|




 
 |
Intensity factor of acidity and indicates
± hydrogen ion activity
± intensity of acidic or basic character of a solution at a given
temperature
± N/10 solution of H2SO4 and of acitic acid do not show same pH
(depends on dissociation and H+ ion release)
Most important and most frequently measured parameter
Neutralization, softening, coagulation, precipitation,
disinfection, corrosion control, etc., aspects of water
supply and wastewater treatment are pH dependent
Buffer capacity: Amount of strong acid or base needed to
change pH of 1 liter of sample by one pH unit
 |
Ion product of water


       


 

= uè
At neutral pH


ï


 

pH is defined as å
a


ï å
ð å

pKw is constant for a given temperature
Neutral pH varies with temp. (7.5 at 0uè & 6.5 at 60uè)
If pH increases pOH decreases and vice-versa
Natural water pH is in the range of 4-9
Natural waters are slightly basic due carbonates and
bicarbonates
Relationships exist between pH, acidity and alkalinity
 |  | 
pH meter is used
± Involves potentiometric measurement of hydrogen ion activity
± capable of reading both pH and millivolts
± A pH meter with good electrodes measures pH with 0.1 pH units
accuracy under normal conditions
pH meter has
± A potentiometer
± A glass electrode
± A reference electrode
± A temperature compensation device
pH meters usually have two controls
± Intercept control ± parallelly shifts the response curve, between
emf and pH, for giving 0 emf with pH 7 buffer
± Slope control ± rotates response curve about isopotential point
 |  | 
lass electrode
± A sensor electrode
± Electro motive force (emf) produced in the glass electrode
system linearly varies with the pH of the sample
± Using buffers of known pH values emf is measured by glass
electrode system and plotted against pH for calibrating the meter
± With the calibrated meter emf produced by the sample is
measured and pH is estimated by extrapolation and interpolation
Reference electrode
± A half cell providing constant electrode potential
± èalomel electrode or silver: silver chloride electrode is used
± Has a liquid junction
± The electrode is filled by an electrolyte to proper level to ensure
proper wetting of the liquid junction
èombination electrode: both glass electrode and reference
electrode are incorporated into a single probe
 *   
Keep the electrodes wet when the pH meter is not in use
± Follow manufacturer¶s instructions
± Use tap water with conductivity >4000 µmhos/cm rather than
distilled water for short-term electrode storage
± pH 4 buffer is best for glass electrode storage
± Saturated Kèl solution is good for glass electrodes and
combination electrodes
Before use remove electrodes from storage solution, rinse
with distilled water, and blot dry with soft tissue
± Rinsing and blotting dry are also needed for electrode transfer
from one solution to the next
Prior to use, conditioning of the electrode in a small portion
of the sample for a minute is recommended
± in case of poorly buffered samples the conditioning can be in 3
or 4 successive portions of the sample
± The conditioned electrode is not rinsed, it is only blot dried
 è  | 
Transfer electrode(s) into a standard buffer of neutral pH
and set isopotential point on the meter (point of 0¶ emf)
Transfer electrode(s) into 2nd standard buffer of pH within 2
units from the sample
± Ensure same temperature for both sample and 2nd buffer
± Record temp. and adjust temp. on the meter
± Adjust meter pH to that of the buffer
Transfer electrode(s) to 3rd standard buffer of pH <10 and
within 3 pH units from the sample
± èheck if the meter pH is within 0.1 units of the actual - If not then
the pH meter is faulty
èalibration frequency
± needed prior to each set of pH measurements
± If pH values vary widely within a set, check with a 3rd buffer of pH
within 1 or 2 units from the sample is needed
 |    
Standard buffer solutions of known pH are needed for pH
meter calibration
± èommercially available buffer tablets, powders or solutions can
be used
± can be prepared in the laboratory in distilled water
± 10.12 g of potassium hydrogen phthalate in 1000 ml solution
made in distilled water gives 4.004 pH at 25uè
± 2.092 g of NaHèO3 and 2.64 g of NaèO3 in 1000 ml solution
made in distilled water gives 10.014 pH at 25uè
± Distilled water with <2µmhos/cm conductivity is used after boiling
and cooling (pH should be 6-7 after addition of a drop of
saturated Kèl solution per 50 ml)
pH of buffer solutions change with temperature
± One can refer standard tables for pH of various buffer solutions
at different temperatures
 |    
To know whether the problem is with the meter
± Disconnect electrodes using short-circuit strap
± èonnect reference electrode terminal to glass electrode terminal
± Observe pH change with calibration knob adjustment - rapid and
even response over wide range indicates no problem with the
meter
± Switch to milliVolt scale ± if the meter reads zero then there is no
problem with the meter
To know whether the problem is with the electrode pair
± Substitute one electrode at a time and cross check with two
buffers (4 pH units apart) ± deviation <0.1 pH units indicates no
problem with the electrode
 |    
Failure of glass electrode
‡ Scratches, deterioration or accumulation of debris can
be responsible
‡ Rejuvenate the electrode by alternatively immersing 3
times in 0.1 N NaOH and 0.1 N Hèl
‡ If not rejuvenated then do
± immerse the electrode in KF solution for 30 seconds
± soak in PH 7 buffer overnight
± rinse and store in 7 pH buffer
± rinse in distilled water prior to use
‡ KF solution: 2 g of KF in 2 ml conc. H2SO4, dilute
resultant solution to 100 ml with distilled water
If protein coat is suspected on glass electrode remove it by
soaking in 10% pepsin solution adjusted to 1-2 pH
 |    
èhecking of the reference electrode for failure
± Plug another same type of reference electrode in good condition
into glass electrode jack and shift meter to read millivolts
± Dip both electrodes first in same electrolyte and read meter
± Dip both electrodes then in the same buffer solution and read the
meter
± meter reading of 0±5 mV indicates no problem with electrode
‡ èhecking can also be done with a different type of electrode
(Ag: Agèl electrode with calomel electrode & vice-versa)
Meter reading of 44 5 mV indicates no problem with electrode
èlogged junction can be the cause for the problem
Problem may be visible as increased response time and/or as
drifts in the reading
Applying suction or boiling the electrode tip in distilled water can
clear the clog in the junction
èlogged junction can also be replaced
 ù   | 
 
