Luminary Magazine 4of6

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Luminary Magazine Volume 4,No.6 1

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2 Luminary Magazine Volume 4,No.6
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ar 1 &uf 2010
12
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zd;k okn (bmbmuaz;)

13
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14
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k akd tmif (qefz&efppPu)kd
ar 20 / 2010

15
ausmufacwf_rdK hjy
tm%m&l;a&m*g[m
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qENawG}uHK;0g; In the Quiet Land”
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touf&o _ aH wG rGe;f =uyf “bmvJ[J h vli&J”
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us;D vef ph mpm; “u|eaf wmfvw G u f scwhJ hJ +rKd ah wmf”
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Myu Tsaw
16
tvif;tdrf umwGef;

17
tvif;tdrf umwGef;
18
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rif;w&m;}u;D vufxuf onfx h uf ESpq f wd;k +y;D wdik ;f oljynfom; vltrsm;wdk h twGuf csr;f om
okcrsm;udk ,laqmifvmrnfh t&dyv f uQm%mtjzpf qifjzLr awmf}uD;onf ,ckEpS f 2010
ZGevf ukeaf vmufwiG f bke;f awmfa=umifah y:xGe;f vmcJah yonf//
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a&mifwu kd yf kH / tpdr;f a&mif yd;k vHck snf / wcsKd jh refrmtrsLd ;orD;}uD;rsm;rSm Zmwywft&Sn}f uD;
udk 'l;em;txd a&mufatmif csxm;+yD; opfcyG ef;rsKd ;pHu k v kd nf; olrwdk .
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onf/
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ae=uonf// wcsKd u h Tr# }uD;us,f crf;em;onfh nDvmcHcrf;r}uD;udk awmif=unfh / ajrmuf

19
=unfjh zifh tvky&f y_ af e=uonf// aemufwef;rSm ae&m&onfh ud, k pf vS,af wmf}uD;rsm;/ trwf
rif;rsm;twGuf rif;w&m;}u;D udk teD;uyfz;l ar#mEf ikd &f ef wDA}DG u;D rsm;jzifh pDpOfxm;&So d nf/ r[m*Dw
aumifuif}udK; oDcsi;f }uD; aw;oHu nDvmcHEiS hf vdu k zf ufveG ;f vSonf//
“ xufaumif;uif u|e;f udv k S h h h xufaumif;uif u|e;f udv k S h h rh if;w&m;&,f h h ah v;
a&$@ajymif;um h h h pHcahJ omf h h h a[ v h m a,mufsm; h h h bmom avav”
aemufwef;wGi&f adS om trwfrif;u ab;wGi&f adS om trwfrif;udk “usKyfwkd t h nm
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wlrsm;aeovm;vdk h h h ”h trwfrif;pum;rqH;k rSD ab;wGi&f adS om trwfrif;u wawmifjzifh
wcsuw f kd v h ukd +f yD; h h h
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f sKd ;enf;&acs&J ”h
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“trav; trwfrif;&,f h h o h w l kd h rSm;zGihf wmuvJ tckrS r[kwb f l h h h rSm;zGiv hf mwm
ESpaf wGvnf; renf;awmhb;l h h u h sKyfawmif rSm;zGi+hf yD; 'Duykd gvmwm=unhf h h ”h
“aeprf;ygt;kH h h h trwfrif;&J h h h h trwfrif;u bmudrk mS ;zGiw hf mvJ h h q h pkd rf;ygt;kH As”
“tif; h h u h sKyfu usKyfwkd +h rdK rh mS pD;yGg;a&;vkyif ef;&Sif qdyk gawmh // vkyif ef;aygi;f pHv k yk f
wmaygAh sm // tJwm h h h tESyd cf ef;awG / [dw k ,fawGvnf;zGi;f xm;yg&J /h / vkyw f ek ;f uawmh &d;k &d;k
zGiw
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awG zGiv hf ukd wf m aemufq;kH awmh }uH zh HG t h rwfrif; taeeJ h ta&G;cHzkd h jzpfvmwmbJAsKd ”h
aemufwef;rS trwfrif;rsm; wD;wd;k ajymqdak epOf rif;w&m;}uD; =uGvm+yDjzpfa=umif;
a=unmavonf// ab;wGi&f adS om trwfrif;u h h h
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vm;}uD;vm; // qif}uD;vm;As// bm}uD;vJ// jzLjzLazG;azG; qdak wmh qifjzL}uD;vm;rSww f ,fAsm ”
“ [kww f ,fAs h h w h u,fq h ifawmhr[kwb f ;l // qifjzL&ky}f uD; udk pD;vmwm”
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20
&wemudak wmh &+yDuJG h armifrif;wdk h // wdik ;f jynf}uD;vJ onfx h uf pnfyifom,m0ajymzdk h om
&Sdayw,farmifrif;/ tck rif;}uD;rsm;[mvJ e,fy,fpHkuaewufa&mufvmwmqdkawmh
igu, kd af wmftaeeJ h txl;wdu k w
f eG ;f vdw
k muawmh vmrJyh rJG mS tEdik &f zdk h rif;}uD;wdk &h J w h m0ef yJ
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wHawmifjzifh wdk v h #uf h h eh m; em; uyfcg h h h
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bmqdik f wm rSwv f kd /h / tckacwf qifeJ h ppfwu kd v
f kd h &Edik af umif;&J v h m;As // ud,k yhf wf0ef;usif
Edik if aH wG vJjyef=unfyh gt;kH ”
nDvmcH}uD;wckv;kH 0g;vH;k uGrJ wuf &,forH sm;xGuv f mavonf// &,foaH =umifh
trwfrif;ESpOf ;D vnf; pum;ajym&yfomG ;onf// cHEk pS v f ;kH =um;wGif wckpw D yfqifxm; onfh
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avonf// jy\emawmh pav+yD //
“ awmuf h h 'h D aomufru kd f wyfxm;wm b,fjrifrwH;k // usKyfu em;em;uyfajymawmh
'Dru kd cf u G af &S h wnfw h nfah jymovdjk zpf+yD; tckawmh tukev f ;kH =um;uke+f yD ”
pyDum}uD;rsm;rS xyfxu G vf monfh toHa=umifh nDvmcHwckv;kH taomrowf
xyf&,f=u jyefavonf// xdk ah emuf rif;w&m;}uD;xHrS toHxu G v f monf//
“uJ h h th o J nf ESpaf umif xprf;ygO;D ”
ajymrdonfh trwfrif;ESpfOD;vnf; vuftkyfcsDv#uf rwfwyf&yfvdkufavonf//
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“rif;wdk h u b,fuvJ ”
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tnmom;trwf rif;rsm;jzpfonft h wGuf ajymrSm; qdrk mS ;rsm;jzpfchJ v#if rif;w&m;}u;D onf;cH
cGiv hf w $ af y;awmfryl gb&k m;”
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f 2010 a&G;aumuf
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qifjzL&Sib f &k if&,fvkd h bdow d cf aH ewJh r*Fvm,lwyhJ jJG zpfwt hJ wGuaf =umifh igu, kd af wmf onf;cH
cGiv hf w $ vf u kd rf ,f armifrif;wdk h h h h uJ xdik af p// xkid af p”

21
“trdef ah wmftwdik ;f ygb&k m;”
trwfrif;ESpOf ;D udp+P yD;awmh a&S q h ;kH wef;wGif cpm;aeonfh 0efrif;csKyf}uD;rS oHawmf
OD;wifavonf//
“,ae n h vD mcH[m vmrJah &G;aumufyt JG wGuf rif;w&m;}uD;&J h tqH;k tr =o0g'
awG cH,zl kd yh J jzpfygw,fb&k m;// usaemfrsKd ;}uD;eJ w h uG tckcpm;aewJh trwfrif;rsm;udk 2010
yGrJ mS tEdik &f zdk t
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ae&wJh tajctaet&qd&k ifawmh usaemfrsKd ;}uD; +ydKif&rSm a=umufw,f bk&m; ”
“ [dwf h h h awmfwefww d f // erdwrf &Sd ermr&Sw d hJ pum; armifrif;rdk ah jymxGuaf yw,f/
'Davmufawmifa=umufae&if a&m h armifrif;0wfzkd h rdb&k m;}uD; xrDwxnf,o l mG ;”
rif;w&m;}uD;vufwzufu ab;wGif twlxikd af eonfh eef;rawmf}uD; aygiaf y:od@k
0Jv#uf qGcJ |waf wmhrnfh [efjyifvu kd o f nf//
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rsuEf mS xd rsuEf mS xm;jzifh eef;rawmf rdz&k m;acgi}f u;D u rif;w&m;}u;D bufo@kd vSn+hf y;D
ajymvdu k o f nf// rif;w&m;}uD;u [efrysuf h h h
“oGm; h h h tck oGm;0wf// awmuf h h h rif;wdk u h kd tppt&m&m olrsm;awGxuf
ta=umay;+yD; vkypf m;p&m pD;yGg;a&;tqifoifh / vkypf m;p&m &H;k cef; tqifoif/h vkypf m; p&m
&HyakH iG tqifoifh / vkypf m;p&m vltiftm; tqifoifeh @J ud, k v f yk cf siof vdk vkyv f kd &h wJh
a&G;aumufyrJG sKd ; urBmrSm ywf&mS =unfh // ajcanmif;+yD; av,Ofysuu f s&ifaowJh txJtppf
ygomG ;r,f/ 'grsKd ;awG 'DrmS yJ&r,f/ rif;em;vnfvm;// 'Dvkd a&ueftoif/h =umtwif/h qifjzLtoifh
eJ h toifh toifah wG ywfvnfay;xm;&ufeJ h &H;_ &ifawmh rif;wdk h nHw h mbJ// }u@H cikd af &; toif;}u;D
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H ;kH jyKvu kd &f wJh omoemjyK
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vkyif ef;awG vkyjf yxm;wmud;k uG// at; h h h tJ'h t D usKd ;quftaeeJ h Edik if o H l Edik if o
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iguek u f ek af jymr,f Edik &f ifvJ Edik &f r,fu/G &H;_ &ifvJ Edik &f r,fuG // ”
“'guawmh h h h 'gaygb h &k m; h h h us h h h us h h ah emfrsKd ;}uD;ajymwmu b,fvrkd q J ,
G f
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h vJ qdw k mav;udk usaemfrsKd ;
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qdw k m ol b h ek ;f eJ o
h l / ol jh zpfcsed w f efvkd jh zpf&w,f uG,w f kd h // tif; h h h igu, kd af wmf jznfu h sihf cJh
22
wJh yg&rDawG tusKd ;qufaygh // tck igyh g&rDa=umifh qifjzLr}uD; ay:xGe;f vmcJw h ,f// tckq&kd if
wdk Eh ikd if rH mS qifjzL oH;k pD;awmif&+dS yD armifrif;wdk /h / [kt d &if 0ef}uD;csKyfuawmh qifjzLuefvkd h
axmifeef;pHae&+yD// ay:vmwmudk roH;k wwfawmh cH&ayr,faygh // aemifq&kd if wdk w h ikd ;f oljynf
om;awG tvkyf vkypf &mrvdak wmhb;l // w vdu k w f meJ h &aprJh acwfukd a&mufap&r,f // pyg;a&$
0gawmifvykd v Hk kd h a&$aiGOpPmawG wGi;f xJu cyf,o l vdk &awmhr,f h h ah t; h h h rif;wdk h tJ'g
awGuo kd m ememajym+yD; rpm;&0cref; tJ h h h a,mifvkd h h h h tm;& yg;&ajym pnf;&H;k
=uayawmharmifrif;wdk ”h
“rSev f yS g h h h bke;f awmf}uD;jrwfvaS =umif;ygb&k m;”
xdk ah emuf a&G;aumufyJG aumfr&Siaf wmf}u;D u vufEpS zf ufukd ezl;txufwiG f wifum
rsuaf ph pHrk w dS v f #uf atmufygtwdik ;f av#mufxm;jyefonf//
“aus;Zl;&Si}f uD; bk&m; h h h bke;f awmfteE W h h h Om%fawmfteE W h h h wef;cd;k awmf
teE W eJ h jynfh h h jh ynfh h h ph ”kH
uefawmhcef; rqH;k ao;rD rif;w&m;}uD; toHa=umifh aumfr&Siaf wmf}uD;vnf; t&Sed f
ysuo f mG ;avonf//
“[J h h h h armifrif; h h h &k;rsm;aeovm;[J h h h h tif; h h ah e ch if;a=umifawmif rd;k }udK;
ypfawmhrmS yJ h h h bk&m;&Scd ;kd rSe;f rod h h h bk&if&cdS ;kd rSe;f rodeJ h h h ”h
“rSev f yS gb&k m; h h h usaemfrsKd ;}uD;vJ &&m h h h uefawmhcef;eJ h uefawmhrw d mygb&k m;
onf;cHawmfryl gb h &k m;// tckq&kd if a&G;aumufy0JG ifrJ h trwfrif;awG usaemfrsKd ;}u;D wd@k aumfr&Si&f @J
aus;Zl;a=umifh pnf;&H;k a&;vkyif ef;awGrmS tqifajyacsmarG v h #u&f adS =umif;ygb&k m;// vlpv k al 0;
eJ h pnf;&H;k a&; rvky&f qdak wmh olwkd ch rsm ZGrJ av#m&h mS bl;// ydu k q f rH &Sv
d kd q
h +kd yD; +iD;wJvh u l +iD;//
&wJhae&muae vkyfr,fqdk+yD; wtdrfqif; wtdrfwufeJ h pnf;&Hk;ae=uygw,f bk&m;//
yg;pyfuvnf; yGpyd pG ed J h [drk 'D , D mu ar;&if rw&m;bl;vdk ah jzvdak jz / 'Dr'D , D muaear;&if }uH@z@HG
ygwmudk tjypfajymvdak jymeJ h pum;aygi;f pHk =um;ae&ygw,f bk&m;”
“at; h h h w,fv&J u S zf kd ah umif;oud;k armifrif;&J h // rw&m;bl;xif&if 0ifr+ydKifyJ
aevdu k =f uaygh // rauseyf&if 0ifryg=ueJ ah ygh // &Si;f &Si;f av;yJ // bmvm&_yaf ewmvJ // at; h h h
0efxrf;awG ygwED ikd if aH &;uif;&Si;f &r,fumG // uJ h h ih gu, kd af wmf em,u vkyx f m;wJh }u cHh ikd f
a&;ygwx D J 0efxrf;awG ygw,fumG // ppf0efxrf;awG v$waf wmfxJ ygt;kH r,fumG // bmjzpfv/J /
igr}uKd uf&if csucf si;f tm%mjyeford ;f vdk &h w,fumG // vlowfcsio f avmufowf aemufa=umif;
jyef w&m;qGcJ iG hf r&Sb d ;l uGm // rw&m;bl;vdk ah jymwJo h al wG rw&m;wmod&if igeJ u h if;atmifae
=u// igb&k if / ig w h ikd ;f jynf / ig vkycf sio f vdk vkyrf ,fumG // bmjzpfao;vJ”
pmrsuEf mS 42 odk h

23
ouf}uD;pum;
yk*~dKvfrcif w&m;rrif qdk;usdK;w&m;
Photo -Archive for the ‘Chit Thu Wai’ Category 0if;az

aomw&Sirf sm; cifAsm h h h (yef;csD/ &kyf&Sif/ pmay/ *Dw)
tckwavm jrefrmEdkifiHrSm zuf&Sif&d_;awGtvGefacwfpm;ygw,f// r*~Zif;awG /
*sme,fawGrmS vJ zuf&iS f armf',ftrsKd ;orD;av;awGykH trsm;}uD; awG =h u&ygw,f// 'g[m
Edik if w H umrSmvJ tenf;eJ h trsm; 'Dvb kd J jzpfaewm ygb/J / odyq f ef;wJu h pd aP wmhr[kwyf gb;l //
'gayrJh zuf&Siftrsm;pk[m jrefrmh&dk;&m 'DZdkif;awGrSm tajccHwmenf;enf;vmygw,f//
taemufwikd ;f qefwhJ 'DZikd ;f awGu odyrf sm; vmygw,f// "gwyf kH t&du k cf yH /kH vrf;av#mufyakH wGu
tp tjy=urf; / tjy&J / tvS&ikd ;f vmwmawGvJ 'if;=urf; trsm;}uD;ygb/J / 'gvJ ta&S w h ikd ;f
Edik if aH wmfawmfrsm; rSm 'Dvjkd zpfaewmygb/J / odyq f ef;wmawmh r[kwyf gb;l //
'Dvkd Edik if jH cm; odyq
f efvmwm/ taemufwikd ;f odyq f efvmwm rsm;vmawmh 'gawGukd
xdr;f odr;f +yD;awmh csed cf iG v f #mr#way;wJth aeeJ h jrefrm'DZikd ;f ud,k &f ;kd &m[efawGehJ acwfraDS tmif
wDxiG +f yD; zuf&iS &f ;d_ awG vkyaf y;zdk vh t
kd yfvmygw,f// tJvjkd refrmh&;kd &mjrefrm wdik ;f &if;om;
toD;oD;&J h vuQm%m 'DZikd ;f awGudk tajccH+yD;awmh t0wftxnf tqiftaoG; awGu
tp vlrsdK;pktoD;oD;&J h tpOftvm 'DZdkif;awGudk wwfEdkifor# eD;pyf atmifwDxGif+yD;
tvGe}f uD;us,cf ef;em;wJh zuf&iS &f ;_d }uD;awG ay:ayguv f mygw,f// &kyjf rifo=H um;uvnf;
txl;tpDtpOfawG taeeJ w h ifqufygw,f// tacGawGeJ v h nf;jzef yh gw,f// 'g[mwu,fu h kd
24
vkt d yfcsujf zpfygw,f/ 'DZikd ;f xkw=f uwJh tEk ynm&Sif awGuvJ awmf=uygayw,f/ zuf&iS f awG[m
&d;k &mvnf;rysu/f acwfvrJ SD tdajEN odumQ vJ &S=d uygayw,f// tzufzufu usuo f a& &S+d yD;
wifw h ,fjynfph akH ewm xif&mS ; ygw,f//
'gayrJh jrefrmvli,ftrsm;pktay:rSm xda&mufra_ wmhoyd rf &Syd gb;l vdk q h ykd gw,f//
bmjzpfvkd v h v
J kd h ar;jref;avhvm =un@f vdu
k f awmh 'D&;_d yG}J u;D awGukd jzpfajrmufatmif
zefw;D olawG[m ppftpd;k & etz vl}uD; uawmf awG OD;pD;wJh trsKd ;orD; apmifah &Smuf r_
toif;}uD; jzpfaevdk yh gwhJ // 'guawmh &d;k &k;d uav;ygb/J / yk*Kd~ vfrcifawmh w&m;rrifawmhwhJ
oabmygb/J /
'Dvykd gb/J / jrefrmwa,mufukd b,fEikd if u H ygvv J kd h Edik if jH cm;om;wa,mufuar;awmh
tJ'jD refrmu bm;rm;vdk ah jymygw,f// 'Dawmh Edik if jH cm;om;u atmf [kwjf yD;jrefrmuaygv h kd h
aemfv@kd jyifjyD;ar;awmh jrefrmr[kwyf gb;l usKyfu bm;rm; uygb/J / jrefrmqdw k hJ emrnfukd
usKyfr}udKufb;l // vdk ah jymygw,f// 'Dawmh Edik if jH cm;om;u bmjzpfvkd v h AJ sm h h jh refrmqdwk hJ
pum;vH;k jrefrmEdik if H u ArmvlrsKd ; &Sr;f vlrsKd ;/ ucsi/f u&if/ csi;f / &cdik /f rGepf onfjh zifh raumif;
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r}uKd uw f mbJvkd ah jymcsvu kd f ygawmhw,f/ 'g[mvnf; yk*Kd~ vrf cifvkd h w&m; rrifwhJ oabmygb/J
yk*Kd~ vfwOD;[m t=unfnKd ysupf &m vlr,H=k unfp&m vlrek ;f p&m trSm;t,Gi;f awG
tawmfav;vkyfxm;rdjyDqdk&if aumif;jrwfwJhpum;/ rSefuefwJhpum;ajymaewmawmif
vlawGuem;r0ifEikd =f uwmawmh ygb;l // rSm;wmawG vkyx f m;+yD; rrSew f mawGrsm; ajymae&if
awmh pOf;pm;om=unf=h uygawmh //
tJonfvkd jzpfysuaf e&wmawG[m jrefrmEdik if eH J h jrefrmvlrsKd ;awGtwGuf tvGef
0rf;enf;p&maumif;ygw,f//cifp&m w&m;awGeJ h tjrefq;kH awG =h u&avatmif yk*Kd~ vf}uD;awG
uvnf; trSef qH;k jyifEikd =f uygapvdk h qkawmif;vdu k &f ygw,f// 0if;az
usr;f rmcsr;f om=uygap (yef;csD/ &kyf&Sif/ pmay/ *Dw)
usaemf 0if;azyg// AGDtdkat ouf}uD;pum; tpDtpOfrS jzpfygonf//
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ordkif;0ifausmif;om;or*~taqmuftOD;}uD;udk AHk;cGJzsufqD;cJhwJh
Tae h T&uf
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tvif;tdrf

25
pmayqef;ppfcsuf
cGyaf 'gif;tvHatmufu cGyaf 'gif;aw;oH
aEGOD;
0wW&n S tf rnf? ? 0J=oCrSm aw;oH+ydKifv@kd

