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eg : Me PLL. RETURN Te ASG HAR ; : epee: GOVERNMENT OF WEST ‘PAKISTAN HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT LAHORE CODE OF PRACTICE ; HIGHWAY BRIDGES Fp S45 1967 : Sef s te! i ! SAEED AHMAD, T.Pk., P.S.E.-{ © DIRECTOR GENERAL-HIGHWAYS HOWARD, NEEDLES, TAMMEN & Bi RAL HIGHWA\ 1020 ‘The purpose of this Code of Practice is to establish minimum standards and uniform procedures and practices for the design of usual types cf highway structures in the Province of West Pakistan. Through such standardization of methods,a much greater degra= of efficiency and economy wiil be realized in design Concrete is and wiil remain for some time the most economical bridge construction material. With this in mind this first edition of the Code has been written to cover primarily reinforced and prestressed concrate design. Refer- ence has been made to the British Standard Specifications for those special cases where steei design wili be required. Constant advancements in research, lessons learned thr@06" experience and the future availability of more economical and different structural materials vill dictate the necessity that this Gode be revised periodically. Tt is expected that all those responsible for structure designs will be alert to the need for such revisions. Suggestions for updating the Code along these lines are encouraged. Article SECTION 1 ~ GENERAL FEATURES OF DESIGN aa Preliminary Data 1:2 Determination of Waterway Area 113. ‘Spacing and Location of Piers and Abutments 314 Vertical Clearances 115 Restricted Waterways 116 Obstruction and River Training 1.7 Determination of the Maximum Depth of Scour 118. Depth of Foundations 119 ‘Size of Qulverts Openings 1,10 Length of Culverts lll Width of Roadway and Sidewalk. 31112 Clearances 1113 Curbs & Safety Curbs. 114 Railings 1515 Roadvay Drainage 1:16 Superelevation 1117 Floor Surfaces 1118 ‘Utilities 1:19 Roadyay Width, Curbs and Clearance for Tunnels. 1.20 Roadway Width, Curbs and Clearance for Underpasses (undivided itighways) 1.21 HE tinal Forces Roadway Width, Curbs and Clearances for depressed Roadway SERS! Loads Dead Load Sue Standard Truck-Train Loading Application of Loadings Reduction in Load Intensity \Wihd Loads Thermal Forces Uplift Force of Stream Current Buoyancy Earth Pressure Earthquake Stresses Centrifugal Forces $9 po fy no ns no 1 BRGOSSRES? SEGTION 3 - DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS Distribution of Wheel Toads’ to Stringers, Longitudinal Beans and Floor Beams a4 Distribution of Loads and Design of Concrete Siabs 3-2 Distribution of Wheel Loads torcugh’Earth Fills 36 SECTION 5 - UNIT STRESSES 4 5.1 General 4 5.2 Concrete. Stresses : 5.3 Reinforcement : 5.4 Steel Stresses : SECTION 6 ~ CONCRETE DESIGN i * 6.1 General Assumptions 1 6.2 Span Lengths 6-2 6.3 Expansion 6-2 6.4 ‘T-Beans 6-3) 6.5 Reinforcement 6-4 6.6 Compression Reinforcement in Beams 6-6 t Cape Web Reinforcement 6-6 = i 6.8 Solunns 6-9 i 6.9 Concrete Arches 6-16 4 6.10 Viaduct Bents ard Towers 6-17 i 6.11 Box Girders 6-18 Genera? Notation Design Theory Basic Assumptions Loss of Prestress Flexure 10.1 Ultimate Flexural Strength Maximum and Minimum Steel Percentage Nonprestressed Reinforcement Shear Composite Structures End Zone of Concrete I-Beams Cover and Spacing of Prestressing Steel Embedment of Prestressing Strand Conerete Strength at Stress Transfer Reinforcement in Beams SECTION 8 - PILE LOADS AND BEARTNG POWER OF SOILS Bearing Power of Foundation Soils Angles of Repose Bearing Value of Piling SECTION 9 - SUBSTRUCTURES & RETAINING WALLS Piles Footings Abutments Retaining Walls Piers SECTION 10 - STEEL DESIGN Design and Construction 10-1 SECTION’ --GENERAL FEATURES OF DESIGN PRELIMINARY DATA The following information will normally be required for the proper of structures: STREAM. CROSSINGS (2) An index map to a suitable small scale (topo sheets scale one inch to one mile would do in most cases) showing the proposed location of the bridge, the alternative sites investigated and rejected, the existing communications, the general topography of the country, and the important towns, ete., in the vicinity. (2) A contour survey plan of the stream showing all topographical features extending to the distance shown below(or such other greater distances’as the engineer resjonsible for the design mey direct) upstream and downstream of any of the preposed sites and to a sufficient distance on either side Lo give a clear indication of topo- graphical or other features that might influence the location and design of the bridge and its ajproaches. All