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Ships are the conveyances running at sea. There are large-size and small-size ships.
However, their structures are almost the same. They are mainly composed of such as
follows:
Shell
Shell is just referred to the outer shell of ships, which is riveted or electrically welded
with armor plates. It is composed of three parts: garboard, forniciform outer board and
upper outer shipboard.
Frame
Frame means the total of all kinds of material that supported the shell. It is divided
into tow parts: longitudinal material and horizontal material. The longitudinal material
includes keel, base framework and side framework. And the horizontal material
includes rib, ship girder and cabin side.
Deck
Deck is referred to the armor plates paved on ship girder. It divided the ship body into
upper floor, middle floor and lower floor. The number of deck floors of large ship
may reach 6 or 7. It is used to reinforce ship framework. Also, with the constructed
several deck floors, it is useful for distributing loads and carrying cargoes.
Holds and Tanks
Holds and tanks are referred to the various spaces below board: forepeak, sternward
cabin, cargo cabin, machine cabin, boiler cabin and etc.
Super Structure
Super structure is referred to the buildings on the board. It is for sailor’s living and
working use, and also for marine store. It is composed of forecabin, sternward room
and bridge.
Ships Types
There are many types of ships that transport cargoes at sea. According to their use, the
cargo ships can be divided into dry cargo ships and tankers.
Dry Cargo Ship
According to the loaded cargo, structure and components, dry cargo ships can be
divided into such as follows:
1.General Cargo Ship
General cargo ships are referred to the ships that run termly in the busy cargo-
transporting shipping lines and mainly transport grocery. The speed of these ships is
fast. There are several deck floors in the ship framework to divide the cabin into a few
cargo tanks, so that various cargoes can be loaded in the ship.
4. Timber ship
Timber ships are referred to the ships for transporting timber or log. The cabin mouth
of the ship is large. There are no girder poles and other devices in the cabin that would
disturb loading and unloading cargoes. The timber can be loaded on the cabin and
deck. Usually, the bulwarks, which are no less than 1 meter, are set up on the both
sides of the shipboard to keep the timer on the board from flushing out to the outside
of shipboard.
5. Container Ship
Container ships can be divided into partial container ships, complete container ships
and variable container ships.
1) Partial container ship
2) Full Container Ship
3) Convertible Container Ship
7. Barge Carrier
Barge carriers are also called mother-and-son ships. They are referred to the ships
carrying barge that have been loaded with cargoes. The advantage of these ships is
that they are not restricted with the water depth of docks and no docks are needed to
anchor the ships. It is efficient for loading and unloading cargoes that can be
performed without anchoring. At present, barge carriers are mainly of two types:
lighter aboard ships, abbreviation for LASH, and Seabee ships.
Tanker
1.Oil Tanker
2.Liquefied Natural Gas Carrier
Ships Tonnage
Ship tonnage is the unit of calculating ship size, which can be divided into two classes:
weight tonnage and dimension tonnage.
Weight Tonnage
Ship weight tonnage is the unit for calculating ship weight. It is used 1,000 kilograms
as 1 metric ton, 2,240 pounds as 1 long ton, or 2,000 pounds as 1 short ton. Presently,
the metric system is usually applied for calculating unit. Ship weight tonnage can also
be divided into two classes: displacement tonnage and dead weight tonnage.
1. Displacement Tonnage
Displacement tonnage is the number of tons of water weight that a ship in the water
displaces, which are also the tons of the ship weight. The displacement tonnage can
also be divided into 3 classes: light displacement, full load displacement and actual
displacement.
1) Light Displacement: it is also called as empty-ship displacement. It is the total of
the weight of the ship itself, sailors and necessary supply. And it is also the minimum
weight of a ship.
2) Full Load Displacement: It is also called as heavy displacement. It refers to the
weight when the ship loads passengers and cargoes to the extent that the depth of ship
in water reaches the highest waterline.
3) Actual Displacement: It refers to the actual displacement water amount when the
ship is loaded with cargoes.