pma&;ol ? ? A[kviG jf yif
xkwaf 0ol ? ? tvif;tdrrf *~Zif; &Jabmfrsm;
xkwaf 0jcif; ? ? yxrt}udr?f 2010 {+yDv 12 &uf
apmifa& ? ? (1000)
pmrsuEf mS ESifh t&G,t f pm; ? pmrsuEf mS 140? 5 vuR× 8 vuR
rsuEf mS zH;k yef;csD ? ? atmifxeG ;f vif;
yHEk ydS x
f wk af 0jzef@csad &;? ? tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;wdu k f
&Si*f sL;ukck / wdu
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(1)
pmay[kq&kd mY/ tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;pGm yg0ifaeonfukd awG@=u&ayvdrrhf nf? uAsm/
aqmif;yg;/ jyZwf/ c&D;oGm;pmay/ twˆKyRwpdW may/ Edik if aH &;oabmw&m;/ tufaq;/ ordik ;f /
0wˆKwd/k 0wˆK&Snf ponfjzihf tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;yg0ifaeonf? xd@k aemuf acwftoD;oD;udk
a&mifjyef[yfaeonf/h pmayrsm;jzpf&m/ acwftvdu k f cGjJ crf; I/ =unf=h ujyefonf? ya'o&mZf
pmay/ *E 0W ifpmay/ acwfopfpmay ponfjzif/h t aemufwikd ;f pmay a0zefa&;q&mrsm;/
okaooDrsm;/ pmay ordik ;f q&mrsm;/ vlra_ A' ynm&Sirf sm; uvnf;/ xdo k @kd yif o&kycf JG owfrw
S f
pHxm;=uonf?
0wˆKpmayudv k nf;/ xko
d @kd yif cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm=u!fEh ikd o f nf? ya'o&mZf acwf 0wˆKvm;?
*E 0W if 0wˆKvm;? rsuaf rSmufacwf/ acwf+yKd if0wˆK pmayvm;? awmfveS f a&;udk xif[yfonfh
0wˆKvm;? ponfjzifh ArmjynfwGif ESpfq,f&mpk taESmif;ydkif;ESifh ESpfq,hfwpf&mpk
26
tpOD;umvrsm;wGi/f awmfveS af &;udk xif[yfonf/h awmfveS af &; udk zG@J usL;a&;om;onf/h
awmfveS af &; pmayrsm;/ 0wˆKrsm; ay:xGucf b hJ ;l onf? e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;/ trsKd ;om;vGwf
ajrmufa&;/ zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;/ wzef jynfwiG ;f ppf/ +ird cf sr;f a&;ESihf vGwv f yfa&; wdu k yf JG
rsm;udk xif[yfazmfusL;onh/f awmfveS af &; pmayrsm;/ 0wˆKrsm;vnf; ay:xGucf b hJ ;l onf?
Armjynf 0wˆK tEkynmpmay ordik ;f wGi/f awmfveS af &;udk xif[yfonf/h awmfveS af &; w&yfu/kd
0wˆK pmay/ yHo k ¾efjzif/h oDu;kH zG@J E@JG aom 0wˆKrsm;onf/ odyrf sm;rsm;pm;pm;r&S?d pHjyKowfrw S f
&onfh 0wˆKta&twGurf mS enf;yg;onf[yk if qd&k ayvdrrhf nf?
rsuaf rSmufacwf ArmjynfwiG ;f Y/ vGwv f yfpmG awG;ac:a&;om; a[majymcGi/hf xkwf
a0cGiw hf @kd onf? qHwr#ipf mr#yif &SmazGI/ rawG@&EdS ikd ?f vGwv f yfpmG xkwf azmfciG rfh &S?d vGwv f yfpmG
or*~ xlaxmifciG rhf &S?d vGwv f yfru _ kd awmif;qdok nf/h vlxk twGuf vlowfvufeufEiS u hf snq f H
rsm;onfum;/ tv#yH ,f aygºuG,0f ayonf? 'Dru kd a&pDEiS fh vGwv f yfro_ nfum; &Sm;yg;vGe;f
vSonfh ypPn;f ypP,rsm;yif jzpfonf?
xdk@a=umifh jynfwGif;wGif vGwfvyfr_ESifh 'Drdkua&pD +idrfcsrf;a&;/ wnf+idrfa&;wdk@
arSmiftwdus jcif;ESit hf wl/ awmfveS af &; pmayonfvnf;/ arSmiftwdusum xGuaf y:vmp&m
r&Sad wmhay? xd@k a=umifh pma&;ol q&m “A[kviG jf yif” . “0J=oC rSm aw;oH+yKd iv f @kd ” tvif;
wduk yf JG 0wˆK&Snu f kd jynfywGif xkwaf 0&jcif; jzpfy&kH onf?
(2)
0wˆK pmay[k qd&k mY/ taysmzf wf 0wˆK/ pdwu f ;l ,Of 0wˆK/ b0o&kyaf zmf 0wˆK/
ordik ;f aemufc0H wˆK/ ponfjzihf trsKd ;rsKd ;/ jynfo@l tusKd ;jyK pmayvm;? jynfol ukd tusKd ;rjyK
onfh pmayvm;? tkypf ;kd oltwGuf azmufjyefonfh pmayvm;? jynfo@l tusKd ;jyK pmayonf/
jynfow l @kd . vGwaf jrmufa&;vrf;ud/k tvif;a&mifay; !$ejf yaom pmayjzpfonf? od@k r[kwf
jynfov l x l k toD;oD;twGu/f axmufual om pmay/ tzdEydS cf H jynfov l x l b k ufrS &yfwnf
aom/ pmay 0wˆK jzpfonf? tenf;qH;k pHjyKcsurf mS tzdEydS cf /H tjc,fv, S cf /H u|ejf yKcaH e&onfh
jynfow l @kd . b0udk xif[yf &rnf[al om tcsujf zpfonf?
A[kviG jf yif a&;om;onf/h T0wˆKonf/ jynfo@l acwfo@kd rul;ajymif;rS/D awmfveS f
onf/h tajctaersKd ;wGif awmfveS af &;udk a&;jc,fonfh pmayjzpfonf? , ae@umv/ Armjynf
ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd zsuo f rd ;f a&;/ 'Dru
kd a&pDtwGuf &ke;f uef awmfveS cf sed w f iG /f zdEydS jf c,f
vS,o f nfh tkypf ;kd olEiS hf tEdik u f sichf &H aom/ tzdEydS cf H vl wef;pm;. yËdyuQ wdu k yf u JG kd azmfjyxm;
onf? aoG;pkwjf c,fv, S af om pepfu/kd vlxk u qef@usiw f eG ;f vSeof nfh tajctaeudk A[kjd yK
xm;o!fh 0wˆK jzpfonf? xd@k jyif vl xk. awmfveS af &; tcef;u¾udk azmfxw k u f m/ vlxb k 0
wpdww f ydik ;f udak zmfjyonf?
27
pmaya[mif;ESihf pmayopf/ pmayESp&f yfwiG /f pma&;olq&m A[kviG jf yif onf/
zdEydS t
f yk pf ;kd tEdik uf sio fh !f/h ppftyk pf Ek iS hf ppftm%m&Sirf sm;/ ppfAsK&du k &ufEiS hf olw@kd . opPmcH
azmufjyefonfh vlwef;pm;. rsuEf mS zH;k udk cGmcsonf? vlxt k ay: aumufuspf pOf;vJyw kH @kd u/kd
qef;ppfjyxm;onf? azmfxw k o
f nf? ppftm%m&Sif tkypf t k wGi;f / tm%mvky/JG tm%m
cGuaf pmif;ckwyf /JG yÉdyuQonf/ &ufpufrw _ @kd jzif/h awmufavmifaea=umif; azmfjyxm;onf?
xk@d jyif wd;k wufaom/ ynmwwf acwf vli,fw@dk . awmfveS af &;pdw"f mwf/ ZGEJ iS hf tm;rmefw@kd ukd
azmfusL;onf? taru arG;/ axmifuau|;/ qdo k !fh Edik if aH &;orm;b0. jzpfpOftwdik ;f /
axmifEiS t hf rd /f tdrOf ;D ESi=hf urf;ysO/f a&td;k ESihf a&r_wf jzpfaeyHo k nf/ awmfveS af &;pdw"f gwu f /kd
usL;&ifjh cif; jzpfonf? xdt k csi;f t&mrsm;rSm/ pmayopf. =ueftifvuQ%m/ tcsi;f t&mrsm;
yifjzpfonf?
'gjzifh pmaya[mif;u bmvJ? pmaya[mif;onf tkypf ;kd jc,fv, S o f u l kd ud,k pf m;jyK
aom pmayjzpfonf? a&$em;awmfoiG ;f / {csi;f a&;aom pmay/ 0wˆK jzpf onf? tkypf ;dk jc,fv, S f
ol vlwef;pm;ud/k usL;&ifah om/ OD;!$waf om/ oG,0f u kd If cs;D jriS ahf om pmayjzpfonf? pmay
a[mif;onf vlx. k awmfveS af &; tcef;u¾ESihf b0udk zH;k uG,+f yD;/ tkypf ;kd ol vlwef;pm;udk
azmfxw k o f nf? vuf&v dS rl p_ epfwiG /f wif; wdraf &mif&h u J m/ aemufo@kd qw k o f nf? vufiif;
jy\em&yfrsm;ud/k vlr_ yÉdyuQEiS hf vl wef;pm;wdu k yf rJG sm;ud/k ausmcdik ;f um xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smif
wwfonf? ,ae@umv ppftm%m&Sipf epf/ oufq;kd &Snaf &;twGu/f axmufut l m;jyKay;
aeaompmay/ vlxk vGwaf jrmufa&;twGu/f v_y&f mS ;aeo!f/h awmfveS af &;udk rsuu f ,G jf yKonfh
ok@d r[kwf qef@usio f nfh pmayonf pmaya[mif;yifjzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzihf azmufjyefonfh
pmay? “0J=oCrSm aw;oH+ydKifv@kd ”
A[kviG jf yif a&;jc,fx;kH zG@J onfh pmay
onf/ vlxu k kd tm;tifay;um/ t vif;a&mif 0wˆK&Snu f kd
xGef;!Sdonfh pmayopf ppfppfjzpfonf? 0wˆK oDuHk;a&;jc,fonfh
tEkynmvuf&m/ yDo/ ryD o/ tEkynmvuf&m A[kvGifjyifonf
vS/ rvSu/kd c%xm;+y;D / ola&G;cs,o f !f/h ta=umif; rsKd ;qufa[mif;wd@k .
t&mu ol@ pdwaf pwemudk azmf!e$ ;f aeonf? vSyawmufvufo!fh/
ppftm%m&SifpepfESifh ppftkyfpk vlwef;pm;./
ajc&m
azmufjyefr/_ ,kwrf mr_/ uvdeu f srw _ @kd ukd azmf
xkw&f ef/ 0wˆKa&;+yq D u kd wnf;u/ xdk pdwaf pwem vuf&m
wckxEJ iS yhf if av;pm;p&m jzpfaeonf? vrf;a=umif;udk
vdu
k cf o
hJ yl ifjzpfonf?
28
(3)
0wˆK zG@J pnf;r_onf tEkynmvuf&mwck jzpfxeG ;f vm&ef/ zefw;D zG@J E@JG r_
w&yfjzpfonf? 0wˆKwyk'f vSonf/ rvSonf/ tEkynm ajrmufonf/ rajrmufonfukd tuJ
jzwf&mY/ ta=umif;t&mESihf yHo k ¾ef udu k n f rD _ &Srd &S/d qDavsmf nD !Gwrf _ &Srd &SEd iS hf wdik ;f wm
wwf=uonf? “0J=oCrSm aw;oH+ydKifv@kd ” 0wˆKta=umif; t&mu/ azmf!e$ ;f cJ+h yD; jzpfonfh
twdik ;f / Armjynf ppftm%m&Sipf epfEiS hf ppftyk pf u k kd qef@usiaf wmfveS o f nfh 'Dru
kd a&pD
tiftm;pk/ vGwaf jrmufa&; tiftm;pkw@kd . v_y&f mS ;&ke;f uefrj_ zpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh
ESpaf ygi;f av;q,f&pS Ef pS f (48) ESpx f o J @kd 0if a&muf v$r;f rd;k aeo!f/h ppftm%m&Sipf epfEiS hf
vlxk wdu k yf x
JG rJ /S (1988 rS 1997) q,fpEk pS f wckukd a&G;jc,f+y;D / 0wˆK zG@J pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
pma&;ol a&G;cs,af zmfxw k vf u kd o f nf/h ta=umif;t&mudu k / zufqpf ppf tm%m&Sif
pepf/ zufqpf ppftyk pf k ta=umif;t&m jzpfaeojzih/f =urf;wrf;&dik ;f pdik ;f vGe;f vSonf? ppftyk pf k
Zmwfaumifrsm;rSmvnf;/ uvdeu f usprf sm;/ tm%mruf armvGe;f vSo!f/h &mZ0wfaumif
vl&rf;um;rsm;jzpfonf? tm%mtwGuf vlxu k kd zdEydS x f m;ae&onf? owfjzwfacsre_ ;f &onf?
vGwv f yfciG hf 'Dru kd a&pDukd touf&a_ yguf r&ap&? aoewf ppfwyfw@kd jzih/f tarSmifacwfukd
wrifzefw;D wnfaxmifxm; &onf? bk&ifeef;awmfwr#/ taqmifta&mifrsm;/ tajymuf
tr$e;f rsm;jzif/h jynfv h #r;f awmufy/ a&mif}udK;ºuGonf/h taqmuftOD;xJwiG /f aexdik pf jH ref;
&apumrl/ vl xkarwWm r&&Sad om/ tkypf ;kd zdEydS o f .l pdw"f gwu f m; atmufwef;pm;jzpfonfjh yif/
usm; rsm;/ 0Hyak vGrsm;/ awmacG;&dik ;f rsm;uJo h @kd / &dik ;f pdik ;f =urf;wrf;vSonf?
xdpk epfukd +zdKzsuw f u
kd cf saeaom/ vlxt k oDo;D b0ua&m/ at;+idr;f om ,myg&@J
vm;? at;csr;f wnf+ird f om,mae+yq D v kd #i/f awmfveS af &;vkypf &m/ ta=umif;r&S?d ,QKrl vlxk
toD;oD;onf/ rke;f wdik ;f xJu rke;f wdik ;f b0rsm;omjzpfaeonf? xdk b0rsm;onfum;/ =urf;wrf;
vSaypG? odraf rG@no hH ufr_ r&So d nfh tzdEydS cf H ppfu|erf sm; b0/ a0xGe;f uae/ a0a0xGe;f
jzpfvmonfb h 0/ q&mr a':,Ofat;.b0/ udrk sKd ; jrif/h armifarmif*si/f ausmaf usm0f ikd ;f ...ponfh
Zmwfaumifrsm;. b0toD;oD;onf ppfu|eo f m;aumifrsm; tjzpf/ tb,fr# =urf;wrf;
vSygoenf;? axmifxrJ mS aum axmiftjyifrmS yg wdu k yf aJG wGu jyif;xefvo S nf? wnf+idrrf _
uif;rJo h nfh =urf;&Sonfh b0rsm;?
pmzwfoo l nf axmiftjyifEiS hf axmiftwGi;f wdu k yf rJG sm;qDo@kd / r=umc% ac:aqmif
oGm;jcif;cH&onf? r=umc% rdvm† *efzvm;udk oGm;a&mufuikd w f ,G af pcJh onf? pmzwfol
vufwiG f rpifrsm; pGe;f ayoGm;avovm;? rdvm† eH@u ( 0wˆKzwf&if;) pl;ueJ 0ifa&mufvmonf?
xdrk # pma&;om; wifjyyHak umif;onf? xdrk pifrsm;/ ( rdvm† rsm; ) xuf/ pufqw k &f @HG p&m
aumif;onfh azmufjyefonfh t&kid ;f tpdik ;f ppftyk pf Ek iS hf zGm;bufawmfrsm;udv k nf; xdawG@&or#/
29
pufqw k af pcJo
h nf? xdrk # 0wˆK zG@J pnf;r_ tm;aumif;onf?
ol. 0wˆK ta=umif;t&mESifh Zmwfaumifrsm;onf/ 0wˆK. tjyifbufwGif
wu,f&Sdaeaom/ ta=umif;t&mESifh Zmwfaumifrsm;jzpfonf? orkdif;Zmwfaumif
rsm;jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh zG@J E@JG r[ _ ef/ wifjyr_[efonfvnf;/ =urf;&S&S jzpfaeonf? xd@k a=umifh
ta=umif;t&m (contant ) ESihf yHo k ¾mef (Form ) zG@J pnf;r_onf/ vdu k zf ufonf? nD!w G f
onf[k qd&k rSmjzpfonf?
ta&;tom;rSm/ ordik ;f rSww f rf; ta&;tom;/ ae@pOf rSww f rf; ta&;tom;
[efyef jzpfojzif/h EkEEk @JG E@JG / zG@J E@JG rr_ &S/d wcsKd @ae&mawGrmS / cyf=urf;=urf; a&;zG@J co hJ nfukd awG@&onf/
ordik ;f rSww f rf;wyk'u f /kd rdr&d & a&;cs,af eIvm;rod? o&kyrf eS b f 0udk o&kyrf eS f pmayzG@J pnf;yHk
pepf(Realism
Realism)jzihf xdxrd rd /d ajymifajymifwif;wif;/ wku d &f u
kd f azmfusL; a&;zG@J cjhJ cif;jzpfonf?
uavmifu/kd cyf=urf;=urf;/ ar$@vu kd af vjcif; ayyJvm;? olou D ;kH aom 0wˆKonf/ ordik ;f rSww f rf;
0wˆK jzpfonfjh yif/ vlxck pH m;r_/ tjriftawG;yg0ifojzif/h crf;em;vSyonfh 0wˆKaumif; wyk'f
jzpfonf?
(4)
Zmwfvrf;ESihf Zmwfaumifw@kdukd toufoiG ;f &mwGif pma&;olq&m A[kviG f jyifonf/
orm;&d;k us vrf;a[mif;xJr/S vrf;opfwckukd xGiu f m/ azmufxu G v f mcJo h nf? rsm;aom
tm;jzif/h 0wˆK a&;onfh pma&;q&m tawmfrsm;rsm;onf/ xyfcsn;f wvJv/J orm;&d;k us
enf;emtwdik ;f / Zmwfvrf;ESihf Zmwfaumifw@kd u/kd arG;jrLtoufoiG ;f &zef rsm;vmonft h cg/
wrsKd ;vS@J um/ qef;opfwx D iG f wwf=uonf? (Inno-vaction ) od@k aomf q&m A[kviG jf yif
onf OD;qH;k yxr a&;zG@J onfh 0wˆK rSmyJ/ vrf;a[mif;xJr/S azmufxu G /f cGx J uG v
f mcJoh nf?
,if;tcsuo f nf 0wˆK. xl;jcm; o!fh tcsuw f ckjzpfonf?
t"du ZmwfaumifwOD;wnf;rxm;? ordik ;f udk tajccH/ ausmaxmuf aemufcH
jyKxm;ojzifh/ ordkif;Zmwfaumifrsm;onf/ ausmfausmf0dkif; wa,mufwnf; r[kwf?
armifarmif*sif wa,mufwnf; r[kwaf wmh? bDv#eH m olaX;}u;D / OD;xGe;f =umESifh olZmEdik Ef ikd /f
a0xGe;f ESihf ndKcif/ ,kow D mESihf zcif OD;aomif;xuf/ +rdK@e,f }uH@zw G f odr;f armif/ EkopfEiS hf
rr,Ofat;/ ausmfausmf0dkif;/ udkrsdK;jrifh/ a'gufwmaZmf/ udkbdk/ OD;0ifwif (tb0wD)/
a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ typftcuf &yfpaJ &; (15) zG@J / ppftyk pf x k yd yf ikd ;f taumifAavmif
cif!eG @f (cifneG @f )/ wifO;D / (wifO;D ) wd@k jzpfonf? xdZk mwfaumifrsm;xJr/S a0a0xGe;f jzpfvmonfh
a0xGe;f onf/ T0wˆKxJrS oD}udK; jzpfonf? xdo k }D udK;a=umifyh if/ 0wˆKonf/ ordik ;f rSww f rf;
tjzpfr/S vl@&yk yf v kH m$ rsm;udk a&;zG@J onfh 0wˆK jzpfvmcJjh cif;jzpfonf? Zmwfaumif a0xGe;f ud/k
y&dowf &ifxw J iG /f pGv J ef;jidw, G o f mG ;atmif/ q&m A[kviG jf yifu/ arG;jrLzefw;D Edik cf o hJ nfukd
30
awG@&onf?
Zmwfvrf; wnfaqmuf&mY apwDyo kH ¾ef wnfaqmufr_ jzpfonf[k qd&k ayvdrhf
rnf? atmufajcwGif tjyef@us,u f m/ Zmwfvrf;tqH;k / Zmwford ;f ydik ;f wGi/f pkpnf;aygi;f qHk
oGm;=uonf? 0wˆK. tpydik ;f &Sd tcef;wcef;rSmyif/ tcef;cGJ oH;k / av;/ ig;ck yg0ifonf? xdt k cef;
cGJ rsm;xJwiG /f Zmwfvrf; yEMu/f oJ&u kd o f nf? Zmwfaumif rsm;udk pwifarG;zGm;um/ y&dowfEiS hf
rdwq f ufay;onf? aemufyikd ;f wGif Zmwf&edS u f kd jriS w hf ifvmcJu h m/ ed*;kH wGif aygi;f pnf;oGm;onfh
0wˆK zG@J pnf;r_[ef jzpfonf? orm;&d;k usr[kwo f nfh qef;opfatmif zG@J pnf;xm;onf[ h ef jzpf
onf?
(5)
pma&;ol A[kviG jf yifonf/ (88) ta&;awmfyu kH kd tpysKd ;cJ=h uonfh wd;k wufaom
ausmif;om; tiftm;pkxrJ S wOD;jzpfonf? ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifwOD;/ olu, kd w
f ikd f vlx/k
olu, kd w
f ikd f ausmif;om;/ ppftm%m&Sipf epfu/ vl@ou d mQ ESihf ud, k hf =urRmud,k f zefw;D cGiu hf /kd
zdEydS zf suq f ;D ypfaeaomtcg/ vlxu k kd tEdik u f si&hf efjyKvm aomtcg/ vlxo k nf/ awmfveS af &;
ud/k rjzpfrae qkwu f ikd v f mcJ=h u&onf? Tod@k jzifh awmfveS o f nfh ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif
jzpfvmcJo h nf?
e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;/ trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;/ zufqpfawmfveS af &;/ 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf
+idr;f csr;f a&;/ &ke;f uefvy_ &f mS ;r_EiS hf ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_onf wom;xJ/ w v$mxJ? od@k aomf
ausmif;om; v_y&f mS ;r_onf vlxw k u kd yf JG v_y&f mS ;r_ukd tpjyKEdik cf hJ =uonf? xd@k a=umifh ausmif;
om;v_y&f mS ;r_EiS hf ta&;awmfykH ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif rsm;. ordik ;f onf/ Armjynf. Edik if aH &;
ordik ;f jzpfaecJo h nf? acwf. pHerlemaumif; jy,k*f jzpfc=hJ uonf? ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f
a&;wGi/f pma&;ol A[kviG jf yif (udak usmrf if;,k) onf/ a&S@wef;ae&mrS / OD;aqmifyg0ifco hJ /l
ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif ocifatmifqef;/ ocifA[de;f / po!fh wd;k wufonfh ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmifrsm; OD;aqmifpOf awmfvSefonfh tawG;tac: xGef;ajymifonfh acwfwGif
vGwv f yfa&; wdu k yf o JG nf atmify&JG cJo h nf? xdu k o hJ @kd aom wd;k wufprG ;f oefonfh ausmif;om;
acgi;f aqmifw@kd . ajc&mrsm;udk cHum/ (88) ta&;awmfykH ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif wcsKd @
w0uf (wcsKd @ tpdwt f ydik ;f ) onf/ xyfcsyrf uGm/ eif;I vdu k cf =hJ uonf?
pma&;ol A[kviG jf yifonf/ wdik ;f jynf. om;aumif&wemwOD;/ ,ae@acwf +ydKif/
trsKd ;om; Edik if aH &;jzpfonfh ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;/ 'Dru kd a&pDa&;/ vGwv f yfa&;
twGuf ud, k u f sKd ;pGe@f co
hJ jzif/h 'kw, d t}urd af jrmuf (65) ESpf axmif'%f qkvmbfukd &&Scd pH m;
ae&qJ? &efopl pftyk pf u k / olEiS t hf wl/ awmfveS af om/ ausmif; om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk
ol@twdik ;f &ef!;_d zG@J xm;qJ?
31
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m/ ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ yxr rsdK;quf/ ocifatmifqef;
ocifA[de;f / vlxak ':trm wd@k onf/ trsKd ;om;Edik if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;xJwiG /f ud, k f usKd ;pGe@f
yg0ifcjhJ cif;ESit hf wl/ pmayudyk g vufeuftjzpf toH;k jyKcJ=h uonf? awmfveS f aom pmayonf
vGwv f yfa&; wdu k yf t
JG wGuf pmayvufeufw&yf jzpfco hJ nf? ,if;onf yxr rsKd ;quf/ (Auo
rsKd ;quf) ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifwcsKd @./ pHerlemjy jy,k*af wGygy?J (88) rsKd ;quf ausmif;om;
acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ (wenf;tm;jzif)h pwkwrˆ sKd ; quf awmfveS af &; ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif
wcsKd @onf yxr rsKd ;quf./ ajc&mudk eif;cJ=h uonf? “0J=oCrSm aw;oH+yKd ifv@kd ” 0wˆK&Snu f kd
oDu;kH a&;jc,fonfh A[kviG jf yifonf rsKd ;qufa[mif;wd@k . vSyawmufvufo!f/h ajc&m/ vuf&m
vrf;a=umif;udk vdu k cf o
hJ yl ifjzpfonf? ol@pmayvuf&monf aemifwiG f tqifq h ifh ay:xGuv f m
=urnfh Auo rsKd ;qufopfw@kd twGuf vufqifu h rf;aeonfh ordik ;f tarGcaH umif; jzpf&ay
vdrrhf nf?
ol. pmayvuf&mud/k rSww f rf;wif=urSm jzpfouJo h @kd xkwaf 0ay;cJ=h uonfh
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; tiftm;pkudkvnf;/ tav;teuf rSwfwrf;=uygvdrhfrnf? pD;yGm;a&;
uyfqu kd af eonfh ,ae@umvY tcuftcJ uE mW &vrf;ay:wGi/f T0wˆKudk yGiv hf ef;&ef
xkwaf 0cJo h rl sm;udk txl;wvnf aus;Zl;wifae=uygvrd Ofh ;D rnf?
aus;Zl;wifvsuf
awmfveS af &;opPmjzihf
aEGOD;
(*|ef 14 / 2010)
tvif;tdrr
f S pmtkya f umif;wpfty
k f
xyfrx H w k af 0vku
d f
jyefygjyD?
88 rsKd ; quf a usmif ; om;acgif ; aqmif w pf O D ; &J h c H p m;

csu/f okd h r[kwf jrefrmjynfwiG ;f tjzpftysu/f okd rh [kwf
axmifwGif;tjzpfoepfawGukd pma&;olu ajymifajrmuf
vSypGm wifjyxm;ygw,f? tvif;tdrv f yd pf mtwkid ;f quf
oG,rf mS ,lEidk yf gonf?
32
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
(65 ESpfajrmuf a':atmifqef;pk-unfarG;ae hodk h
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
t¶dki f;uAsm
a&$trd pf nf
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ (1)
usaemf a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd tjyifwiG f w=udrw f cgr# rjrifrawG@z;l cJ?h
1988 ta&;awmfykH umvtwGi;f Yvnf; usaemfonf e,f+rdKŒav;w+rdKŒ&Sd oydwf
pcef;ESihf pDwef;vrf;avSsmuf qENjyonfh v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ESio hf m e,fwiG &f adS ecJ. h ? &efuek o f @dk
ra&muf? &efuek f jynfo@l aq;¶k=H uD; ta&SŒESihf a&$w*d b Hk &k m; taemufbuf rkcw f @kd Y a[majym
onfh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. w&m;yGrJ sm;od@k vnf; usaemfra&mufc?hJ TtwGuf ta&;
awmfykH umvtwGi;f Y a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ta0;rSyifvsS if jrifawG@Eidk cf jhJ cif; r&Scd ?hJ
1988 ckEpS f 'DZifbmvtwGi;f usaemfw@dk . jynfe,fav;twGi;f od@k trsK;d om;
'Drudk a&pDtzG@J csKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r_; taeESihf a':atmifqef;pk=unf pnf;¶k;H a&;c&D;
vm.? usaemfw@kd +rKd Œav;od@k vnf; a&muf.? +rKd Œav;. tzJ@G csKyf¶;Hk Y tzJ@G 0ifrsm;ESihf awG@onf?
tzJG@csKyf¶kH;a&SŒrS +rdKŒvlxktm; pum;ajym.? xkdpOfuvnf; usaemfonf +rdKŒav;wGif r&Sd?
zvHawmifa0S;wk@d jzpfxeG ;f &m t&yfqo D @kd acwWa&mufaecJjh yefonf? od@k EiS hf a':atmifqef;
pk=unfEiS hf usaemf rqHak wG@Eidk cf &hJ ?
ESpaf ygi;f 22 ESpw
f idk w
f idk f a':atmifqef;pk=unf. OD;aqmifra_ tmufY rrdw S rf okef
vduk yf g cJah omfvnf;/ ,ae@widk f usaemf a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; rawG@rjrifb;l ay?TtwGuf
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. ¶kyo f iG tf m; a':atmifqef;pk=unf ajymqdck o hJ nfh pum;/ a&;om;cJh
onfh pmrsm;twGi;f rSmyif &SmazGI ¶kyyf v kH m$ tm; yHak zmf=unfrh . d ?
(2)
1988 ckEpS f =o*kwv f 15 &ufae@wiG /f a':atmifqef;pk=unfu jrefrmjynfol vlx=k uD;od@k
a=unmcsuw f apmif xkwjf yefI today;a=unm.? ta&;awmfyu kH mvtwGi;f xkwjf yefco hJ nfh
a=unmpmwrf;jzpfonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfrS yxrOD;pGmaom vlxx k o H @kd xkwjf yefco hJ nfh
a=unmcsu[ f vk nf; ,lqrd.?

33
‘Ekid if aH &;e,fy,ftwGi;f 0if&jcif;ta=umif;’ [lI acgi;f pOfwyfxm;onf? +yD;vSsif
a=unmcsu. f yxrOD;qHak om pma=umif;tm; ‘wkid ;f jynfEiS hf zcif. aus;Zl;tm; qyfvI dk ’
[k ed'ge;f wGif 0efcu H wdjyKxm;.?
“usr odwwfpt&G,u f yif jrefrmhEidk if aH &; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;/ txl;ojzifh usrzcif
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;. wkid ;f jynftwGuf =udK;yrf;r_rsm;ESihf Edik if t H wGuf xm;&Scd ahJ om arSsmrf eS ;f
csurf sm;ESihf ywfoufaom aqG;aEG;pum;rsm;udk ae@pOfrjywfqo dk vkd =um;aecJ&h ygonf? xko d @kd
=um;cJ&h jcif;jzifh jrefrf mEkid if H zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufa&;onf jynfov l xl . k nDnw G rf /_ tusiphf m&dwW
aumif;rGerf E_ iS hf pD;yGm;a&;cdik v f rkH w _ @dk tay:wGif wnf&adS =umif;udk oabmaygucf yhJ gonf?
azazonf wkid ;f oljynfom; tcsi;f csi;f / owfjzwf wku d cf u dk of nfh tm%mvk Edik if aH &;
rsK;d udk vH;k 0rESpo f uf/ r=uKd ucf ahJ =umif;/ vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D umvY Ekid if aH &;avmuwGif ausmcdik ;f I
owif;pmq&m/ pma&;q&m wa,muftaeESihf toufarG; 0rf;ausmif;&Smzk@d &nf&, G cf ahJ =umif;/
EkdifiHt&yf&yfodk@ oGm;a&mufI jrefrmjynfolvlxktwGuf ynm&ap/ tjrifus,faprnfh
A[kow k rsm; &SmazG&ef rSe;f qcJah =umif;rsm;udk od&&dS cJo h nf? azaz. rjzpfajrmufEikd cf ahJ om
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk pdwf0,fxm;I usrvnf; jrefrmwdkif;oljynfom; tcsif;csif;=um;
tm%mvkyJG jzpfymG ;aprnfh Edik if aH &;rsK;d wGif ryg0ifb/J Edik if w H um todtrSwjf yKjcif;cH&onfh
pmayavmu twGi;f rS jrefrmudk urBmu odapa&;/ jrefrm jynfov l x l tk wGuf toH;k 0ifEidk rf nfh
pmtkypf mwrf;rsm; jyKpka&;wk@d EiS hf wdik ;f jynftusK;d aqmif&ef cef@reS ;f &nf&, G f xm;cJo h nf?
xkud o hJ @kd pmayavmuY at;csr;f jynf0h pGm aecGi&f cJyh gaomfvnf; jrefrmEdik if rH mS
azaz arSsmrf eS ;f cJo h vkd nDnw G cf ikd cf ef@onfh jynfaxmifp=k uD;/ wd;k wufom,monfh wkid ;f jynf
=uD;tjzpfo@kd ra&mufvmcJjh cif;a=umifh pdwaf useyfr_ r&Ekid cf yhJ g? trSepf ifppfwiG f usrpdwx f w J iG f
wdik ;f jynfEiS hf zcifukd cGI J rpOf;pm;Ekid yf g? jrefrmEkid if tH wGuf pdwrf csr;f ajrŒzG,&f m ta&;tcif;rsm;
ay:ayguaf evSsif azazhuykd if xdcu dk af eouJoh @kd cHpm;&ygonf? txl;ojzifh azazjyKpkysK;d
axmifcahJ om wyfrawmfEiS hf azazhtay: tifrwefrS arwWmxm;cJah om vlxt k =um;wGif
pdw0f rf;uGaJ pEkid rf nfh tajctaersK;d jzpfxeG ;f vmonfukd jrif&aomtcg ydrk I dk pd;k &dryf yl efryd gonf?
xkad =umifh jrefrmjynfY pdwrf csr;f ajrŒzG,&f m ta&;tcif;rsm; ay:ayguaf eonfukd
oH;k oyf qifjcif&ygawmhonf? wkid ;f oljynfom; tcsi;f csi;f tm%mvkyJG uJo h @kd jzpfrnfh Ekid if aH &;
rsK;d udk a&Smif=uOfcsiv f yS gaomfvnf; =uD;rm;vSpmG aom wkid ;f jynfaus;Zl;/ zcifaus;Zl;wk@d ukd
qyfonft h aeESihf trsm;jynfov l x l t k wGuf tusK;d jzpfaprnfh Ekid if aH &;pepf tjrpfw, G af pzk@d
=udK;yrf;awmhrnf[k qH;k jzwfvu dk jf cif; jzpfygonf?”
TwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unf. Ekid if aH &;¶kyyf v kH m$ tm; cJom;xlxEl iS hf awG@jrifrv d ukd . f ?
34
(3)
22 ESpt f wGi;f jynfe,frsm;tm;vH;k od@k a':atmifqef;pk=unf pnf;¶k;H a&;c&D;qef@c. hJ ?
tcsKŒd jynfe,frsm;od@k qv dk sS if t=udr=f udraf &muf.? yxrOD;pGmaom a':atmifqef;pk=unf.
jynfe,fc&D;pOfu rGejf ynfe,fo@kd jzpf.? 1988 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 14 &ufrS 18 &ufae@twGi;f
oGm;vmcJjh cif;jzpfonf? oxH+k rdKŒwGif rGev f x l Ek iS ahf wG@I a':atmifqef;pk=unf rde@f ceG ;f pum;
ajym.?
“i,fi,fuwnf;u usrwk@d ordik ;f rSm oifc&hJ wmqdv k @kd &&dS if &mZ"d&mZfw@kd / &Siaf pmykw@dk /
"rRapwDw@kd qkd tifrwefrS =unfnKd p&maumif;wJh tifrwefrS av;pm;zG,&f maumif;wJh yk*Kd~ vf
=uD;rsm;qk+d yD;awmh pdwx f rJ mS em;vnfcyhJ gw,f? rSerf eS af jym&if usr 5 wef;/ 6 wef;usrS 'g[m
rGeb f &k ifawGygvm; qd+k yD; em;vnfcw hJ ,f”
“usrwd@k Arm,Ofaus;r_e@J rGe, f Ofaus;r_[m tifrwefrS ta&;=uD;wJh ,Ofaus;r_
=u;D ESpcf jk zpfw,f? 'D,Ofaus;r_=u;D ESpcf pk vH;k udk em;vnfrv S nf; Armjynf&ŒJ orkid ;f udk aumif;aumif;
em;vnfEidk rf ,fv@dk usr ,H=k unfygw,f”
“wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;&JŒ bmoma&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ pojzifh usrwd@k tm;ay;csiw f ,f?
bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh trsm;tawG;tac:/ trsm;,Ofaus;r_awGeJ@ wnfaqmufxm;wJh
Ekid if =H uD;[m trsm;=uD; cdik cf ef@r,f/ trsm;=uD;vnf; wk;d wufEikd rf ,f/ trsm;=uD;vnf; usrwd@k
twGuf tzk;d wefEikd rf ,fv@kd ,H=k unfygw,f”
tem*wf jynfaxmifpkopf/ wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;ta&;ESifh ywfoufI
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tawG;yH&k yd t f m; zswu f eJ jrifvu kd &f .?
+yD;vSsif 1989 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 12 &ufae@/ jynfaxmifpkae@ wGifvnf;
yifvHkausmufwkdifta&SŒY jynfaxmifpkae@ tcrf;tem;tm; usif;y.? tcrf;tem;wGif
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu wkid ;f &if;om;taygi;f wk@d tm; rde@f ceG ;f pum;qk. d ? a':atmifqef;
pk=unf. jynfaxmifppk um;? jynfaxmifpt k oH? tem*wfwiG f xkqpfvo kd nfh a':atmifqef;
pk=unf. tem*wfjynfaxmifpk aumufa=umif;?
“usrwk@d [m aemif 'Dru kd a&pD jynfaxmifpt k opf wcktjzpf xlaxmifa&;twGuf
yifvv kH kd wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm; tm;vH;k yg0ifwhJ nDvmcH=uD;wck ac:zd@k vw dk ,fv@kd ,H=k unf
ygw,f? 'Dvn kd v
D mcH=uD;uae+yD;awmh jynfaxmifpk wnfwchH u dk +f rJa&;twGuf wkid ;f &if;om;
vlrsK;d pkrsm;&JŒ &oif&h xku d w f hJ tcGit hf a&;rsm; ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;r_ pwJh udpaP wGukd aoaocsmcsm
aqG;aEG;+yD;awmh tm;vH;k &JŒ oabmwlncD sut f & taumif;qH;k tajzudk &Smr,fqw kd hJ &nf&, G f
csuf &Syd gw,f?
aemuf+y;D awmh usrwd@k twGuf tifrwefrS ta&;=u;D aewJh udpw P ckuawmh jynfwiG ;f

35
+idr;f csr;f a&;udpyP gy?J jynfaxmifp=k uD;wckv;kH wnfwchH idk +f rJz@kd / wk;d wufz@dk / om,m0ajymzd@k qw dk m
[m jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; vkyd gw,f? jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;udk Edik if aH &;enf;vrf;eJ@ &Sm&r,f
qdkwmusrwdk@ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyf&JŒ ,Hk=unfcsufjzpfygw,f? ESpfaygif; 40 ausmf
jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;udk vufeufenf;eJ@ &SmcJyh gw,f? tckxufxd r&ao;ygb;l ? 'ga=umifrh @dk v@kd
usrwd@k taeeJ@ jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk &zk@d qw kd m[m Ekid if aH &;enf;eJ@ &Sm&r,fv@dk ,H=k unfygw,f”
TonfyifvsS if jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf tem*wf jynfaxmifpo k pfqo D @dk avSsmuf
vSr;f csw D ufrnfh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. ¶kyyf v kH m$ ? Tod@k yif usaemfjrifvu kd rf .
d ?
(4)
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu Akv d cf sKyf. &ifaoG;/ wyfrawmfo m;rdom;pkrS ayguzf mG ;
vmonfo h l jzpf.? wyfrawmfom;rsm;. xde;f ausmif;csyD ;kd r_ atmufrmS yif =u;D cJ&h .? TtwGuf
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf wyfrawmfom;rsm;tay: oHa,mZOf=uD;.? wyfrawmftay:
wG,w f mrdc. hJ ?
olri,fpOfuyif cspcf ifw, G w f mcJ&h onfh wyfrawmf=uD;tm; *k%o f u d mQ &So
d nfh
aumif;jrwf =unfnKd zG,f wyfrawmfw&yftjzpf jrifv/kd awG@v/kd jzpfapvdck rhJ nfrmS vGrJ mS ;zG,rf &S?d
TtwGuyf if 1989 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 14 &ufae@rS pwifco hJ nfh {&m0wDwidk ;f c&D;pOfY
olr jrifv/dk awG@v/kd jzpfapvdo k nfh wyfrawmf? od@k r[kwf olr. zcif jrifv/kd awG@v/kd wnfaxmif
vko d nfh wyfrawmfEiS hf ywfoufI wyfrawmftay: xm;&So d nfh olr. oabmxm;tm;
ajymqdkcJh.?
“wyfrawmf[m usrazaz wnfaxmifcw hJ hJ wyfrawmfyg? azaz[m wyfrawmfukd
xlaxmifuwnf;u vlwa,muftwGuf r[kwfbl;/ tzJG@tpnf;wcktwGuf r[kwfbl;/
Edik if w
H Ekid if v
H ;kH twGuf xlaxmifcw hJ ,fqw dk m jywfjywfom;om; ajymcJyh gw,f? 'Dvpkd w d x f m;rsK;d eJ@
xlaxmifcw hJ hJ wyfrawmfyg? azazxlaxmifcw hJ hJ wyfrawmf+yKd uGrJ mS udk usr vH;k vH;k rvkcd siyf gb;l ?
usr jzpfapcsifwmuawmh azazwnfaxmifcJhwkef;u &nf&G,fcsuftwkdif; jynfolvlxk
tm;ud;k Ekid &f m/ ud;k uG,Ef idk &f m/ vJavsmif;Ekid &f m/ wyfrawmf=uD; jzpfapcsiw f ,f? tJ'aD wmh
wyfrawmf[m jynfov l x l ek @J pnf;pnf;vH;k vH;k &Srd S wkid ;fjynf[m wk;d wufEidk yf gw,f? [k;d t&if
vuf0o J Ek &N acwfxu J uAsm&Syd gw,f? 'Dpum;udv k nf; trsm;jynfou l od+yD;om;yg?
‘ppfenf;AsL[m b,fvo dk mvnf;/ pGu J ikd vf ufeuf b,fvx dk ufvnf; jynfo@l Ev S ;kH
rodr;f }uHK;v#i/f jynfo@l prG ;f tm; rud;k pm;v#if "m;oGm;vnf; aºuG/ vHv k nf;acGt’hH wJ?h
t"dym` ,fuawmh tkycf sKyfwo hJ rl sm;[m b,favmufyJ tm%m&S&d /dS b,favmufyJ
tiftm;&S&d dS jynfov l xl &k ŒJ arwWmudk rodr;f }uHK;Ekid v f @kd &&dS if atmifatmifjrifjrife@J rxrf;aqmif
Ekid yf gb;l ? 'gukd usr vufcw H ,f? usr ,H=k unfw,f? tJ'aD wmh tpk;d &rsm;/ wyfrawmfrsm;[m
36
jynfov l xl &k ŒJ arwWmudk odr;f }uKH ;Ekid w f hJ tzG@J tpnf;rsm; jzpf&r,fv@dk usr ,H=k unfygw,f? 'Dvkd
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpfz@kd usrwk@d OD;wnfygw,f”
(5)
a':atmifqef;pk=unf ¶kyyf v kH m$ yef;csu
D m;csyw f iG f ynm&yf0ef;rS okawoDynm&Si?f
tEk/ tvS/ tvuFmwd@k EiS hf xHo k if;aeonfh aq;om;pkwcf syf wd@k uv kd nf; xifxifvif;vif;ESihf
awG@jrif&.?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf pmtpHak &;.? av;eufcufco J nfh tawG;tjrif pmwrf;
rsm;vnf; a&;.? twˆKywWpd mayrsm;/ jyKpka&;om;ouJo h @kd Eidk if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&; aqmif;yg;rsm;
udv k nf; a&;.? +yD;vSsif tEk/ tvS/ &owd@k EiS hf zJ@G oo D nfh uAsm/ &o tufaq;rsm; udv k nf;
oDu;kH zG@J q.dk ?
vef'efwuUov kd f ta&SŒwkid ;f ESihf tmz&duavhvma&;Xmeod@k wifoiG ;f cJo h nfh olr.
bGJ@vGefpmwrf;u“1910-1940 ckESpftwGif jrefrmpmaywGif &dk;&mtpOftvm topf
jzpfay:xGe;f um;r_EiS hf trsK;d om;a&;0g'” [lonfh pmwrf;jzpfonf?
“ppfreS af om vH+k cKH &mod@k ”/ “a=umuf&ŒHG jcif;rS vGwu f if;a&;” ponfh pmwrf;rsm;wGirf l
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. av;eufonfh '\eESihf avmutjrifw@dk tm; &Si;f vif;yDjyifpmG ESihf
awG@jrif&.? em;vnf&.?
‘atmifqef;’ twˆKywWpd mwrf;tm; jyKpka&;om;&mwGirf l a':atmifqef;pk=unf
onf tcsed rf sm;pGmay;I okawoejyKc&hJ .? &efuek &f dS wyfrawmf armfueG ;f wku d o f @kd ae@pOfomG ;I
vko d nfh tcsut f vufrsm;tm; vufa&;ESihf ul;,l.?
*syefEidk if o
H @dk omG ;+yD; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf &if;ES;D usrG ;f 0ifc=hJ uonfh ‘rDemrDuef’ rS
ppfrx _ rf;a[mif; *syefppft&m&S=d uD;rsm;ESihf awG@qI kH ar;jref;rSwo f m;cJ.h ? Tok@d EiS hf vrsm;/
ESpfrsm; rsm;pGm,lI ‘atmifqef;’ twˆKywWd pmwrf;tm; a':atmifqef;pk=unf
a&;om;jyKpk.? pmwrf;. ed'ge;f wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ....
“aoG;om;eD;uyfpGm awmfpyfolwOD;. twˆKywdWudk a&;&onfrSm rvG,fulyg?
"rR"Ïd mefusus a&;Ekid rf nfr[kw[ f k tpGypf cJG &H wwfygonf? wu,fwrf;wGiv f nf; twˆKywWd
a&;olw@dk onf rdrw d @dk &SmazGpak qmif;&&Sad om taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh rdrw d @dk ud, k yf ikd q
f ;kH jzwf
Om%fukd yHpk o H iG ;f ay;cJah om tjzpftysu/f tawG@t=uHKrsm;. =oZmoufa&mufrr_ S uif;vGwf
Ekid rf nf r[kwyf g? usrtaejzifh usrzcif. ¶kyyf v kH m$ udk usrjrifonft h wdik ;f rSeu f efpmG
ay:vGiaf p&ef =udK;yrf; a&;om;xm;ygonf[o k m ajymEkid yf gonf”
TonfyifvsS if okawoD. ¶d;k ajzmifrh [ _ k qk&d rnf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf uAsmrsm;tm; t*Fvyd b f momESihf a&;onfu rsm;.?

