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A History of the European Space Agency1958 – 1987
Volume IThe story of ESRO and ELDO, 1958 - 1973 byJ. Krige and A. Russowith contributions by M. De Maria and L. Sebesta
SP – 1235
April 2000
ii
The Advisory Committee to the ESA History Study
Professor Dr R. LüstMax-Planck Institut, Hamburg
Chairman
Mr M. Bignier, ParisDr P. CreolaSwiss Space Office, BernProfessor P. GalluzziDirector, Inst. & Museum of the History of Science, FlorenceProfessor G. GambettaUniversity of BolognaProfessor R. GriffithsEuropean University Institute, FlorenceProfessor S. LindqvistNobel Foundation, StockholmM. D. PestreEcole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences sociales, ParisDr W. RathjenDeutsches Museum, MunichDr G. Van ReethGaiole in Chiante, ItalyMr K-E ReuterESA, Paris
Secretary
Title:
SP-1235 – A History of the European Space Agency, 1958 – 1987(Vol. 1 - ESRO and ELDO, 1958 - 1973)
Published by:
ESA Publications DivisionESTEC, P.O. Box 2992200 AG Noordwijk The Netherlands
Tel:
+31 71 565 3400
Fax:
+31 71 565 5433
Editor:
R.A. Harris
Artwork:
C. Haakman
Copyright:
© European Space Agency 2000
Price:
75 Euro (Two vols.)
ISBN No:
92 - 9092 - 536 - 1
Printed in:
The Netherlands
iii
Contents
Foreword by Prof. Reimar Lüst
...................................................................................................ix
Foreword by Mr Antonio Rodotà
................................................................................................xi
Foreword by K.-E. Reuter
...........................................................................................................xiii
Authors’ Preface
.............................................................................................................................xv
Abbreviations and Acronyms
....................................................................................................xvii
Introduction: The Beginning of the Space Age
I.1
Prophets, pioneers and generals: from science-fiction to the V-2 missile
.......................1I.2
The legacy of war: ICBMs and IRBMs
.............................................................................3I.3
The International Geophysical Year
..................................................................................5I.4
Sputnik, 'Kaputnik' and Explorer
.....................................................................................6I.5
The creation of NASA
.........................................................................................................8I.6
The situation in Europe
.......................................................................................................9
Chapter 1: The Pioneers: From Amaldi's 'Euroluna' Visionto the Creation of COPERS
1.1
Amaldi's dream of "a Euroluna before 1965"
.....................................................................131.2
Amaldi and Auger's first steps
..............................................................................................181.3
Building up a scientific constituency
.....................................................................................251.4
The formation of GEERS
.......................................................................................................301.5
Preparing for the intergovernmental meeting
.....................................................................331.6
The Meyrin conference and the setting up of COPERS
......................................................35
Chapter 2: The Early Activities of the COPERS and the Setting up of ESRO
2.1
Working out ESRO's scientific programme:
..................................................................422.1.1
The first discussions
.......................................................................................................422.1.2
The question of in-house research in ESRO
...................................................................452.1.3
The Blue Book
.................................................................................................................482.2
Facilities and establishments
............................................................................................512.2.1
ESTEC and ESLAB
.........................................................................................................512.2.2
ESRANGE, ESTRACK and ESDAC (ESOC
)..................................................................522.2.3
The sites of the main establishments
...............................................................................532.2.4
ESRIN: a new research laboratory for ESRO
................................................................562.2.5
Choosing a new site for ESTEC
.....................................................................................572.2.6
Finding a role for ESLAB
...............................................................................................582.2.7
Setting up a tracking network
.........................................................................................592.3
The ESRO budget and its control
....................................................................................592.3.1
ESRO's eight-year budget estimates
...............................................................................602.3.2
The debate on financial control
......................................................................................612.3.3
The factors at work in this debate
..................................................................................65
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