Use of special low sodium error electrodes is needed for
measuring pH >10, at high temperature, accurately
Liquid membrane electrodes are good for pH below 1
pH measurement can not be made accurately in non-
aqueous media, suspensions, colloids or high ionic
strength solutions
Temperature can affect pH measurement by
± èhanging the properties of the electrodes
± Brining in chemical equilibrium changes
Buffer solutions deteriorate from mold growth or
contamination hence replace them every 4 weeks once
Store buffer solutions and samples in polyethylene bottles
 
Definition: Quantitative capacity of a water or wastewater sample
to react with a strong base till neutralized to a designated pH
An aggregate property contributed by strong mineral acids, weak
acids (carbonic acid, acetic acid, etc.) and hydrolyzing salts
(iron and aluminum sulfates)
± Strong acids are essentially neutralized completely at 4 pH
± èarbon dioxide will not depress pH below 4 and its neutralization
is completed at 8.5 pH
± Presence of the acidity contributed by hydrolyzing salts is
indicated by formation of precipitate during neutralization
Acids contribute to corrosiveness, influence chemical reaction
rates, chemical separation and biological processes, and
reflect change in source quality of water
 Ä  
  
‡ Recording of pH after successive small measured additions of
titrant and plotting against cumulative addition of the titrant
‡ Inflection points on the curve accurately indicate end points
± Appropriate for samples with single acidic species ± but not for
buffered and complex mixtures ± some arbitrary pH is used as
an end-point (3.7 pH for mineral acidity and 8.3 for total acidity)
± èolour change of an indicator can indicate end points -
bromocresol blue and methyl orange for 3.7 pH -
phenolphthalein and metacresol purple for 8.3 pH
‡ Using titration curve acidity of the sample with respect to any
pH can be known and buffering capacity at different pH values
can be known
Ä  |
8.3 is accepted as a standard end point for titration of total
acidity for unpolluted surface water samples
± èorresponds to stoichiometric neutralization of carbonic acid into
bicarbonate
± Most of the weak acids are neutralized
± èolour change of phenolphthalein or metacresol purple indicator
can be used to indicate the end point
3.7 pH and 8.3 pH are used in standard acidity determinations
for more complex or buffered solutions
± bromocresol blue or methyl orange for 3.7 pH is used as
indicators
± Acidity to pH 3.7 is methyl orange acidity (mineral acidity) and
that to pH 8.3 is phenolphthalein acidity or total acidity
    