37
“In the Quiet Land” uAsmtm; a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf t*FvdyfbmomESifhyif
a&;zG@J onf?
“w¶kwaf wGu vrf;udk vkcd siw f ,f/
jyifopfawGuawmh avmifpmqDukd vdck siw f ,f/
xkid ;f awGuawmh opfukd ,lw,f/
etzuawmh tjrwftpGe;f awGukd ,lw,fav”
acwf+ydKifcpH m;r_tm; a':atmifqef;pk=unfu uAsmESihf Tod@k ¶d;k &Si;f pGm zJ@G jyxm;.?
yxrt}udrf aetdrt f us,cf sKyfrS a':atmifqef;pk=unf vGwaf jrmufvmcJ+h yD;onfh
aemuf *syefEidk if x H w k f owif;pmwpfapmifwiG f “Letter from Burma” acgi;f pOfEiS hf tywfpOf
aqmif;yg;rsm;tm; a':atmifqef;pk=unf a&;.? a':atmifqef;pk=unfa&;onfh “Letter
from Burma” u &o tzG@J ygonfh a qmif;yg;rsm;jzpfonf? jrefrmhtaiG@touf tm;&ap
onfhf acwf+ydKi &f o aqmif;yg;rsm;[k jrifro d nf?
“rkeo f ek q f w kd hJ pum;vH;k [m usrwd@k twGuaf wmh t+rJem;0ifcsKv d yS gw,f? usrwd@k
jrefrmvlrsK;d awG[m rd;k &moDqdk odyu f v kd rG ;f aqG;/ wrf;wwmxuf csp=f unfE;l zG,&f mtjzpf
rSw, f =l uygw,f? uav;b0wke;f u usrarG;zGm;=uD;jyif;cJw h hJ tdr0f &Hwmuae+yD; rJarSmifaewJh
aumif;uif;=uD;udk =unf&h if; xlxyfwhJ rk;d wdraf wGqu D ae w0ke;f 0ke;f eJ@ &Gmcsvukd wf hJ rk;d oHawGukd
em;axmifcyhJ gw,f?
'Dvkdrkd;&moDqdk&if twdtus ajymvdk@r&wJh twdwfu ta=umif;t&mawGudk
vGr;f ovkv d /dk aqG;ovdv k kd cHpm;=uwJh vl=uD;awG&ŒJ cHpm;csurf sK;d us odycf pH m;csiyf gw,f? 'gayrJh
6 ESpt f &G,yf J &Sad o;w,fqadk wmh twdwu f mvqkw d muvnf; bmrS r,fr,f&& r&Sad o;ygb;l ?
rdi_ ;f r_eaf ewJh rkeo f ek rf ;dk ae@ukd razmfjyEkid w f hJ tvGr;f / taqG;eJ@ =unf&h if; =uD;jyif;vmcJyh gw,f?
usryxrOD;qH;k oif,cl &hJ wJh uAsmawGxu J jrefrmuav;wkid ;f odwhJ uAsmq&m=u;D rif;ok0%f
a&;om;xm;wJh rkd;&moDta=umif; uAsmwyk'f&Sdygw,f? ‘0gqkd/ 0gacgif a&awG=uD;vdk@
oajyoD;rSnahf umufp@dk u, G ’f qkwd myJ jzpfygw,f? usr[m usr&JŒ rdcifukd oajyoD;qkw d m
b,fv[ kd mrsK;d vJqw dk mudk jrifz;l csiaf =umif; ajymcJyh gw,f? 'gayrJh oajyoD;qkw d mu &efuek v f dk
ae&mrsK;d rSm tifrwef&mS ;yg;awmh erlemav; wvH;k avmufawmif =unfzh @kd rvG,yf gb;l ? usr
q,fausmo f uft&G,f usr&JŒ rdcife@J twl tdE, dN udk vku d o f mG ;awmhryS J uav;b0wke;f u usr
tifrwef jrifawG@csiv f w S hJ oajyoD;rSnu hf kd usr&JŒ rdcifu ay;Ekid yf gawmhw,f?
tJ'w D ek ;f u usr uAsmawG &Gwq f &dk if; pdwu f ;l eJ@ rSe;f cJw
h muawmh ajcacsmif;av;awG
=um;rSm &GŒH awGe@J rk;d &GmxJ vrf;av#mufaewm/ rd;k at;at;xJ tom;ndKnKd ydeyf ed ef @J uav;rav;
aysmf&$ifaewm/ =unfvif;oef@pifwJh rdk;a&xJrSm vGwfvyfr_&JŒ t&omudk cHpm;aewm
38
pwmawGygy?J usrb0rSm rk;d a&xJ a&csK;d &wmavmuf tifrwefaysm&f wm r&Syd gb;l ? 'gayrJv h nf;
'Dvu kd av;b0[m ukev f eG cf +hJ yDqw kd m usrodcyhJ gw,f”
‘rkeo f ek t
f awG;’ rS a':atmifqef;pk=unf. ‘tvGr;f pdw’f tm; zswu f eJ awG@jrif
vdu k &f .? Tonfyif vlom;yDoonfh ‘cHpm;r_’?
(6)
ESpaf ygi;f 22 ESpt f wGi;f usaemf awG@jrifro d nfh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. ¶kyyf v kH m$ u
Ekid if aH &; ,H=k unfcsuw f iG f }uHŒcdik . f ? pGe@f vw $ rf r_ sm;pGmtm; pGe@f 0. hH / ay;qyf&. J / tawG;tac:
t,ltqwGif &Si;f vif;.? rnfonft h csed t
f cgwiG rf S ra00g;cJ?h ‘vky[ f ef’ wGif vuf0/J vuf,m
aoGz,fjcif; tvsO;f r&S?d 1990 ckEpS f arv a&G;aumufyt JG m; 0ifoifo h nft h cgwiG f olrud, k w f idk f
jynfo@l vw $ af wmf ud, k pf m;vS,w f OD;tjzpf avSsmufvm$ wifc. hJ ? 2010 a&G;aumufyt JG m;
qef@usif oydwaf rSmufoifo h nfh tcgwiG v f nf; olronf &Si;f &Si;f jywfjywfyif qH;k jzwf.?
rawGa0? TtwGuf Ekid if aH &;wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unf. 'l;onf rn$w?f rm./ }uHŒcdik . f ?
Tonfukd =urf;onf[q k vkd sS if &.?
wzufwiG f okawoDwOD;tjzpfEiS hf ynm&yf0ef;twGi;f aysmaf rG@I av;eufonfh
usr;f =uD;/ usr;f i,ftm; jyKpk.? +yD;vSsif vlom;yDopGm tvGr;f pdw&f . dS ? cHpm;r_&. dS ? TtwGuf
uAsmrsm; oDu;kH .? &otufaq;rsm; a&;zG@J .? tEk/ tvS/ tvuFmrsm;?
zswu f eJ/ zswu f eJ jrifawG@ae&onfh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. ¶kyyf v kH m$ yef;csuD m;csyu f
t=urf;ESihf tEk aygi;f pyfxm;.? qef@usib f ufjcif; nDnw $ rf #waeonfh tvS?
q&m '*kew f m&mu ol. ¶kyyf v kH m$ aqmif;yg;rsm;wGif “acgi;f aqmifonf tEkEiS hf
t=urf; aygif;pyfEdkif&rnf[k xifrdonf? tEkcsnf;vnf; rjzpf? t=urf;csnf;vnf; rjzpf?
aysmv h sS if za,mif;? rmvSsif oHacsmif;rsK;d ” [lI a&;.? +yD;vSsif q&mu.......
“udak tmifqef;a&m/ udAk [de;f aum Ekid if aH &;pdw"f mwf jyif;jyonfukd usaemfoo d nf?
udak tmifqef;u wpku d rf wfrwf/ wckwnf; tm¶kx H m;vkyo f rl @kd usew f m bmrS tm¶ko H yd rf xm;?
vlra_ &;&m bufwiG f ,kwaf vsmo h nf? udAk [de;f u ol@vrdk [kw”f
TtwGuf q&m'*kefwm&mu ol. ¶kyfyHkv$macgif;pOfrsm;tm; ‘atmifqef;
(od@k r[kw)f t¶dik ;f ’ / ‘A[de;f (od@k r[kw)f uAsm’ [lI ay;jcif;jzpfrnf?
usaemf pdwt f wGi;f rS wk;d wk;d av; &Gwq f vkd udk rf .
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“a':atmifqef;pk=unf (od@k r[kw)f t¶dik ;f uAsm”?
a&$trd pf nf
aomjumae h/ ZGefv 18 &uf 2010 ckESpf
mizzima tifwmeufru
S ;l ,lazmfjyygonf// 14 em&D 54 rdepf

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EdkifiHa&;orm;ÉDum
armif0o
H
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Edik if aH &;orm; (Politician) eJ@ Edik if jH yKacgi;f aqmif (Statesman) udk cJjG cm;&Si;f jywJh
t"dyg` ,f zGiq hf ckd suaf wG zwf&a_ vhvm=u+yD; Edik if aH &;orm;awGukd ud, k uf sK;d &Sm orm;awGv@kd
xifjrif,q l olawG tawmfrsm; aew,fAs?
Edik if aH &;aqmif&u G o
f l tm;vH;k udk v$r;f +cHK+yD; Edik if aH &;orm; (Politician) vd@k ac:qdk
ygw,f? Edik if aH &;orm;awG[mvnf; ykxZk OfawGjzpfv@kd avmb/ a'go/ rmefrmersm; &S=d up+rJ
jzpfygw,f? tenf;trsm;awmh uGmjcm;=urSmayg?h
tJ't D ay: rlwnf+yD; Edik if aH &;orm;qd;k / Edik if aH &; orm;aumif;&,fv@kd uJjG ym;vm=u
w,f?qd;k w,f aumif;w,fqw kd m olw@kd e@J qufqaH e&wJh vlxu k tuJjzwf owfrw S =f uwmyg?
aumif;usK;d / qd;k usK;d b,f[m vkyo f vJ?
tpd;k &t&m&Sd wa,muf[m ol@tvkyw f m0efukd ausyeG pf mG xrf;aqmif&if t&m&Sd
aumif; wa,mufv@kd ajymEdik w f ,f? ole@J qufq&H wJh jynfol awGukd tusyu f ikd /f ynmjy+yD;
vmbfvmb &atmifvyk &f if t&m&Sq d ;kd vd@k ajym=uw,f? Edik if aH &;orm;vnf; xdek nf;ygy?J
jynfov l x
l u k kd tvkyt f au|;jyK&if Edik if aH &;orm;aumif;/ jynfov l xl uk kd tm%mtvJo G ;kH +yD;
jyefvnf ESyd pf ufae&if Edik if aH &;orm;qd;k ygy?J t&m&mudk jynfov l xl k aumif;usK;d vkyo f vm;/
qd;k usK;d vkyo f vm;eJ@yJ wdik ;f wm&ygr,f?
“yDwdudkyJ pm;&r,f”
tpd;k &0efxrf;eJ@ Ekid if aH &;orm; uGmjcm;wmu tpd;k &0efxrf;u ol@ynmeJ@ u|r;f usirf _
tm;avSsmpf mG vpm/ aiGa=u;&&Sw d ,f? Edik if aH &;orm;u vpmaiGa=u;r&bl;? apwemh 0efxrf;
tvkyjf zpfw,f? ol@ukd Edik if aH &;vky&f r,fv@kd b,fou l rS cdik ;f wmr[kwyf g? oabmw&m;t&
ajym&&if rdrdtvdkqENtavsmuf trsm;tusKd;udk aqmif&GufcsifwJhpdwf xufoefvGef;vdk@
Edik if aH &;vky=f uwm jzpfw,f?
Edik if aH &;vkyjf cif;[m rdrud ,
kd u
f rkd rd d wm0eftyfEiS ;f +y;D vkyw
f hJ rpf&iS f (Mission) tvkyf
40
jzpfw,f? ukov kd jf zpf tvkyjf zpfw,f? bmoma&;pum;vH;k eJ@ ajym&if omoemjyK tvkyrf sK;d
jzpfw,f? 'gjzifh Edik if aH &;orm;[m Edik if aH &;vkyv f @kd bm&ovJ? bmrS r&ygb;l ? 'gjzifh bmpm;
ovJ? yDwu d ykd J pm;&ygr,f?
olyg0if vkyaf qmifcw hJ hJ Edik if aH &; vkyif ef;}uD;wpfck atmifjrifomG ;wmudk =unf+h yD;
wpdrphf rd ehf @J yDwjd zpfaer,f? tJ'g t&omyJayg?h olyg0if pGr;f aqmifcw hJ mudk todtrSwjf yKwJh
taeeJ@ armfueG ;f wif cH&&ifvnf; yDwjd zpfwmygy?J &ifbwfrmS zJ0g}udK;av; csw d q f aGJ y;wmcH&
&ifyJ yifyef;EGrf;e,fcJhor# tepfemcHcJhor#awGtm;vHk; ajyaysmufoGm;awmhwmaygh?
wynfah wGukd =unf&h / q&mawGukd aus;Zl;qyf& Edik if aH &;orm;awGxrJ mS 0ef}uD;/ 0efuav;/
trwf ponfjzifh Edik if aH &; &mxl;XmeE &W awG toD;oD;&&So d al wGuawmh vpmaiGa=u;wifru
vkyyf ikd cf iG hf tcGit hf a&;awGyg &=uw,f?
vkyyf ikd cf iG hf tm%mawGuae aiGa=u;awG 'va[m 0ifvmw,f? tJ't D cg olw@kd ukd
tJ'D ae&mrsK;d a&mufatmif ycH;k eJ@xrf;+yD; wGe;f wifay;cJw h hJ wynfw h yef;awGukd jyef+yD; =unf&h
&Smw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm ol@uv kd mbf&i$ af pwJh ae&maumif;ay;xm;wJh txuft&m&Srd sm;udk
vnf; aus;Zl;wke@f jyef&w,f? 'Dvekd @J yJ &xm;wJh vkyyf ikd cf iG hf tm%mav;udk vufrv$wcf siaf wmh
bl;? tm%mwnf+rJz@kd enf;vrf;rsK;d pHk usio hf ;kH awmhw,f?
b,favmufjzLpifwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;jzpfygap/ tm%mrSm ,pfrl;oGm;wwfw,f?
ae&mESihf cH,cl suf rwl Edik if aH &;orm;awGxrJ mS yJ &ifu h surf &_ +dS yD; tar#mt f jrif}uD;wJyh *k Kd~ vfukd
Statesman vd@k ac:a0:oH;k E_e;f w,f? Statesman [m Edi k if aH &; orm; ygy?J
od@k ayr,fh Politician Edik if aH &;orm;[m tkycf sKyaf &;vkyif ef;awG wm0ef,v l @kd &w,f?
olw@kd &ŒJ t"du &nfreS ;f csuu f a&G;aumufwif ajrêmufc&H zd@k jzpfw,f? vlom;a&;&mawG[m
ol@twGuf ta&;r}uD;bl;? &mxl;ae&m&Srd S ol@=oZmtm%mudk vlawGu vdu k ef m=ur,fv@kd
odxm;w,f? wkdif;jynfaumif;usKd;vkyfaqmifzdk@ yxrqkH; tm%m&atmif vkyf&r,fvdk@
cH,x l m;w,f?
Statesman Edi k if aH &;orm;awGu vlom;a&;&mudk ydpk w d 0f ifpm;w,f? ol@twGuf
ae&m[m ta&;r}uD;bl;? vltrsm;aumif;usKd;udk b,fae&mu vkyf&vkyf& vkyfr,fvdk@
qH;k jzwfxm;w,f? vlawGukd ulnED ikd o f rSs ulnw D ,f?
Statesman eJ@ Politician udk cJjG cm;+yD;ajymxm;wJh emrnfausmf tqdt k rde@f
wcsKŒd &Sw d ,f? “ Edik if aH &;orm;[m vmr,fh a&G;aumufyGJ udpu P kd pdw0f ifpm;w,f? Edik if jH yK
acgi;f aqmifu vmr,fh rsK;d quftwGuf pdw0f ifpm;w,f? ” 'Dtqdk trde@f ukd tar&duef
Edik if aH &;orm;/ w&m;a[mq&meJ@ pma&;q&m *srd ;f z&D;ref;uvyfu rde@f qckd w hJ myg? Edik if aH &;
avmurSmawmh tawmfav; ay: jyLvm jzpfygw,f?

41
tJ't
D wdik ;f qd&k if Edik if aH &;orm;[m rsuaf wmifar$;wqH;k yJ =unfw h wfov l @kd ,lq&rvdk
jzpfaewmaygh? tar&duef orRw}uD; atb&m[rfvifuGef;uvnf; EdkifiHa&;orm;awGeJ@
yufoufv@kd xif&mS ;wJh tqdt k rde@f awG rde@f qckd yhJ gw,f? “Edik if aH &;orm; wa,muftzd@k 0g&ifh
EdkifiHjyKacgif;aqmif tjrefqHk; jzpfvmapwJh enf;uawmh a&G;aumufyJGrSm &_H;;zl;jcif;ygyJ”
“ol@Eikd if aH &;udk cifAsm;vufrcHEikd &f if ol@ukd Edik if aH &;orm;vd@k ac:w,f? tu,fI vufcEH ikd f
w,fq&kd if ol[m Edik if jH yKacgi;f aqmify”J “Edik if jH yKacgi;f aqmiftppfqw kd m pGe@f vw$ /f pGe@f pm;&J
olukd ac:w,f” jynfo@l arwWm a&mifjyef txufazmfjyyg tqdt k rde@f pmud;k rsm;t& Edik if aH &;
orm;qdw k m Edik if w
H umrSmvnf; vltrsm;&JŒ ud;k pm;,H=k unfjcif;udk odyrf &bl;vd@k qdEk ikd f ygw,f?
wu,fawmh Edik if jH yKacgi;f aqmiftqifu h kd vlwikd ;f a&mufz@kd rvG,yf gb;l ? rnfo@kd qakd p
touf&iS af ewJt h cdu
k f wwfEikd o f rSs trsm;tusK;d udk o,fy;kd aqmif&u G o f mG ;=u&ifjzifh Edik if aH &;
orm;rsm;tay: jynfo@l arwWm a&mifjyef[yfvmrSmygv@kd ajymcsiaf =umif;yg cifAsm?
armif0o
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pmrsuEf mS 23 rS tquf
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xdwjf ymjym jzpfvu kd wf maemf h h h h armifrif;”
“rSev f yS gb&k m; h h h tcktouf t&G,f 38 ESp&f w dS hJ qifjzLr}uD;[m tpm;tpm
aumif;rsm;udk au|;ygaomfvnf; rpm;ygb;l bk&m;// wtihf h h t h ifh eJ h atmf+yD; wd&p>mefwkd h &J@
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f efaeyg+yD bk&m; h h h usaemfrsKd ;}uD;wdk h
qDrSm&SdwJh qifjzLawGu touf}uD;aewJhtjyif vSLwmawGpm;vdk h 0+zD;ae+yD; rpGrf;awmh
a=umif;yg bk&m;// qifrJ eJ q h &kd ifaum jzpfEikd yf grh vm; bk&m; ”
“ [,f h h w h ,fru kd w f J h qifxrd ;f ygvm;/ qifjzLeJ q h ifrJ wlovm; wefovm;[Jh
armifrif; h h h uJ h h u h J h h ah jymae=uma&mhr,f h h h tJ'q D ifr}uD;udk igu, kd af wmf taqmifxJ
oGi;f vdk h igu,kd wf ikd f -kyf vdu k rf ,f qifjzLom;av;awG jzpfapownf;”
rif;}u;D nDvmcHtqH;k wGif ausmufqnftrwfrif;ESpOf ;D wHawmifjzifw h w
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wckv;kH wd&p>mefpum;rsm;jzifh tqH;k owfavonf// aumhom;
42
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ppf&mZ0wfr_qdkwm bmvJ
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ppf&mZ0wfrq _ w dk hJ t,ltq ay:vmwm odyrf =umao;ygb;l ? 'kw, d urBmppf rwkid f
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ygw,f?
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acgi;f aqmif (12) OD;udk uGyrf supf &D ifwt hJ xd OD;wnfomG ;apcJyh gw,f? tvm;wl ppfaq;=um;em
r_wck 1948 ckEpS u f wku d sKrd mS ay:xGuv f mcJh ygw,f? r[mrdwaf cgi;f aqmifawGu *syefb&k if
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43
zefwD;wJh rl0g'awGrSm xJxJ0if0if yg0ifywfoufcJhwJh emrnf}uD; emZDt&m&SdwOD;jzpfwJh
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xm;wJh umvtwGi;f u xdyw f ef; emZDacgi;f aqmif wOD;jzpfco
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awG 'grSr[kwf &efolppfom;awGtay: rawmfrw&m; jyKrlqufqHr_ tJ'gawGtm;vkH;[m
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tvGet f u|H zsuq f ;D jcif;ESifh odr;f ,ljcif;/ ,if;vky&f yfrsm;ukd w&m;Oya'ESifh tnDr[kwb f J
ta=umif;rJo h ufoufjyKvkyjf cif;? txufygvyk &f yfrsm;onf tajccHtm;jzifh ppf&mZ0wfr_
ajrmufaom vky&f yfrsm;jzpfonf[k Ekid if w H uma&SŒaersm;u ajymqk=d uonf?
1992 rSpI ,l*pdk vm;AD;,m;Ekid if aH [mif;wGif “ppfrufa&;&m Oya'orsm; ok@d r[kwf
"avhxkH;wrf;rsm;” ukd csKd;azmufcJhonf[k pGyfpGJcHxm;&olrsm;tjzpf oHo,&Sdolrsm;tm;
¶k;H wifw&m;pGq J dk ppfaq;=um;em&ef rdrw d @dk wiG f tcGitfh a&;&So d nf[k o[dw*f +f rdKŒ tajcpku d f
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H um w&m;¶k;H u ajymqko d nf? Tok@d aom ppfOya' csK;d azmufrr_ sK;d rsm;twGuf yk'rf
(3) wGif Oyrmrsm;ay;xm;onf?
yk'fr (3)
- ppfa&;vkt d yfcsut f & +rdKŒ&Gmrsm;udk zsuq f ;D acsre_ ;f jcif;?
- rnfonfh ta=umif;jycsujf zifh jzpfap tumtuG,rf ahJ eaom +rdKŒ/ &Gm/ tk;d tdrf taqmuf
tODrsm;tm; wku d cf u
dk jf cif;/ Ak;H }uJjcif;?
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txdr;f trSwf taqmuftODrsm;ESifh tEkynmvuf&mypPn;f rsm;udk odr;f yku d jf cif; ok@d r[kwf
wrifoufouf zsuq f ;D jcif;?
- jynfoyl idk f ok@d r[kwf yk*v ~ ud ykid f ypPn;f rsm;ukd vk,jl cif;?
ppfyGJtwGif;jzpfaomfvnf; t&yfom;rsm;tm; ypfrSwfxm; usL;vGef=uaom
&mZ0wfrr_ sm;ukd vlom;xktay: usL;vGeaf om &mZ0wfrr_ sm;tjzpf ck¶H ;Hk u t"dym` ,fziG q fh dk
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f nf? ,if;ESifh ywfoufaom Oyrmrsm;udk yk'rf (5) wGif atmufygtwkid ;f xyfrH
azmfjyxm;onf?
- vlowfr/_ rsK;d jzKwfr/_ uGsejf yKr_/ ESix f w k rf /_ tusO;f csr/_ nêO;f yef;ESyd pf ufr/_ t"rRusirhf /_
Ekid if aH &;/ vlrsK;d a&;/ bmoma&;ta=umif;tay: rlwnfI owfjzwfr?_
- Ekid if oH m;wpk/ rsKd ;EG,pf w k pk/ vlrsK;d pkwpk od@k r[kwf bmom0ifwpktm; ,if;wk@d tm;vk;H ukd
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vlrsK;d wk;H okwo f ifrt _ jzpf ck¶H ;Hk u zGiq fh odk wfrw S o
f nf?
ok@d aomf ppf&mZ0wfrq _ idk &f m Oya'rSm tqufrjywf jzpfay:wk;d wufaeonf? 2001
azazmf0g&w D iG f o[dw*f +f rdKŒ ck¶H ;Hk u trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; tpkvu dk t
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45
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wcktjzpfrS vlrsKd;wkH;okwfoifr_+yD;vSsif 'kwd,t}uD;jzpfaom ppf&mZ0wfr_wcktjzpfokd@
a&muf&cdS o hJ nf?
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ppf&mZ0wfwckukd &SmazG&efrmS t+rJwrf;vG,u f al om tvkyw f ckr[kwaf y?
ppfwyfwcku rdr&d efob l ufr S t&yfom;rsm;tm; twif;tusyf ae&ma&$Œajymif;
apjcif;rSm t+rw J rf;awmh ppf&mZ0wfrw _ ckr[kwaf y? t&yfom;rsm;tm; umuG,af pmifah &Smuf
r_ay;&ef a&$Œajymif;ckid ;f jcif; jzpfonf[k apm'uwufEidk o f nf? ,if;vky&f yfonf vlrsK;d pktvku d f
okwo f if&iS ;f vif;r_wnf; [laom ppfqifa&;}u;D . tpdwt f ykid ;f wckjzpfa=umif; ok@d wnf;r[kwf
t&yfom;rsm; tpkvu dk t f +yKHvu dk f tjypfay;ta&;,l&ef &nf&, G af =umif; oufaojyEkid rf o S m
,if;vky&f yfonf ppf&mZ0wfrw _ ck jzpfvmrnf jzpfonf?
tvm;wlyif rdrt d m; qef@usi0f g'jzef@csad eaom &efo. l ¶kyjf rifo=H um; toHvi$ ¶fh Hk
wcktm; ava=umif;rS Ak;H }uJwu dk cf udk jf cif;ukd ppf&mZ0wfrw _ ck[k t"dym` ,fowfrw S rf nfvm;?
*seD AD muGeAf if;&Si;f t& ,if;onf ppf&mZ0wfrw _ ck r[kwaf y? tu,fI &efou l 4if;wk@d tm;
ppfa&; &nfreS ;f csut f & tok;H jyKaeonfqv dk sS if &efoEl idk if rH S vrf;/ wHwm;/ vSsypf pf"mwftm;
ay;puf¶/Hk puf¶rHk sm;tm; ypfrw S x f m; wku d cf u dk jf cif;rSm ppf&mZ0wfrr_ ajrmufay? wku d cf u dk f
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twkid ;f twmttxd a&muf&cdS rhJ o S mv#if ,cifwu dk cf udk rf r_ sm;tm; ppf&mZ0wfrr_ sm;tjzpf
owfrw S Ef idk rf nfjzpfonf?
vlom;xktay: usL;vGeo f nfh ppf&mZ0wfrr_ sm;ukd ukid w f ,G af jz&Si;f Ekid af &;twGuf
wnDw!Gww f nf; jzpfaom urBmvk;H qkid &f m w&m;Oya' pepfwck ay:xGuv f ma&;udk Ekid if H
wum vl@tcGit fh a&; tkypf rk sm;u awmif;qkad e=uonfrmS =um+yDjzpfonf?
,l*pdk vm;AD;,m; Ekid if aH [mif;wGif usL;vGecf ahJ om ppf&mZ0wfrr_ sm;ukd =um;em
ppfaq;pD&if&ef 1993 arwGif e,fomvefEkdifiH o[dwf*f+rdKŒY wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfcJhonf?
“,l*pdk vm;AD;,m; Ekid if aH [mif;qkid &f m Ekid if w H um &mZ0wfc¶Hk ;Hk tjyif &0rf'gEidk if w H iG f ay:ayguf
cJhaom vlrsKd;wkH;oef@pifrnfh &mZ0wfr_rsm;ukd =um;emppfaq;&ef wefZefeD;,mEkdifiH
t¶l&mS +rdKŒwGiv f nf; Ekid if w
H umck¶H ;Hk wckukd 1994 ckEpS w f iG f wnfaxmifziG v fh pS cf ohJ nf? xk@d jyif
46
tdrfeD;csif; qD&mvD,GefEkdifiH jynfwGif;ppftwGif; usL;vGefcJhaom ppf&mZ0wfr_rsm;twGuf
vku d af b;&D;,m; orRwa[mif; csmpfawvmukv d nf; ck¶H ;Hk wckz@JG ppfaq;aeonf?
Tjzpf & yf r sm;u ppf & mZ0wf r _ usL;vG e f c J h o nf [ k pG y f p G J c H x m;&ol r sm;tm;
w&m;Oya'a&SŒarSmuf ta&mufy@dk &ef }udK;yrf;&mwGif xl;jcm;ta&;ygaom aemufxyf
ajcvSr;f jzpfaomfvnf; xku d pd rP sm;onf Ek&ifbwfEiS fh wku d sKpd pfc¶Hk ;Hk ppfaq;=um;emr_rsm; uJo h @dk yif
ppfy[ JG k ac:qkEd idk af om yÉdyuQtwGi;f usL;vGecf ahJ om ppf&mZ0wfrr_ sm;tm; ukid w f , G af jz&Si;f &ef
}udK;yrf;aom jzpf&yfrsm;omjzpfonf?
vlom;xktay: usL;vGeaf om &mZ0wfrr_ sm;twGuf vly*k K~ v d rf sm;tm; ¶k;H wifw&m;
pGq J rdk nfh t+rJwrf;ck¶H ;Hk wcktjzpf 2002 wGif xlaxmifcahJ om Ekid if w H um&mZ0wfc¶Hk ;Hk (ICC)
ok@d 2008 Zlvikd v f wGif ql&eD rfEidk if u H (107) Ekid if aH jrmuf Ekid if t H jzpf 0ifa&mufy;l aygi;f yg0if
vmcJo h nf?
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d &m;¶k;H onf Ekid if aH &;oabmygaom ¶k;H wifw&m;pGrJ _
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tdE, dN wk@d uvnf; tvm;wl jiif;qkcd =hJ uonf? ,l*pdk vm;AD;,m; orRwa[mif; rDvb dk 'dk efrv D dk
pD;Apf uJhokd@aom w&m;cHrsm; apm'uwufcJh=uouJhokd@ xkdokd@aom w&m;¶kH;rsdK;rsm;onf
Ekid if aH &;ESifh ywfoufqufE, $ af eoavm qko d nfh ar;cGe;f rSm tm;vk;H aom w&m;Oya'qkid &f m
tzG@J tpnf;rsm; w0ku d w f iG f &pf0aJ eaom ar;cGe;f jzpfonf?
xkwd &m;¶k;H rsm; vkyif ef;rpwifcif ? wk@d udk xlaxmif&efEiS fh 4if;wk@d tm; &efyaHk iG axmufyhH
&efrmS Ekid if w H um. Ekid if aH &;qENjzpfaoma=umifh xk¶d a_ xmifw h ckwnf;rS =unfv h #if xkw d &m;¶k;H
rsm;rSm Edik if aH &;oabmygonf[k ajymEkid o f nf?
rnfonfEh idk if u H usL;vGeo f nfjzpfap ppf&mZ0wfr_ tm;vk;H wk@d tm; wckwnf;aom
Ekid if w H umck¶H ;Hk . w&m;Oya' a&SŒarSmufo@dk ta&mufy@dk Eidk rf o S mvSsif w&m;pD&ifa&;onf ppfreS f
aom w&m;0ifr&_ v dS rd rhf nf[k Ekid if w
H um w&m;¶k;H rsm;tm; a0zefaeolrsm;u ajymqkad e=uonf?
zd;k aZmf (bmomjyef)

30/ rwf/ 2010
acwf+ydKiftifwmeufrS ul;,lazmfjyygonf//
rSwcf suf ? ? txufazmfjyyg aqmif;yg;onf 2009 ckepS f atmufwb kd mv (21) &ufwiG f
bDbDpD owif;0ufbfqdk'fY azmfjyxm;onfh What is a war crime?
acgif;pOfjzifh Tarik Kafala a&;om;aom aqmif;yg;udk bmomjyefqdkxm;
jcif;jzpfonf?

