Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ARTIGO
GENTES: NOTAS SOBRE A COEVOLUÇÃO DAS
TECNOLOGIAS DE INFORMAÇÃO E COMUNI-
CAÇÃO E DO DESENVOLVIMENTO URBANO
NA EUROPA
JOSÉ LUIZ MOUTINHO
RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO
2VDYDQoRVFLHQWt¿FRVHWHFQROyJLFRVWrPWLGR &RQVLGHUDQGRRDWXDOFRQWH[WRVRFLRHFRQ{PLFR
XP SDSHO IXQGDPHQWDO QR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GDV JOREDOQRTXDODLQRYDomRpRPRWRUHVVHQFLDOSDUD
FLGDGHV DR ORQJR GD VXD KLVWyULD$WXDOPHQWH DV RGHVHQYROYLPHQWRVXVWHQWiYHOWRUQDVHFDGDYH]
WHFQRORJLDV GH LQIRUPDomR H FRPXQLFDomR H RV PDLVLPSRUWDQWHGLVFXWLURVGHVD¿RVTXHVHFRORFDP
UHVSHFWLYRV LPSDFWRV QR FUHVFLPHQWR HFRQ{PLFR QDHYROXomRGDVFLGDGHVQRkPELWRGDVRFLHGDGH
QD FRPSHWLWLYLGDGH WHUULWRULDO H SULQFLSDOPHQWH HPUHGH$VWHFQRORJLDVGHLQIRUPDomRHFRPXQL
QDPHOKRULDGDTXDOLGDGHGHYLGDGDVSRSXODFões FDomR 7,& HVWmR D WUDQVIRUPDU SURIXQGDPHQWH
VmR QR VHX FRQMXQWR FRQVLGHUDGRV FRPR XP D IRUPD H DV IXQo}HV GDV FLGDGHV H FRQVHTXHQ
FRPSRQHQWHFUtWLFRQDIRUPXODFDѺRGDVHVWUDWpJLDV WHPHQWH R FRWLGLDQR GD YLGD GRV VHXV KDELWDQWHV
H SROLғWLFDV S~EOLFDV SDUD SURPRYHU R GHVHQYROYL RXYLVLWDQWHVFRQVWLWXLQGRVHHPXPGRVDVSHFWRV
PHQWRXUEDQRVXVWHQWiYHOHLQFOXVLYRGDVFLGDGHV PDLV FUtWLFRV SDUD D FRPSHWLWLYLGDGH WHUULWRULDO 1R
HXURSHLDV'DVFLGDGHVGLJLWDLVIRFDOL]DGDVSULQFL HQWDQWRDVLPSOHVGLVSRQLELOL]DomRGHLQIUDHVWUXWX
SDOPHQWHQDFRQHFWLYLGDGHHQRJRYHUQRHOHWU{QLFR UDVGLJLWDLVDSHVDUGHVHUXPDFRQGLomRQHFHVVi
ORFDODWpjVFLGDGHVLQWHOLJHQWHVsmart citiesTXH ULDQmRpVX¿FLHQWHSDUDHVWLPXODUDVSRSXODo}HV
FRORFDPDVWHFQRORJLDVDRVHUYLoRGRVHUKXPDQRH XUEDQDV QR VHQWLGR GD FULDomR GH QRYDV RSRUWX
GRPHLRDPELHQWHRDUWLJRUHVXPHXPFRQMXQWRGH QLGDGHV QD HFRQRPLD GR FRQKHFLPHQWRi 'HYHVH
LGHLDVH[SHULrQFLDVHSURMHWRVHXURSHXVHFRQFOXL VLPXOWDQHDPHQWH DVVHJXUDU TXH DV 7,& HVWHMDP
FRPUHFRPHQGDo}HVSDUDDVFLGDGHVEUDVLOHLUDV HPEHELGDV QD URWLQD GLiULD GDV SHVVRDV OD]HU
VD~GHWUDEDOKRLGHLDVPRELOLGDGHHGXFDomRVH
JXUDQoD HWF FRP RV REMHWLYRV GH HQWUH RXWURV JLDV XUEDQDV TXH SRU DOJXP PRWLYR VH WRUQDUDP
PHOKRUDU D TXDOLGDGH GH YLGD SURSRUFLRQDU XP FRQVStFXDV PHVPR TXH WHPSRUDULDPHQWHiv 1R
DPELHQWH FULDWLYR SDUD GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH QRYRV HQWDQWR ORJR TXH HVWDV QRYDV IXQo}HV RX WLSROR
QHJyFLRVDXPHQWDUDSDUWLFLSDomRFtYLFDUHIRUoDU JLDVVHYXOJDUL]DPHVHWRUQDPSRULVVRLQYLVtYHLV
RFDSLWDOVRFLDOHVREUHWXGRFRQVWUXLUQRYDVFRP HVWHVFRQFHLWRVGHL[DPGHWHUXWLOLGDGHDQmRVHU
SHWrQFLDV 3DUDOHODPHQWH DV 7,& VmR DWXDOPHQWH QD SHUVSHFWLYD KLVWyULFD GDV WUDMHWyULDV HYROXWLYDV
XPLQVWUXPHQWRLQVXEVWLWXtYHOSDUDRSODQHMDPHQWR GDVFLGDGHV3URYDYHOPHQWHRFRQFHLWRGHFLGDGH
