Food Security and Nutrition

Nexus

Soekirman
Professor (Em) Nutrition, Department of Community Nutrition,
Faculty of Human Ecology, Bogor Agriculture University (IPB),
Chairman, Indonesian Coalition for Fortification (KFI)

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 1

Seminar ADB, Manila
 Nutrition Security =
Food Security ?

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 2

Seminar ADB, Manila
 PROCESS - OUTPUT
INPUT OUTCOME

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 3

Seminar ADB, Manila
 MORE PEOPLE ORIENTED THAN COMMODITY (FOOD)

FOOD
NUTRITION FACTORS

COMMODITY (FOOD) PEOPLE

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 4
Seminar ADB, Manila
 Food Security – IMPLICITLY
CONCERNED ABOUT NUTRITION

NUTRITION IN FS =
NUTRIENTS
(What in foods - Energy and
Protein Per Capita )
July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 5
Seminar ADB, Manila
 Food and Nutrition Security
• Food production & supply
• Food quality (including nutrients) &
safety
• Accessibility :
– Poverty
– Household Food Insecurity
• Nutrition status (people)
• Shift paradigm from input to outcome
July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 6
Seminar ADB, Manila
 Accessibility: More Poverty
than Supply Issues

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 7

Seminar ADB, Manila
 Poverty in Indonesia 1976–2009
(2009: 32.5 million, 14.15%)

54,2
47,9

38,4 37,4 39,3

40,1 36,1 35,1 37,2
34 34,9
32,5
28,6
22,5
21,6 23,4
18,2 17,4
17,4 17,3 16,7 15,9 17,8 16,6
15,1 13,7 15,4 14,15
11,3

1976 1980 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1996 1999 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

penduduk miskin [juta] % penduduk miskin

sumber: BPS 2009,

Soekirman Food 8 July 7, 2010

8
Security Seminar
ARUM_BAPPENAS_MARCH 2010 ADB,
Manila
 HOUSEHOLD
FOOD INSECURITY

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 9

Seminar ADB, Manila
 Food Insecurity by Province (Indonesia - 2009)
Red – Million; Line - % Population

Penduduk Rawan Pangan

8 Jumlah (juta) 25

7 20
19.3 19.1
18.8
18.2 20
6 17.1 17.1 16.9
17.5
16.5
16.9

14.9 15.2 15.3

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a
t 13.1
13.9 13.8 13.6
15 %
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Soekirman
Sumber: Susenas Food 10 July 7, 2010
Security Seminar ADB, 10
Manila
 Food Security: Measuring
Commodity:
* Food Consumption
* Nutrients: Energy and Protein

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 11

Seminar ADB, Manila
 % People with Food Secure and
Food Insecure (Th 2007)
(A.Suryana, 2008)

ƒ 67,8% population food secure (energy intake

≥ 2.000 Kkal/cap/day
ƒ 29,6% population food insecure (energy
intake 80-90 % RDA Calorie/day )
ƒ 2,6% population severe food insecure
(energy less than 70% RDA)

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 12

Seminar ADB, Manila
 Energy Availability by Food Commodities (2005, 2006, 2007) -
A.Suryana, 2008

2005 2006 2007

Foods Gram Ener % RDA Gra Ener % Gra Ener %

gi m gi RD m gi RD
A A
1. Cereals 319,1 1.24 61,2 316, 1.22 61, 316, 1.244 62,2
1 0 4 2 6
2. Tubers 60,0 3,6 50,8 61 3,1 53,0 62 3,1
73
3. Animal 87,4 7,0 81,9 129 6,5 90,8 155 7,8
139
4. Fat & Oil 22,4 9,9 22,1 196 9,8 23,0 203 10,1
199
5. Fatty 9,1 2,6 8,2 45 2,2 8,8 47 2,3
Nuts
51
6. Protein 25,5 3,4 25,8 66 3,3 27,7 73 3,6
Nuts
67
7. Sugar 29,0 5,0 24,3 89 4,4 26,2 96 4,8
99
8. Fruit & 223,4 4,7 204, 83 4,2 251, 100
Vegy
93 7 7 5,0
9. Others 8,8 1,8 40,4 33 1,7 50,7 35 1,8
35

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 13

Seminar ADB, Manila
 Nutrition in Traditional Food Security :
Energy and Protein Available (FBS)
Indonesia: 2004-2008 – No Nutrition Problem ?