‡ Dissolved gases contributing acidity/alkalinity (èO2, H2S, NH3)
can be lost/gained during sampling, storage or titration
± Titrate promptly after opening the sample container
± Protect the sample from atmosphere during titration - avoid
vigorous shaking or mixing
± Do not allow the sample to become warmer than it was at the
time of collection
‡ Oily matter, suspended solids, precipitates and other waste
matter can coat the glass electrode and cause sluggish
response
± Pause between successive titrant additions
± èlean the electrodes occasionally
    
‡ Oxidizable or hydrolysable ions (of iron, aluminum,
manganese) can cause drifting end points
± Boil the sample at <4 pH with hydrogen peroxide for a few
minutes
‡ èoloured or turbid samples can obscures colour change
± Avoid indicator titrations
‡ Free residual chlorine can bleach the indicator
± Eliminate the interference by adding a drop sodium thiosulfate
‡ Sodium carbonate present in sodium hydroxide can introduce
errors associated with the neutralization of carbon dioxide
= ï
ï=  =
ï = ï
ë =è  è=   = | =ë è
± Use of sodium carbonate than sodium hydroxide as titrant
  
‡ Sample collection and storage
± èollect samples in polyethylene or borosilicate glass bottles
± Store samples at low temperatures to minimize microbial action
and loss/gain of èO2 and other gases
± Analyse sample within a day (if biological activity suspected
analyse within 6 hours)
‡ èalibrated pH meter for titration (indicators can be alternative)
± Use pH meter that can read 0.05 pH unit
± If not having temperature compensation provision then titrate at
25±5uè
‡ Use sufficiently large titrant volume & sufficiently small sample
volume for volumetric precision & for sharp end points
If sample¶s acidity is <1000 mg/l then use sample volume with
acidity <50 mg and titrate with 0.02N NaOH
If sample¶s acidity is >1000 mg/l then use sample volume with
acidity <250 mg and titrate with 0.1N NaOH
  
Hot peroxide treatment
± Required by samples containing hydrolysable metal ions (iron,
aluminum or manganese), or reduced forms of polyvalent cation
(iron pickle liquors, acidmine drainage, & other industrial wastes)
± pH of a measured volume of sample is reduced to below 4 by
adding 5 ml increments of 0.02N H2SO4
± Add 5 drops of 30% H2O2 and boil for 2 to 5 minutes
± èool sample to room temperature and titrate with standard alkali
to 8.3 pH
± Make correction for the acid added for pH adjustment
Titration to end point using indicator
± If sample is suspected to have residual chlorine first add a drop
of 0.1M Na2S2O3 and then add 5 drops of the indicator solution
± Titrate over a white surface to a persistent colour change
  
Potentiometric titration curve
± Measure sample pH
± Add standard alkali in increments of 0.5 ml or less (change of pH
with each incremental addition should be <0.2)
± After each addition mix the sample gently with magnetic stirrer
and record pH when constant reading is obtained
± èontinue incremental addition till pH 9 is reached
± èonstruct titration curve (pH versus cumulative titrant added)
± Determine acidity relative to a particular pH from the titration
curve
Potentiometric titration to pH 3.7 or 8.3
± Titrate the sample to preselected end point pH and record the
amount of titrant added A is ml of NaOH





    2

ï  å
$ ! 
$
! 
!  è is ml of H2SO4
B is normality of NaOH
  2  D is normality of H2SO4
± Report acidity as ³The acidity to pH ------- = ------- mg èaèO3/L´
 è 
Nomographic chart can be used
± Requires pH, alkalinity, dissolved solids and temperature of the
sample for the measurement
èan also be measured from the following expression


ï

å

Here [H2èO3 is sum of carbonic acid and
=
ï

free èarbon dioxide (99% is free èO2)

± If pH is not accurately measured èO2 measurement will be

erroneous (25% error in èO2 measurement for 0.1 unit error in
pH measurement)
 
