM 924
Area=Area of Rectangle− Areaof Trapezium

(2 m+4 m)
¿ 1 m x 4 m− x 0.5 m
2

¿ 4 m 2−1.5 m2

¿ 2.5 m2

Volume=Area x T hickness

¿ 2.5 m2 x 0.4 m

¿ 1 m3

Cost =1 m3 x RM 840

¿ RM 840

∴ Structure 4 will cost t h e minimum ¿ construct , t h at is RM 840.

(ii) As the president of the Arts Club, I will decide Structure 4 as the shape of the gate to be
constructed. It is because Structure 4 will cost the minimum and it is easier to be constructed
compared to Structure 1 which is a curve.
(b) The following questions refer to the concrete structure in the diagram below.
If the value of k increases with a common difference of 0.25 m;
(i) complete Table 1 by finding the values of k and the corresponding areas of the
concrete structure to be painted.
(ii) observe the values of the area to be painted from Table 1. Do you see any pattern?
Discuss.

0.5 m

1m
k

k (m) Area to be painted(m 2)

0.00 0+ 4
4 x 1− x 0.5=3
2
0.25 0.25+ 4
4 x 1− x 0.5=2.9375
2
0.50 0.5+ 4
4 x 1− x 0.5=2.875
2
0.75 0.75+ 4
4 x 1− x 0.5=2.8125
2
1.00 1+4
4 x 1− x 0.5=2.75
2
1.25 1.25+ 4
4 x 1− x 0.5=2.6875
2
1.50 1.5+ 4
4 x 1− x 0.5=2.625
2
1.75 1.75+ 4
4 x 1− x 0.5=2.5625
2
2.00 2+4
4 x 1− x 0.5=2.5
2
(ii) There is a pattern in the area to be painted.

The area to be painted decreases as the k increases 0.25m and form a series of numbers:

3, 2.9375, 2.875, 2.8125, 2.75, 2.6875, 2.625, 2.5625, 2.5

We can see that the difference between each term and the next term is the same.

2.9375−3=−0.0625
2.875−2.9375=−0.0625
2.8125−2.875=−0.0625
2.75−2.8125=−0.0625
2.6875−2.75=−0.0625
2.625−2.6875=−0.0625
2.5625−2.625=−0.0625
2.5−2.5625=−0.0625

∴ We can deduce that this series of numbers is an Arithmetic Progression (AP), with a common
difference, d=−0.0625

In conclusion, when k increases 0.25m, the area to be painted decreases by

-0.0625m 2
 (b) Express the area of the concrete structure to be painted in terms of k. Find the area a k
approaches the value of 4 and predict the shape of the concrete structure.

The area of the concrete structure ¿ be painted

(k +4 )
¿ 4 x 1− x 0.5
2

k
¿ 4− + 1
4

k
¿ 3−
4

∴k →4

k
→1
4

Areaof concrete structure ¿ be painted → 3−1

→ 2m 2

The shape of the concrete structure will be a rectangle with length 4m and breadth 0.5m, which
may look like this:
Conclusion
A gate is a point of entry to a space enclosed by walls, or a moderately sized opening in a
fence. Gates may prevent or control entry or exit, or they may be merely decorative. Other terms
for gate include yett and port.

Larger gates can be used for a whole building, such as a castle or fortified town, or the
actual doors that block entry through the gatehouse. Other than that, selection of gate also
depends on beautifying or some religious believe in feng sui which is bring luck in life.

As I doing this project, I notice that quadratic function and integration can be so close in
our daily life. There are many shape of gate outside there. Different shapes of the gate have
different cost. From quadratic function and integration, we can know area of the gate. From the
area we can get volume og the gate. As the result, we can know cost of the gate by times volume
with RM840 (price for 1m³)

After we know concept of quadratic function and integration, we can apply it in our life.
In order to meet the budget or saving money, we can capable to decide on which shape or design
more favorable and reasonable.
Reflection
While I conducting this project, a lot of information that I found.I have learnt how to build a
concrete gate structure with good quality and proper price.

Apart from that, this project encourage the student to work together and share their
knowledge. It is also encourage student to gather information from the internet, improve thinking
skills and promote effective mathematical communication.

Last but not least, I proposed this project should be continue because it brings a lot of
moral value to the student and also test the student’s understanding in Additional Mathematics.
References
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral
 http://www.sosmath.com/
 http://www.scribd.com/
 http://www.facebook.com/
 Additional Mathematics Form 5