47
ESpaf ygif;ESpaf xmifausmf
ppfjzpfaeaom a'o
zdk;oHacsmif;
r=umao;rDu ygvufpwdik ;f wd@k . *gZma'owGif vlaygi;f axmifEiS chf sI D &uf&uf

pufpuf owfjzwfjcif; cHc&hJ onf? qufvuf owfjzwfqv J nf; jzpfonf? aq;¶Hak wG/ ausmif;
awG AH;k }ucJ aH e&onf? omreft&yfom; vlae&yf uGurf sm;tay:od@k ydwyf ifxm;aom tifrwef
vlrqefonhf azmhpzf &yfpAf ;kH rsm;vnf; }uJcsonf? vl@tcGit hf a&; atmforH sm; =um;&onfrmS
enf;vSacsuvm;? vl@tcGit fh a&;qd&k mwGif ygvufpwdik ;f rsm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm; ryg0if ava&mh
ovm;?
tpPa&;vfusL;vGeo f rSsukd taemufwikd ;f rD', D mtrsm;tjym;u bma=umihf E_wyf w d f
ae=uovJ qdjk cif;rSm pdw0f if pm;p&maumif;onf? apma=umoifyh gonf? b,fvt kd a=umif;
awGa=umifh tpPa&;vfEikd if [ H m 'gavmuf “uif;vGwcf iG ”hf awG &ae=uovJqw kd m pOf;pm;p&m
jzpfygonf? jyefpOf;pm;vdu k af wmh ppfat;acwf umvwke;f uvnf; tpPa&;vfw@kd xif&mpdik ;f cGifh
&cJo h nf r[kwyf gavm?
tpPa&;vf owif;Xmersm;. tqdt k &qd&k if 2008 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 27 &ufae@u
pwifcahJ om wdu k cf ukd rf u
_ kd tpPa&;vf tpd;k &u ajcmufvausmw f if}udK+yD; aphaphpyfpyf jyifqif
cJhonf? jyifqifwmrS ppfa&;eJ@ rD'D,m0g'jzef@csda&;qdk+yD; wdwdyyjyif qifcJhygonf? xdk@jyif
olw@kd onf 2006 ckEpS f vDbmEGeEf ikd if u H kd usL;ausm0f ifa&muf wdu k cf ukd pf Ofu tawG@t}uHK
ESio fh ifcef;pm rsm;udk taotcsm oH;k oyfe*d ;kH csKyfcyhJ gonf? olw@kd tjrifwiG f vDbmEGew f ek ;f u
olw@kd zufu jyifqifrn _ zhH si;f cJo h nf/ 0g'jzef@ csrd v
_ nf; rvHak vmufc?hJ xd@k a=umifh ,ckt}udrf
pwifwu kd pf pfqif&mwGif a&G;cs,o f nhaf e&mESihf tcsed u f ykd =J unhyf g? *gZm+rdKŒ. vltxlxyfq;kH
ae&mrSmrS ausmif;v$wcf sed /f vrf;ay:wGiu f av;awG yk&u G q f w d af v;awGvkd tHv k u
kd u f si;f vdu k f
&Sad ecsed /f vl 225 a,mufao+yD; 700 ausm'f %f&m&ap&ef rdepftenf;i,fom toH;k jyKvdu k f
&onf?
ygvufpwdik ;f zufu ajym&vSsirf l pifppf Ta'owckv;kH rSm olw@kd . e,fajrom jzpf
onf? [mrmhZw f @dk u 'H;k ysEH iS hf ypfojzifh tpPa&;vfu qH;k r&ygonfqakd om a'orSmvnf; 1967
ckEpS f aemufyikd ;f wGirf S ppfjzpf+yD; tpPa&;vf uvk,o l mG ;aom e,fajrrsm;jzpfygonf?
48
wu,fawmh tpPa&;vfawGu ygvufpwdik ;f awGtay: jyKral eonfrsm;rSm vlrsK;d wke;f
atmif owfjzwfjcif;jzpfonf[k ajymae=uonfrmS =umvSay+yD? *sL;vlrsK;d wOD; jzpfonfh Ilan
Pappe a&;aom “ygvufpwdi k ;f rsm;udk vlrsK;d wke;f owfjzwfr”_ (The Ethnic Cleansing
of Palestine) qdak om pmtkyr f sK;d yif ay:xGucf o hJ nf? Ttcsuu f kd renf;vSaom tpPa&;vf
acgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; 0efcH=uonf? olwdk@u Tae&m (ygvufpwdkif;wdkif;jynf) wGif
vlrsK;d ESprf sK;d aezd@k qdo k nfrmS rjzpfEikd [ f k ajAmifajym=uonf? xd@k a=umifh olw@kd onf tpDtpOf
&S&d dS vlrsK;d a&;t& oef@pifa&; (ethnic purity)/ wqufwnf;wGif bmoma&;t& oef@pif
a&;wd@k ukd xlaxmifae=ujcif; jzpfonf?
xd@k a=umifh Tjy\emudk tpcsv D ukd of nfEiS hf Ta'oudk b,foyl ikd o f enf; qdo k nfukd
rajymrjzpf ajym=u&onf? [Db¶l; vlrsK;d rsm;. tpPa&;vf[al om Edik if u H kd c&pfray:rD 1020
ckEpS w f iG T f a'oY wnfaxmifcyhJ gonf? wnfaxmif olrmS aqmfvf (Saul) qdak om bk&ifjzpf
onf?f [Db¶l;rif;rsm;teuf aqmfvrGeb f &k ifrmS vGepf mG rS bke;f wefc;kd }u;D aom rif;tjzpf xif&mS ;cJh
ygonf?
bDpD 536 wGif abbDveG Ef ikd if H (,ckt&D wfEikd if aH e&m) u [Db¶l;wd@k . e,fajrudk
odr;f ydu k v f ukd o f nf? ,if;aemuf ordik ;f wavSsmufwiG f Ta'oudk yg&mS ;/ *&d/ a&mr/ bdik Zf ifwif;
tifyg,m/ tpPvrfEiS hf c&pf,mef c¶l;qdww f yfrsm;/ atmfwrkd ef tifyg,m ESihf +Adwo d sS tifyg,m
wd@k u tqufquford ;f ydu k cf =hJ uygonf? pkpak ygi;f ESpaf ygi;f 2500 ausmo f nhf wqufwpyf
wnf; umv}u;D jzpfygonf? 1897 ckEpS w f ek ;f u oef;acgipf m&if;t& qdv k sS if Ta'owGif 93µ
rSm ygvufpwdik ;f tm&yfvrl sK;d / rlqvif u 88µ/ c&pf,mefu 10µ &Syd gonf?
od@k aomf 'kw, d urBmppf +yD;onhf aemufwiG f udv k ekd ED ikd if rH sm; wck+yD;wck vGwv f yf
vm=uonf? wenf;ajym&vSsif udv k ekd D e,fcsŒJ rsm;u wEdik if +H yD;wEdik if H vufvw $ =f u&onf?
xdt k xJwiG f a&eH=u, G 0f aom ta&SŒtv,fyikd ;f a'oESihf tm&yfEikd if rH sm;vnf;ygonf? tm&yf
Edik if rH sm; pkpnf;rdrmS udk rvdv k m;aom/ tv,facwfu c&pf,mefc¶l;qdww f @kd . &ef!;_d rsm;udk
rpGe@f vw $ Ef ikd af om +Adwo d sS uv kd ekd D ocifrsm;onf Ta'oudk ypf&rSmvnf; tqDe@J w0if;0if;
[kom ¶_jrif=uonf? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@vGwfvyfa&; ay;&mwGif vkyfavh&Sdonfhtwdkif;
oyfwacsmif; vSsKd xm;cJ&h ef pDpOfawmh.? ,if;rSmtjcm;r[kw/f vGecf ahJ om axmifpEk pS f 2 ckcJG
ausmu f wnf;u aysmufu, G o f mG ;aom tpPa&;vfEikd if u H kd zefw;D um jy\emazmfcjhJ cif; jzpfyg
onf?
+Adwo d sS w@kd onf yxrurBmppft+yD;wGif ygvufpwdik ;f a'oudk atmfwrkd eftifyg,m
vufrS &,lvu kd Ef ikd cf ohJ nf? xdt k csed rf pS I olw@kd onf,if;a'oudk a&&Sncf sKyfuikd Ef ikd af &;twGuf
tpDtpOfw&yf csrw S cf o hJ nf? +Aw d o d sS w@kd onf Edik if t H ES@H tjym;&Sd *sL; bmom0ifawGukd jyefvmcsif

49
atmif trsK;d rsK;d qGaJ qmifum olw@kd csKyfuikd x f m;aom ygvufpwdik ;f a'owGif ae&mcsxm;ay;
onf? xd@k aemuf ygvufpwdik ;f awGukd bd;k bGm;ydik af jrrsm;r aS rmif;xkwf a&GŒajymif;apcJo h nf?
yHjk yifxu J ukvm;tky}f uD;u tm&yf}uD;. wJx0J ifyrkH sK;d yif jzpfygonf? od@k jzifh 1948 ckEpS w f iG f
ygvufpwdik ;f rsm;ESihf *sL;rsm;t=um;u jy\emudk ukvor*~u ajz&Si;f vdu k yf gonf qd+k yD;
ygvufpwdkif;e,fajrESifh *sL;e,fajrrsm;udk cGJvdkufonfhtcgwGif *sL;wdk@. e,fajrrSm 80µ
wd;k rsm;vmawmhonf? onht f &ifu *sL;ydik ef ,fajrrSm e,fajrwckv;kH . 7µ om&S&d mrS 55µ
jzpfvmonf? ygvuf pwdik ;f vlrsK;d 8 ode;f wd@k rmS rdrw d @kd tdr,
f mrsm;r zS ,fay;cJ=h u&onf?
Tae&mwGif jzwfajymvdkaom tcsufwcsuf&Sdygonf? *sL;qdkaom pum;.
t"dym` ,f jzpfygonf? *sL;qdo k nfrmS vlrsK;d [kwyf g.avm qdo k nfukd jrefrmEdik if o H m;rsm;
pOf;pm;zl;=uygovm;? uGseaf wmfw@kd i,fpOfu ¶k&mS ;*sL;rsm;/ ykv d ef*sL;rsm;/ [efa*&D*sL;rsm;
ponhf tac:ta0: toH;k tE_e;f rsm;udk r=umc%awG@=u&ygonf? od@k aomf xdpk Ofu uGseaf wmf
odyf eufeuf¶id_ ;f ¶_id ;f rpOf; pm;cJyh g? vlvwfyikd ;f 0ifawmhrS ¶k&mS ;Edik if o H m; *sL;wa,mufa&;aom
ud, k af &; twKˆyw ` wdW iG f olu *sL;qdo k nfrmS vlrsK;d r[kwaf =umif;/ bmomwckukd ,H=k unfol
rsm;jzpfonf[k a&;xm;onfukd zwfvu kd &f onf? usaemftvGew f &mrS tH=h ooGm;cJyh gonf?
TtrSew f &m;rSm tpPa&;vfEikd if u H kd twif;zefw;D wnfaqmufaom ZD,eG 0f g'ED iS hf +Adwo d sS
udv k 0kd g'rD sm;a=umifh zH;k uG,f ae&jcif; jzpfygonf? 20 &mpkEpS x f aJ &muf+y;D awmhrS ZD,eG 0f g'*D sL;rsm;
a=umihf ay:vmonhf t,ltqESihf ordik ;f opfjzpfyg onf? olw@kd uEdik if o H pf/ trsK;d om;opfEiS hf
ordik ;f opfuykd g zefw;D wnfaxmif cJ=h uygonf? xd@k a=umifh ,ae@urBmwGif ordik ;f udk trSef
twdik ;f a&;cGirhf jyKonfh tpd;k &rsm;xJwiG f vlrsK;d opfukd zefwx D m;aom tpPa&;vftpd;k &ESihf
'kw, d urBmppf. trSew f &m;rsm;udk xdecf sev f o
kd nhf *syeftm%m&tv$mxJrS vuf,m*d% k ;f
om;rsm; xdyw f ef;u ygonf[k qd&k ygrnf?
od@k wikd af tmif tpPa&;vfEikd if . H yxrqH;k acgi;f aom 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfonfh a';Apf bif
*l&, D H (David Ben Gurion) tygt0i f acgi;f aqmifa[mif;rsm;u ,ae@ ygvufpwdik ;f
vlrsK;d rsm;rSm ,cifa&S;wke;f u Ta'o&Sd [Db¶l;rsm;u qif;oufvmolrsm;jzpfonf/ aemifusrS
tpPvrfbmomxJ ul;ajymif;oGm;=ujcif; jzpfonf[k ,H=k unfa=umif; azmfjycJ=h uygonf? (,cif
[Db¶l;tif yg,m}uD;rS [Db¶l;vlrsK;d rsm; b,fa&mufomG ;uke=f uovJ qdo k nfrmS ordik ;f q&m
tcsKŒd tzd@k auseyfavmufonhf tajzrawG@ao;aom ya[Vdjzpf+rJ jzpfaeygonf?)?
ajymoifo h nhf aemufwcsurf mS *sL;vlrsK;d wd@k . xl;jcm;aompGr;f &nf/ wdu k cf ukd pf rG ;f
a=umihf TuJo h @kd tpPa&;vfEikd if uH kd wnf axmifEikd cf jhJ cif;/ umuG,Ef ikd jf cif; jzpfonf[k tr$e;f wif
ae=uonfh tcsujf zpfygonf? Tonfukd ZD,eG 0f g'rD sm;u tawmfyif tom;,l=uonf
wu,fawmh Tvkyif ef;}u;D wckv;kH udk xdpk Ofu urBmt h iftm;t}u;D qH;k Edik if jH zpfonhf +Aw d ed u f
50
bufpkH cs,v f , S v f yk u f ikd +f yD; tumtuG,f ay;aeaoma=umiho f m jzpfygonf? t*Fvyd f
udv k ekd 0D g' orm;rsm;onf olw@kd qo JG iG ;f vmaom *sL;tajccs aexdik o f rl sm;udk 1920 ckEpS w f iG f
ppfavhusiahf y;jcif;/ pD;yGm;a&; taxmuftyHah y;jcif;/ tm&yfrsm; xuf vpm ydak y;jcif; ponfrsm;
jyKvkycf yhJ gonf? xd@k jyif 1930 pkEpS rf sm;twGi;f ay:aygucf ahJ om tm&yfrsm;. vGwv f yfa&;v_yf
&Sm;r_rsm; udk ,if;tajccsorl sm;jzihf +zdKcGcJ yhJ gonf?
od@k jzihyf if udv k ekd rD sm;udk pGe@f vw $ &f +yD;aemuf a&eHaygºuG,0f aom/ pl;tufw;l ajrmif;
tem;wGi&f adS om/ vl@,Ofaus;r_ordik ;f &Sn=f umaom/ bmomoH;k rsK;d wd@k . txGwt f jrwf
ae&mjzpfaom/ taemufwikd ;f vljzLrsm;ESihf ordik ;f ESichf sD &efp&Scd ahJ om tm&yfrsm;. ta&SŒ
tv,fydkif;a'owGif taemuftkyfpktwGuf pdwfcs&aom cHuwkwfwck wnfaqmuf+yD;
jzpfomG ;ygavawmhonf?
1956 ckEpS ?f ta&SŒtv,fyikd ;f a'owGif xl;jcm;aomESp/f t*Fvyd Ef iS hf jyifopfuv kd ekd D
ocifrsm;tzd@k b,fawmhrS rarhEikd o f nhf ESp?f pl;tufw;l ajrmif;udk tD*spu f jynfoyl ikd f odr;f vdu k f
aomESp?f TESp/f Tta&;tcif;rSpI tar&duefu t*Fvyd Ef iS hf jyifopf wd@k ukd Ta'orS
armif;xkw+f yD; olonf urBmeh yH wfwp f jzpfa=umif; wHceG pf u kd xf jl yvduk o f nf? wqufwnf;
rSmyif tdrjf zL awmfonf tpPa&;vfukd wdu k ¶f u
kd =f oZmv$r;f ol jzpfvmavawmhonf? xd@k enf;wl
vdi_ ;f (yifv,f) rsm;udpk ;kd rd;k aom +Aw d o d sS tifyg,m}u;D rSmvnf; xdt k csed rf pS I pl;tufw;l ajrmif;
. ta&SŒzufukd rsuaf pmif;yif rxd;k Edik af wmhacs?
,if;aemufwiG f 1967 ckEpS f ZGev f u 6 &ufwmppfy/JG 1973 ckEpS u f ‘atmufwb kd m
ppfy’JG / 1978 ckEpS f a*sm'f efukd 0ifwu kd o f nfh ppfy/JG 1981 ckEpS u f qD;&D;,m;ESihf jzpfonhpf pfy/JG
1982 ckEpS f vDbmEGeu f kd 0ifwu kd of nhpf pfyJG ponfh tpPa&;. ppfyJG rSeo f rSsukd tar&duefu
ppfa&;/ vSsKŒd 0Suo f wif;/ aiGa=u; pojzifh tppt&m&m taxmuftyHrh sm; ay;cJo h nf? ok@d jzifh
tpPa&;vfonf tm&yfrsm;tvnfwiG f iyG}uD;vky&f if; tar&dueftwGuf owif;&&Sad &;udpP
tygt0if tvGet f zd;k wefaom “r[mrdw”f jzpfvmcJyh gonf?
od@k aomf pD;yGm;a&;t&/ ppfa&;t&/ Edik if aH &;t& tcsut f jcmusvaS om Ta'o
wGi Ef ikd if aH &; tajymif;tvJawG jrefqef/ rsm; jym;/ ¶_waf xG;vSovdk qef;=u,fr_ rsm;vnf;awG@
&onf? udpw P ckukd axmufjy&vSsif tcsut f jcm tvGeu f saomae&mwGif a&muf&adS eaom
tpPa&;vfukd tar&duefu tvH;k pHk csKyfEikd pf rG ;f avsmyh g;vmjcif; jzpfonf? wzufwiG v f nf;
tar&duef. pD;yGm;a&;wGif *sL;vlrsK;d rsm;. tcef;u¾ }uD;rm;vmonfEiS t hf rSs tar&duef
Edik if aH &;udv k nf; *sL;rsm;u cs,v f , S v f m=ujcif;u &Sad eonf? xd@k a=umihyf if tdrjf zLawmfrmS
b,foyl w J ufwuf *sL;jy\em/ ygvufpwdik ;f jy\emESihf ywfoufvsS if wpfow H nf;vdv k kd
xGu=f uonf? tajymif;tvJ[k aºuG;a=umfaom tdb k m;rm;vnf; c|i;f csurf [kwyf g?

51
a&SŒudk arSsm=f unhv f u
kd v
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udk tvG,yf if awG@jrifEikd yf gonf? ordik ;f &mpkrsm;u bDpED pS rf sm;[k ac:aom c&pfray:rD ESpf
axmifESifhcsDonfh umvrsm;txd qufpyfvdk@&onf? bmoma&; tmCmw/ vlrsKd;a&;
tmCmw rsm;vnf; }uD;rm;ygonf? ydI k qd;k ;onfrmS Ta'oudk rdr=d oZmcH e,fajrtjzpf
zefw;D vdo
k nhf Edik if }H uD;rsm;u vufrv$wv f jkd cif;yif jzpfygonf?
zdk;oHacsmif;
Wednesday, June 09, 2010
oydfwfarSmuf qENjy=u
ppftpd;k &xkwf owif;pmawG[m ppfu|ejf yKzd@k 0g'jzef@a&;omjzpfw,f?
ppftpd;k &vkyf atmifbmavxD[m ppfu|ejf yKzd@k b¾maiG w&yfomjzpf+yD;/

jynfoal wG pm&dwyW sujf ym;w,f?
2008 t"rR tajccHOya'eJ@
2010 a&G;aumufyJG Oya'udk
tajccHjyKvkyw
f @J 2010 a&G;aumufy[
JG m w&m;0if ppfu|ejf yKa&;eJ@ ppftyk pf k
&moufyef}u;D pd;k a&;omjzpfw,f?
ESpaf ygi;f (50) eD;yg; ppftyk pf k wdik ;f jynfukd t"rRtyk cf sKyfvmwm wdik ;f jynfe@J vlrsKd ;
ysupf ;D edru
hf sae+yD? 'ga=umifh h h h
ppftyk pf uk kd awmfveS f jzKwfcsv=kd uv#io f ifw@kd &J@ aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f / rdwaf qGtodu
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(2) ppftpd;k &vkyf atmifbmavxDukd oydwaf rSmuf/ vH;k 0rxd;k &?
(3) 2010 a&G;aumufyu JG kd rJrxnfeh @J / oydwaf rSmuf?
rSwcf su?f ? owif;pm0,frzwf/ xDrxd;k / rJrxnfw h mudk bmOya'eJ@rS ta&;,lr&?

ppftpd;k &udk wu,fjzKwfcscsi&f if rdrd rdom;pke@J todu
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52
2008 zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'
ESi fh
tem*gwf
tydkif; (1)
bDbpD D txl;tpDtpOf
2008 zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'eJ@ ywfouf+yD;vd@k a0zef=ur_awG tawmfay:xGucf yhJ g

w,f? tck tpd;k &u2010 a&G;aumufyJG vkyrf ,fqw kd hJ udprP mS vnf; 2008 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHu k kd
vufrcHEikd v f @kd 'Da&G;aumufyu JG kd vufrcH=uwmawGvnf; jzpfaeygw,f?
'Dawmh 2008 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'ta=umif; tydik ;f (5) ydik ;f cGJ xkwv f i$ chf w hJ mudk
jyefvnfxw k v f i$ zhf @kd tpDtpOf&+dS yD;awmh 'DtywfrmS tydik ;f (1) udk xkwv f i$ ahf y;rSm jzpfygw,f?
OD;uduk akd tmifu pDpOfxw k vf yk +f yD; a':oDwmEG,u f wifqufxm;ygw,f?
“zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rl=urf;[m +y;D pD;+yjD zpfwt hJ wGuf vmr,fah rvrSm jynfv;kH u|wf
qENc, H yl JG usi;f yay;r,ft h jyif jzpfay:vmr,fh zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'opfe@J tnD ygwpD 'kH rD u kd a&pD
taxGaxG a&G;aumufyu JG kd 2010 ckEpS rf mS usi;f yay;jcif;jzifh Edik if aH wmftm%m v$aJ jymif;a&;udk
aqmif&u G Ef ikd af wmhrmS jzpfa=umif; ajym=um;vdw k ,f”
2008 ckEpS /f rwfv 27 &ufae@wek ;f u Akv d cf sKyfrLS ;}u;D oef;a&$&ŒJ wyfrawmfae@red @f ceG ;f
udk jrefrmhtoH0efxrf;wOD; zwf=um;oGm;cJw h myg?
tckq&kd if 2008 ckEpS f jynfo@l qENc, H yl uJG kd arv 10 &ufae@rmS usi;f yzd@k jrefrmtpd;k &u
xkwjf yef a=unmxm;yg+y?D 14 ESp=f umatmif a&;qGcJ &hJ wJh jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'opf
ay:ayguv f mwJt h cgrmS jynfoal wG&ŒJ vufawG@b0xJ b,favmuf aumif;rGew f ;kd wufvmrSmvJ
qdwk mudk jrefrmjynfoal wG ar#mw f vifv h ifeh @J apmifph m;cJ=h u&wmyg?
'Dawmh 1988 ckEpS rf mS ppfwyfu tm%modr;f cJch sed u f pvd@k ESpaf ygi;f 20 eD;yg; twGi;f
yxrqH;k ay:ayguv f mr,fh jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ wwd,ajrmuf zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'[m Edik if o H m;
rsm;&JŒ tajccH &ydik cf iG ahf wGukd b,favmuf tmrcHcsuaf y;xm;ygovJ?
NLD ygwD ajymcGi& hf ol tygt0if Oya'a&;&m usrG ;f usio f rl sm;eJ@ NLD ygwu D
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J uG +f y;D tajccHOya' a&;qGaJ &;qdik &f m trsK;d om;nDvmcHrmS tptqH;k wufa&mufco hJ l wOD;&JŒ
tjrifawGukd pkpnf;+yD; 'DtpDtpOfrmS wifjyoGm;rSmyg?

