Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1965 : Rennin mikrobial untuk produksi keju (pengganti rennin anak sapi)
Sumber Enzim
Urine Urokinase
• Perkembangbiakan t <
• Rendemen ekonomis
• stabil
Important Industrial Enzymes
Enzyme microorganism Reaction pH Temp
Opt Opt up to
Invertase
Glukosa oksidase
Katalase
Lipase
Important Industrial Enzymes
Karakteristik Beberapa Enzim Penting
- Protease
- Lipase
α-Amilase (1,4-α-glukan-glukanohidrolase)
Enzim -amilase terdistribusi secara luas di alam, terdapat pada
hewan, tumbuhan dan berbagai marga protista.
Enzim -amilase yang dibuat oleh Novo Industri A/S antara lain
adalah Termamyl yang memiliki ketahanan terhadap suhu sekitar
95 – 110oC
dosis enzim yang digunakan sekitar 0,5 – 0,6 kg/ton pati atau
1500 U/kg substrat kering
Ikatan α-1,4-glikosidik
Struktur Amilosa
Ikatan α-1,6-glikosidik
Struktur Amilopektin
Hidrolisis amilosa oleh α-amilase terjadi melalui dua tahap :
amilosa
amilopektin
Amiloglukosidase (AMG) (glukoamilase, gamma-amilase)
Eksoenzim yang memecah ikatan -(1,4) dengan melepaskan unit-
unit glukosa dari ujung non-pereduksi molekul amilosa dan
amilopektin.
amilopektin
amilosa
Amiloglukosidase diproduksi dalam jumlah besar dari kapang
dan khamir hanya Aspergillus dan Rhizopus yang
digunakan secara komersial
Protease alkali :
- Stabil terhadap suhu tinggi, pH 9-11, chelating agent
- Bacillus licheniformis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B.megaterium,
B.pumilus - Streptococcus griceus, S. fradiae, S.rectus - Aspergillus
niger, A. sojae, A.oryzae, A. flavus
- Tepung protease dpt menyebabkan alergi, shg dibuat partikel
(+ polietilen glikol)
Protease Netral :
- Relatif tidak stabil thd pH, suhu & dpt diinaktivasi oleh protease alkali
- Aplikasi : industri kulit & industri makanan (crackers, roti dll)
Protease Asam
-Aktif pada suasana asam, contoh : rennin & pepsin (pH opt 2-3)
-Aplikasi : - kebanyakan untuk bidang kedokteran
- Protease dari Aspergillus untuk memecah gluten pada
pemanggangan
Rennin
-Kultur starter mengubah laktosa pada susu menjadi asam laktat yg
menurunkan pH sd titik isoelektrik kasein susu , sehingga menggumpal
- Mikroba penghasil : S. lactis, S. cremoris, S. thermophilus,
Lactobacillus
bulgaricus, L. helveticus
Lipase (Gliserol ester hydrolase)
Memutus lemak menjadi di atau monogliserida dan asam lemak
Mikroba penghasil :
Kapang : Aspergillus, Mucor, Rhizopus,
Khamir : Candida
Aplikasi :
- farmasi : enzim pencernaan (suplemen lipase pankreas)
- Industri susu (pematangan keju)
Important Applications of α-Amylase
Suspensi pati
Gelatinasi
Pati α-Amilase bakteri
(95-105 0C) (pH 6.0-6.6, 105oC, 5 mnt atau 95oC 1-2 jam
Sakarifikasi
Maltodekstrin
Sirup Glukosa
α-Amilase kapang
Sakarifikasi + glukoamilase
pH 5.0, 55oC, 42
Glukoamilase atau jam
Glukoamilase+ Sakarifikasi
Pululanase Amilase kapang atau
pH 4.0-4.5, 60oC, β-amilase
48-72 jam pH 5.5, 55oC, 42 jam
Sirup Glukosa
Sakarifikasi
AMG
(60oC, pH 4,5)
0,3 U/g pati
Waktu Sakarifikasi 48 jam
Sirup Glukosa
Catalyze breakdown of
Fungal alpha-amylase
starch in the flour to
enzymes are normally
sugar. Yeast action on
inactivated at about 50
sugar produces carbon
Baking industry degrees Celsius, but are
dioxide. Used in
alpha-amylase destroyed during the
production of white
catalyzes the release baking process.
bread, buns, and rolls.
of sugar monomers
from starch
Biscuit manufacturers use
Proteases them to lower the protein
level of flour.
Baby Tripsin To predigest baby foods.
foods
They degrade starch and
Enzymes from barley are proteins to produce simple
released during the mashing sugar, amino acids and
stage of beer production. peptides that are used by yeast
for fermentation.
Brewing in
dustry Widely used in the brewing
Industrially produced barley process to substitute for the
enzymes natural enzymes found in
barley.
Amylase, glucanases, Split polysaccharides and
Germina- proteases proteins in the malt.
ting barley Betaglucanases and Improve the wort and beer
used for arabinoxylanases filtration characteristics.
malt.
Amyloglucosidase and Low-calorie beer and
pullulanases adjustment of fermentability.
Remove cloudiness produced
Proteases
during storage of beers.
Acetolactatedecarboxylase
Avoid the formation of diacetyl
(ALDC)
Fruit jui Cellulases, pectinases Clarify fruit juices
ces
Dairy in Rennin, derived from the
dustry stomachs of young Manufacture of cheese, used to
ruminant animals (like calves and hydrolyze protein.
lambs).
Now finding increasing use in the
Microbially produced enzyme
dairy industry.
Is implemented during the
production of Roquefort cheese to
Lipases
enhance the ripening of the
blue-mould cheese.
Roque- Break down lactose to glucose and
fort Lactases
galactose.
cheese
Meat ten Papain To soften meat for cooking.
deri-zer
s
Amylases,
Starch industry Converts starch into glucose and
amyloglucosideases
various syrups.
and glucoamylases
Converts glucose into fructose in
production of high fructose syrups from
starchy materials. These syrups have
Glucose isomerase
enhanced sweetening properties and
lower calorific values than sucrose for
the same level of sweetness.
Degrade starch to lower viscosity,
Paper industry
aiding sizing and coating paper.
Amylases, Xylanases reduce bleach required for
Xylanases, decolorising; cellulases smooth fibers,
Cellulases and enhance water drainage, and promote
ligninases ink removal; lipases reduce pitch and
A paper mill in
lignin-degrading enzymes remove
South Carolina.
lignin to soften paper.
Used to break down cellulose into
Biofuel Cellulases sugars that can be fermented (see
industry cellulosic ethanol).
Ligninases Use of lignin waste
Biological d Primarily proteases, Used for presoak conditions and direct
etergent produced in an extracellular liquid applications helping with removal
form from bacteria of protein stains from clothes.
Detergents for machine dish washing to
Amylases
remove resistant starch residues.
Used to assist in the removal of fatty
Lipases
and oily stains.
Cellulases Used in biological fabric conditioners.
Laundry
soap
To remove proteins on contact lens
Contact lens cl Proteases
eaners to prevent infections.
Glukoisomerase :
Intraseluler
Mahal
O2
Glukosa Glukonolakton + H2O2 Glu.oksidase
Glukosidase
imobil
O2 diukur dengan elektroda
Elektroda O2
Recording elektrometer