 
‡ Acid neutralizing capacity of sample
‡ Aggregate property of water (contributed by strong and weak
bases and by salts of weak acids)
± Most of the alkalinity is contributed by hydroxides, carbonates
and bicarbonates - hydroxide and bicarbonate may not coexist
± Borates, phosphates, silicates, etc. of weak acids; salts of humic
acid; and H2S and ammonia can also contribute
‡ Boiler water and soft water from lime-soda process may
contain hydroxide and carbonate alkalinity
‡ èhemically treated waters are usually alkaline (have high pH)
‡ Supernatant of properly operating anaerobic digesters has
high alkalinity (2000-4000 mg/l)
‡ Water bodies with high algal activity can be alkaline (removal
of carbon dioxide turns water alkaline and raises pH to 9-10)
 
 
‡ Is of little public health concern (highly alkaline water
could be unpalatable)
‡ Alkalinity contributed by alkaline earth metals makes
water not fit for irrigation
‡ Alkalinity (specially by salts of weak acids and strong
bases) serves as a buffer system in water bodies
‡ Alkalinity measurements are used in the interpretation
and control of water and wastewater treatment
processes
 
  
‡ Measured titrimetrically and reported in mg/l as èaèO3
± Titrated in 2 stages (first to 8.3 pH and then to 4.5 pH) and
reported as phenolphthalein and total alkalinities respectively
± Inflection points on titration curve are used as end points
‡ Phenolphthalein alkalinity:
± End point of 8.3 pH corresponds to total conversion of carbonate
into bicarbonate
± Phenolphthalein (pink to colourless) or metacresol purple (sharp
colour change) as indicator
± Total of hydroxide, half of carbonate and none of bicarbonate
‡ Total alkalinity
± End point of 4.5 pH corresponds to total conversion of
bicarbonate into carbonic acid
± Methyl orange/bromocresol green (green end point) as indicator
± Represents total of hydroxide, carbonate and bicarbonate
 * 


 
Methods of estimation
1. Estimation from phenolphthalein and total alkalinities
2. Estimation from alkalinity and pH measurements
3. Estimation from equilibrium equations
Estimation from phenolphthalein alkalinity (P) and total
alkalinity (T)
‡ Sample can have any of the 5 combinations of
alkalinities
±
±
only hydroxide
only bicarbonate


   è=   

±
±
only carbonate
hydroxide + carbonate
å ï



ï
=

ï


± carbonate + bicarbonate
 * 


 
* ù
 
‡ Sample¶s pH is indicative of the type(s) of alkalinity it has
± Samples with hydroxide alkalinity have pH >10
± Samples with carbonate alkalinity have pH >8.3
± Samples with only bicarbonate alkalinity have pH <8.3
‡ Types of alkalinities are related to P and T alkalinities as
± P = 0 means Bicarb Alk. = T (and no other alkalinities)
± P < 0.5T means èarb. Alk. = 2P and Bicarb. Alk. = T-2P
± P=0.5T means èarb Alk. = 2P (and no other alkalinity)
± P>0.5T means Hydrox. Alk. = 2P-T and èarb. Alk. = 2(T-P)
± P=T means Hydrox. Alk. = T (and no other alkalinities)
 * 


 
Estimation from P and T alkalinities
‡ Presupposes incompatibility of hydroxide and
bicarbonate alkalinities
± èarbonate alkalinity is present when P-alkalinity is present
and is less than the T-alkalinity
± Hydroxide alkalinity is present if P is >0.5 of T
± Bicarbonate alkalinity is present if P is less than half of T
‡ For samples with pH >9 the estimations are only
approximations
‡ Assumes absence of other inorganic or organic acids,
such as, silicic, phosphoric and boric acids
 * 


 
Estimation from alkalinity and pH measurements
‡ From measured pH hydroxide alkalinity is measured by
ï

å




      å  !


 

± One mole of OH- is equivalent to 50,000 mg of èaèO3

± At 24uè pKw is 14, at 0uè it is 14.94 and at 40uè it is 13.5
± Temperature measurement is needed to select pKw
± Nomographs can be used to read Hydrox. Alk. from pH and
temperature measurements
èarb. Alk. = 2(P ± Hydrox. Alk.)
Bicarb. Alk. = T ± (èarb. Alk. ± Hydrox. Alk.)
‡ Accurate measurement of pH is needed for hydroxide
alkalinity estimation
 * 


 
*   

 

å
ï

=
ï
=
ï



Measurement of pH, total alkalinity, TDS
and temperature are needed


     
Sum of equivalent concentrations of
cations must be equal to the sum of
equivalent concentrations of anions
 

 
     



   
  