53
t&ifq;kH Edik if o H m;rsm;&JŒ tajccH&ydik cf iG ahf wG[m bmawGvv J @kd =unf=h u&atmifyg?
ukvor*~&ŒJ 1948 ckEpS f vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m a=unm pmwrf;yg tcsuw f csKŒd udk tusO;f csKyf+y;D
aumufEw k w f ifjy&&ifawmh ........
“vlom;tm;vH;k [m arG;&myg vGwv f yfr/_ wef;wlnrD sS r_ tcGit hf a&;eJ@ vl@*% k of ud mQ
eJ@tnD qufqrH u _ kd cHpm;Edik cf iG hf &S&d ygr,f? rnfow l OD;wa,mufurkd # vlrqefwhJ nêO;f yrf;EdyS pf ufr/_
vl@*% k o f u d mQ usqif;apavmufwhJ tjypfay;r_rsK;d rvky&f yg? vlwikd ;f vlwikd ;f [m Oya'&JŒ a&SŒ
arSmufrmS wef;wlnrD #r_ &S&d ygr,f? vlwikd ;f rSm vGwv f yfpmG awG;ac:cGi/hf rdrq d ENukd vGwv f yfpmG
xkwaf zmfciG /hf +ird ;f csr;f wJeh nf;eJ@ vGwv f yfpmG pka0;v_y&f mS ;cGi/hf rdrEd ikd if &H ŒJ tpd;k & tzG@J tpnf;awGrmS
yg0ifaqmif&u G cf iG /hf vGwv f yfpmG ynmoif=um;cGiahf wG &S&d ygr,f”
zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wckrmS &St d yfwhJ Edik if o H m;rsm;&JŒ rlvtcGit hf a&;awG [mvnf;
vl@tcGit hf a&;eJ@ cGjJ cm;vd@k r&Edik b f J wdu k ¶f u kd f ywfoufaeygw,f vd@k jrefrmjynfwiG ;f u HRDB
vl@tcGit hf a&; jrêiw hf iforl sm;tzG@J acgi;f aqmif OD;jrifah t;u tckvkd ajymcJyh gw,f?
“vl@tcGit hf a&; tajccHtcsut f vufawGqw kd mu ta&G;cs,yf ikd cf iG u hf pvd@k Force
Labour tqH;k aygA h sm/ tukev f ;kH vl@tcGit hf a&;eJ@ tusK;H 0ifw,f/ vGwv f yfpmG pnf;¶H;k ydik cf iG /hf
vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdyk ikd cf iG /hf vGwv f yfpmG rdrq d ENukd xkwaf zmfajymqdyk ikd cf iG hf 'gawGu wu,fh
t"duuswJh tcsuftvufawG ayghAsm? tJ'gawG r&oa&GŒumvywfvHk; b,fvdkvkyf
vl@tcGit hf a&;awG &Syd gw,f/ vl@tcGit hf a&; pHcsed pf ! H e$ ;f eJ@ udu
k n f yD gw,f qd+k yD;awmh ajymvd@k
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HRDBvl@tcGit hf a&;v_y&f mS ;olrsm;tzG@J acgi;f aqmif OD;jrifah t;jzpfygw,f?
olajymcJw h hJ jynfov l x l ak wG&ŒJ vGwv f yfrt _ wGuf tajccH&ydik cf iG ahf wGukd jrefrmEdik if rH mS
t&ifu jyÏmef;xm;cJw h hJ Oya'awGxrJ mS vnf; xnfo h iG ;f azmfjycJw h mawG &Syd gw,f? Oyrm 1947
ckEpS f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H zG@pJ nf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'yg yk'rf (17) rSm 'DtcGit hf a&;awG
xnfo h iG ;f jyÏmef;xm;ovdk r=umcif arv (10) &ufae@rmS jynfoal wG qENraJ y;&r,fh 2008
ckEpS f zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya' yk'rf (354) rSmvnf; xnfo h iG ;f jyÏmef;xm;ygw,f? tJ'D
yk'rf (354) rSm ........
“Edik if oH m;wdik ;f onf Edik if aH wmfvjkH cKH a&;/ w&m;Oya' pd;k rd;k a&;/ &yf&mG at;csr;f om,m
a&; (od@k r[kw)f jynfow l @kd . ud, k u f siw hf &m;tusK;d iSm jyÏmef;xm;onfh Oya'rsm;ESirhf qef@usif
vSsif atmufygtcGit hf a&;rsm;udk vGwv f yfpmG oH;k pGaJ qmif&u G cf iG &hf o
dS nf”
tJ'v D t kd pcs+D yD; rdr&d ŒJ ,H=k unfcsu/f xifjrif,q l csurf sm;udk vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfciG /hf
a&;om;jzef@a0cGifh/ vufeuf rygbJ +idrf;csrf;pGm pka0;cGifh/ pDwef;vSnhfvnfcGifh/ toif;tzGJ@
zG@J pnf;cGi/hf bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_e@J bmoma&; ud;k uG,cf iG ahf wGukd ay;tyfjyÏmef;
54
xm;ygw,f? Oya'rSm EdkifiHom;rsm;&JŒ tcGifhta&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; jyÏmef;azmfjyxm;ovdk
vufawG@rmS a&m wu,ftusK;d cHpm;Edik rf mS ygvm;?
jynfya&muf jrefrmEdik if H a&SŒaersm;aumifpD taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;atmifx;l
uawmh Oya'jyÏmef;csu&f ŒJ tprSm yg0ifazmfjyxm;wJh Edik if aH wmf vHjk cHKa&;ESirhf qef@usiv f sS if
atmufyg tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk vGwv f yfpmG oH;k pGaJ qmif&u G cf iG &hf o
dS nf qdok nft h csuu f kd t"du
uef@owfcsuf wcktjzpfe@J tckvkd axmufjycJyh gw,f?
“2008 Oya'xJrSm EdkifiHom;awG&JŒ tajccHtcGifhta&; jyÏmef;csufoabmrsKd;
ygaomfjim;vnf;yJ t"dutm;jzifh uef@owfcsuu f ody}f u;D rm;w,fv@kd ajymvd@k &w,f? t"du
bmuef@owfcsuv f nf;qdak wmh Edik if o H m;wdik ;f [m Edik if aH wmfvjkH cHKa&;tvd@k imS jyÏmef;xm;wJh
Oya'rsm;eJ@ rqef@usi&f bl;qdw k hJ tcsuyf gwmjzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'u Edik if o H m;awG&ŒJ tajccHtcGit hf a&;awGukd umuG,f
jyÏmef;xm;wJh Oya'awGjzpfw,f? zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'u Edik if aH wmfvjkH cKH a&;udk t"duxm;+y;D
jyÏmef;xm;wJh Oya'r[kwb f ;l ? zG@J pnf;yHk tajccH Oya'&JŒ tajccHjzpfwhJ tajccHtcGit hf a&;udk
jyÏmef;wmr[kwb f eJ @J zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'u Edik if aH wmfvjkH cKH a&;udk jyÏmef;wJh Oya'qdv k @kd &&dS if
zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'vd@k ukd ajymvd@k r&ygb;l ”
OD;atmifx;l u t&ifu jyÏmef;xm;wJh Edik if aH wmfvjkH cHKa&;qdik &f m Oya'jyÏmef;csuf
awG[m 2008 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya' twnfjzpfomG ;r,fq&kd ifvnf; qufvuf
tm%mwnfaerSmrd@k Edik if o H m; jynfov l xl ak wG&ŒJ tajccH&ydik cf iG ahf wGukd vH;k 0 tmrcHEikd rf mS
r[kwb f ;l vd@k ol@tjrifukd tckvkd quf&iS ;f jycJyh gw,f?
“tmrcHcsuf vH;k 0r&Sad wmhb;l vd@k ajymvd@k &w,f? bma=umifv h qJ akd wmh 2008 ckEpS f
zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya' jyÏmef;wJt h csed rf mS Edik if aH wmfvjkH cHKa&;udk t"duxm;+yD;jyÏmef;xm;wJh
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vHjk cHKa&;udk tmrcHxm;wJh Oya'awG jzpfw,f?
Oyrmtm;jzifh ajymr,fq&kd if vuf&w dS nf&adS ewJh 1975 Edik if aH wmftm; aESmuf,u S f
zsufqD;olrsm;. tEœ&m,frS umuG,fwJhOya' jzpfw,f? tJ'g[m EdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&;t&
t}uD;rm;qH;k Oya'jzpfw,f? w&m;¶H;k rwifbeJ @J tcsKyfxrJ mS ( 5) ESpt f xd csKyfxm;Edik w f hJ Oya'
[m tjyif;xefq;kH jzpfw,f?
tJ'D tjyif;xefqHk;jzpfwJh Oya'}uD; tygt0if tjcm; EdkifiHawmfvHkjcHKa&;qdkif&m
Oya'aygi;f rsm;pGmudk vuf&zdS @JG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'u qufvuf oufq;kd &Snaf pr,fh zG@J pnf;yHk
jzpfwma=umifrh @kd v@kd Edik if o H m;awG tajccHtcGit hf a&;u bmrSr&Sb d ;l vd@k ajym&rSmjzpfygw,f”
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55
cGifhjyKrdef@r&SdbJ rnfol@udkr# 24 em&Dxuf ydkIcsKyfaESmifjcif; rjyK&qdkwJh jyÏmef;csufrsKd;[m
Edik if aH wmfv+kH cHKa&;eJ@ roufqikd w f hJ omref&mZ0wfra_ wGtwGuf cGjJ cm;jyÏmef;xm;wm jzpfw,f
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OD;atmifx;l ajymcJo h vdk 2008 zG@J pnf;yHk Oya' [m Edik if o H m;jynfoal wG&ŒJ tajccH
vGwv f yfciG q hf ikd &f m tcGit hf a&;awGukd tmr rcHEikd b f ;l qdw k t hJ jrifukd vufrcHEikd w f o
hJ ul awmh
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ol[m 1993 ckEpS rf mS trsK;d om;nDvmcH pwifusi;f ypOf uwnf;u NLD ygwD
ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf wufa&mufco hJ yl g? aemufyikd ;f NLD ygwD nDvmcHqufrawmhwhJ tcsed rf mS
wjcm;a&G;aumufcH ud, k pf m;vS,f 5 OD;eJ@twl NLD uaecGx J u G +f yD; nDvmcH+yD;qH;k wJh txd
wufco hJ v l nf; jzpfygw,f? OD;=unf0if;u Edik if o H m; wOD;wa,muftay: tpd;k &u rw&m;r_
awG usL;vGerf ,fq&kd if jynfaxmifpk w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyfukd wdik =f um;Edik rf ,fh pmcseG af wmf
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tcGit hf a&;awG/ pD;yGm;a&;t& vkyyf ikd cf iG hf tcGit hf a&;awG/ ynma&;t& wef;wlnrD #r_ tcGihf
ta&;aw/G 'DtcGit hf a&;awG[m 'Dz@JG pnf;yHx k rJ mS twdtvif; jynfov l x l t k wGuf umuG,f
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xm;jcif;r&Sw d mudk ar;jref;wJt h cgrmS awmh OD;=unf0if;u ........
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OD;=unf0if;ajymovkdyJ tpdk;&udk wdkuf¶dkufw&m;pGJzdk@xuf tm%mydkifawGxJu
wm0ef&w dS o hJ u l kd t&ifjzKwfcs+yD; omreft&yfom;tqifh a&mufro S m Oya't& jyefvnf
w&m;pGEJ ikd rf ,fv@kd 2008 zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'u jyÏmef;xm;wJh oabmyg? 'Dtcsuu f kd yd+k yD;
cdkifrmapwJh jyÏmef;csufuawmh tcef; (15) taxGaxGjyÏmef;csuf Oya' yk'fr (451)
56
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qdck iG hf tzG@J 0if a&SŒae OD;ode;f !Ge@f u tckvkd axmufjyygw,f?
“usaemfw@kd tzG@J csKyfuakd y;yd@k vmwJh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' rl=urf;xJrmS twdtvif;
a&;xm;wJh yk'rf wck ygygw,f? 'gu (451) yg? Edik if aH wmfonf Oya'jyK&mwGiv f nf;aumif;/
tkycf sKyf&mwGif vnf;aumif;/ Edik if aH wmf tajccHrrl sm;ESit hf nD tav;*¶kjyK aqmif&u G &f rnf?
od@k &mwGif xdo k @kd aqmif&u G af p&ef rnfonfw h &m;¶H;k wGirf S w&m;pGq J ckd iG hf r&Sad p& qd+k yD;awmh
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OD;ode;f !Ge@f u todtrSwjf yKayr,fh vuf&t dS ajctaerSmvdyk J w&m;Oya'udk vdo k vdk toH;k jyK
aewJh tajctaersK;d qufrjzpfawmhb;l vd@k tmr rcHEikd w f t hJ a=umif; qufajymcJyh gw,f?
“wpHw k &muawmh jzpfvmrSmayg/h Oyrm (24) em&Dxuf ydk zrf;rcsKy&f ayg/h tckumvrSm
pmcseG af wmf tcGit hf a&;awG r&Sb d ;l Asm? 'DtajccHOya' ay:vm&if 'DpmcseG af wmf tcGit hf a&;awG
bmawG &vmrSmayg/h 'guawmh taygi;f vuQ%mayg?h od@k aomf 'Dtaygi;f vuQ%mudt k ppftrSef
&zd@k q&kd if w&m;pD&ifa&; vGwv f yfr[ _ m tifrwef ta&;}uD;ygw,f? w&m;pD&ifa&; vGwv f yfr_
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tckvnf; wu,fwrf;ajym&if tdrfudk 0&rf;rygbJeJ@ &SmazGcGifhrSr&bJ? Oya'rJh
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jyÏmef;xm;ayr,fh tJ'OD ya'awGukd *¶krpdu k b f eJ @J vkyaf ewJh [mawG[m 'Duae@ usaemfw@kd
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pmrsufESm (61)odk h
57
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(1)
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&dy[f m at;jrw,fv@kd vnf; a&S;vl}uD;awG qdpk rSwjf yK=u+rJyg?
'ga=umifh usrwd@k &@J vlxak cgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf&@J arG;ae@rmS opfyifaygi;f
aomif;csD pdu k =f urSmqdak wmh iSuaf ygi;f ode;f /oef;/ ukaÉ em;edik af wmhr,fqw kd hJ tawG;eSihf usr
=unfE;l vdu k w f m?
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opfyifpdkuf=updk@ qdkwJh aqmifyk'feJh vnf; xyfwljzpfaejyefygw,f? 'guawmh tefwD
a':atmifqef;pk=unf&@J vmr,fh ZGev f (19)&ufae@rmS usa&mufr,fh (65)eSpjf ynfh txdr;f
trSwftjzpf opfyifpdkufzdk@ trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf tzGJ@0ifawG&J@ vkyfaqmif=ur,fh
ukov kd jf yKrw _ ckyg? opfyifpu kd &f m rSmvnf; tefw&D @J touf(65)eSpjf ynfrh mS rd@k touf&@J weSpyf jkd y;D
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xkyaf z:=uwJh ygw0D ifawGukd usrtaeeJ@ rcs;D usL;yJ raaeedik af tmif jzpf&ygw,f?
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zl;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh b,favmufyJ 'g%af iGwyfwyf b,fvykd J yk'rf awGxw k xf w k f Oya'
txufrmS xif&mpdik ;f ae=uwJh etz Adv k cf sKyf}uD;rsm;uawmh pD;yGm;a&;orm;awGe@J aygi;f jyD;
pD;yGm;jzpf opfcw k v f u
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58
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k o f w l zG@J v@kd xnfjh yufxm;wm
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rif;usiw hf &m; q,fyg;eJ jh ynfph pHk mG usi}hf uHtyk cf sKyf&if wdik ;f jynfom,m zGjH zdK;w,fw?Jh
tckawmh wdik ;f jynfukd rw&m;tkycf sKyfaewJh etzawGu rif;usiw hf &m; udq k ,fyg;
ru csKd ;azguaf eawmh &moDOwk azgujf yefra_ wG jzpfuek &f wmyg? ppfAv kd }f u;D rsm;&J@ rw&m;ojzifh
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uawmh a&vnf;riwf/ rd;k vnf;racgif a&ueftoifh =umtoifeh @J pdepf jD rcs,f eef;aqmifxrJ mS
Zdrcf , H pfr;l jyD; aeae=uwmyg? 'Deef;aqmifawGukd b,fuaiG b,fo@l aiGawGeiS hf aqmufxm;
wmvJ qdw k muawmh uav;av;awGawmif ajzedik w f hJ ar;cGe;f awG jzpfv@kd aeygjyD//
(3)
vlxak cgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unftwGuf opfyifpu kd =f uwJeh nf;eSihf tckvkd
ukov kd f vky=f uwm[m tusKd ; aus;Zl;}u;D w,fv@kd usrjrifygw,f? trsm;jynfol tusKd ;a&S@&v _ @kd
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tjrefq;Hk vGwaf jrmufvmapzdk ah rG;ae@ qkawmif;yGaJ wG jrefrmedik if rH mS omru wurBmvk;H rSm
jyKvkycf =hJ uwmyg? 'guvnf; tefwpD u k kd cspcf ifjrwfe;kd wefz;kd xm;=uvd@k jyKvky=f uwmjzpfyg
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k jf yD;wmeJ h aemufuvdu k rf ckwaf pzdk h qkawmif;=u&/ umuG,f
apmifha&Smuf=u& ygvdrfhr,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh tm%m&Sif&J@trdef@ eSifhtm%mawG
atmufrmS bke;f }uD;/ &[ef;utp b,fvykd *k Kd~ vfjzpfap aeSmuf,u S rf a_ wG jyKrlcaH e=u&wm
59
uvnf; rxl;qef;awmhwhJ Zmwfvrf;awGjzpf aevd@k ygy?J
vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf twGufqdk jrefrmjynfwGif;rSmomru
edik if w
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xdik ;f bk&if blrad bmudk xdik ;f edik if o H m;awG wefz;kd xm; cspcf ifre_ @J arG;ae@ rwdik cf ifu
wnf;u bk&ifwHqdyfygwJh t0g a&miftuFsDawGxkyfjyD; jynfoljynfomawGu w&dkwao
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edik if w H umuawmif todtrSwjf yK av;pm;wefz;kd xm;&wJt h xd jzpf&ygw,f?
(4)
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60
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62
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63
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64
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65
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rd k ; rk e f w d k i f ; u ajrwjyif v H k ; ud k acsr_ e f ; ypf a eonf ? w0k e f ; 0k e f ; w'd k i f ; w'd k i f ;
toHvi_d ;f xaeonfah e@? vdi_ ;f =uufcw G xf aeaom v,fuu G f a&jyifay:od@k rd;k ayguf r#m;wefw@kd jzifh
ypfcwfusaJ yguaf eojzifh rd;k .toHonf wc|icf |ijf rnfa=u;G aeao;awmh? rd;k rkew f ikd ;f xJu rd;k onf
pd;k &Gx
H wd v f ef@p&maumif;vmonf? urBmzsuf rnfrh ;kd rsm;vm;? a':av;+rdKif ESihf a': }uD;ar$;wd@k
aumuf p d k u f o rrsm;twG u f 0&k e f ; ok e f ; um; jzpf a ponf h a e@? aumuf p d k u f o rwd k i f ;
cg;atmufydkif;wckvHk; rdk;a&wdk@ jzifh &$J&$J epfvmcJhojzifh ar;cdkufcdkufwkefvm=u+yD; at;pdrfh
udu k cf vhJ mcJ=h uonf? ta&jym;rsm;onf yJ}uD;a&pdru f ohJ @kd yGxvmonf?
rdk;jyif;avjyif;xJwGif a': }uD;ar$;onf ta=umwufa&m*gjzifh oref;uGufxJ
vJusomG ;cJo h nf? a':av;+rKd if ESihf ol@orD; rdp;kd u a': }u;D ar$;udk '&Gww f ukd f qGo
J ,fvmcJ=h uonf?
uefoif;qHo k @kd a&mufonfEiS hf owd&vmatmif jyKp=k uonf? a=umh ESi&hf ifukd zd=u&onf/ owd&
ap&ef txyfxyfvy_ Ef ;d_ =ujyefonf// oufjyif;wcsuEf iS t hf wl a': }uD;ar$; jyefvnf owd&vm
cJo
h nf//
“'Dred ;f r}u;D u 'Dvykd /J zsuv f zkd suq f ;D t+ryJ J olvyk w f wfw,f// ta&;aumif; 'de;f a'gi;f
zsuq f w kd m tJ'gy/J / oleJ w h +JG yD; aumufrpdu k cf siw f m tJ'ga=umif/h / aovJraoEdik b f ;l // aorif;
awmif vufajrSmuft&H;_ ay;&wJ h romr}uD;”
acsmar. &efawG o h o H nf rd;k rkew f idk ;f xJwiG f vGiyhf gomG ;aeonf// b,ftpGef nmtpGef
u aumufpu kd of rawGrmS acsmar bmawGajymvdk h / bmud&k ef awG ah erSe;f rod=u// rd;k oH avoH
w0ke;f 0ke;f xJwiG f ryDro 0d;k w0g;jzpfaeonf// acsmar eHab;u a':at;rduawmh acsmar.
rauseyfoH / }udr;f armif;oH wdk u h =kd um;ae&onf//
“acsmar h h h eifph um;awGu odyv f eG f vGe;f ae+yD// pmemr_ ihn J mS r_eifrh mS r&Sb d ;l // olvJ
b,fvm ta=umwufcsiyf grh vJ h h h [J /h / a&m*gjzpfcsiyf grh vJ h h ”h
“a': }uD;at;rdu 'DEpS rf mS rS oleJ w h +JG yD; aumufpu kd bf ;l wm// ol &h J h '%fukd tckrS cH&
wm// usru cH&vGe;f vdk 0h ae+yD// rcHEikd af wmhb;l // 'D romr}uD;u ta=umwuf+yD; qd&k if usr yJ
66
'%fc&H wm// ol t h wGuf irf;qGaJ y;&/ v,form; rndKjiifatmif ol t h wGuf ESpq f vkyaf y;=u
&wm// tHcaG e+yD// rvkyEf ikd af wmhb;l // pdwq f if;&Jw,f// b,fvkd b0tusKd ;ay;a=umifh 'Dvkd tuk
odv k rf }uD;eJ h vmqH&k w,f rodygb;l awmf ”
v,fuu G f av;ig;uGuaf usmw f iG f v,f&iS u f pkd ed af tmifEiS hf vufpm;vdu k t f zGJ uh ysLd ;
E_waf e=uonf// olwkd t h zGJ u h a': }uD;ar$; udk vSr;f =unhaf e=u/ pl;prf;ae=u// a': }uD;ar$;udk
tdrjf yefvw $ v f u kd af wmh a&m*gxaew,f// yd+k yD;qd;k owJh qd;k vmvdrrhf ,f// xdo k kd yh ifvrS ;f ac:
atmf[pfae=uonf//
rd;k wdrn f Kd rJwkd h ajrodk eh rd f q h if;usvmjcif;ESit hf wl rd;k uvnf; rpJEikd af wmh// a': }uD;ar$;
onf uefoif;qHw k iG f xdik v
f #uf owd&wcsu/f r&wcsuf jzifh cdu k cf ukd wf ek af eavonf// oref;
uGuf a&jyifxw J iG f arharsmvJusco hJ jzifh wud, k vf ;kH pdek pfaeonf// cg;atmufyikd ;f wckv;kH &$H Eh HG
tvdr;f vdr;f // acsmarESihf a':at;rdwkd t h ajctaeajym=u qd=k u &efawG =h uonfuv kd nf; olrod/
c%=umawmh a': }u;D ar$;onf av;bufaxmuf+y;D uke;f &ke;f xonf/ wcsuf ESpcf suf
,dik ef J o
h mG ;onf// avjyif;rsm;u wGe;f I aqmifah ecJo h jzifh yd+k yD; ,dr;f ,dik o f mG ;aponf// owd&p
jyKvmojzifh ajcaxmufukd wvSr;f jcif;a&$ v h ukd of nf// wcku d cf u kd f csr;f wke;f &du k cf wfaeaom
ar;udk owd&vmonf// ar;&d;k awGukd rv_yEf ikd af tmif wif;wif;aphxm;vdu k o f nf// oref;uGux f J
odk h wvSr;f csi;f vSr;f &ef eif;csvmcJo h nf// acsmar &S&d mqDokd h jyefa&mufvmcJo h nf// v,fuu G f
u rd;k a&jzifh jynfw h ufvmcJo h jzifh aumufzwfrsm;rSm a&xJwiG af rsmaeonf// aumufzwfw
qkwu f kd cg;udu k ek ;f um vSr;f qG, J v l ukd o f nf/ puf&yk w f &kyu f o hJ kd h aumufpu kd af eavonf/ avjyif;
u wcsuw f csuf zdweG ;f vdu k w f ikd ;f a': }uD;ar$;onf ',dr;f ',dik jf zpfvmaeonf? oref;jyif
atmuf w G i f u|H I 0if a eaom ol @ ajcaxmuf / ajcacsmif ; rsm;ud k uk w f j cpf x m;onf ?
,dr;f ,dik v f u J sroGm;atmif tm;wif;+yD; xdr;f csKyfxm;aeonf?
“'Dwcg ta=umwufv@kd vJusomG ;&ifawmh ocsKF id ;f uke;f udk yd@k +yD;om;rSwaf yawmh?
romr}uD;a& wuf0&hH if wuf=unfv h ukd ?f awG@=uao;wmayg?h tdrjf yefwm taumif;qH;k yJ
jyefomG ;? aiGEpS u f syu f kd rvdck sief @J ? &moDOwk qd;k wJah e@rmS tdrrf mS yJaeygvm;? aumufrpdu k yf J
aeygvm;? vlwumudk 'kuv Q u kd af y;aew,f?”
rd;k oHavoHxw J iG f cyfqyfqyf/ ai:wl;wl; qJqakd tmf[pfaeonf? wGwx f ;kd aeonf?
acsmar ta=umif;udk a': }uD;ar$;u od+yD;om;? "gwo f ad wG? acsmarudk cifrif&if;ES;D +yD;om;?
arwWmyd@k oxm;+yD;om;? acsmar b,favmufqq l /l aiguaf igu?f acsmara=umor# uke;f &ke;f
cHonf? wcgwav rsu&f nfawG pD;usvmonft h xd tH}uw d cf o H nf? tckawmh &d;k oGm;+y?D arwWm
yd@k o+rJ?
“wlrav;&,f &efawG@wm/ qJqw kd m tom;yJ@ygomG ;wmrSwv f @kd u,G ?f ta':@b0u
67
'Dvykd J 'kuQ okuaQ &mufaeavawmh ajymp&mjzpfaewmayg?h ajymomajym ta':u w&m;eJ@
ajzwwfaeyg+yDu, G ?f ud, k uhf ,
kd u f , kd f rauseyfygb;l aojypfvu kd &f if taumif;qH;k yJ? olrsm;u
auseyfz@kd qw kd m rjzpfEikd w f myJu, G ?f ud, k af =umifh olwyg;rSm 'kuaQ &mufomG ;w,fq&kd if 'kuaQ y;wJh
vl@b0[m b,fvmaumif;ygrh vJ ta':odygw,f?”
a': }uD;ar$; bmawGajymaeovJ wudk,f&nf =um;avmufonfh avoHr#om?
b,forl S taotcsm r=um;Edik ?f rma=uma=um ajymEdik pf rG ;f vnf;r&S?d xd@k tjyif tm&Hak =um
awGu ysupf ;D qkw, f wk vf mcJh avovm;rod? pum;ajymonfh [efyefavoHu yHrk eS rf [kwaf wmh?
wd;k ouf av;vHvo S nf?
ol@eaH b;wGif aumufpu kd &f if; em;pGiahf eaom a':at;rdu a': }uD;ar$; bmajymae
onf qdo k nfukd em;vnfaeonf? acsmar. oabmxm;eJ@ &dik ;f pdik ;f r_ukd qef@usiu f m csOw f ;l wl;
cg;oufoufjzifh wufacguaf vonf? 'Daumifrudak wmh qHyifqJG yg;&du k v f u kd &f if aumif;r,f
xifw,f[k wud, k &f nf =um;avmufatmif used ;f 0g;vdu k o
f nf? aumufpu kd rf pnf;acgi;f jzpfonfh
a':av;+rdKifonf rd;k ESiahf vudk atmf[pf}udr;f armif; aeavonf?
“&Gmprf;[Jh rdk;/ eifyJ&GmEdkifrvm;/ igwdk@uyJ aumufpdkufEdkifrvm;? tzGJ@om;awG
awmifx h m;a[h? a':ar$;vJ aumif0ifpu kd af e+yD? usw d x f m;=u........a[h?”
a':av;+rdKifu ol@aumufpu kd rf tkyu f kd nmoHjzifh [pfaºuG;um tm;ay;vdu k o f nf?
wc%t=umwGif a': }u;D ar$;onf oref;uGux f w J iG f 'kw, d t}urd f vJ+yKd uscjhJ yefonf? opfw;kH
wwH;k udk oref;EGaH wmxJwiG f ypfcsvu kd o f vdyk J a': }uD;ar$; vJuscjhJ cif;jzpfonf? ta=umwuf
a&m*gu wem&D twGi;f rSmyif ESp}f udraf jrmuf xyfIESyd pf ufcjhJ cif;jzpfonf?
rsuEf mS wjcrf;ESihf ud, k w f ydik ;f oref;a&jyifxEJ pS af eaom a': }u;D ar$;xHokd h a':av;+rKd if
ESihf a':at;rd wdk h tajy;a&mufvmumxlayG &h jyefonf? a': }uD;ar$;. b,fnm vufarmif;
ESpb f ufukd olwkd Eh pS af ,muf. ykc;kH ay:wifum a': }u;D ar$;udk &ke;f qGJ o,fvmcJo h nf? u|EJ pS af umif
ESihf opfqo JG uJo h kd h a': }u;D ar$;onf '&Gww f u
kd uf mygvmcJo h nf? uefoif;qHo k kd h xyfrH a&mufvm
cJo
h nf?
acsmar. !lpal pmif;ajrmif;oHonf rd;k xJavxJwiG f rd;k }uKd ;jypfouJo h kd h [de;f jrnf aeav
onf? usm;[de;f oHEiS yhf if wlaeajcao;awmh?
“romr}uD;/ tukov kd rf }uD;/ 'D[mr}uD;udk ol t h rd uf kd jyefykd v
h u kd af wmh? ocFsKid ;f uke;f
udo k m ydk v
h u dk af yawmh/ ol ah =umifv h ,f&iS v f J auseyfrmS r[kwb f ;l ”
wdu k cf wfaeqJ avjyif;t[keo f nf t&Sed af vsmph jyKvm+y?D rd;k onf jyif;xef&mrS wzGzJ JG
pJpjyKvmonf? acsmarudk axmufco H u l wzuf qef u h sio f ul wzuf/ wzufEiS hf wzuf pum;
ppfx;kd oHrsm; v_id ;f xvmcJo h nf? v,f&iS f udpk ed af tmifvnf; tajy;a&mufvmonf? a':av;+rKd if
68
ESihf awG u h m a': }uD;ar$;udk tdrjf yefykd ah y;&ef wdik yf if=uonf?
“r+rKd i&f ,f udprP &Syd gb;l [m? 'Dvykd J wa,mufEiS hf wa,muf em;vnfi! hJ mS &rSmayg[ h m?
a':ar$;twGuv f J aumufpu kd cf tjynft h 0ay;rSmyg? avsmrh ay;ygb;l ? [kwv f m;? uJ h h h igo h m;
armifa&$ [krd mS vmae+yD? a':ar$;udk tdrt f xd armifa&$vu kd yf kd ah y;vdrrhf ,f? a':ar$;twGuf
enf;enf;yg;yg; ydpk u kd af y;vdu k &f if &yg+y?D a':ar$;twGuf ody+f y;D cJ&mcJqpf rpdu k yf geJ [ h m? a':ar$;u
a&m*gonfqakd wmh aq;zd;k 0g;zd;k awmif wdk w h awGu ol u h akd xmufy@H oifw h m? twlwel J t h ElEl
qdkawmh aq;zdk;vJ ray;Edkifygbl;[m? tckvdkenf;eJ hyJ a':ar$;udk axmufy@H&wmaygh [m
[kwv f m;”
“usrwdk h aumifpu kd of r tzGJ u h awmh v,form; repfem&atmif a':wifar$;
twGut f +rw J rf;ulpu kd af y;aeus? tm;jznhaf y;aeusyg? &d;k ae+y?D acsmarqd&k if a':wifar$;twGuf
t+rw J rf; pdu k af y;aeus? yg;pyfuom a':ar$;udk qlqJ used ;f armif;aewm? wu,f tyifyef;cHEikd w f hJ
acsmar?”
uJ [kw+f yDav qd+k yD; ol. ysKd ;cif;uGuq f o D kd h OD;pdeaf tmifjyefvnfxu G cf gG omG ;onf?
aumufpu kd o f r pnf;acgi;f a':+rdKifvnf;oref;uGux f J jyefa&mufvmum vufqw k f ysKd ;pnf;
rsm;udk jzef ch say;aeonf? a': }uD;ar$; &S&d m uefoif;qHo k kd h armifa&$ a&mufvmonf?vlysK}d uD;
armifa&$u acsmarudk cspaf &;qdak eol? wzufowf csp}f uKd ufprJG ufaeol? acsmaru armifa&$ukd
cspzf kd ah eaeomom/ pdw0f ifpm;zdk yh if o&d;k o&D rjzpfr?d acsmar&D;pm; pd;k +rdKifu ppftyk pf k ppfom;
pkaqmif; aeqJ t"rRac:oGm;cHc&hJ ol? u&ifjynfe,f wdu k yf w JG ckwiG pf ;kd +rdKif usq;kH oGm;+yDvkd h
owif;=um;&onf? wu,fu ppfwyfxu J txuft&m&Spd pfAv kd af wGukd pdwef musn;f um
vGwaf jrmufaomu&if trsKd ;om;awmfveS af &;wyf odk h vufeufcs tvif;0ifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf?
acsmaru ol ch spo f l pd;k +rdKif wae jh yefvmEd;k / vmac:Ed;k jzifh apmifah r#maf eqJ?
“[Jh armifa&$ acsmarudk Ekwq f ufvu dk yf gO;D ? E_wq f ufcsiyf gvsuef J h &Suaf ejyefyg+yD?
&Surf aeeJ h E_wq f ufvu kd /f E_wq f ufvu kd ”f
cgOwdk h !d! k kd wdk u h armifa&$ukd atmf[pf=unfp,fae=uonf? a&vmajrmif;ay;
vkyaf e=uonf? armifa&$u &Su&f &HG ?HG vdyf waumifvkd vnfyif;yk0ifaeonf?
“E_wq f ufw,fvkd h wqifah jymvdu k =f uygAsm?”
armifa&$utvdu k o f ifh jyefI avSmifajymifvu kd of nf? armifa&$u tJ'v D kd owWad =umif
wm [kqu kd m cgOwdk t h zGJ u h wa[;a[; w[m;[m; &,fvu kd =f uonf? a': }uD;ar$;twGuf
aumufirf;qGaJ eaom acsmarrSm bmrSrwH@k jyefEikd af wmh? pufwyfxm;aomvufuo hJ kd h rem;
wrf; aumufpu dk af e&+yD? a': }uD;ar$;ESihf ywfoufI acsmarESihf a':at;rdwkd h wa,muf wcGe;f
&efawG +h y;D uwnf;u acsmaronf a':at;rdEiS hf csw d rf ad e=uonf? &efapmifae=uonf? cgOESihf
69
!d!k w kd kd u
h kd acsmaronf rw@jkH yefcsiaf wmh?
a': }u;D ar$;udk wGx J I l armifa&$ac:oGm;aeavonf? &Gmu odyaf 0;uGmvSonf r[kwI f
awmfayao;onf? taemufawmifavudak usmcdik ;f I uefoif;&d;k ay:wGif wkef q h ikd ;f qdik ;f a&muf
ae=uonf? avuwGe;f Ivm;/ &GEH w HG kd jh zifh ajcacsmI f vm; a': }u;D ar$;rSm ',dr;f ',dik jf zpfaeonf?
csr;f at;ojzifh cdu k cf u
kd vf nf; wkeaf eonf?
“armifa&$ukd ta': tm;emvdu k w f muG,?f vlwumudk vdu k +f yD; taESmuft,Suf
ay;ovdkjzpfae+yD? ighudk,fig usdrfqJaewmvJ tckxd raoEdkifbl;? ta':u tukodkvfr?
vlwumud'k u k aQ y;aewJh raumif;qd;k 0g;r? bk&m;wynfah wmfb0 'Dr#eJ t h qH;k owfcsiv f yS g+yD
bk&m;?tckaeaooGm;&if +rKd rh mS a&mufaewJh igo h m; aeatmifukd ajymjyvdu k =f uyg? aemifb0rSm
om;eJ jh yefqkH zdk h usr;f rmcsr;f omwJh b0eJ jh yefqzkH kd h qkawmif;cJyh gw,fvkd ah jym=uygu, G ?f [dk
a&S;b0u 0Ëfa=u;G awG uif;pifwhJ tartjzpfeJ o h m;eJ jh yefqzkH kd h qkawmifcyhJ gw,fu, G ?f tckae
igaooGm;cJ&h if taumif;qH;k yJ armifa&$ &,f?”
a': }uD;ar$;u a&S u h ? armifa&$u a': }uD;ar$;. aemufa=umbufu vdu k yf g vmcJh
onf? a': }uD;ar$; wvH;k csi;f ajymaeonfurkd =um;wcsuf =um;wcsujf zifh vdu k +f yD;rSwo f m;
em;axmifaerdonf? bmawGajymaeygvrd ?hf armifa&$u wwGww f w G f tm;ay;pum;ajymonf?
tdraf &muf&if a&aEG;ylyl r_waf omuf? aq;&S&d if aq;aomuf? apmif+cKH +y;D wa&;warm tdyv f u kd ?f
tem;,lvu kd [ f k ajymonf?
avu wd;k wdu k v f eG ;f ojzifh ol @u, kd cf E<may:wGif rd;k um yvyfpwpf tem;om;rsm;onf
tvHviG o hf uJo h kd h wvlvl wzsyzf syv f iG ahf eonf?
“aorif;u b,fa&mufaevJ? b,fomG ;aevJ? aorif;&Sw d ahJ e&mudk igomG ;awG@
csiwf ,f? igu h kd jrefjrefvmac:ygvkd h oGm;+yD;&efawG ch siw f ,f? armifa&$ rif;jyefawmh? ta': u h kd
xm;&pfc?hJ aorif;qDukd vGwv f w
G u f |wu f |wf igomG ;awG ah wmhrvdk ?h ”
ajymajymqdq k kd ESiyhf if a': }u;D ar$;onf uefoif;&d;k ay:rS yufvufvefvu J somG ;onf?
armifa&$ rsuv f ;kH jymoGm;onf? a': }uD;ar$; owdarhavsmu h m ta=umwwfa&m*g
jyefxrSmudk pdk;&drfoGm;onf? ta=umrwufyJacsmvJjcif;jzpfonf? uefoif;&dk;udk acgif;tHk;
rd&ufom; jzpfaeonf? armifa&$u a': }u;D ar$;udq k xJG ol nf? tm;wif;xm;? acsmv f aJ wmhvx J &l
wmaygh? [kwf+yD? tdrfa&mufawmhr,f [kqdkum tm;wif;cdkif;onf? a': }uD;ar$;uvJ
uefoif;&d;k udk vufaxmufum uke;f &H;k xonf? wud, k v f ;kH &GEH HG tvdr;f vdr;f jzpfomG ;onf?
cdu
k cf u kd w
f ek af tmif csr;f onft h csr;f onf ykI d ar;wcdu k cf ukd f &du
k af pcJo h nf? t&yfaxmifaxmif
armif;armif; Avaumif;aumif; armifa&$onf 'Dw}urd w f iG f wwfow k &f u kd f wGcJ saD c:vmcJo h nf?
“aorif;u b,fa&mufaevJ? cav;awGuakd wmh ac:ac:oGm;w,f? tukov kd f r
70
igu
h xkd m;cJw h ,f? igu h kd vmac:prf;yg[hJ aorif;&J ?h ”
“aorif; r&Sb d ;l ? aorif;vmac:&if usaemfeJ ah wG rh ,f? tm;wif;xm;prf;yg ta':&,f?
ta':rao&bl;? a':ar$; rao&bl;Asm? q&m0efaumif;aumif; aq;&Hak umif;aumif;eJ h pepf
wus rukoEdik af o;vdk h tckvkd qd;k qd;k 0g;0g; a&m*gu x=uaG ewm? &efuek u f om;vm&if a':ar$;
vduk o f mG ;&r,f? &Gmubke;f }u;D eJ h aq;ukvkd u h awmh t&du k t
f ESucf &H +y;D aozdk yh J &Sw
d ,f? xyfruke@J
awmh? aeatmif uvJ ajymzl;w,f? tarhukd q&m0efeJ h jyr,fw?hJ ukor,fw?hJ 'ga=umifh
ta':aovdk rh &ao;bl;? [kwv f m;? tm;wif;xm;prf;ygAsm?”
idck siv
f suf vufwkd ?h tckryS if a': }uD;ar$; &du _ I f idrk ad wmhonf? wdu k cf wfvmaom
avpdr;f rsm;u at;pdrahf ponf? v,fuu G of ref;a&/ rd;k a&wdk u h pdrahf t;csr;f wkef aponf?
xdak t;pdrrhf _ csr;f wkerf r_ sm;atmufwiG f b0tylr;D awmufr;D v#rH sm;u &ifwiG ;f wGif jymusatmif
w[ke;f [ke;f avmifu|r;f aeavonf? jyifyu tat;'%fEiS hf &ifwiG ;f tylr;D v#w H kd o
h nf ol@
cE<mud, k f wckv;kH udk odr;f ydu k x
f m;avonf?
(4)
acsmif;tul; &Gmv,fww H m;udjk zwfum a': }uD;ar$;. tdro f kd th a&muf armifa&$
vdkufydk honf? &Gm.acsmif;ul;wHwm;ay:wGif ajcvSrf;rsm;u wkef haES;oGm;=uonf?
urf;vH;k jynfv h #w
H wf pD;qif;aeaom acsmif;a&udk =unfu h m a': }uD;ar$; az:rjyEdik o f nfh cHpm;r_
wckcu k kd &vdu k of nf? wHwm;atmifwiG af csmif;a&u urf;tjynfh v#w H ufvmonf? wreufv;kH /
wae v h nfv;kH / vGecf ohJ nfh nu wnvH;k rk;d uoJorJ rJ J tqufrjywf &GmcsaecJh ojzifh acsmif;i,f
ajrmif;i,fEiS hf uGi;f wumh v,fuiG ;f wdk rh S rd;k a&onf acsmif;r}u;D xJokd h aygi;f qHpk ;D 0ifvmcJo h nf?
&$H Eh pS af &mif acsmif;a&tvsio f nf 0g;vH;k xd;k w&dy&f yd f pD;qifaecJo h nf?
&Gmvnfww H m;ay:a&mufvmpOf armifa&$EiS hf a': }u;D ar$; wdk Eh pS af ,muf acsmif;r}u;D a&
t[kefudk iHk=unhfrd&ufom; jzpfoGm;onf? wHwm;wdkifrsm;udk a&tvsift[kefu qGJESJ@
wlaz:aeavovm;? txyfxyf&u kd cf sKd ; qGcJ |waf eavovm;? a&pD;tvsif vufrsm;uwHwm;udk
w'dw'f w d w
f ;kd um qGcJ gvy_ &f rf;aeonf? a&pD;t[keyf g;pyfu acsmif;urf;ezl;rSm wGv J JG jzmusae
aom opfjrpfrsm;udk udu k jf zwfaeavonf?
“tJ'g igah orif;yJ/ [kw+f yD igah orif;udak wG +h yD/ wu,fyaJ wG +h yD”
a': }u;D ar$; cwfqwfqwfajymvdu k of nfukd armifa&$r=um;vdu k ?f rm*&Dacsmif;r}u;D .
urf;jynhaf rmufv#H a&pD;tv#iu f kd =unfu h m igah orif;yJ[k trnferH wyfvu kd jf cif;jzpfonf?
vufavsmt h &H;_ ay;jcif;. 0rf;enf;a=uuGrJ E_ iS hf csr;f ajr@0rf;omr_wkd u h &ifwckv;kH udk v$r;f +cHK jypf
vdu k o f nf?
71
rJr! J ! kd kd opfw;kH rsm; rD;avmufw0uf opfw;kH rsm; 0g;&Ht k oD;oD;rS jyKwfusvmcJah om
0g;vH;k rsm;/ trdu _ o f &du k f 'du
k o f a&mrsm;udak csmif;r}uD; a&tv#iu f wGe;f xd;k qGcJ svmcJo h nf?
opfw;kH }u;D rsm;yifvsif a&0J*,ufrsm;xJwiG f vSrd v hf rdS I
hf '&Gwo f x D ;kd ygvmcJo h nf? a&t[kew f iG f
a=umufrufz, G &f m bDv;l obufrsm; 0ifp;D aeovm;? rnfonft h &mudrk qdk o,faqmif oGm;ae
onf? oufoufomomawmh r[kw?f a&0Juawmhu qGEJ pS v f u kd f r_wx f w k v f ukd ?f opf&u G rf sm;
u tp t&m&monf wGe;f xd;k a=umufuefjcif; cH&um 0Jvn S ahf rsmygvmcJjh cif; jzpfaeonf?
“tukov kd rf / tylonfr&J h aomu'kurQ ;D awGukd tJ'aD orif;acsmif;a&xJ arsmcs
vdu k rf S aumif;r,f?”
ol ph w d x f wJ iG f xdpk um;vH;k rsm;onf rd;k }uKd ;oGm;rsm; jzpfomG ;um rd;k csKe;f oHE, S f &ifxw J iG f
[de;f aeonf? xdt k oH AvH rsm;udk armifa&$ =um;p&m/ odp&m ta=umif;r&S?d acsmif;ul;wHwm;udk
jzwfausmu f m a': }uD;ar$;. wJtrd u f av;xJokd h a': }uD;ar$;udk ta&mufydk hxm;cJhonf?
tdru f av;. wHpuf+rdwu f kd acgi;f iHu k m jyefxuG v f mcJo h nf?
rd;k av=urf;rsm;udk &ifqikd q f ef uh siu
f m ysKd ;cif;qDokd h armifa&$ tajy;tv$m; jyefa&muf
vmcJo h nf? vufpm;vdu k f ysKd ;Ekwo f rm;rsm;u a': }uD;ar$;. tajctaeudk odcsiyf &kH onf?
tdrjf yefa&mufomG ;+yv D m;? tvkyaf wGrtm;vyfw=hJ um;xJu v,fpu kd cf sed rf mS ol u h akd q;&Hyk kd =h u&
tHk;rSmvm;? &Gmxdyfu bkef;}uD;xH jyefydk h&tHk;rSmvm;? ysdK;Ekwf&mu cg;qef h&yfwef hum
ar;cGe;f trsKd ;rsKd ;ar;=uavonf?armifa&$uawmh a': }uD;ar$;tdro f kd h oGm;a&mufykd ah y;cJyh u kH kd
ajymjyonf? olxifjrifxm;onfh twdkif; a': }uD;ar$;aeaumif;oGm;rSmyg?em;em;aeae
tdyaf ysmo f mG ;ygvrd rhf ,fvkd h [k wGiw f iG af jzonf?
aemufxyfwem&Dcef h t=um? &GmxJwiG f qlnyH u G af vm&du k af eonf? w+cH+yD;w+cH
wtdrw f qif; owif;ujyef Eh v HS monf?
“a': }uD;ar$; acsmif;xJarsmygomG ;+yD”
“rar$;acsmif;xJvrd u hf s+yD; a&xJygomG ;+yD/ vky=f uygO;D ”
“a':ar$; a&xJarsmygvmwmudk &Gmv,fww H m;ay:uae jrifvu kd =f uowJ”h
“0dik ;f q,f=uyg[/hJ u,f=uygO;D ”
acsmif;urf;ezl;odk h vlawGa&mufvm=uonf? usaemfvnf; tdrx f rJ S ajy;xGuv f m
cJhonf? acsmif;u &Gm. ta&S hrS taemufodk hpD;qif;aeojzifh &Gm. taemufbufodk h
usaemftajy;a&mufvmonf? acsmif;urf;yg;ay:wGif tdrf+cHrsm;u ydwfqD;umxm;ojzifh
xdtk rd +f cH rsm;udk auG yh wfajy;v$m;um acsmif;qDokd t h a&muf }uKd ;pm;,l&onf? ajcvSr;f wdik ;f wGif
oli,fcsi;f aeatmifukd owd& jrifa&mifaerdonf? a': }uD;ar$; aooGm;rSjzif/h ao+yDqv kd si?f
72
quf+y;D rpOf;pm;&Jawmh? rpOf;pm;csiaf wmh? zd;k uH}u;D +cu H kd jzwfausmcf o hJ nf?armifa&$wkd h ysKd ;cif;xJrS
ysKd ;Ekwo f m;awG qlnaH tmf[pfaeonfukd awG &h =um;vdu k &f onf?
wcsKd ah csmif;a&tvsix f o J kd h wa,muf+yD;wa,muf ckeq f if;oGm;cJ=h uonfuykd if
jrifvdkuf&+yD? a[ma': }uD;ar$; tavmif;udk awG hoGm;+yD? tavmif;udk 0dkif;q,fae=u+yD?
usaemf&ifonf &xm;ckwaf rmif;oHtwdik ;f aoG;ckeo f rH sm;u jrnfa=u;G aeavonf? aZmuyfae
ojzifh armI v_u d q f kd ah eonfuykd if arhaeonf? usaemfa&S /h usaemfaemufrS vlwcsKd v h nf;
usaemfEiS t hf wl uefoif;&d;k ay:wGif ajy;v$m;ae=u? armifa&$wkd h ysKd ;cif;uGuq f D OD;wnf a&muf
vmcJo h nf?
armifa&$/ pde&f ;kd / oHvZd wdk o h nf a': }uD;ar$;udk cJ&mcJqpf q,f,cl =hJ u+yD; acsmif;urf;
ay:odk h wGe;f wifvu kd =f uonf? ra&S;raESmif;rSmyif usaemfEiS hf armifwifE, G w f kd h a': }u;D ar$;xHyg;od@k
a&mufvmcJ=h uonf? armifwifE, G u f m; v_u d I f qdk eh ifah eavonf? ol t h arud=k unfu h m
tH=h oxdwv f ef ah eonf? pdwu f x
kd rd ;f csKyf/ idok u H kd wtm;xyf+yD; xdr;f csKyfxm;onf?
“tar tarb,fvjkd zpfomG ;wmvJ tar&,f”
armifa&$u a': }uD;ar$;udk ykcHk;ay:wifum xrf;vdkufonf? nmbufykcHk;ay:wGif
a': }uD;ar$;onf *i,fyo kH ¿ef ajcwGv J /GJ acgi;f wGv J JG jzpfaeonf? armifa&$u ckev f ukd of nf?
xyfIxyfI ckejf yefonf? a': }u;D ar$;a=umudk txyfxyf xk&u kd =f u? armifwifE, G of nf ol t h ar
a=umjyifukd wqwfqwf xkay;&if; v_yEf ;kd aejyefonf? wcsuaf qmifI h armifa&$cek v f u kd pf Of
a': }uD;ar$; 0rf;Adu k x f rJ aS &rsm; wbGub f u G f tHxu G u f svmonf?
“touf&adS o;w,f? raoao;bl;? touf&adS o;w,f?”
armifa&$u atmf[pfajymjyvdkufonf? yg;pyfxJrS a&rsm; tHusvmjcif;ESifhtwl
touf&o _ u H ykd g =um;vdu k &f jcif; jzpfonf? usaemfEiS hf armifwifE, G u f a': }uD;ar$;udk &Gmod@k
jyefo,f,zl kd h Ed;_ aqmfvu kd =f uonf? &Gm. tv,fwef;ausmif;u ausmif;qif;csed t f +yD;wGif
vli,frsm; tajy;a&mufvmcJ=h ujcif; jzpfonf? acsmif;urf;yg; ysKd ;cif;w0du k w f iG f vltyk }f uD;
jzpfomG ;onf?
a':av;+rKd ifwkd h aumufpu kd rf wodu k v f nf; avt[keu f o hJ kd yh if tajy; a&mufvmcJ@
=uonf? vltyk x f o J kd wh ;kd 0ifvmcJ=h uonf?jrifraumif; &_raumif;jzpfaeonfh a': }uD;ar$;udk
awG v h u kd pf Of a':av;+rdKifEiS hf acsmarwdk h id&k u d_ rf =d uonf?
armifp;kd csed f
*|ef 7 2010

