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Abstract: To minimize the impact of drought, soil needs to capture the rainwater that falls on it, store as much of that
water as possible for future plant use, and allow for plant roots to penetrate and proliferate. These conditions can be
achieved through management of organic matter, which can increase water storage by 16,000 gallons per acre foot for
each 1% organic matter. Organic matter also increases the soil’s ability to take in water during rainfall events, assuring
that more water will be stored. Ground cover also increases the water infiltration rate while lowering soil water evaporation.
When all these factors are taken together the the severity of drought and the need for irrigation are greatly reduced.
ATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information service, operated by the National Center
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Soil moisture-holding capacities corresponding Well-aggregated soil also resists surface crusting.
to texture designations are found in Table 1. The impact of raindrops causes crusting on
Notice that although the plant-available water is poorly aggregated soil by disbursing clay par-
highest in the loam to clay-loam textures, the to- ticles on the soil surface, clogging the pores im-
tal water goes up with increasing clay content. mediately beneath, sealing them as the soil dries.
This is because clay has more total pore space to Subsequent rainfall is much more likely to run
hold water, but some of these pores are so small off than to flow into the soil (Figure 1). In con-
that the water is held too tightly for plants to trast, a well-aggregated soil resists crusting be-
extract. Sand has less total pore space to hold cause the water-stable aggregates are less likely
water, but most of the water it can hold is avail- to break apart when a raindrop hits them. Take
able to plants. Finally, water evaporation from note, however, that any management practice
sandy soils is faster than from clay soils. As any that protects the soil from raindrop impact will
farmer knows, sandy soils dry out more quickly decrease crusting and increase water flow into
after a rain and plants growing on them show the soil. Mulches and cover crops serve this pur-
drought signs sooner compared to finer-textured pose well, as do no-till practices which allow the
soils. Consequently, it is wise to put drought- accumulation of surface residue.
tolerant crops on the most drought-prone soils,
and drought-sensitive crops on finer-textured A soil’s texture and aggregation determine air
soils. and water circulation, erosion resistance, loose-
ness, ease of tillage, and root penetration. How-
ever, while texture is an innate property of the
Table 1. Soil texture’s effects on soil moisture. (1) native soil and does not change with agricultural
activities, aggregation can be improved or de-
Texture Total Water Available Water
Inches/foot Inches/foot
stroyed readily through our choice and timing
Designation
of farm practices.
Sand 1.2 0.9
Sandy loam 1.9 1.3
Fine sandly loam 2.5 1.7
Loam 3.2 2.0
Silt loam 3.5 2.1
Sandy clay loam 3.7 2.1
Clay loam 3.8 2.0
Silky clay loam 3.8 1.7
Clay 3.9 1.5
Aggregation
Soil aggregation refers to how the sand, silt, and
clay come together to form larger granules. Good
aggregation is apparent in a crumbly soil with
water-stable granules that do not disintegrate
easily. Well-aggregated soil has greater water
entry at the surface, better aeration, and more
water-holding capacity than poorly aggregated Figure 1. Effects of aggregation on water
soil (2). Plant roots occupy a larger volume of and air entry into the soil.
well-aggregated soil; better rooting increases the
depth and area plants can reach for water. These
Derived from: Land Stewardship
are all positive attributes for drought resistance. Project Monitoring Toolbox (3)
6) Hudson, B. E. 1994. Soil organic matter and 15) LaRose, J., and J. Dirnberger. 1996. The little
available water capacity. Journal of Soil and pluses add up. National Conservation Till-
Water Conservation. Vol. 49, No. 2. p. 189– age Digest. Fall. p. 5–7.
194.
16) Dirnburger, J.M., and M. LaRose. 1997. No-
7) Mannering, J.V., and L.D. Meyer. 1963. The till saves dairy farm by healing the harm that
effects of various rates of surface mulch on tillage has done. National Conservation Till-
infiltration and erosion. Soil Science Society age Digest. Summer. p. 5–8.
of America Proceedings. Vol. 27. p. 84–86.
10) Staff. 1993. Land’s best friend. In: Pro- The electronic version of Drought Resistant Soils
is located at:
ceedings: National No-tillage Confer-
HTML
ence, 1993, Cedar Falls, IA. p. 317–320. http://www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/drought.html
[Reprinted from LandOwner.] PDF
http://www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/drought.pdf
11) Gantzer, C.J., and G.R. Blake. 1978. Physical
characteristics of Le Sueur clay loam soil fol- IP169
lowing no-till and conventional tillage.
Agronomy Journal. Vol. 70. p. 853–857.