Energi Protein (gram/cap/day)

Tahun
(cal/cap/day) Vegetable Animal Total

2004 3.005 63,15 13,07 76,22

2005 2.919 64,53 12,26 76,79

2006 2.959 64,50 13,34 77,84

2007 3.040 66,18 14,45 80,63

2008 3.145 69,02 14,26 83,28

Growth (%) 1,17 2,25

Sumber:
July 7,Neraca
2010 Bahan Makanan, diolah Soekirman Food Security 14
Keterangan: Tahun 2007 Angka Perkiraan Awal, Tahun 2008 Angka Proyeksi
Source : A Suryana , 2008 Seminar ADB, Manila
 Nutrition Security: Measuring
People

Children Nutrition Status

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 15

Seminar ADB, Manila
 Underweight Children in Indonesia
Red-Severe, Orange-Mild, Line-Total (1989 – 2007)

Kekurangan Gizi pada Balita

40.0 37.5
35.5

31.6
31.2
29.5
28.2 28.0
30.0 28.3
26.4
27.3 27.5 Targe t RPJM 2009
26.1
24.6
Persen

20.0 19.8 19.3 19.6

19.0 19.2 19.2 18.4
20.0 18.3 20
17.1 18.5
13.0
11.6
10.5
8.8
10.0 7.2
8.1 7.5 8.0 8.3 8.6
Targe t MDG 2015
6.3 6.3
5.4

0.0
89

92

95

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

07

09

12

15
19

19

19

19

19

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20
Gizi Buruk Gizi Kurang Kekurangan Gizi Target

Sumber : Susenas(1989-2005), Riskesdas 2007

Prevalensi kekurangan gizi pada anak balita menurun secara signifikan dari 28,0 % (Susenas, 2005)
menjadi 18,4 % (Riskesdas, 2007). Angka penurunan prevalensi kekurangan gizi ini telah melampaui
16
target yang ditetapkan pada tahun 2009 yaitu sebesar 20 persen. July 7, 2010
16
 0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
Nusa Tenggara Timur 33,6

Manila
Maluku 27,8
Sulawesi Tengah 27,6
Kalimantan Selatan 26,6
Aceh 26,5
G orontalo 25,4
Sulawesi Barat 25,4
Nusa Tenggara Barat 24,8
Kalimantan Tengah 24,2

Soekirman Food
Papua Barat 23,2
Maluku Utara 22,8
Sumatera Utara 22,7
Sulawesi Tenggara 22,7

Security Seminar ADB,

Kalimantan Barat 22,5
Riau 21,4

Sumber data : Riskesdas 2007

Papua 21,2
Sumatera Barat 20,2
Kalimantan Timur 19,3
Jambi 18,9
Indonesia 18,4
Bangka Belitung 18,3
Sumatera Selatan 18,2
Sulawesi Selatan 17,6
Lampung 17,5
Jawa Timur 17,4
Bengkulu 16,7
Banten 16,6
Jawa Tengah 16,0
Sulawesi Utara 15,8
Jawa Barat 15,0
DKI Jakarta 12,9
Kepulauan Riau 12,4

17
Bali 11,4
D.I. Yogyakarta 10,9

6
5
4
3
2
1
No
Underweight Children by Province Indonesia (2007)

DEFICIT
STUNTING

ADULT OBESE
U5C WASTING

U5C OVERWEIGHT
Indiktcor

LOW BIRTH WEIGHT

ADOLECENCE GIRLS ENERGY

Sumber data : Riskesdas 2007

Percent

July 7, 2010
10,3
4,3
11,5
13,6
13,6
36,8
Double Burdens Indonesia 2007

17
 CHRONIC UNDER NUTRITION (STUNTED)
Black = 40% or above

Soekirman Food 18 July 7, 2010

Security Seminar ADB,
Manila
 Nutrition Security

• Accessibility PLUS : Concerns with the

utilization of food obtained by a household
and its impact on nutrition status, health,
educability, and productivity

• Concern more on outcome (nutrition status of

human being) not merely input (food /
commodity) , process and output

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 19

Seminar ADB, Manila
 Nutrition Security

A household achieves nutrition security when it has:

• secure access to food that meets nutrition requirement for a

balance diet, coupled with
• sanitary environment,
• adequate health services,
• sufficient knowledge and skill of child care and how to ensure
effective and efficient utilization of the accessible food.
• ensure better nutrition status of ALL HH members

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 20

Seminar ADB, Manila
 FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION NEXUS

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 21

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 Hunger: People experience the sensation of hunger when
they lack the basic food intake, necessary to provide them
with the energy and nutrients for fully productive and
active lives.