The formula of computing displacement water is such as follows:
Displacement amount (long ton) = Length * width * model coefficient (cubic foot) /
35 (for seawater) or 36 (for freshwater) (cubic foot)
Displacement amount (metric ton) = Length * width * sea gauge * model coefficient
(cubic meter) / 0.9756 (for seawater) or 1 (for freshwater) (cubic meter)
The displacement tonnage can be used to calculate the ship loaded tons. While making
ships, the weight of ships can be determined according to displacement tonnage.
When estimating the size of galleys and marines, it is usually determined with the
light displacement. In the case of marines passing through Panama Canal, actual
displacement is used as the basis of taxation.
2. Dead Weight Tonnage--D.W.T.
D.W.T. is referred to the carrying capacity in transportation. It can be divided into 2
classes: total D.W.T. and net D.W.T.
1) Gross Dead Weight Tonnage
It refers to the maximum loaded weight that is restricted with the loaded line. It is the
total of the weight of loaded cargoes, necessary fuel, freshwater and other spare
material.
Total loaded tonnage = full load displacement – light displacement
2) Dead Weight Cargo Tonnage--D.W.C.T.
It refers to the maximum weight of loaded cargoes that a ship is capable of
transporting. It is also called as loaded-cargo tonnage. It is the margin of the amount
of necessary storage of fuel, freshwater and other spare material subtracted from the
total of shipload.
Ship loaded tonnage can be used to estimate the cargoes. Also, it can be used for
computing the month cost of renting a ship and denoting the transporting capacity of a
ship. In addition, it can be used as the unit of a newly made ship cost and an old ship
selling-price.
Registered Tonnage
Ships dimension tonnage is the unit of calculating ship dimension. It is also called as
registered tonnage. It is the unit that used in ship registration in marine countries,
which takes ton as the computing unit. One registered ton is equal to 100 cubic feet or
2.83 cubic meters. Ships dimension tonnage can also be divided into two classes:
gross registered tonnage and net registered tonnage.
1. Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT)
It is also called as gross dimension tonnage. It refers to the total inner space or volume
of all closed sites in the cabins and on the board. And it is the quotient that takes 100
cubic feet or 2.83 cubic meters as one ton.
Gross registered tonnage is widely used in many fields. It can be used for the country
to estimate the argosies. Also, it can used to denote the ship size. It can be used for
ship registration. And it can be used for government to determine the ship or ship-
making allowance. It can be used to compute insurance cost, ship-making cost, ship
compensation and so on.
2. Net Registered Tonnage (NRT)
It is also called as net dimension tonnage. It refers to the margin that the amount of
room, which is not for business, is subtracted from gross registered tonnage. And it is
the equivalent cargo tonnage that the ship can be loaded.
Net registered tonnage is usually used for ship applying to customs and ending
customs. And it is the basis of ships paying for various taxes and cost to ports. Also, it
can be used as the basis of paying canal cost when ships pass through canals.
In China, the ship inspection office has named the above-mentioned load lines with the
initial characters of their Bopomofo’s. “TF”, “F”, “T”, “S”, “W” and “WNA” have been
replaced respectively with “RQ”, “Q”, “R”, “X”, “D” and “BDD”.
In the ship-renting service, the rent cost is usually calculated with the loaded tonnage
equivalent to the load line in summer.
ships Classification
Ship classification is the index denoting the ship technology status. In the international
shipping filed, the marine ships registered with more than 100 tons of gross tonnage must
be made under the supervision of certain shipping organized body or ship inspection
organization. Before construction of ships, the specification of ship components must be
approved by the shipping organized body or ship inspection organization. After
construction of a ship, the shipping organized body or ship inspection organization
verifies ship body, the devices in the ship, sea gauge mark and etc. If they are ok, a ship
level certificate will be issued. The useful-life of the certificate is usually 4 years. After
its expiration, the above-mentioned items must be re-verified.
Ship level approval can guarantee the safe of sailing ships. It is contributed to supervise
ship technology for countries. And it can help renting and consigning persons to select
the appropriate ships to meet the requirement of transporting imports and exports
cargoes. Also, it can be used for insurance agents to determine the ships and cargoes cost.