Measurement Standards

Presented by:
CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Measurement
• Measurement standards
• Types of standards
• Line standards
• End standards
• Wavelength standards
• Subdivisions of standards
• Calibration
MEASUREMENT

Measurement is key to research

and development.
Introduction

• In 3000BC Royal cubit was defined as the length of the

forearm of the ruling Pharaoh, plus the breadth of his
hand
• In 16th century feet was created
• In 18th century yard was declared by King Henry
• In 19th century Meter was upgraded and wave lengths
of light proved a remarkable stable standard
MEASUREMENT STANDARDS

• The meaning of "standard" is something that is set up

and established by authorities as a rule for the
measurement of quantity, weight, value quality, etc.

• A measurement standard (Etalon) is a material measure,

measuring instrument, reference material or measuring
system intend to define, realize, conserve or reproduce a
unit or one or more value of a quantity to serve as a
reference.
MEASUREMENT STANDARDS

• Line and End standard are referred as

Measurement standard in industries, which
are used as references for calibration purpose.

• In the modern metrological era, digital

instruments such as a periodically calibrated
digital height gauge are commonly used.

• Light wave standards are used for laboratory

purposes only.
TYPES OF STANDARDS

a) Line standard
b) End standard
c) Wave length standard
a) Line standard

Acorrding to line standard the yard or Metre is defined as

the distance between inscribed line on a bar of metal
under certain conditions of temperature and support.

a) The imperial standard Yard

b) International standard Prototype Metre
The imperial standard Yard

It is made of a one-inch square cross section

bronze bar(82% copper, 13% tin, 5% zinc) and is
38 inches long. The bar has a 1/2 inch deep hole,
which are fitted with a 1/10th inch diameter gold
plug. The yard is defined as the distance between
two central transverse lines on the plugs when the
temperature of the bar is constant at 62 F.
International standard Prototype Metre

The International Bureau of Weights and Measures

established the Metre as the linear measuring
standard in the year 1875. The Metre is the distance
between the centre portions of two lines engraved
on the polished surface of a bar made of platinum
(90%) iridium (10%) alloy having a unique cross
section. This bar is kept at 0C and under normal
atmosphere pressure
b) End standard

The need of end standard arises as the use of line

standards and their copies was difficult at various
places in the workshop.

End standards are used in workshops and general use

in precision engineering in standard laboratories.

These are in the form of end bars and slip gauges.

End bar

End bars made of steel having cylindrical cross

section of 22.2 mm diameter with face lapped
and hardened at the ends are available in sets of
various lengths. End bars are usually provided in
sets of 9 to 12 pieces in step size of 25 mm up to
a length of 1m.
Slip Gauges

They are used in linear measurement in many ways.

Slip gauges are rectangular block of hardened and
stabilized high grade cast steel or the ceramic compound
zirconium oxide.
They are available 9mm wide, 30-35mm long cross section.
There are different accuracy grades of slip gauges.
c) Wave length standard

• These standards are used for high sensitivity length

measurements have to be taken.
• The primary wavelength standard can be a laser
standard which has its frequency compared with Cs
time, and frequency standard.
• High frequency accuracy, high-frequency stability and
high re-producability help in high-accuracy
interferometry length measurements.
c) Wave length standard

• The CGPM (Conference Generale das Poids et Mesurs)

adopted a definition of the metre in terms of the
wavelength.
METER:
The meter is defined as the wavelength of a krypton-86
lamp as the length equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths in
vacuum corresponding to the transition between two
energy levels of the atom Krypton-86.

YARD:
1 YARD=0.914 METERS
SUBDIVISIONS OF STANDARDS

There are four level of standards used as references all

over the world

1) Primary standard is the one that is kept in Paris.

2) Secondary standards is kept in the custody of
every country in laboratory.
3) Tertiary standard used in the industry.
4) Working standards is used on the shop floor.
Calibration

Calibration is a comparison of instrument performance

to standards of known accuracy. Calibrations directly
link customers' measurement equipment to national
and international standards.

The advantages of calibration are accuracy in

performing manufacturing operations, reduced
inspection, and ensured quality products by reducing
errors in measurement.
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