7/3/2010
SCOPE
PARASITOLOGY LESSON 2
HOST – PARASITE RELATIONSHIP

ADAPTATION

Causes changes in the molecular, biology,
biochemistry, immunology and structure of the
parasite.

SURVIVAL
HOST – PARASITE RELATIONSHIP

Entamoeba histolytica secrete cysteine
proteinases which allow the parasite to
penetrate the mucosa and adhere to the
underlying layer and surrounding tissues.

Host – Parasite Relationship

Host
Parasite

Parasite
Host

Reservoir of Infection

Mode of Transmission

Types of Infection

Infection versus diseases

Stages in Infection
HOST – PARASITE RELATIONSHIP

MOST NOTICEABLE TYPES OF ADAPTATION
1. Locomotion organs
1. Pseudopodia
2. Cilia
Free living flatworms
3. Flagella
Gardia, Trichomonas
4. Hooks and suckers
flatworm (endoparasite)
2. Size and Shape of Parasite
1. Thickened integument
resist enzymes and stomach
juices
PARASITE
HOST RELATIONSHIP
1. INTERFERENCE OF VITAL PROCESSES OF
THE HOST THRU ENZYME SYSTEM
Nutrients ------------------- > energy
host parasite

E. histolytica – cysteine proteinase
- digest cellular materials
- degrade epithelial basement
membrane
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PARASITE
HOST RELATIONSHIP EFFECTS (HOST
PARASITE)

2. Invasion and destruction of host tissue.
Factors that determine the outcome of infection
example: malaria
P. falcifarum - Sickle Cell Trait
protection

P. vivax – Duffy blood
susceptible

Nutritional Status of the host

High protein diet
NOT suitable to development of
intestinal protozoans

Low protein diet
favors the appearance of
amoebiasis

RESERVOIR OF INFECTION MODE OF TRANSMISSION

The source of an infectious agent 1. Thru skin
1. Direct penetration
filariform larva of hookworms

CARRIER - An individual who carries an infectious and Strongyloides
agent without manifesting symptoms, yet who can 2. Inoculation
thru vectors
transmit the agent to another individual 1. Female mosquito – malaria, Brugia and Wuchereria
2. Sandfly – Leishmania
3. Tsetse fly – Trypanosoma gambiense and T. gambiense

FOMITES - Any inanimate object capable of being an 4. Reduviid bugs, kissing bug – Trypanosoma cruzi
intermediate in the indirect transmission of an 5. Simulium - Onchocerca
infectious agent

MODE OF TRANSMISSION MODE OF TRANSMISSION

2. Thru digestive system 4. Thru respiratory tract
a. cotaminated air - ex. Enterobius
a. ingestion of embryonated egg b. contaminated river – ex. Acantamoeba &
ex. Ascaris, Trichuris Nigleria

b. ingestion of embryo in infected flesh 5. Thru placenta – Tooxoplasma gondii

ex. Dracunculus medinensis

3. Thru reproductive system – sexual contact

ex. Trichomonas vaginalis

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MODE OF TRANSMISSION INFECTION vs DISEASE

6. Thru contact with animals
DISEASE - Any deviation from a condition of good health
and well-being
Animal Parasite Method of Transmission
Cats Toxoplasma Ingest of cyst
INFECTION - A disease condition caused by the presence or
Dipylidium Ingest infected fleas growth of infectious microorganisms or parasites inside the body
Dogs Dipylidium Ingest infected fleas
Echinococcus Ingest egg
Toxocara Ingest egg
Rodents Hymenolopis Ingest egg or cyst

TYPES OF INFECTION TYPES OF INFECTION

ACUTE INFECTION
PRIMARY INFECTION

An infection characterized by sudden onset,
An infection that develops in an otherwise
rapid progression, and often with severe healthy individual
symptoms

SECONDARY INFECTION

CHRONIC INFECTION
An infection that develops in an individual

An infection characterized by delayed onset who is already infected with a different
and slow progression pathogen

TYPES OF INFECTION TYPES OF INFECTION

Localized Infection
Clinical Infection

An infection that is restricted to a specific
An infection with obvious observable
location or region within the body of the or detectable symptoms
host

Subclinical Infection

Systemic Infection

An infection with few or no obvious

infection that has spread to several
regions or areas in the body of the host
symptoms

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GENERAL STAGES OF INFECTION GENERAL STAGES OF INFECTION

1. Entry of Pathogen 4. Prodromal Symptoms

Portal of Entry
Initial Symptoms

2. Colonization 5. Invasive period

Usually at the site of entry
Increasing Severity of Symptoms

3. Incubation Period
Fever

Asymptomatic period
Inflammation and Swelling

Between the initial contact with the microbe and
Tissue Damage
the appearance of the first symptoms
Infection May Spread to Other Sites

Acme (Fastigium)

GENERAL STAGES OF INFECTION

6. Decline of Infection

7. Convalescence
- Recovery phase