From pH and temperature =  =


measurements [H+] and [OH-] can 

be estimated
èarb. Alk. and Bicarb. Alk. èan be
 

 
     


measured by è  V  
  
At 20uè KA2 is 4.7X10-11



Temp. and ionic concentrations influence =  V=
the value of KA2
Nomographs can be used to know KA2

ï
å

=


ï

=
from temp and TDS measurements 
 
  
Sample should not be filtered, diluted, concentrated or
altered prior to alkalinity measurement
For selecting method determine acid consumption for
changing pH by 0.3 units on a sample portion
± Reduction of pH by 0.3 units corresponds to doubling of
hydrogen ion concentration
Sample size and titrant (sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid)
strength
± Preliminary titration can help in the selection
± For low alkalinity, sample size is 200 ml and titrant
strength is 0.02N H2SO4 otherwise the strength is 0.1N
Report alkalinity <20 mg/l only if it is measured by low
alkalinity method
  
Hardwater produce scales in hot water pipes, heaters,
boilers and other units
± ù  Sodium when present in higher
concentration through common ion effect interferes with the
normal behavior of soap
Surface waters are softer than ground waters
‡ Hardness in water is derived largely from contact with soil and
rock formations
‡ roundwater hardness reflects the nature of geological
formations with which water came in contact
<75 mg/L of hardness ± soft water
75 - <150 mg/L hardness ± moderately hard water
150 - <300 mg/L hardness ± hard water
>300 mg/L hardness ± very hard water
  
Sum of the calcium and magnesium concentration
expressed as èaèO3 in mg/l
± Knowing calcium and magnesium hardness is important to
calculate chemical requirement for water softening by lime-
soda process
A measure of the capacity to precipitate soap ± chiefly by
calcium and magnesium ions ± other polyvalent cations
also precipitate soap
± Principal hardness causing cations ± calcium, magnesium,
strontium, ferrous iron & manganous ions
± Associated anions ± bicarbonates, sulfates, chlorides,
nitrates and silicates
  
èalcium hardness and magnesium hardness and total
hardness
èarbonate hardness (temporary hardness): hardness
equivalent to carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity
± Tends to precipitate at elevated temperatures

 = =
ï


ï 
ï= = ï
Non carbonate (permanent) hardness: amount in excess of
carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity
± Associated with sulfate, chloride and nitrate anions
± Samples with hardness less than carbonate and
bicarbonate alkalinity have no non-carbonate hardness
 Hardness by calculation
‡ Separate determination of calcium and magnesium
concentration by mineral analysis
‡ Hardness estimation by
 

 
  ˜
a=˜
a



˜
a
  

 è è

=
=  
V

 

 è 
 

Ä ð



ï

=



å å


 ð

 Ä 2
 =
 Ä  
Eriochrome Black T or èalmagite when added to water
sample containing èa+2 and Mg+2 ions gives wine red
colour at a pH 10 0.1
The colour is due to weak complexing of the indicator with
èa+2 and Mg+2 ions
When titrated with EDTA, the èa+2 and Mg+2 are complexed
with EDTA (chelated soluble complex)
± When all èa+2 and Mg+2 are complexed the sample turns
to blue colour from wine red
± Indicator indicates presence of excess EDTA
Satisfactory end point needs presence of magnesium ions
± Small amount of complexometrically neutral magnesium
salt of EDTA is added to the buffer for this purpose
   
Dissolve 16.9 grams of ammonium chloride in 143 ml of
concentrated ammonium hydroxide, add 1.25 grams of
magnesium salt of EDTA and dilute to 250 ml with
distilled water
± In place of Mg-EDTA 1.179 grams disodium salt of
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid dihydrate and 780 mg of
magnesium sulfate or 644 mg of of magnesium chloride
dissolved in 50 ml distilled water can also be used
‡ Store in a plastic or borosilicate glass container for upto
one month while stopper tightly to avoid loss of ammonia
or pickup of èO2
‡ Adding 1 or 2 ml to the sample should produce 10 0.1
pH at the titration end point
   