Hunger principally refers to inadequate consumption of the

macronutrients, carbohydrates in particular, and is an
outcome of food insecurity.

All hungry people are food insecure, but not all food-
insecure people are hungry (hidden hunger)

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 22

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 Nutrition Factors
• Not merely a function of food
• Under nutrition : macro & micro
nutrients deficiency
• Nutrition insecurity : under and over
Nutrition - double burdens
• Development policy

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 23

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 Nutrition Insecurity
• It is a function of:
– Food and non-food
– Health
– Child care
– Sanitation
– Income
– Education
– Development Policy

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 24

Seminar ADB, Manila
 Child NUTRITION INSECURITY FACTORS
(UNICEF, 1990)

Food Non Food

Source: ACC/SCN and IFPRI (2000).

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 25
Seminar ADB, Manila
The UNICEF conceptual framework of the
determinants of NUTRITION INSECURITY measured
by nutritional status of children provides a clear and
useful way to understand nutrition security

The framework presents a generalized understanding

of how proper nutrition or, similarly, malnutrition is the
outcome of specific development problems related
directly to the level of Food intake and Non Food -the
health status (illness) of the individual.

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 26

Seminar ADB, Manila
 Food & Nutrition Security Needs
Shift of Paradigm: From Commodity To
People-Oriented

Food
Accessibilit Consump
y tion =
Nutrients

Food Commodity
MDGs

People:

Health &
Nutrition Nutrition
Factors Status

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 27

Seminar ADB, Manila
 Food and Nutrition Security – MDGs Nexus

MDG 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Malnutrition erodes human capital, reduces resilience to

shocks and reduces productivity (impaired physical and
mental capacity).

MDG 2: Achieve universal primary education Malnutrition

reduces mental capacity. Malnourished children are less likely
to enroll in school, or more likely to enroll later. Current hunger
and malnutrition reduces school performance.

MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

Better-nourished girls are more likely to stay in school and
to have more control over future choices.

Soekirman Food 28 July 7, 2010

Security Seminar ADB,
Manila
 FN Security & MDGs Nexus
MDG 4: Reduce child mortality Malnutrition is directly
or indirectly associated with more than 50% of all child
mortality. Malnutrition is the main contributor to the
burden of disease in the developing world.

MDG 5: Improve maternal health Maternal health is

compromised by an anti-female bias in allocations of food,
health and care. Malnutrition is associated with most
major risk factors for maternal mortality.

Soekirman Food 29 July 7, 2010

Security Seminar ADB,
Manila
 Food Fortification is Example of Food
and Nutrition Security

• Unfortified salt as food commodity is always secure.

In general, every body has access to salt. But it is a
high risk for IDD. Mandated policy to fortified salt
with iodine is a food and nutrition security policy

• Mandated fortification (salt, wheat flour, cooking

oils, sugar etc) is FN security policy to prevent
micronutrient deficiency

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 30

Seminar ADB, Manila
 Cost Effectiveness of FNS Policy

• Food fortification is most cost effective policy to

prevent malnutrition (Copenhagen Economists’
Consensus, 2004)
• Food Security - supply and access guarantee of food
– no hunger – but not a guarantee for risk of hidden
hunger
• FNS policy – always multi-sectoral, integrating food
with other nutrition factors (income, education,
sanitation, health, and environment )
• FNS policy always considers nutrition implication of
any food and other development policy

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 31

Seminar ADB, Manila
 Policy Implication
• National and regional development should include
nutrition as human investment (WB, 2006 :
Repositioning Nutrition as Central of Development)

• MDGs – global development policy that accommodates

nutrition (WB 2008 : Nutrition Neglected MDGs)

• National food security policy should becomes food

and nutrition security

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 32

Seminar ADB, Manila
 Conclusions
• In national development context , food security and
nutrition policy should be part of development policy.

• F security and nexus policy is a complex policy that is

pro- people, especially the poor (Farmers)

• Food security and nutrition nexus is a multi-sectoral

and inter-disciplines in nature that required
effective institution in coordination

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 33

Seminar ADB, Manila
 Conclusions …..
• FNS policy requires an accountable political
will and commitment to eradicate poverty,
hunger, malnutrition, under-education,
promote gender inequality, etc. (such as
MDGs)

• FNS policy should be institutionalized by law

and regulation to ensure continuity and
sustainability

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 34

Seminar ADB, Manila
 THANK YOU

July 7, 2010 Soekirman Food Security 35

Seminar ADB, Manila