73
wrf;w -unfhrdjyefawmh hhh
rif ; rif ; od e f ;
aendK&if av+ydKw,fw/hJ / onfpum; usaemft h wGuaf wmh rrSeyf g// wdu k sKd +rdK &h J h
naeapmif; ae0if&w D a,m tcsed rf mS =um;&wwfwhJ b,fuvmrSe;f rodwhJ 6 em&Dx;kd tcsuaf y;
wD;vH;k oHav;u usaemfb h 0twGuf trSww f &&Sad eqJyg// 'Dvt kd rSw&f apzdk q h w kd muvnf;
usaemf[m tvkyv f ufrhJ wpfa,mufjzpf+yD; tdrrf mS wpfa,mufwnf;vdv k kd useaf ewwfwm
a=umifh =umvmawmh tJ't D csed jf y wD;vH;k av;udk owdxm;rdvmwmyg// a=omf h h h *syefa&muf
+y;D &Sm=uazG=ueJ ah jy;v$m;aeolawG &do S vdk tqifrajywJh usaemfvkd vlawGtwGuv f nf; tvkyf
ay:Ed;k Ed;k eJ h tdrrf mS apmif&h if; tcsed af wGukd ukev f eG af pcJw
h ,f r[kwv f m;// wcsKd u h ajymw,f h h
tckae *syefa&mufwek ;f em;&wm h h eh m;om em;xm; h h ah emufq&kd if tvkyx f aJ &mufomG ;&if
em;&zdk h rvG,b f ;l wJh h h h tvkyrf &cif *syefpmavhvm;xm; pwJh tm;ay;r_rsKd ;pHek J t h wl
b,fvkd avhvm&r,fqw kd mudv k nf; ajymjy=uyg.// wDArDG sm;rsm;=unhzf kd /h ajymwJph um;awG/
av,lavodr;f awGukd em;axmif+yD; rSwo f m;xm;zdk h / *syefawGeJ h pum;rsm;rsm;ajym=unhzf kd h
pmawGzwfzdk h pwJh enf;aygif;pHkeJ h vrf;n$efay;wwf=uyg.// 'gayrJh tvkyfvufrJhb0rSm
tvkyo f mv#iyf xr / tvkyo f mv#if 'kw, d / tvkyo f mv#if wwd, qdw k hJ tqGeJ J h bmudk rS
pdwfajzmifhajzmifheJ h ravhvmEdkifcJhygbl;// usaemhfh uaemufydkif;at;ol wa,mufr[kwfyg//
rdom;pkukd usaemhv f yk pf meJ h axmufy&hH oljzpfwma=umifh tvkyt f jref&zdk /h aiGtjref&zdk h qdw k hJ
pdwaf Zmuom usaemhu f v kd r$ ;f rd;k aeawmhonf//
wcgw&H tvky&f mS aepOf tp taemufc&H zl;onfrsm;vnf;&So d nf// wae Yh
“ rif; h h h tvky&f +yDvm; h h h ”
“r&ao;bl; h h ”h
“ &Sb
D , l rSm tvkyaf y:w,f h h ”h
“[m h h [ h wk v f m; h h ah us;Zl;wifw,fAsm h h h 'geJ h tvkyu f bmtvkyv f AJ s h h ”h
“at; h h h &Sb D , l blwm t0ifrmS &Sw d J h acG;&kyu f kd oef &h iS ;f a&;vkyaf y;&rSm”
usaemfaysmo f mG ;onf// rjrifb;l / r=um;bl;ao;onfh usaemfu h kd uspD ,fvu kd jf cif;jzpfa=umif;
tdr&f iS uf ajymjyrS odvu kd &f onf/ &Sb D ,l acG;&kyq f okd nfrmS omrefacG;t&G,af vmufom &So d nfh
&kyx f ak v; omjzpfonf// aemufyikd ;f owdxm;rdonfu wdu k sKd +rdK yh wf&xm;vdik ;f blwmrsm;wGif
74
ZD;uGu&f yk /f acG;&kyf / vl&yk /f ewf&yk af v;awG &Sw d wfjcif;yifjzpfonf//
*syefa&mufcgp pum;rwwf/ pmrwwfot l wGuf yk*aH q;eJ h oef &h iS ;f a&; tvkyu f kd
ar#mfrSef;Edkifonf// xdkpOfu xdktvkyfrsm;twGuf *syefpum;rajymwwfvJ tvkyfjzpfoGm;
wwfonfh om"ursm;&Sjd cif;a=umifh xdt k vkyrf sm;udo k m tm;ud&k avonf// *syefa&muf&if
“ppjcif;awmh yk*aH q;&wmyJ h h h aemufyikd ;f ud, k }f udK;pm;&if }udK;pm;ovdk ae&m&vmwmyJ”
[k ESp}f uD;orm;rsm;uajymjy=uonf// xdpk um;a=umifh tvkyx f aJ &mufv#if }udK;pm;csio f nfh
pdwrf sm; wzGm;zGm;jzpfrad vonf// “bma=umifh h h h ArmawG *syefa&muf&if yk*aH q; pwJh pm;
aomufqikd t f vkyaf wG udv k yk =f uwmvJ h h h bma=umihf puf&akH wGrmS rvky=f uwmvJ” usaemf
u ar;rdonf// xdo k u l yif “ wdk Ah rmawGu p&dw+f idr;f qdw k mudk ody}f udKufw,f h h h &oavmuf
aiGukd pkr,f h h +h yD;&if wdik ;f jynfjyefr,f qdw k hJ pdw&f wdS ma=umifh h h h xrif;au|;wJh pm;aomufqikd f
tvkyaf wGukd vky=f u&if;eJ h aemufa&mufvmwJh olawGvnf; tJ'v D ikd ;f xJ a&mufvmwmyJu”G
[k ajzavonf//
aemufwcku *syefrmS tvkyef J yh wfouf+y;D aexdik cf iG hf ADZmudk twif;tusyf awmif;
,lwmrsKd ; t&ifwek ;f ur&Scd yhJ g// ywfpydk h rdwLW jy&Hak vmufjzifh udp+P yD;oGm;onf// wcsKd t h vkyaf wG
u vpmudk b%frw S qifh oGi;f ay;ojzifh b%fu'fvt kd yfonf/ w&m;r0ifaexdik o f al wG twGuf
trsm;tm;jzifh b%fu'fvyk zf kd h rvG,u f yl g// wcsKd b h %fawGu vkyaf y;bl;wmawGvnf; &So d nf/
ud, k rhf mS r&Sad wmhvnf; pdwyf pl &mawmhrvdyk g// tjcm;&So d &l J h b%fu'fukd iSm;+yD; tvkyu f akd y;
vdu k v f #ivf nf; udp+P yD;oGm;onf// eHrnfww l m rwlwmawGtwGuf ar;vm&if xH;k pHtwdik ;f
vdraf jymvdu k wf mygb/J /
wae Yh a[mfw,foef &h iS ;f a&;tvky&f rnfqo kd jzifh vmac:olEiS t hf wl vduk of mG ;onf
acgi;f aqmifjzpfol *syefr tzGm;}uD;u }udKuf&ifawm h wae h 4 em&D wywfig;&uf &rnf[k
qdo k nf// pawG v h #if *syefvrl sKd ;wdk .
h xH;k pHt& “ awG &h wm0rf;omygw,f// usaemf b,foyl g”
ponfjh zifh emrnfajym+y;D rdwq f uf&onf// rdwq f ufonft h cgwiG vf nf; cg;udk udik ;f I tav;jyK
ovdk vky&f rnf[k usaemfox d m;onf// wu,fwrf; vufawG v h yk &f awmhrnf qdak omtcg
usaemf bmajym&rSe;f vnf;rod/ rvkyw f wf rudik w f wfjzpf&avonf// xdak emuf *syefr tzGm;
}uD;u ac:vmay;ol tr}uD;udk *syefvakd jym+yD; usaemft h m; blwmtxd jyefy@kd ay;avonf/
/ vrf;wGif xdt k r}uD;u “ *syefvkd rwwfwhJ eif u h kd ac:vm&rvm;qd+k yD; aus;Zl;rwifwhJ tjyif
igu h kd tjypfajymao;w,f h h ih gu pum;rwwfvnf; aemufawmh&vm rSmaygh vdk ah jymawmh h
h h eifu h h h tom;rJ vdk w h [ hJ ,f h h h 'D *syefr a-muftzGm;}uD;awG/tJ'ga=umifh aocge;D txd
tvkyf vkyaf e&wm ”[k ajymavonf// usaemfu 'Dtvkyf r&&if aemuftvkyaf y:&ifajymzdk
h tm;ememjzifah jymum vmvrf;twdik ;f jyefco hJ nf//
75
usaemf. h tm;enf;csuu f kd usaemfoad v+yD// *syefvkd trsm;tpm; rodao;&ifawmif
tvkypf 0ifwmeJ h olwkd ah r;wwfwhJ ar;cGe;f / ud, k jf yefajz&rnfh taetxm;pum;awGukd &atmif
avhusizhf kd h qH;k jzwfvu kd o f nf// tom;rJonfh udpu P awmh usaemfvnf; rwwfEikd /f / oabFmay:
uqif;vmonfrmS r=umao;onfh usaemftwGuf yifv,f/ ork'&N m. ae'%f/ a&'%f/
av'%f awG. trSww f qH yd yf ifjzpfayvdrrhf nf//
usaemfoabFmvdu k af epOf tm&SEikd if rH sm;odk h oabFmwuf&eftwGuf wa,mufwnf;
vdv k kd vmcJb h ;l ygonf// Edik if jH cm; tawG t h }uHK&So d vdk /Edik if jH cm;om;rsm;ESiv hf nf; ESpt f awmf=um
twlwv l yk u f ikd cf bhJ ;l ygonf// ESpOf ;D ESpb f uf pawG v h u kd vf #if vufqEJG w _ q f ufwmavmufEiS hf
&onf// tvkycf iG x f w J iG f ajymp&m qdpk &m &Sv d m&if usaemfx h uf &mxl;t&/ touft&
}uD;onfh olrsm;udyk if omrefajymovdk ajymqdEk ikd o f nf// acgi;f i@pkH &m/ cg;udik ;f p&m rvdak y//
*syefrSmu vufqGJE_wfqufwm tvGefenf;onf// olwdk h,Ofaus;r_t& cg;udkif;+yD; E_wf
qufjcif;qdak omfvnf; olwkd t h a=umif; em;rvnfao;onfh *syefa&mufcgp usaemft h wGuf
awmh txl;tqef;yifjzpfonf// usaemfwkd t h zd;k &Spd Ofwek ;f u ajymjycJb h ;l onfh 'kw, d urBmppf
wke;f u Armjynf0ifvmwJh *syefawGta=umif; jyefawG;rdjyefawmh usaemfph w d x f J rcHord cHom
jzpfrjd yefavonf//
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t&ifwek ;f u tac:ta0:t&qd&k ifawmh uGr;f +cHuek ;f 'dpwdwf tydik rf mS &Sw d hJ yifv,f0 &Gmav;
yifjzpfonf// *syefawG 0ifvm+yq D akd wmh &efuek u f akd &muf+y;D r=umcif usaemfwkd &h mG av;qD a&muf
vmwmygbJ// &GmxdyfwGif bkef;}uD;ausmif;eJ huyfv#uf a&uef}uD;&Sdonf// naebuf
uefabmifay:rSm *syefppf om;awG a&csKd ;&if ud, k vf ;kH wD;eJ ch sKd ;=uowJ/h / olwkd u h awmh r&Suaf y
rJh ud, k wf ikd jf rifb;l wJh tbd;k eJ h &Gmom;awGu awmh olwkd t h pm;&Suv f kd h olwkd ah &csKd ;csed qf &kd if
b,forl S jzwfomG ;jzwfvm rvky&f =J ubl;// aemuf+y;D wtdr0f if wtdrx f u G f =uufOawmif;wm
wdk /h =uufawmif;wmawGtjyif olwkd t h rd +f cHx0J ifvmwmawG w h meJ h orD;ysKd av;awGukd pyg;
ykw}f u;D awGxJ 0ifyek ;f cdik ;f xm;&owJ/h /wcsKd *h syefawGq&kd if tdrw f tdrf rde;f cav;&Sw d ,fvkd h owif;
&wmeJ h tdrx f t J wif;0if&mS wJh txdawmifvyk =f uowJ/h / rawG &h if tdrrf mS &Sw d o hJ al wGukd yg;b,f
jyef nmjyef&u kd af wmhwmyJw/hJ / tzd;k u wcgw&H ol yh g;av;udyk w G +f yD; “*syefuawmh yg;&du k w f hJ
ae &mrSm w,f+yD;awmh vufoefajymifw,fa[h ”vdk h ajymjycJhbl;onf// wu,fawmh
tzd;k ud, k w f ikd f vnf; t&du k cf cH &hJ bl;[efwo l nf// usaemfwkd h &Surf nfq;kd ojzifh zGiahf wmh rajymjycJ/h
xdt k csed u f *syefwiG v f nf; ol , h Ofaus;r_eJ o h l xGe;f um;aecsed f / wd;k wufajymif;vJ
aecsed jf zpfonf// xdpk Ofu *syefvrl sKd ;ppfbufqikd &f m yk*Kd~ vfwkd . h jrefrmrsm; tay: qufqaH &;
onf tvGe&f ikd ;f jyonf[k qdEk ikd o f nf// ud, k yf ikd ,f Ofaus;r_ udk *syefEikd if rH sm;wGio f m toH;k jyKI
76
Edik if jH cm;om;rsm;udk xdek nf;twdik ;f &dik ;f &dik ;f qdik ;f qdik ;f qufqo H nf[k wajzmifw h nf; aumufcsuf
qGI J vnf; rjzpfEikd af y// odk ah omf ppftwGi;f *syefvrl sKd ;trsm;pk. qufqrH u _ kd cH&onfh rar Eh ikd f
onfh Armrsm; ,ae t h xd &Sad e=uao;onf//
bmoma&;qdik &f mwGiv f nf; tjriftm;jzifh Ak'b < mom [kqadk omfvnf; tvGeyf if
uGjJ ym;aeonfukd awG &h rnfjzpfonf// xdpk Ofu usaemfwkd &h mG wGif ud;k uG,x f m;onfh ausmif;xdik f
q&mawmftm; *syefwkd &h uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfcyhJ u kH kd tzd;k uajymjycJb h ;l onf//
xdpk Ofu r[mrdww f yfrsm;u ae&mtESH w h iG f AH;k }uJwukd cf u kd af epOfjzpfonf// usaemf
wdk &h mG wGif wyfpx JG m;onfh *syef wd@k u aus;&GmtwGi;f wGif ae0if rD;+idr;f trdef x h w k xf m;onf/
ae ch if;zuf csujf yKwfpm;aomuf+yD;onfEiS hf nbuf tjyifrxGu&f =J uawmh// wae Yh &GmOD;
ausmif;q&mawmfu nbuftaygt h yg;oGm;+y;D tjyefwiG f vufEydS "f gwrf ;D xd;k rdvu kd of nf// uif;
vSJ ah eaom *syefppfom;u awG o h mG ;+yD; q&mawmftm; csucf si;f zrf;vdu k o f nf// r[mrdwf
wyfukd *syef&adS =umif; tcsujf yonf[k qdo k nf// xdk ah emuf t*Fvyd o f v l #Kd [k pGwpf JG um
enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh nSif;yef;ESdyfpufawmhonf// &Gmom;rsm; oGm;a&mufI *syefppfom;rsm;udk
awmif;yefonft h csed w f iG f q&mawmf. vufocJ rHG sm;udk yvm,mjzifh qGcJ gG aecsed jf zpfavonf/
/ &[ef;/ oHCmwyg;udk Todk h &uf&ufpufpuf vkyu f ikd af eonfukd jrif &onfh &Gmom;rsm;rSm
*syefukd tvGerf ek ;f wD;&G&H mS =uonf/ tm;rwefvkd o h m rmefavsmh vdu k &f onfh jrifuiG ;f / aemufq;kH
q&mawmfvufESpfbufudk }udK;jzifhcsnf+yD; jrpfxJcsum armfawmfbkwfjzifh acgufwkef@
acgufjyefarmif;vdkufonf// jrpfxJrS qGJwifvdkufaomtcg q&mawmf ysHawmfrlav+yD//
xdt k jzpfrsKd ;/ xkud o hJ kd h &ufpufniS ;f yef;ESyd pf ufrr_ sKd ;ud*k syefrsm; a&muf&m Armjynf ae&m wdik ;f wGif
awG }h uHK cHpm; cJ&h avonf// tvGef &ufpufonfh zufqpfpepfq;kd yifjzpfonf//
vGecf w hJ hJ tESpaf jcmufq,fausmq f w kd m wu,fawmh odyt f a0;}uD; r[kwyf g// tJ'D
wke;f u Armjynfx0J ifvmwJh *syefawGtaeeJ h ArmvlrsKd ;awGty: b,fvkd qufqcH =hJ uw,f
qdw k m ordik ;f t& usaemfwkd t h m;vH;k eD;yg;odc=hJ uyg+yD// tzd;k ajymjycJb h ;l wJh qufqaH &;eJ h tck
usaemfwkd h qufqaH e&wJh taetxm;awGuawmh trsm;}u;D uGmjcm;oGm;cJyh g+y/D “tm&Som;awG
wef;wlnrD #a&; ”qdw k hJ a=u;G a=umfoaH wGeJ h *syefawG jrefrmhajrxJ tvH;k t&if;eJ h 0ifvm=uw,f/
tck usaemfwkd v h rl sKd ;awGvnf; olwkd ah jray:udk tvH;k t&if;r[kwaf wmif wpdrphf rd ehf J 0h ifa&muf
aexdik v f m=uwm b,favmufawmif&adS e+yDv/J / cufwmu usaemfwkd h jrefrmEdik if o H m; awG
bmudak =uG;a=umf+yD; 0ifvmcJw h mvJ qdw k hJ tajzygy/J / usaemfu, kd wf ikd v f nf; ra&r&mjzpfae
qJyg// aocsmwmuawmh olwkd v h kd a=uG;a=umfwwfzkd h usaemfwkd h qG@H t em;r=um;rsm; jzpfcahJ v
ovm; qdw k hJ oHo,eJ h vm&mvrf;udk wrf;w=unfrh d jyefawmh h h h tdk h h h tckxd r_e0f g;qJ
ygbaJ v// rif;rif;ode;f
77
p-um0VmxJu
'dik ,
f mvufwpf
(17)
rd;k ajropf
(u)
tawG;tac:rsm;ukd (Philoso-
phy) pkpnf;azmfjyxm;onfh tbd"gef pmtkyf
ukd zGijhf yD; t=urf;rsO;f vSeaf vSm=unf&h _ rSwf
om;&krH #EiS hf urBmavmuxJwiG f vlwdk . h
tawG;tac:aygi;f rsm;pGmonf renf;vSyg
uvm;....... qkdjyD;rSwfcsuf jyK&ayvdrfhrnf? pmaytuQ&mjzifh rSwfwrf;wifrxm;onfh
tawG;tac:awGuvnf; wykw H yif use&f adS eayvdrOhf ;D rnf? bom0odyEH` iS hf ywfoufaom
tawG; t ac:/ bmoma&;qkid &f m tawG;tac:/ vlra_ &;qkid &f m tawG;tac:/ pD;yGm;a&;qkid &f m
tawG;tac: ponfjzifh rsm;ajrmifus,0f ef;vSayonf? xk@d jyif Ekid if aH &;ody/H` Ekid if aH &;aA'ESihf
oufqidk af om tawG;tac:rsm;onfyifv#if wykw H yif?
tawG;tac:wkid ;f onf p=um0VmESihf vlrb _ 0uku d o
dk m tajcjyKxm;onf? p=um0Vm
ESivhf /l vlEiS o hf bm0avmu? xkEd pS &f yfudk tajcjyKxm;onfh tawG;tac:rsm;omjzpfonf?
vlEiS v hf rl b
_ 0ukd tajcjyKonf qku d wnf;u vlwef;pm;vuQ%m ESihf vlwef;pm;wku d yf JG yËdyuQudk
a&SmifIr&? a&SmifIrjzpf? pkaygif;trJvkduf (pkaygif; ukefxkwfvkyf)/ pkaygif;r#a0pm;okH;/
pkaygi;f aexkid f (pkaygi;f ukev f yk q f ufqaH &;)/ om;aumifudk owfjzwfonfh vufeufu&d,m
rsm;ESihf rD;/ ausmuf*w l dk ph ak ygi;f ykid q f idk rf _ (ukex f w k uf &d,mrsm;ukd pkaygi;f ykid qf idk rf )_ &Scd o
hJ nfh orkid ;f OD;
bkaH jracwfonf woD; yk*v ~ ykid q f idk rf E_ iS f vlwef;pm;rsm; ay:xGuv f monfh tcgwiG rf u l m; wcef;
&yfco hJ nf? ed*;Hk csKyfco hJ nf?
orkid ;f OD;bkH ajracwftvGerf pS I ,ae@EpS q f ,f&mpk tptxd vl@tzG@J t pnf;
toD;oD;wGif vlwef;pm;wku d yf /JG vlwef;pm;yËdyuQw@dk onf jynfEh u S v
f mcJo
h nf? vlrv _ ufawG h
b0ESihf ywfoufqufpyfaecJo h nfh Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;/ bmoma&; tawG;tac:
rSeo f r#onf xkx d akd om vlwef;pm;wku d yf JG yËdyuQEiS jhf y\em aygi;frsm;pGm;wkd u h dk jrpfzsm;cHum
xGuaf y: pD;qif;cJ=h uonfh tawG;tac:rsm;om jzpfonf?
Oyrm- t&if;&Siaf wG;ac:ynm&Si=f u;D tuf'rfprpf. Ekid if aH &;abm*aA' tawG;tac:
78
ukd 1776 0ef;usiu f mvrSpI t&if;&Siv f wl ef;pm;onf vufawG@ tok;H csc=hJ unf? oef;aygi;f
rsm;pGmaom ypPn;f rJt h vkyo f rm;/ v,fuv l rD sm;ay:wGif t&if;&Siw f dk oh nf ,ckwidk Ef pS af ygi;f
ok;H &mausmf aoG;pkyt f jrwfxw k cf =hJ uonf? a'oqkid &f m ppfyrJG sm;rSwqif/h e,fcs@J t&if;&Si/f
vuf0g;=uD;tkyf t&if;&Siw f dk t
h csi;f csi;f tm%mESihf pm;usuf e,fajrvkyrJG sm;/ urBmppfrsm;
jzpfymG ;cJ=h uonf? ,ae@ tar&dueft&if;&Siu f urBm. a&S ah qmifEmG ;vm;tjzpf t&if;&Sif
'Dru dk a&pDacgi;f aqmif=uD;ozG,f a&S q h ;Hk rS&ifaumhI csw D ufco hJ nf? aemufq;Hk wGif orRwbk&fS
onf urBmhtv,fwGif rsufESmukdzdeyfjzifh taygufcHcJh&jyD;/ ,ckpD;yGm;a&;uyfqkd;. txk
taxmif;ukd wefjyefc&H avawmhonf? t&if;&SiEf iS hf t&if;&Sipf epfuyif pD;yGm;uyfq;dk =ud;ukd
zefw;D cJjh yD;/ xkpd ;D yGm;a&; uyfq;dk =uD;uyif tvkyv f ufrEhJ iS hf &mZ0wfrw _ @dk udk xlajymapcJo h nf?
"e&Siv f ufwqkw k pf mESihf oef;t&mtaxmif ypPn;f rJt h vkyo f rm;/ v,fuv l rD sm;t=um;
vlwef;pm;uGm[r_ =uD;xGm;ae&mrS ykdIjrifhwuf =uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? qkd&S,fvpf &k&Sm;ESifh
qk&d , S v f pf wkid ;f jynfrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;/ Ekid if aH &; tajctaersm;ukd wr[kwjf cif; ajymif;vJjcif;ukd
“rmhufcf0g'usqkH;jcif;” “qkd&S,fvpf rsm;aoqkH;jcif;” tjzpft&if;&SifESifhol. ukd,fpm;
vS,frsm;u [m;wkduf&,farm=upOf tar&dueft&if;&Sif pD;yGm;a&;uyfqkd;ESifh &ifqkdif
txktaxmif; cH=u&aomtcg ,if;wk@d onf t&Suu f JG rsuEf mS ylc=hJ uavawmhonf?“ vpfb&,f
'Dru dk a&pD” trnfwyfxm;aom t&if;&Sif 'Dru dk a&pDonfom orkid ;f .aemufq;Hk cdik rf m&Sio f ef
aeawmhrnfh orkid ;f tqifjh zpfonf[k aumif;cs;D ay;aeaom orkid ;f q&mwk@d onfvnf; vpfb&,f
'Dru dk a&pD romavmif;ukd yku d u f m {,OfusL;&ayawmhrnf?
tpukjd yefaumuf&v#if vlrv _ ufawG b h 0ESihf ywfoufqufpyfaeonfh Ekid if aH &;/
pD;yGm;a&; tawG;tac:wkd o h nf xkx d adk om vlwef;pm;wku d yf JG yËdyuQEiS hf jy\emaygi;f rsm;pGm
wkd u h dk jrpfzsm;cHum xGuaf y:pD;qif;cJo h nfh tawG;tac:rsm; omjzpfonf?
(c)
&mESichf sID xGuaf y:vmcJo h nfh tawG;tac:rsm;xJwiG f rmhucf . f tawG; tac:onf
tkypf ;dk olw@dk twGurf [kw?f zdEydS jf c,fv, S f tjrwfxw k o f l vlwef;pm;twGurf [kw?f zdEydS cf s,f
vS,jf cif;cHae&onfh oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom ypPn;f rJt h vkyo f rm; eif;jym; vlwef;pm;twGuf
omjzpfonf? xked if;jym;vlwef;pm;. awmfveS af &;twGuf rD;&_;wefaqmifjzpfco hJ nf? e,fcsJ h
qef@usiaf &;/ trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmuf a&;twGuf vrf;jyay;cJo h nf?
um;vfrmhufcf. tawG;tac:ukd qkwfukdiftm;jyKum &k&Sm;rSvDeif/ pwmvif/
w&kyjf ynfrS armfpw D ;Hk ESihf uGejf rLepf-qk&d , S vf pfygwrD sm;onf rdrw d kd v
h lt h zG@J tpnf; toD;oD;
vGwaf jrmufa&; twGuo f mru urBmyh pPn;f rJh tvkyo f rm; eif;jym;wkd t h wGuf &ke;f ueftm;xkwf
cJ=h uolrsm;jzpfonf? 20&mpkxrJ mS yif e,fcsJ t h &if;&SiEf iS hf vufcsJ v h ufyg;ap wkid ;f &if;om;
79
t&if;&Sirf sm;ESihf ajr&Siyf a'o&mZfpepf atmufrS vl t h zGJ t h pnf; tawmfrsm;rsm; vGwaf jrmuf
vmcJ=h ujcif;onf rmhucf f tawG;tac:. vrf;jyykd ah qmifra_ =umifjh zpfonf? xkt d awG;tac:.
pGr;f oefxuf jrufra_ =umifjh zpfonf?
,ae@umvwGifvnf; vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJrsm;um; rjyD;qkH;ao;? ,ae@urBmonf
xkv d w l ef;pm;wku d yf rJG sm;ukd o,faqmifajy;v$m;aeonfh urBmtjzpfrS rajymif;vJEidk af o;? xk@d
a=umifh odyeH` nf;usonfh rufch . f tawG;tac:rsm;xJrmS 'kid , f mvufwpf (ac: ) tEkyËdavmr
enf;onf &Sio f ef+rJ qufvuf&iS o f efjyD; wku d yf t JG wGuf tvif;a&mifvufeuf jzpfaeOD;rSm
jzpfonf?
a&S t h cef;rsm;wGif w&m;aor[kwaf om avSe"H g;xpfr[kwaf om rmufch f . 'kid , f m
vufwpfenf;ukd vufqifu h rf;um csJ xh iG cf o
hJ nfh vDeifEiS phf wmvifwdk . h tawG;tac:rsm;
udv k nf; azmfjycJjh y;D jzpfonf? ,ckTtcef;wGif w&kyv f lt
h zG@J tpnf;. awmfveS af &;acgi;f
aqmif=u;D / ekid if aH &; tawG;tac:ynm&Sif armfpw D ek ;f (armf) . tawG;tac: 'kid , f mvufwpf
ukd vk&d if;ta&muf azmfjyygrnf?
1921 w&kyjf ynf uGejf rLepfygwD xlaxmif&mwGif armfpw D ek ;f yg0ifcohJ nf? 'kw, d
t=urd af jrmuf awmfveS af om jynfwiG ;f ppf (1927-1937)twGi;f csKaw;ESit hf wl tvkyo f rm;
wyfeaD wmfudk xlaxmifco hJ nf? wyfeaD wmf c&D;&Snf csw D ufpOf 1935 Zefe0g&/D pGe, f +D rKd w
h iG f
usi;f yaom ygwt D pnf;ta0;wGif ygw. D acgi;f aqmif jzpfvmonf? *syefqef@usiaf &;ppfyJG
(1937-45) &SpEf pS w f iG f atmifjrifpmG pnf;&k;H wku d cf u dk cf o
hJ nf? *syefqef u h siaf &; jyD;onfah emuf
jynfwiG ;f ppf wm;qD;a&; w&kyjf ynfopf xlaxmifa&;twGuf ulrifwefw@dk udk oGm;a&mufI
aphpyfa&; vkycf o hJ nf? tar&duefEiS hf &Seaf u&Sw d w f dk h yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmifaom wwd, jynfwiG ;f ppf
(1946-49)ukd tEkid w f u dk I f w&kyjf ynf=uD;ukd vGwaf jrmufapcJo h nf? OuUÏarmfonf jynfo@l
w&kyjf ynfudk xlaxmifco hJ jl zpfonf? rufch 0f g'ESihf ywfoufI4if;/ w&kyjf ynfawmfveS af &;ESihf
ywfoufI4if;/ usr;f aygi;f rsm;pGm a&;om;cJo h jl zpfonf?
1949 w&kyjf ynfol o h rRwEkid if H rxlaxmifru D ukv d ekd w
D ykid ;f / ya'o&mZfwykid ;f
wkid ;f jynfjzpfco hJ nf? 1930 rwkid rf t D xd ESpaf ygi;f 2000 r# oufO;D qHyidk b f &k ifrsm; tkypf ;dk cJo
h nf?
wkid ;f jynff vGwaf jrmufjcif;onf ajru|erf sm;/ tvkyo f rm;rsm;/ vlrsK;d pktoD;oD; oef;aygi;f 650
vGwaf jrmufvmcJjh cif; jzpfonf?
OuUÏarmfonf rmufch 0f g'D jzpfonft h av#muf rmufch 0f g' oabmw&m;rsm;ukd
vufawG b h 0ESihf aygi;f pyfco hJ nf? xkad ygi;f pyfonfh tawG t h }uKrH sm;ukd jyefvnf I oabmw&m;
tjzpf wifjy/ azmfxw k /f yk@d csjyefonf? rmufch 0f gEiS hf ywfoufonfh Ekid if aH &;usr;f rsm;teuf
yËdyuQusrf;onf xif;&Sm;cJhonf? xkdusrf;ukd a&;om;&jcif;. t"du &nf&G,fcsufrSm
uGefjrLepfygwD twGif;&Sd qkd;0g;onfh w&m;ao0g' tawG;tac:ukd ausmfeif;&eftwGuf
80
a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf? ,iftef;+rKd &h dS *syefcck aH &;/ ppfa&;/ Ekid if aH &;wuUov dk rf mS ,if;yËdyuQusr;f ukd
yk@d cs a[majymcJo h nf?
tEkyËdavmr (ac: ) 'kid ,f mvufwpfEiS hf ywfoufI yËdyuQtpwGif armf onf Tok@d
ed'ge;f ysK;d xm;cJo h nf?
“ t&mudprP sm;&J h yËdyuQOya'o (0g) qef u h sib f ufrsm; aygi;f pnf;r_ Oya'o[m
&ky0f g' tEkyËdavmr&J h t&if;cHtusq;kH Oya'ojzpfw,f? rlvt"d y`g,t f &qk&d if tEkyËdavmr
[m t&mudprP sm;&J h tESpo f m&twGi;f &Sd yËdyuQrsm;udk ok;H oyfavhvmwmjzpfw,f ”vk@d vDeifu
ajymcJw h ,f? vDeifu tJ'OD ya'oukd tEkyËdavmr&J h tESpo f m&jzpfw,f? tEkyËdavmr&J@
tjrKaw jzpfw,fv@dk t+rJajymavh&w dS ,f? 'ga=umifh 'DOya'oukd usaemfwdk h avhvmwJt h cg
zuf trsm;tjym;uk4d if;/ tbd"rRm jy\emtm;vk;H ukd usaemfwdk h &Si;f vif;atmif vkyEf idk rf ,f
qk&d if/ usaemfw@dk [m &ky0f g'/ tEkyËdavmrukd t&if;cHtm;jzifh em;vnfoabmaygujf yDv@dk
qkEd idk wf ,f? tJ'jD y\emrsm;uawmh urBmt h jrifEpS rf sK;d / yËdyuQ&@J tES@H tjym;&Srd /_ yËdyuQ&@J
xl;jcm;r_/ t"duyËdyuQe@J yËdyuQ&@J t"duzuf/ yËdyuQjzpfaewJh zufrsm;&J h xyfwjl zpfre_ @J
wku d cf udk rf /_ yËdyuQtwGi;f &Sd twku d t
f cHjzpfr&_ J t h cef; pwmawGjzpfw,f ”?
armfu 'kid ,f mvufwpfEiS hf ywfoufI xko d @dk tpysK;d xm;cJo h nf? aemufwywf
aqmif;yg;trSwf (18) wGif urBmt h jrifEpS rf sK;d udk qufvufazmfjyoGm;ygrnf? rd;k ajropf
ZGef / 17/ 2010
ynm'ge
tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;(*syef) rS }uD;rSL;I
*syefEikd if aH &muf jrefrmEdik if o
H m;rsm;twGuf *syefpm
pum;ajymESihf tajccH a&;enf; o'Ng udk tcrJ h oif=um;ay;ygrnf//
rnforl qdk vGwv f yfpmG wufa&muf avhvmoif,El ikd yf gonf//
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83
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qk;H rpum;ukd jyef=um;a,mifaerdw,f? aq;vdyf ck;d raomuf&bl;qkw d hJ axmifrLS ;OD;cspEf idk &f @J
qk;H rpum;ukd pGpJ jJG rJjrJ rSwx
f m;w,f? em;&Gu=f um;xJudk aq;jyif;vdyf xk;d xnfv
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pdwu f ;l ,Ofaew,f? tJ't D a&mifrsK;d toD;ukd tmz&duwku d Ef iS hf b&m ZD;wkd b
h ufrmS &Sw d ,fv@kd
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awZ[m cyf r mrmpm;p&muk d pm;csif w J h p d w f jzpf a ew,f ? 'gayrJ h xrif ;
aysmhaysmhawmif tawmfpm;&wm? yg;apmifuodyfemvmw,f? awZ[m &Spfyg;oDv ukd
jrJatmifvyk af eygw,f? vG,v f , G af jym&&if wae u h dk 2eyfbpJ m; pm;w,fqw dk m rsK;d jzpfw,f?
wcsKd vh al wG&J h t,ltq[m 0rf;Aku d jf ynfrh o
S v
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h ,G rf ,fqdk =uw,f? 'gayrJh awZu
0rf;Aku
d x f rJ mS bmrSr&Srd S oDvapmifv h dk ah umif;w,fqjdk yD; ,lqxm;w,f? txD;useq f efwhJ
avS m if t d r f x J r S m ar;&k d ; vnf ; usKd ; aew,f ? [m;[m; [m;-----eJ h
awZpdwfxJrSm=udwfjyD;oabmusaew,f? &Spfyg;oDvukd uav;av; wa,mufvkd
tvGw&f w G jf y;D usuaf eovkd pdwx f uJ &Gwjf y;D auseyfaew,f?
(1) olwyg;toufudk owfjzwfjcif;rS a&SmifusOjf cif;/