Odourless buffers as alternative
± To 55 ml conc. Hèl in 400 ml distilled water, while stirring,
slowly add 300 ml of 2-aminoethanol, then add 5 g Mg-
EDTA and adjust volume to 1 liter with distilled water
èommercial preparations incorporating buffer and
complexing agent (with heavy metal interferences) are
available ± supposed to maintain pH 10±0.1 during
titration and give clear & sharp end point
* *  
Standard 0.01M solution of disodium
ethylenediaminetetraacetate dihydrate is used
± Store the solution in polyethylene or borosilicate glass bottles
(can extract hardness causing cations from soft-glass
containers)
Standardized against standard calcium solution
Standard calcium solution (1 ml = 1 mg èaèO3)
± Take 1 g anhydrous èaèO3 powder in erlenmeyer flask,
add 1:1 Hèl until dissolved and add 200 ml distilled water
± Boil for a few minutes to expel èO2
± Add a few drops of methyl red indicator and adjust colour
to intermediate orange by adding 3N NH4OH or 1:1 Hèl
± Transfer contents quantitatively and dilute with distilled
water to one liter
 @ 
Eriochrome Black T
± 0.5 g sodium salt of 1-(1-hydroxy-2-naphthylazo)-5-nitro-2-
naphthol-4-sulfonic acid in 100 g triethanolamine or
ethylene glycol monomethyl ether
± Use 2 drops per 50 ml solution
èalmagite
± 0.1 g 1-(1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-phenylazo)-2-naphthol-4-
sulfonic acid in 100 ml distilled water
± Use 1 ml per 50 ml solution
Deteriorate with aging and give indistinct end points
± Alkaline solutions of Eriochrome Black T are sensitive to
oxidants
± Aqueous or alcoholic solutions are unstable
 @   
  
Some metal ions interfere by causing fading, by indistinct
end points or by stoichiometric consumption of EDTA
± èertain inhibitors (inhibitor-1 or inhibitor-2) can be added before
titration to reduce interferences ± but these are toxic or
malodorous
@  adjust sample pH to >6 and add 250 mg
sodium cyanide powder and raise pH to 10.0±0.1
@   5 g sodium sulfide nonahydrate (Na2S.9H2O)
or 3.7 g Na2S.5H2O in 100 ml distilled water
± Produces sulfide precipitates of heavy metals
± Exposure to air oxidizes the inhibitor
± Use is not desirable when polyphosphate level in the sample is
high (>10 mg/l)
 @   
  
Mg-èDTA (Magnesium salt of 1, 2-èyclohexane diamine
tetra acetic acid) can be added to take care of the
interferences
± Add 250 mg to 100 ml sample and dissolve completely
prior to adjusting pH to 10.0±0.1
± Selectively complexes with heavy metals but releases
magnesium (+ve error)
± èan be used only when the magnesium release is
insignificant
When heavy metal concentrations are high determine
hardness by non-EDTA method (by calculation)
 @  
Suspended and colloidal organic matter can interfere with
the end point
± Evaporate sample to dryness, heat in muffle furnace at
550°è, dissolve residue in 20 ml 1N Hèl, neutralize to 7
pH with 1N NaOH and adjust final volume to initial volume
with distilled water
± Polluted waters and wastewaters may need pre-treatment
through nitric acid ± sulfuric acid, or nitric acid ± perchloric
acid digestion
 @  
Increasing pH can increase sharpness of the end point but
higher pH precipitates èaèO3 and Mg(OH)2
± To minimize the tendency of precipitation of èaèO3 titrate
the sample within 5 minutes
± Dilute the sample with distilled water to reduce èaèO3
concentration
± If rough idea about hardness is there add 90% of the titrant
to the sample before adjusting its pH to 10±0.1
± Acidify sample and stir for 2 minutes to expel èO2 prior to
pH adjustment to 10 0.1
Titration should be at normal room temperature freezing
temperatures make colour change slow
   
Select sample size that consumes <15 ml of EDTA solution, makeup
volume to 50 ml and add 1 to 2 ml of buffer solution and 1 to 2 drops
of indicator solution
Titrate with standard EDTA while continuously stirring until the last
reddish tinge disappears and end point of blue colour appears
Low hardness samples
‡ Take 100 to 1000 ml sample and add proportionately larger amounts
of buffer, inhibitor and indicator
‡ Titrate with standard EDTA solution
‡ Run a blank of redistilled, distilled or deionized water of same
volume
‡ Subtract volume of the EDTA used for blank from the volume of
EDTA used for the sample
V  

  22
V 2     è è 
  2  
A is mL of EDTA used
B is mg èaèO3 equivalent of 1 mL of EDTA