H D PRQLWRUL]DomR GDV LQWHUYHQo}HV XUEDQtVWLFDV GLJLWDO VHJXLUi R PHVPR FDPLQKR H ORJR TXH DV
VRFLDLVHHFRQ{PLFDVQDVFLGDGHVSURSRUFLRQDQGR WHFQRORJLDV GH LQIRUPDomR H FRPXQLFDomR VHMDP
QRYDVSRVVLELOLGDGHVGHFDSWDomRGHGDGRVDQiOL HPEHELGDV QD URWLQD GLiULD GRV LQGLYtGXRV RUJD
VHVLPXODomRWRPDGDGHGHFLVmRHDSUHVHQWDomR QL]Do}HV H FRPXQLGDGHV HVWH FRQFHLWR VHUi XPD
GHUHVXOWDGRVSDUDWRGRVRVLQWHUYHQLHQWHVQRVSUR PHUD FXULRVLGDGH KLVWyULFD (VWD VXSRVLomR QmR
FHVVRVGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRXUEDQR PLQLPL]DQRHQWDQWRDXWLOLGDGHGDLGHLDGHFLGDGH
,QRYDo}HV WHFQROyJLFDV VmR VRFLDOPHQWH FRQV GLJLWDOQRFRQWH[WRDWXDOGDFRHYROXomRGDVFLGDGHV
WUXtGDV RX VHMD VmR VLVWHPDV VRFLRWpFQLFRV TXH HGDV7,&
HVWmR LQVHULGRV QRV FRQWH[WRV KXPDQR FXOWXUDO 2 FRQFHLWR GH FLGDGHV GLJLWDLV p GLIXVR H SR
KLVWyULFR HFRQ{PLFR HWF TXH LQÀXHQFLD H p SRU OLVVpPLFR RX VHMD R VHX kPELWR H DV VXDV IURQ
VXD YH] LQÀXHQFLDGR SRU GLIHUHQWHV WUDMHWyULDV WHLUDV QmR HVWmR EHP GH¿QLGRV H SRU LVVR Gi
WHFQROyJLFDV$VVLPVHQGRGHYHVHDERUGDUDFR RULJHP D GLIHUHQWHV LQWHUSUHWDo}HV$WXDOPHQWH R
HYROXomRGDV7,&HGDVFLGDGHVQXPDSHUVSHFWLYD WHUPRFLGDGHGLJLWDOSRGHVLJQL¿FDULQIUDHVWUXWXUDV
PDLVDODUJDGDGHPRELOL]DomRLQFOXVLYDQDVRFLH XUEDQDV GH LQIRUPDomR H FRPXQLFDomR JRYHUQR
GDGHHPUHGHRXVHMDQDVXDLQWHJUDomRHPUHGHV HOHWU{QLFR ORFDO JXLDV WXUtVWLFRV FRPXQLGDGHV GH
JOREDLVGHSHVVRDVHRUJDQL]Do}HVDSRLDGDSRULQ SUR[LPLGDGHRXUHSUHVHQWDo}HVYLUWXDLVGHFLGDGHV
FHQWLYRVHHQTXDGUDPHQWRLQVWLWXFLRQDODGHTXDGRV UHDLV RX LPDJLQiULDVv 0DLV UHFHQWHPHQWH HVWi D
SDUDRVHXGHVHQYROYLPHQWRDRORQJRGRWHPSRH VHU XWLOL]DGD D GHQRWDomR GH “Augmented Public
GR HVSDoR (VWD DQiOLVH EDVHLDVH QD QHFHVVLGD Spacevi´ TXH p D DGDSWDomR DR FRQWH[WR XUEDQR
GHGHDGDSWDUGHIRUPDFRQWtQXDDVWUDMHWyULDVGH GD UHDOLGDGH DXPHQWDGD (“augmented reality´ RX
DSUHQGL]DJHPHHVWLPXODUDFDSDFLGDGHGHFULDomR VHMD D VREUHSRVLomR GR FLEHUHVSDoR H GD FLGDGH
DFXPXODomRHGLIXVmRGHFRQKHFLPHQWRHPFRPX ItVLFD VREUHWXGR QR TXH VH UHIHUH j SDUWLFLSDomR
QLGDGHVXUEDQDVFDGDYH]PDLVGLYHUVL¿FDGDV FtYLFD (PERUD HVWHMDPRV DLQGD QXPD IDVH LQLFLDO
'D RULJHP GDV FLGDGHV GLJLWDLV IRFDOL]DGDV HOLPLWDGDGDTXLORTXH0LWFKHOOFKDPRX³FLGDGHGRV
SULQFLSDOPHQWH QD FRQHFWLYLGDGH H QR JRYHUQR ELWV´vii R FRQFHLWR GH FLGDGH GLJLWDO FRQIXQGHVH
HOHWU{QLFRORFDODWpjVFLGDGHVLQWHOLJHQWHV(smart FRP Cybercityviii, Telecitiesix, Informational Cityx,
cities TXH FRORFDP DV WHFQRORJLDV D VHUYLoR GR Intelligent Cityxi, Community Networkxii, Community
VHUKXPDQRHGRPHLRDPELHQWHRDUWLJRUHVXPH Informaticsxiii e Social Informaticsxiv.