(2) olwyg;ypPn;f ukd ck;d ,ljcif;rS a&SmifusOjf cif;/
(3) arxkrH 0DS jJ cif;rS a&SmifusOjf cif;/
(4) vdrnf majymqkjd cif;rS a&SmifusOjf cif;/
(5) t&ufaopmaomufpm;jcif;rS a&SmifusOjf cif;/
(6) ae v
h n JG pmpm;aomufjcif;rS a&SmifusOjf cif;/
(7) uckeo f q D jdk cif;rS a&SmifusOjf cif;/
(8) aysmyf o JG bif tvSjyifjcif;rSa&SmifusOjf cif;/
pojzifh &SdayrJh Ak'<bmom0ifjzpfwJh omrefvlawG[m ig;yg;oDvavmufbJ
apmifx h rd ;f =uygw,f? w&m;xkid w f vhJ al wG[m &Spyf g;oDvukad pmifx h rd ;f wwfygw,f? &[ef;awG/
bke;f awmf=uD;awG[m ykjd yD;wif;wif;usyu f syaf pmifx
h rd ;f ygw,f? &Spyf g;oDv ukyd g;pyfuatmfjyD;
&GwfcsifayrJh ar;aphv_yfvkd hr&ao;awmh pdwfxJubJvkdufrSwfae &ygw,f? jyD;cJhwJh
wywfavmufutxd yg;apmifuaJG eao;awmh awZ[m ol &h J h aoG;awGjyefrsK&d ovkd jzpfaew,f?
q&m0ef&J t h =uHay;csuu f axG;xkwyf pf (okd )h cGux f uJ dk axG;csvdk ah jymyg w,f?
wHaxG;axG;ovkd axG;xkwzf kd yh g;apmifu=uGuo f m;awGudk rpnf;&k;H Ekid af o;I aoG;awGvnf;