sites for crossings worth consideration shall be shown on the plan. (a) 300 feet for catchment area less than one square mile (scale not less than one inch to 100 feet). (b) 1000 feet for catchment areas of 5 square miles (scale not less than one imch to 100 Feet). (ce) One mile for catchment areas of more than 5 square miles (Scale not less than one inch to 330 feet) Notet- In difficult country and for crossings over artificial channels the engineer responsible for the design may permit discretion to be used regarding these limits of distance,provided that the plans give sufficient information on the course of the stream and the topo- ‘aphical features near the bridge site. ) A site plan to a suitable scale showing details of the site ected and extending not less than 300 fect upstream and downstream m the centre line of the crossing and covering the approaches to sufficient distance which in the case of a large bridge shall be not less than a quarter of a mile on either side of the stream. The plan shall include all information that is essential for complete~and proper. appreciation of the project. The normal requirements are given’ belo (a) ‘he name of the stream or bridge and of the road‘ai the identification number allotted to the cfodeing: CAT ei and beyond the banks and the line of the deepest ee along the dry weather channel; flow of water at maximum discharge and Tp poseible, the extent of deviation at lover discharge; The alignment of existing approaches and of the proposed crossing and its approaches; ‘The angle and direction of skew if the crossing is aligned on a skews ‘The name of the nearest inhabjted identifiable locality at either end of the crossing on tie roads leading to the site; References to the position(with description and reduced level) of the bench mark used as datum; The lines and identification numbers of the crosssections and logitudinal section taken within the scope of the = plan, and the exact location of their extreme points; The locations of trial pits or borings each being gives an identification number (J) The location of ali nullals, butldings, wells, outcrops of rocks, and other possible obstructions to a road | alignment. ) A cross-section of the stream at the site of the proposed crossin, Seale not less than one inch to 100 feet horizontally , exaggerated rtically to a scale of not less than one inch to 10 feet) ‘and indicat the following information: (a) The name of the stream and the serial number allotted to the crossing; ‘(b) The name of the road with mileage and chainage of the centre of the crossing; (ec) The bed line up to the top of the banks and the ground Line to a sufficient distance beyond the edges of the stream, with levels at intervals sufficiently close to give a clear, outline of markedly uneven features of the bed or ground showing Fight and left bank and names of villages ‘on each, sides : = Gogurfacé soil in bed, banks and approa- Hehe arses re hole sections ahoving the frre of the various strata down to hard reer foundation and the safe intensity Ba the foundation soil; (as far as practicable, oF egal pits or bore holes should be such Tall deseription of all substrata layers d uidth of the crossing); Fast: oo tite the wrote length ani The low water level; The ordinary Flood level; The highest flood level and the years in which it occur- red, State {f the flood level is affected by back-water and if so, give details; The catchment area, maximum discharge specified in Article 1.2(A) and corresponding average velocity at the site of the crossings The estimated depth of scour or, if the scour depth has bean observed, the depth of scour, with details of obstructions or of any other special causes responsible for the scour. (5) A Longitudinal section of the stream showing the site of the bridge with the highest flood level, the ordinary flood level, the low water level, and the bed levels at suitably spaced intervals along the approximate centre line of the deep water channel between the extreme points to which the survey map required in Article 1.1A(2) extends. The horizontal scale not less than one inch to 100 feé. (6) A note giving as far as possible the following particulars relating to the catchment area; (a) The size of the catchment; (>) The shape of the catchment; (c) The intensity and frequency of rainfall in the catchment; (a) The slope of the,catchment, both longitudinal and transverse; (e) The nature of the catchment, whether under forests, under cultivation, urban etc; The nature of the soil crust, porous or rocky, ete;

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