87
vnf a csmif ; uwqif h 0rf ; Ak d u f x J 0 if o G m ;&ygw,f ? toH w csKd h = um;vk d u f wm&if b J
qHyifawGtrsm;=uD; jzLaewJah xmif0g'g&J h reufEw _ q
f ufjcif;ukq d wdk hJ (ae aumif;vm;) qkjd yD;
axmif0g'g&J h E_wfqufoHukd awZESpfoufrdwmtrSefyg? axmif 0g'g&J haemufrSmawmh
tvGeaf [mif;jyD; EGr;f aewJth jzLa&mifjcKHxnfEiS hf axmifq&m 0efudk awG v h u dk &f ygw,f?
awZpd w f x J u &nf p &muk d owd & vk d u f w ,f ? yg;apmif & k d ; jyKwf a ewJ h v l u
pum;b,fvjdk yefajym&rSmvJ? q&m0efu awZ&J h rsuEf mS ukw d ywfywfjy;D aocsm =unfah ew,f?
axmifq&m0ef[m 0wfauswef;ausavmufbJ ukay;w,f? vlemukd prf;wJhem;usyfukd
csdwfxm;&if; awZukdar;aphv_yf&Sm;r_ avhusifhzkd hnGef=um;vkdufw,f? acs;awGjynfhaewJh
awZ&Jv h ufonf;cGH ah wGu=dk unfjh yD; tm;vk;H aumif;w,fvkd h qkw d ,f?
“tckavmufq&dk if pum;enf;enf;avmufprf;ajym=unfw h m aumif; w,f? 'gayrJh
rajymeJ ?h tck[w k w
f ,f/ ar;&k;d u a,mifaewke;f bJ? t&k;d zGJ ph nf;yk[ H m ykrH eS u f dk ra&mufao;bl;?
igwck pk;d &drw
f m tzsm;awGbmawG 0ifvmvdrrhf mS pd;k &drf w,f? aq;ESpv f ;Hk xk;d r,faemf? ” 'gayrJh
yxrwvkH;ukd q&m0efu wkd;wkd;av;ajym w,f? emwmoufomwJhaq; “ armfzdef; ”
=uKdufw,fr[kwfvm;´ axmifxJrSm wm;jrpfwJhaq;rsKd;vnf; &Sdaew,f? bmvkd h
'Davmufoabmaumif;wmvnf; awZ rodyg?
aemufwvkH;u jyifya&m*gqkd; r0ifatmif wm;wJhaq;jzpfw,f? “ w&kyfu
vmwmodyaf umif;w,f? rif;ukd axmifyidk =f uD;u =unf&h w _ ohJ abmeJ h 'Dvadk q;awG rif;&wm?
” 'geJ ah wZ[m&ifxrJ mS 'Da&awGw;dk ovkd cHpm;vm&w,f? armfzed ;f wefc;dk xjyD;jidro f mG ;wmyJ?
aq;t&SdefwufaepOfrSm awZpOf;pm;w,f? 'Darmfzdef;ukd awZtaru ykd hay;wmvm;?
'grrS [kw&f if/ axmifrLS ;ukcd spEf idk u
f vlra_ &;t& ulnw D mvm;? 'grrS [kwf ewfaumif;awG
rpwmvm;? ´ axmifykdif=uD; wu,fvkyfay; wmvm;´ bmbJjzpfjzpf aw;qkdiSufu
od y f a useyf a ewm trS e f y gyJ ? aq;wef ; ck d ; jy ae&if avxJ r S m v$ i f h a r#maewk e f ; rS m
awZpOf;pm;w,f? wu,f armfzed ;f rxk;d &ifvnf; ig[m emusirf '_ %fudk cHEidk &f nf&jdS yD;om;bJ?
wu,fawmh wem&Dausmf=umvmawmhvnf; wu,fjyefeavmwmtrSef yg?
awZukd,fcE<mxJrSm ESHaumifav#mufajy;aeovkd cHpm;rdw,f? 'Dwcg emusif r_[m
wcgrSrcHpm;zl;wJhtopfyJ? a=umufp&m ol&Jum;ukd=unfhae&ovkd &ifwzkdzkd jzpfaew,f?
'DcHpm;csufawGukd cHpm;&if; awZpdwfxJrSm ig-&Spfyg;oDvukd csKd;azmufrd jyDxifvkd h
pOf;pm;rdygw,f? 'DavmufZrd u f saewm[m armfzed ;f a=umifjh zpfw,f? armf zde;f [m &Spyf g;oDvukd
csK;d azmufapwJt h &myJ?
tem;,lrJh zsmay:rSm vSJtdyf&if; rD;ckd;a&mifapmifav;ukd v$rf;jcKHvkdufw,f?
tck c H p m;r_ [ m w&m;xk d i f & ovk d E S i f h wl a eovk d y J ? emusif r _ u k d c H p m;&ovk d qk d a yrJ h
emwmvnf ; r[k w f o vk d y J ? ta0;uvmwJ h oD c sif ; uk d em;awxmif a e&ovk d y J ? eH & H
88
buftoH=um;&ovkyd ?J Free El Salvodor &J v h ufacsmif;av;vm;´ r[kwf yg? ol@
oli,fcsi;f tdraf jrm‡ ifu yk;d zvHudk trJvu dk af ewmyg? &ifxrJ mS rk;d wdraf wGvdk v$iahf r#moGm;w,f?
0rf;enf;ovkdbJ cHpm;&w,f? jyD;cJhwJhwywfu cHpm;&wJh qkd;0g;&ufpufwJh n‡if;yrf;r_ukd
jyefjrifa,mifw,f? tzkd;&J hac:oHukd [kd;--opfyifjrifh ay:u vmaeovkd=um;&w,f?
td r f a jr‡ m if [ m awZvuf a rmif ; ay:rS m vrf ; av#muf oG m ;w,f ? vl w a,muf & J h
yk&H yd u f jdk rif&w,f? b,fou l 'DtusO;f cef;xJu v$wf ajrmufomG ;rSmvnf;´
rsuv f ;Hk jyefveS =f unfvh u dk wf ,f? tdraf jr‡mifu zk;d zvHaumifudk yg;pyfrmS uku d Ef idk jf yD;?
enf;enf;&Suo f mG ;ovkd cHpm;&w,f? tckawmh 'Dtrd af jrm‡ ifudk pm;p&m rvkad wmhb;l r[kwyf gvm;?
tdrfajr‡mifukd trJvkdufcJh&wJhae hrsm;[m twdwfrSmbJ usefcJhygw,f? pdwful;xJrSm
a&xJar#maeovkd cHpm;&w,f? euf&id_ ;f wJt h jyma&mif tdrrf ufxrJ mS ESpaf r#moGm;w,f?
wu,f h t d r f r uf v k d v J r[k w f b l ; ? od j yD - - tawG ; xJ r S m ar#maewm?
tdrfrufrufaewmr[kwfbl;? 'DcE<mukd,f[m 'Dtwkdif;bJ? ygayrJh tdrfab;em;u jcHxJukd
ck;dk 0ifaew,f? atmifrif;u ol x h uft&ifa&mufaew,f? atmifEidk o f l ppfol =uD;avoHEiS hf
=urd ;f 0g;aew,f? rsuaf phawG ydwaf ew,f? 'gayrJh jrifae&w,f? tusO;f cef;xJudk jrifae&w,f?
twdwu f tjzpfawG jyefjrifvmw,f?
awZu tapmift h usyjf zpfjy;D / atmifrif;u ppfo=l u;D jzpfw,f? ig&h J w h OD; wnf;aom
nDi,fatmifrif; 0wfae=uykqkd;ukdvnf; awZ rSwfrdw,f? trSwfrxif ar;aphukd
vufo;D ESix hf ;dk ovkcd pH m;&w,f? tdrrf ufxJ t=um=uD;atmfEidk w f ,f? bm rqkad jymEkid w f ,f?
oDcsi;f vnf; qkEd idk jf yD? wu,fawmh tJ'aD vmuf t=um=uD; r atmf&bl; r[kwv f m;?
atmifrif; h h h
atmifrif;aemufukd jyefvSnfh=unfh&if; tH=udwfvkdufwm awG h&w,f? wH
wkdif;t&Snf=uD;ESifh vrf;usOf;usOf;av; olwkd hrESpfoufwJhvl&J h zrf;qD;jcif;ukdrcHcsif bl;?
cG i f h j yKcsuf & vk d h b J OD ; wk d ; cd k i f = uD ; &J h td r f j cH x J a &muf a ew,f r[k w f v m;? jcH x J r S m
yufvufuv k m;xkid &f J h &Guzf siaf y:rSm OD;wk;d ckid =f uD; xkid af ew,fr[kwv f m;? igwdk v h m wmukd
bk;d awmfrodb;l xifw,f? 'gayrJh vufxu J r*~Zif; jyKwu f somG ;w,f? awZ odypf w d rf ylb;l ? olwhdk
nDtpfukdESpfa,mufpvkH;[m avmufav;cGol&Jaumif;=uD;awG yJ? wckyJpkd;&drfwm[m
ararodomG ;rSm wcky?J olrsm;jcHxJ ck;d 0ifjyD; toD;awGc;dk pm; wmukd ararr=uKdub f ;l qkw d m
nDtpfuEdk pS af ,mufpvk;H odw,fav?
“ aeOD; ” atmifrif;u owday;vkduf&if; avmufpmtdwfxJukd ausmuf
wkH;av;wvkH;xnfh&if; qGJypfvkdufw,f? avxJrSm oDcsif;oH=um;&w,f? tdrfajr‡mif ukd
wkduf&kdufrSefw,f? jrufyifawG=um;xJ jyKwfusoGm;w,f? wu,fawmh atmif rif;u
awZxufvufajzmifw h ,f? ESpaf ,mufpvk;H aysm&f i$ pf mG olwdk w h ufvudk w
f hJ om;aumifudk ik@H =unhf
89
aew,f? avxJrmS ajcawG/ vufawG &ke;f uefaew,f? awZ iSuu f cdk sed jf yD; tykid yf pfvu dk wf ,f?
rxdb;l ? iSux f yso H mG ;w,f? atmifrif;u [uf[uf yufyuf atmf&,fvu dk w f ,f? “a[haumif
rif;woufrmS iSuu f dk wcgrx
S ad tmif rypfEidk af o;bl;? ”
“ arar ”ajcmufuyfuyftoHEiS hf awZac:vku d w f ,f?
“ oGm;awmh/ tcktrd u f jdk yefprf; ”
tdraf &S ch ef;xJu ckjH rifjh rifah wGay:rSmxkid &f if;/ ararukad pmif=h u&w,f? bk&m;pifay:u
tar$;wkid t f eH u h &dk w,f? arar[m olwdk n h t D pfuEdk pS af ,mufudk tay:pD;u=unfv h u dk w f ,f?
“ rif;wkd hodovm;/ olwyg;toufukd owfwm[m ig;yg;oDv&J h ta&;
=uD;qk;H eHygww f pfudk azmufzsuw f myJ? olwyg;toufudk owfjcif;rS a&SmifusOyf g.?”
nDtpfnED pS af ,muf odyo f abmaumif;wJh ararhrsuEf mS ukd armfr=unfhf &J=ubl;?
“rif;wkd ph Of;pm;=unfph rf;/ ra=umuf=ubl;vm;? bDv;l =uD;waumifvdk =uD;wJh ewf=uD;wyg;u
rif;wkd &h J ah cgi;f awGudk ausmufw;Hk t=u;D =u;D xJx h m;wJh av;cGeJ h wtm; ypfcv JG u dk rf mS ? atmifrif;u
“ 'gayrJh tckusaemfwdk u h upm;ae=uwmyg/ taysmf vkyw f myg? ”
“ bm-- upm;w,f[w k v f m;? olwyg;toufudk owfwrf;upm;=u wmvm;? ”
nDtpfuEdk pS af ,muf xkid t f xJrmS ykjyD;0ifomG ;w,f?
“ pOf;pm;=unfph rf;? a'goodyx f u G af ewJh ewfrif;=uD;u rif;wkd t h ckajym ovkd rif;wk@d
udk taysmfwrf;owfypfrSmukd rif;wkd hacgif;awGa=uGrGoGm;jyD? ajy;p&m/ aep&mvnf;r&Sd?
yke;f p&mae&mvnf;r&S/d tdraf jr‡mifvdk oabmxm;=unfph rf;? b,f vkrd S ajy;p&mvrf;r&Sb d ;l ?
awZ-- rif;ut=uD;bJ/ rif;rpOf;pm; rdb;l vm;? ”
wu,fawmh atmifrif;[m awZxuf ykjd y;D owfwmyg? 'ga=umifh atmif rif;=uw d jf y;D
ikad ew,f? rsu&f nfawGvnf; &GaJ ejyD? awZuawmh rikb d ;l ? 'gayrJh odyf &Suw f phJ wd u f &ifxrJ mS
jyif;xefaew,f? ararajymovkb d /J [kww f ,f? ig[mt=uD; aumifb?J ykjd yD;odwwf&rSmayg?h
“ awmfjyD? qufikdraeeJ h? oGm;rarSmifcif tckbJoGm;? ql;avbk&m;=uD; qDukd
omrefrdcifrsKd;[m uav;awGcsnf;bJ bk&m;ukdb,fvGwfyghrvJ? awZarar a':pENm[m
wjcm;rdcifrsm;ESifh rwlyg? awZarar[m pdwfodyfjyD;ckdifrmw,f? ol h&Jh uav;awGukd
bmomw&m;uk d euf e uf & _ d i f ; &_ d i f ; uk d ; uG , f w J h u av;aumif ; awG jzpf a p csif w m/
odyu f jdk zpfapcsiw f m?
olwdk Eh pS af ,mufxjy;D &yfvu dk &f if; xGurf w hJ cH g;bufqD ai;=unfv h u dk w f ,f? “ igrif;wk@d
ukd tar$;wkid Ef iS hf yef;zk;d ay;vku d rf ,f? bmrS xyfray;bl;? rif;wkd rh w S xf m; &rSmu tckrif;wkd h
bk&m;rSm tar$;wkid /f yef;awGuyfjyD; uk, d t hf jypfudk 0efcsawmif; yef&r,f? 'Dyu dk qf u H dk rif;wkhd
ESpaf ,muf&J rh ek f b h ;dk xJujzwfr,f? ” Roland Hardy (c) armifarmifvwf
qufygO;D rnf//
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ydwfyif wm;jrpfjcif;cH&aom q&mjroef ; wif h . 'Da&jrifhopf (armfpDwkef; ESifh w&kwaf wmfveS af &;)
pmtkyftm;/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; &Jabmfrsm; taejzifh vufawG hb0 w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;ESifh
cH,jl zwfoef;r_rsm;udk pmzwfow l kd h avhvm od&EdS ikd af p&ef tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyvku d yf gonf//
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d nfukd cGivhf w
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ygwDwGif;u aemufxyf&efolwOD; ay:vmonf? ,if;rSm usef;udk@axmif jzpfonf?
usef;udk@axmifonf aygvpfAsL&dk tzGJ@0ifjzpfI/ qGef,Dtpnf;ta0; usif;ycsdefY/ Zuf
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ta=umif;jyefonf? w&kwaf wmfveS af &;Y/ rnfonft h &mr# acsmacsmarG@arG@ jzpfvmcJo
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aemufjyefqkwfr_}uD; wckjzpfonf? ygwDonf wdbuf odk@r[kwf pifhusefjynfe,fxJodk@
qkwcf mG oihof nf? ,ck avmavmq,fwiG /f ud, k u
f tiftm;enf;aeonfh tavsmuf/ &efou l kd
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qGe, f rD S qkwv f mr!f/h wyfeD awmfukd }udK&efjyifxm;onf? Tod@k vyk jf cif;rSm/ ud, k vf ufO;D r_
&atmif/ tay: pD;u a&mufaeatmif vkyx f m;jcif;jzpfonf?
TtawmtwGi;f cseaf u&Sw d u f vnf; +idraf eonfr[kw?f wyfeaD wmf Zufc|rf
jynfe,fxo J @dk / r0ifEikd &f ef/ ajrmufbufrq S ;D I ydwx f m;onf? wyfeaD wmfukd jrpfEpS jf rpf=um;
wGiyf w d If / acsre_ ;f &ef/ pDru H ed ;f qGv
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Zefe0g&v D (22) &ufae@Y/ ppfaumfr&Siu f / use;f ud@k axmifx/H a=u;eef;yd@k onf?
xdka=u;eef;t&/ ,efpDjrpfawmifbufrSaeI/ usef;udk@axmif. wyfrsm;u &ef oludk
ppfjrLS &efjzpfonf? Tod@k ppfjrLS xm;wke;f / wyfeaD wmfu Zufc|rjf ynfe,fxo J @kd 0if&ef jzpfonf?
ud, k u f Tod@k jyifxm;vsi/f &efou l kd *%ef;vufrvd/k ppfa=umif; ESpaf =umif; nSyrf +d yD;om;
jzpfonf? xdt k cgwiG /f cseaf u&Sw d f ol@aoe*FAsL[mudk jyefIjyif&awmhrnf? od@k &mwGif
use;f ud@k axmifu ppfaumfr&Si. f !$e=f um;csuu f kd vufrcH? TonfrmS use;f ud@k axmif.
vky[ f efjzpfonf? awmifbufxo J @kd qkwcf mG onf? &efoEl iS hf xdyw f u kd rf awG@atmif a&SmifomG ;
onf?
wyfeaD wmfonf Zufc|rjf ynfe,fxo J @kd / r0ifav[efaqmifI 0if&awmhrnf? ud, k hf
t}ut H pnfu/kd &eforl odatmif vky&f rnf[/k aoe*FAsL[m rlrsm;u qdo k nf r[kwaf vm?
armfonf ppfa=umif;udk auG@aumufomG ;aponf? rnfo!fh a'ood@k oGm;aerSe;f udk rnforl #
rcef@reS ;f Edik ?f vrf;wav#mufwiG f armfonf/ ajr,mawmfveS af &; vkyif ef;rsm;udv k yk of nf?
ajr&Sifqdk;rsm;udk okwfoif&Sif;vif;onf? ajr,mpmcsKyfrsm;udk rD;&d_@zsufqD;cJhonf?
aumufyo J ;D ESrH sm;udk a0ypfonf? axmif rsm;udk zGio fh nf? Towif;udk =um;v#i/f ppfvrf;rus
aoma'orS/ v,form;rsm;u udk,fpm;vnf tzGJ@rsm;v$wfum olwdk@e,frsm;udkvnf;
vGwfajrmufatmif vkyfay;&ef awmif;qkd=uonf? wyfeDawmfonf toufudkay;I/
wdu k af eaomfvnf; ol@u, kd o
f l awmfveS af &;. avayGrek ;f wdik ;f }u;D jzpfonfukd rnfonft h cgr#
rarh? jynfou l kd ynmay;ol jzpfonfukd rnfonft h cgr# rarh? wyfxw J iG f uGyrf sujf cif;/
jypf'%fay;jcif; wd@k urkd vky?f tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ Edik if aH &;t&/ ynmay;r_rsm;jzif/h pnf;urf;udk
xde;f odr;f onf?
wyfeaD wmfonf/ (15) ywftwGi;f auG@aumuf csw D ufvmonf? taemuf pl;pl;od@k
csKd ;+yD;/ awmifo@kd jyefqif;onf? jrpfejD rpfukd jzwfu;l +yD;aemuf/ [leefjynfe,fxo J @kd xd;k azmuf
0ifvmcJo h nf? wzef/ ta&S@bufo@kd jyefacguv f m+y;D aemuf/ emrnf ausm/f vd&k eS ;f awmif=um;
od@k wcsuw f nf;jzifh t&odr;f um/ qGe, f u D kd jyefwu kd o f nf? qGe,f w D iG f &efow l yf&if;}u;D (20)
ud/k acsre_ ;f vdu k o f nf?
92
vd&k eS ;f awmif=um;udk odr;f o!f/h ta=umif;ESifh ywfoufI/ armfu Todk
uAsmpyfonf?
tcdik t f rm umuG,x f m;wJh awmif=um;[m
oHr%dawGe@J aqmufxm;wm r[kwzf ;l
+rJ+rHwhJ ajcvSr;f rsm;eJ@
'Dawmifxyd u f kd igw@kd 'Dae@jzwf=ur,f
'Dawmifxyd u f kd igw@kd jzwf=ur,f
awmifawG[m yifv,fvkd jymr_id ;f ae=uw,f
0ifvq k J ae0ef;[m aoG;vdyk J
TonfrSm qGefZk./ “ppfa&;0dZ…m”usrf;u !$ef;onfh a&mifjyaA' Oyg,fudk/
armfpw D ek ;f u wd;k cs@J usio hf ;kH onfh Oyrmw&yfjzpfonf?
rwfvxJwGif wyfeDawmfwyfrsm;udk csDwufonf? 0kdif;ywfonf? auG@aumuf
oGm;onf? rxifonfah e&mrsm;udk jyef0ifI/ wdu k of nf? wyfrsm;udck u JG m wyfcu JG av;wckukd
,efpDjrpfurf;odk@ v$wf+yD;/ jzwfrnfh ta&mifjyaponf? csefau&Sdwf. wyf}uD;onf/
xdw k yfcaJG emufu vdu k v f monf? cseaf u&Sw d .f wyfonf/ auG@csnf ajzmifch sn/f wd;k csnf
qkwcf snf vkyaf eaom/ wyfeaD wmfaemufo@kd tpket f qef vdu k f ae&onf? wcgw&HwiG f
wae@v#if (35) rdik af vmuf cs&D onf?
xdpk Of wyfeaD wmf r¾dKifwyfonf/ awmifbufo@kd qif;vmum/ ppfb&k ifw@kd .
wyfrsm;udk acsre_ ;f onf? auG@acsmifjynf. +rdK@awmf/ auG@,efukd wdu k rf nft h a&mifjy+yD;/
0l;jrpfukd jzwfonf? auG@,efwiG f ppfqifa&;udk cseaf u&Sw d u f , kd w
f ikd f OD;pD;aeonf? auG@,efukd
wdu k rf nfh ta&mifukd jrifonfwiG /f cseaf u&Sw d uf [leefe,fxrJ S wyfrsm;udk jyefac: +y;D / ol@Xme
csKyu f kd tm;jznfo h nf? Tod@k jzihf [leefjynfe,fonf [if;vif;yGiahf eonf? [leef rS wyfrsm;u
cseaf u&Sw d u f kd tumtuG,af y;&ef/ awmifawG awmawG jzwfI/ vm aewke;f / vifajymif
uGyu f o J nfh tjcm;wyfz@JG wzG@J u/ [leefukd odr;f iSuo f w
k o f nfh ES,/f v#yw f jyuf 0ifwu kd o
f nf?
oH;k &uftwGi;f rdik af ygi;f (125) rdik cf s+D yD;/ qGerf if;udk wdu k rf nfh [efjyonf? cseaf u&Sw d w
f @kd
vifr,m; Asmrsm;um/ qGerf if;od@k ajy;vm+yD; wyfawGukd tm;ay;&onf? xdpk OfwiG f
wyfeaD wmf r¾dKifwyfonf/ oJo*d F g jrpf (oJ a&$0g jrpf) [k ac:onfh ,efpjD rpf txufyikd ;f rS
jzwfIul;onf? wywfv;kH vH;k taESmuft,Suf r&S?d jrpfukd ud;k &ufu;kd n ul;&onf? aemufq;kH
ESp&f ufusr/S cseaf u&Sw d w f yfrsm; a&mufvm=uonf? TonfrmS armfpw D ek ;f . ppfa&;0dZm…
ynmjzpfonf? pdwu f ;l ºu, G of nf? u|r;f usio f nf? aooyfonf? Tod@k cseaf u&Sw d f Asmrsm;
atmifvyk yf u kH kd Edik if aH &;r_;rsm;u oifwef;rsm;wGif jyefajymonfh tcgY/ wyfeaD wmfu
&,fonf? “OuUX armf[m &efoal wG ol@pum;udk em;axmifatmif vkyw f wfw,f” [kajym
93
=uw,f?
vif;ajymifEiS hf ol@wyfz@JG onf/ wae@xw J iG f (53) rdik f ayguaf tmif qd+k yD;/ oJo*d F g
jrpfukd jyefu;l onf? Zufc|rjf ynfe,fxo J @kd acsmacsmarmarm jyefa&mufonf Zufc|ru f
,Dvrl sKd ;pk a'oudk jzwf&onf?
“jrpfujkd zwf+y;D ESu&f uf=umawmh/ ,Dvrl sKd ;pka'oudk a&muf=uw,f? arv }u;D ayg?h
uGi;f awGu ajymifv@kd / bmrSr&Sb d ;l ? awm&dik ;f ajrawG/ v,fuiG ;f r&Sb d ;l ? v,f wJr&Sb d ;l ?
awm}uD;awGxrJ mS / wJou kd u
f av;awGyJ &Sw d ,f? awmifwef;awGay: wufvmawmh/ rde;f r/
a,mufsm;wodu k f awG@&w,f? t0wftpm;uwrsKd ;yJ? u|eaf wmf wd@k ukd jrifawmh/ t&yf&n S &f n S f
rde;f r ig;a,muf xGuv f mw,f? bmawGajymrSe;f rod bl;? vufxu J =uufz teDawGukd
yduk v f @kd ? OuUX armf tem;a&mufvm+yD;/ 0dik ;f ae =uw,f?”
armfu acgi;f ndwjf yonf? aus;Zl;wifonfh [efjzif/h vufukd &ifwiG u f yfjyonf?
armfonf b,fawmhrS aoewfrudik ?f ,Dvrl sKd ;pkawG=um;xJwiG f vufeufrhJ oGm;onf? =uufrsm;
udk csupf m;zd@k ay;onf[/k wyfom;rsm;u xif=uonf?
“vufpoyfawmh b,f[w k rf vJ? =uufu wdu k =f uufawG”
awmifapmif;ay:rS ,DtrsKd ;om;/ trsKd ;orD;awGu xGu}f udK =uonf? oDcsi;f qdk
=uonf? atmf[pf=uonf? wyfeDawmfu 0g'jzef@csDa&;vkyfonf? Zmwfuonf?
oDcsi;f qko d nf? vlrsKd ;pk (500) wyfxo J @kd ygvmonf?
“,Dvrl sKd ;pkawG[m wdbufvrl sKd ;awGvkd t&yfjrifjh rif&h ,f? vli,fawGq&kd if cg;u
ao;ao;uav;awG”
wyfeaD wmfonf/ awmifrsm;udk ausmcf o hJ nf? awmrsm;udk wd;k onf? awmifapmif;wGif
opfcaG wG yGiahf eonf?
a&S@wiG f pdw"f mwf}u@H cikd rf /_ ud, k cf EQm}u@H cikd rf u
_ kd prf;oyfyw JG yGJ useaf o;onf ,if;rSm
wmwl;jrpfwu kd yf jJG zpfonf? wmwl;jrpfu/ a&pD;oefonf? 1864 ckEpS /f wdik yf if; v,form;
olyek }f u;D wke;f u/ olyek w f @kd jyKwjf yKwjf yKe;f cJ&h onfh aemufq;kH wdu k yf rJG mS wmwl;wdu k yf JG r[kwaf vm?
wmwl;jrpfukd wyfeaD wmfu ul;rnfjyKo!ft h cgwiG /f &efou l wzufurf;wGi/f uwkwu f si;f awG
aqmuf+yD;om; jzpfae+yD? wdik yf if; olyek af wG ud/k wmwl;jrpf Tae&mwGif a&ESpo f wfco hJ vd/k
“awmyke;f eD” wd@k uv kd nf;/ Tae&mwGif a&ESpo f wfrnf[k cseaf u&Sw d u f }udr;f xm;onf?
wmwl;jrpfukd jzwfcge;D onft h cgY/ ol@&aJ bmfrsm;. pdw"f mwfukd jriS afh y;onf? &,fp&m
yHw
k ykd wfprsm;udk ajymonf? aoG;ºuzG , G f pum;rsm;udk qdo k nf? wmwl;jrpf xJwiG /f wdik yf if;olyek f
&maxmifw@kd . 0dnmOfrsm;onf/ ,ckwikd f ru|waf o;yJ &Sad eonf? n/ nwGif wdik yf if;olyek f
wd@k . ido k }H u;D rsm;udk wmwl;jrpfxrJ S =um;&wwfonf [k owif;pum;&So d nf? xd@k a=umifh wyfeD
awmf wyfom;rsm;/ jrpfujkd zwf&ef r0Hrh &J jzpfae=uonf? wdik yf if; olyek w f ek ;f uvdk jzpfv#if
94
rnfo@kd enf?
“'DtjzpfrsKd ;[m rjzpfEikd af wmhb;l ? ta=umif;uawmh usKyfw@kd [m awmf vSeaf &;
orm;awG jzpfvykd ?J ordik ;f [m ajymif;oGm;+y?D usKyw f @kd [m ordik ;f udk ajymif;cJh =u+y?D twdw[ f m
jyefrvmawmhb;l ” [k armfu ajymonf? ol@wyfom;rsm;onf armhu f kd ,H=k unf=uonf?
armfonf olw@kd EiS t hf wl at;twl yltr#/ cHpm;ol jzpfonf? tcuftcJwikd ;f cHpm;csuw f ikd ;f udk
cGaJ 0 cHpm;ol jzpfonf? olw@kd pm;aom tpmudk pm;I/ olw@kd 0wfonft h wdik ;f 0wfojl zpfonf?
armfu olw@kd xufyv kd #if tvkyf ydv k yk jf cif;om jzpfonf? olw@kd u tdypf ufem;aecsed w f iG f armfu
rSet f rd u
f av; wvH;k jzif/h wukwu f wk f tvkyf vkyo f nf? c&D;&Snf csw D ufy/JG wav#mufv;kH wGif
armf onf/ wnv#if ESpef m&D/ oH;k em&Dcef@r#om tdyo f nf? ppfqifa&; pDru H ed ;f rsm; a&;jcif;/
tpD&ifcpH mrsm; zwfjcif;/ a&;jcif;jzifh tcsed u f ek o
f nf?
od@k jzifh wyfeaD wmfonf/ wmwl;jrpfurf;ezl;u/ tef&eS ;f cse;f qdo k nfh +rKd @uav; w+rKd @o@kd
a&mufonf? xdk +rdK@wiG f wmwl;jrpf wzufurf;udk ul;&ef/ ul;wd@k wpif;om&So d nf? ul;wd@k u
avSmcf wf&onf? t&Sed jf yif;pGmpD;aom a&pD;ud/k av;rdik cf cJG ef@ qefI avSm&f onf? wacguu f ;l v#if
vlig;q,fom ul;Edik o f nf? TavSuo kd m tm;ud;k I ul;aev#if wmwl;jrpf wzufurf;ud/k
awmfawmfEiS hf a&mufawmhrnf r[kw?f qdyu f rf;txuf rkid f (90) cef@tuGm/ wmwl;jrpfukd
jzwfu;l onfh vlwifh wHwm; &Sd onf?
“usKyw f @kd [m jrpfukd avSe@J vu J ;l r,f? wHwm;eJ@vJ jzwfr,f? ESpcf pk vH;k eJ@ vkyEf ikd w f ,f”
[k armfu qdo k nf?
od@k jzifh wyfeaD wmfonf/ awmrsm;udk jzwfI/ rdik f (90) cef@ c&D;ud/k csw D ufchJ =uonf?
vrf;r&Sd? awmrsm;udkxGifI/ csD =u&jcif;jzpfonf? wyfom;wpku/ jrpfudkul;wdk@jzifh/
jzwfEiS =hf uonf? cseaf u&Sw d .f +rKd @apmifw h yf csxm;onfh vlwif+h rKd @u/kd aemufyikd ;f rS/ 0ifwu kd &f ef
jzpfonf?
wmwl;jk rpfukd jzwfonfh vlwifh wHwm;u/ wrdik cf ef@ &Sno f !f/h }uKd ;wHwm; jzpfonf?
wHwm;atmufwiG f oH}udK;}uD; (13) acsmif; qdik ;f um/ xdt k ay:rS wHwm; cif;xm;;jcif;
jzpfonf?
“vlwifw h w H m;udk u|eaf wmfw@kd a&mufawmh/ nae av;em&Dx;kd ae+yD? awmawGukd
xGi+f yD;/ oH;k nvH;k vH;k cscD =hJ uw,f? wcsurf S rem;bl;? rD;wkww f @kd / bmwd@k vJ r ygb;l ? vrf;rSm
vJususe&f pfco hJ al wGu/kd 'Dtwdik ;f yJ xm;cJ=h uw,f? rapmifEh ikd b f ;l ? tcsed rf aDS &mufz@kd ta&;}uD;
w,f? wyfeaD wmf&@J uH=urRm[m/ 'Dww H m;udk odr;f Edik af &; tay:rSm wnfaew,f?
vlwihw f w H m;udk odr;f zd@k / taocHwyfom; (22) a,muf a&G;vdu k w f ,f? zsux f m;vd@k
wHwm;wrdkif0ufavmuftxd/ =urf;cif;awG r&Sdawmhbl;? atmufu qdkif;xm;wJh/
oH}udK;}uD;awGyJ usefawmhw,f? u|efawmfwdk@ wyfom;awG[m/ wzufu usnftm;
95
aumif;aumif;eJ@ oGeyf pfaewJh aoewfusnaf wG atmufrmS / 'Dww H m;udk jzwf&w,f?
oH}uKd ;}u;D awGukd wGv J cJG kd +y;D ul;=uw,f? &efoal wG[m/ 'gujkd rifawmh tHt h m;oifah e=uw,f?
'vpyfypfaewJh usnq f aH wGatmuf rSm wHwm;oH}uKd ;awGukd wGaJ vmif;cdk +y;D / ul;vmvdrrhf ,fv@kd /
b,fox l ifygrh vJ?
yxr (22) a,mufu;l wJh tokwrf mS (17) a,mufusomG ;w,f? olw@kd tavmif;
awG[m ay (200) avmuf jrifw h hJ wHwm;ay:uae/ jrpfxu J somG ;+yD;/ a&pD;eJ@ arsmygomG ;=u
w,f? olw@kd usomG ;awmh/ aemufwokwf wuf=ujyefw,f? wyfeaD wmf wyfom;awG[m/
rdk;aumifuif xufjcrf;uGJtufrwwf/ nmoHay;+yD; wufw,f? u|efawmfwdk@txJu
wa,muf[m/ oH}uKd ;awGq;kH +y;D / =urf;cif;xm;wJh wHwm;ay:udk a&mufomG ; w,f? vufypfA;kH
tyfujkd zKw+f y;D / wHwm;xdyu f &efo@l uif;pcef;xJukd ypfvu kd wf ,f? &efou l wHwm;ysOcf if;awGukd
rD;&_@d ayrJ/h aemufusomG ;+yD? u|eaf wmfw@kd wyfom;awG[m/ rD;awmufawGxJ jzwf+yD;/ &efol
uif;pcef;qDukd twif;0ifq;D =uw,f? 'Dwek ;f rSm apmapmu avSe@J u;l +yD;/ wzufuakd &mufEiS hf
aewJh wyfom;awGu/ aemufuae+y;D &efo@l pcef;ud/k 0ifwu kd =f uw,f? &efo[ l m t&_;rD;0dik ;f
jzpfae+yD? bmvky&f rSe;f rodawmh bl;? aemufq;kH awmh aoG;ysu+f yD;/ vufeufcs =uw,f?
'Denf;eJ@ u|eaf wmfw@kd [m/ vlwihw f wH m;udk (2) em&DtwGi;f odr;f cJ=h uw,f? +rdK@uv kd nf;
odr;f rdw,f? ordik ;f qkw d m jyefrjzpfygb;l ? wdik ;f yif;olyek af wGvkd tjzpfrsKd ;/ u|eaf wmfw@kd
r}uHK&awmhygb;l ? 'Dvekd @J u|eaf wmfw@kd [m/ wmwl;jrpfukd atmifEikd cf =hJ uw,f? +rdK@ol +rdK@om;
awGuawmh tJ'aD e@up+yD;/ n nrSm/ wdik ;f yif;olyek af wG&@J 0dnmOfawG ido k u
H kd r=um;&awmh
bl;wJ”h
xdak e@rmS 1935 ck arv 25 &ufae@ jzpfw,f?
wyfeaD wmfonf a&S@qufI/ wdbufjynfxo J @kd cscD =hJ uonf? a&S@wiG f avS cg;xpf
}uD;awGv/kd jrifw h ufomG ;aom/ awmif}uD;rsm;ud/k wawmif+yD; wawmifausmf cJ=h u&w,f?
wdbufjynfe,fxu J / awmifxw G rf sm;ay:wGi/f pdrahf t;aeonf? tcsKd @ wGi/f taEG;xnfryg=u?
armfu i&kwo f ;D ESihf *si;f udk jyKwfI aomuf&ef/ ol@wyfom; rsm;udk ajymonf? olw@kd EiS t hf wl
cswD ufvmonfh armfh wud, k v
f ;kH vnf; ESi;f awG pdk &$aJ eonf? ol@ajcaxmufonf/ ESi;f cJawGxJ
r=umc% u|o H nf? “ESi;f cJawGu usKyaf jcaxmufukd odr;f ydu k v f u kd =f u+yAD s” [k armfu &,fp&m
ajymavh&o dS nf? olw@kd aemufxyf wuf&o!fah wmifrmS / ay (16000) &So d nfh ESi;f awmif
jzpfonf? at;I trsm;tjym; ao=uonf? wcsKd @ tarmqd@k um/ vJus =uonf? od@k &mwGif
rnfo!fh tcgr# jyefrxEdik =f uawmh? trsKd ;orD; &Jabmfwa,muf ( tm;vH;k 35 a,mufom
useo f nf?) rSm vrf;oGm;&if; cav;arG;onf? cav;udk ‘vm;’ 0efwifay:u/ jcif; awmif;xJwiG f
xnfhI/ vdkufvmonf? ‘vm;’ 0efwifu ajcacsmfum/ acsmufurBm; }uD;atmufodk@
usomG ;onf? cav;xnfo h nfh jcif;awmif;a&m/ tjcm;0efpnfpvnf awGyg ygomG ;onf?
96
rnforl # &SmraeEdik ?f &Smcsed rf &?
vlwud, k v f #i/f q,f&ufpm &dumQ ESihf xif;udk o,fvm&onf? armfu ol wd@k [leef
jynfe,fxw J iG /f &Sprf suEf mS awmif[ak c:onfh awmifwvH;k &Sad =umif;/ xdak wmifonf/ aumif;uif
ESihf oH;k ay;oH;k vufrom/ uGmawmhonf[/k ajymavh&=dS ua=umif; jzih/f ajymjyonfh tcgwiG /f
wyfom;rsm;u tH=h o=uonf? “'Davmufjrifw h hJ awmif&,fv@kd &Sad o;ovm;” [k wyfom;
rsm;u ar;onf? “&Sw d mayg?h ck 'd@k ausmaf ewJh awmif[m tJ'aD vmufjrifw h mayg?h 'gayrJh 'd@k
ra=umufb;l ? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh/ wyfeaD wmf[m bmrqdk vkyEf ikd v f @kd y”J [k armfu ajzonf?
ppfonfw@kd oDcsi;f pyf=u onf? wyfeaD wmfonf/ awmifurkd a=umuf/ jrpfurkd &G@H [k qd=k uonf?
armfu xdak wmifwef;rsm;udk jzwfausm&f if; uAsm wyk'af &;onf?
awmifw@kd tkd awmifw@kd
'ke;f pdik ;f aewJh igh jrif;ysu H kd
ESiw f ,f
acgi;f udak rmh+yD;
igt h ay:rSm oH;k ay oH;k vufromuGmwJh
rd;k aumifuifukd tH=h oapw,f
awmifrsm;
,Ofyg;jcif;r&Sw d hJ yifv,frsm;
0Jrw _ af ewJh 'Da&rsm;
vdi_ ;f vdyrf sm;[m
ppf[ek =f uGaewJh ppfjrif;}uD;rsm;vdk
w[kex f ;kd wdu k cf u
dk =f uw,f
awmifxyd rf sm;u
jymvJv h hJ aumif;uif}uD;udk
at;pufwhJ vSzH sm;rsm;eJ@
xd;k aeovdyk J
Zlvikd v f xJwiG f wyfeaD wmfonf/ use;f ud@k axmif. tajccHpcef;&S&d m/ t aemufyikd ;f
Zufc|rf jynfe,fxo J @kd a&mufaeonf? axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom rdik rf sm;/ ppfyrJG sm;/ +cHKcdk
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97
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tcg/ ESpaf omif;om useaf wmhonf?
rd;k u wzGzJ &JG mG aeonf? armfEiS hf csLaw;onf/ rd;k umwJuav; atmufwiG /f xdik &f if;/
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use;f ud@k axmifu jrif;}u;D udpk ;D I/ a&mufvmonf? ol@aemuf u wyfom;oH;k q,fcef@uvnf;/
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jrif;ay:rSyif rqif;? armfw@kd a&mufvmrS jrif;ay:rS cyfjznf;jznf; qif;onf?
armf. wyfom;rsm;rSm ydecf sKH ;ae=uonf? 0JawG ayguaf e=uonf? oef;}uD;rawG
wufae=uonf? iwfjywfae=uonf? ppfom;rsm;ESirhf wl? olawmif;pm;tky}f u;D ESihf wlaeonf?
od@k &mwGif olw@kd onf wuf=uGae=uonf? vef;qef;ae=u onf? use;f ud@k axmifu armf.
wyfom;rsm;ud/k jrif;ay:rS vSr;f =unfo h nf? olw@kd rsuv f ;kH rsm;/ rsuEf mS rsm;udk =unfjh cif;r[kw?f
pkwjf ywfaeonfh t0wftpm;rsm;udk =unfh jcif;omjzpfonf? use;f ud@k axmifu ol@rw S w f rf;rsm;
xJwiG /f armf.wyfom;rsm; ouf pGe@f qzH sm; csw D ufc&hJ o!f/h c&D;=urf;}u;D ta=umif;ud/k wvH;k r#
a&;jyazmfr&? ol@wiG f tpm0vifI/ vufeuftjynft h pHk wyfxm;aom/ wyfom; (50000)
&So d nf? olu armf. pkwjf ywfiwfrw G uf m/ pmajcmuf&yk af yguaf eaom/ wyfom; (20000)
udk txl;tqef;ozG,f =unfo h nf? 1923 ckEpS u f “v,form;wd@k u aumuf&w d zf @kd e@J bk &if
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jzpfrvmcJ=h u? use;f ud@k axmifu &k&mS ;od@k xGuo f mG ;onf? &k&mS ;bmom udk u|r;f usio f nf?
vsLa&Smufcs/D vDvpD ef polw@kd EiS t hf wl/ w&kwjf ynf tvkyo f rm; or*~tzG@J csKyw f iG /f acgi;f aqmif
jzpfonf? ygww D nfaxmifol wOD;jzpfonf? aygvpfAsK&kd tzG@J 0if wOD;jzpfI/ A[kpd cef;. 'kw, d
OuUXvnf;jzpfonf? ygwo D ufwrf;&ifo h /l armfx
h uf 0g }u;D ol[k ol@u, kd of l ,lqonf? ( “v,f
orm; vlwef;pm;onf/ Edik if aH &; udk pdwrf 0ifpm;? aumufEt HS xGuf wd;k zd@k avmuf/ bk&ifu;kd uG,f
zd@k avmufom em;vnfonf” [k olu a&;bl;onf?) crf;crf;em;em; aewwfonf? toef@}uKd u/f
taumif; }uKd uf jzpfonf? zG,&f m ,Ofaus;onfh trlt&m&So d jzif/h ygwx D w J iG f ta0zefccH &hJ
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98
rJjh ybd@k aumif;onf? od@k &mwGif armfEiS hf use;f ud@k axmifw@kd cyfprd ;f pdr;f jzpfae=ujcif;rSm/
yk*Kd~ vfa&;a=umifh r[kw?f ay:vpDa=umifh jzpfonf? ol@aemufwiG f wyfom;xk tm;aumif;
onf[k ,lqum/ ol@t,ltqudk &du k of iG ;f onf? yg;pyfu oabmw&m; pum;ajymaomfvnf;/
wu,fu tajccHpcef;wGif ol@=oZmtm%m }uD;xGm;a&;ukd t+rJpw d u f ;l aeonf?
armfEiS u hf se;f ud@k axmifw@kd t}urd }f urd af qG;aEG;=uonf? ygwu D eG zf &ifh ESpcf k usi;f yonf?
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ajrmufyikd ;f od@k oGm;I/ *syefukd wdu k &f ef/ oabmrwl? qGe, f D uGezf &ifo h nf w&m;r0if[k
,lqonf? wzufowf uGezf &ih[ f k ,d;k pGyo f nf? armfu c&D;&Sncf sw D ufyo JG nf/ ygw. D
atmifjrifrw _ &yf [k ,lqonf? use;f ud@k axmif u qH;k &H;_ r_}u;D w&yf[k xifonf? ulrifwefEiS hf
aphpyf&ef/ wdu k w f eG ;f onf? wyfeaD wmfukd cseaf u&Sw d . f “trsKd ;om;” wyfrawmfxo J @kd
oGyo f iG ;f &ef wifjyonf? TudpP twGuf cseaf u&Sw d Ef iS hf aphpyfa&;vkyaf epOf/ olu Zufc|rw f iG f
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0ifomG ;&rnf? qdAk , D uf,el , D uH ypPn;f axmufyv hH rd rhf nf? Tvdk pcef;rsKd ; aqmuf&ef/
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ajym onf?
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a&G;cs,af =umif; ponfw@kd ukd wrifxed cf secf b hJ ;l +yD?
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aejcif;onf/ bmt"dygR ,f &Sad o;oenf? awmfveS af &;twGuf tajctae aumif;aeonf
[k armfu wifjyonf? (armfu Tod@k ajymonft h cgwiG /f avSmifou l avSmif=uonf?
use;f ud@k axmif u w[m;[m;&,fonf?)
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99
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Edik if w H Edik if uH kd wdu k zf @kd / ajym&ao;w,f?” [k qdo k nf? TwGif armfu 1927 ckEpS w f ek ;f u
csew f &l LS ;udk olar;cJb h ;l onfh ar;cGe;f udk jyefar;onf? xGuaf jy;rnfavm yke;f aernfavm?
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jynforl sm;u *syefukd tav#mah y;aeonfh cseaf u&Sw d uf kd qef@usiaf e=uonf? *syefukd
ckccH si=f uonf? ppfb&k ifrsm;ESihf ol@ppfAv kd f csKyfrsm;uyif cseaf u&Sw d uf kd qef@usiaf e=uonf?
xd@k a=umifh use;f ud@k axmif wifjyovd/k wyfeaD wmfonf vlorl &So d !f/h wdbufe,fpyfu
awmrsm;xJwiG f oGm;yke;f r aeEdik ?f vlxEk iS hf tqufjywfrcHEikd ?f aemufq;kH wGif armfu trsm;pk
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ygww D iG ;f Y vrf;pOfEpS &f yfwu kd yf o JG nf wav#mufv;kH wGif &Scd o hJ nf? xdtk xJwiG f
use;f ud@k axmifEiS hf wdu k &f onfh wdu
k yf o JG nf tjyif;xefq;kH jzpfonf? pum;t&mrSmom jyif;xef
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tiftm;udk oH;k vmEdik o f nf? use;f ud;k axmif. t,l tqud/k c&D;yef;vmonfh wyfom;rsm;u
oabmusEikd o f nf? awmfveS af &;. tem*gwu f /kd oHo,jzpfaeolw@kd uvnf; oabmus
Edkifonf? usef;udk@axmifonf ol@vrf;pOfudk vufcH&ef/ csLaw;udk/ odrf;oGif;onf?
Zufc|rjf ynfe,fom; csLaw; ol@ bufygvmv#i/f use;f ud@k axmifonf Zufc|rjf ynfe,fu
vdu k v f monfh wyfom;t rsm;pk ol@bufa&mufrnf[k wGux f m;onf? ,ck ol@wyfxw J iG f
vnf;/ Zufc|rjf ynf e,frS wyfom; (35000) cef@ &Sad e+y?D Zufc|rjf ynfe,fom;onf/ ud, k Zhf mwd
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