XP FRQMXQWR GH LGHLDV H[SHULrQFLDV H SURMHWRV $RULJHPGRWHUPR³FLGDGHGLJLWDO´pFRQKHFLGD
HXURSHXV H FRQFOXL FRP UHFRPHQGDo}HV SDUD DV Amsterdam Digital City (“DDS - Der Digital Staad”).
FLGDGHVEUDVLOHLUDV (VWHSURMHWRLQVSLUDGRQDVUHGHVFRPXQLWiULDVGRV
(8$ H GR &DQDGi WUDQVIRUPRXVH QR SDUDGLJPD
DRXWLOL]DUSHODSULPHLUDYH]DPHWiIRUDGDFLGDGH
O CONCEITO DE CIDADE DIGITAL UXDV SUDoDV H HGLItFLRV FRPR LQWHUIDFHV SDUD
$RORQJRGRVPLOKDUHVGHDQRVGHHYROXomRGDV LQWHUDomR FRP RV XWLOL]DGRUHV 2 FRQWH[WR GR VHX
FLGDGHVXUEDQLVWDVRXKLVWRULDGRUHVGRXUEDQLVPR DSDUHFLPHQWR IRL PXLWR HVSHFt¿FR XPD H[SHULrQ
XWLOL]DUDP FRQFHLWRV FRPR ³garden cityii´ RX ³cité FLDFRPXQLWiULDGHVHPDQDVDQWHVGDVHOHLo}HV
industrielleiii´ SDUD FDUDFWHUL]DU IXQo}HV RX WLSROR ORFDLV GH $PHVWHUGmR HP QR HQWDQWR IRL
SRVVtYHODSUHQGHUXPDLPSRUWDQWHOLomR“the expe- GH FLGDGH GLJLWDO (VWD LQLFLDWLYD IRFDOL]RX HP WUrV
rience with DDS suggests that the free and open FRQMXQWRVGHDSOLFDo}HVD'HVHQYROYLPHQWRHFR
information and communication space can hardly Q{PLFRHUHJHQHUDomRXUEDQDE&RHVmRVRFLDOH
be institutionalizedxv”. 6HJXLUDPVH +HOVLQNL$UHQD TXDOLGDGHGHYLGDHF0HOKRULDQDJHVWmRDGPLQLV
[YL'LJLWDO&LW\%ULVWRO[YLLH.\RWR'LJLWDO&LW\[YLLL WUDWLYDGDVFLGDGHVHGDVVXDVUHVSHFWLYDVLQIUDHV
DSHQDV SDUD FLWDU RV H[HPSORV PDLV IDPRVRV GH WUXWXUDV[[LLL$YLVLELOLGDGHGHVWDLQLFLDWLYDGHXRULJHP
PHWiIRUDVXUEDQDVQRFLEHUHVSDoR$PHOKRUGH¿ DYiULDVRXWUDVDQtYHOQDFLRQDOFRPRSRUH[HPSORR
QLomRGHVWDIDVHLQLFLDOGDVFLGDGHVGLJLWDOpGDGD 3URJUDPD&LGDGHV'LJLWDLVHP3RUWXJDOTXHpXP
SRU,VKLGD“The concept of digital city is to build an FDVRGHHVWXGRTXHPHUHFHVHUDERUGDGR'RLVR
arena in which people in regional communities can ODPHQWRPXQGLDOGXUDQWHPDLVGHPHLRVpFXORTXH
interact and share knowledge, experiences, and DQWHFHGHXj5HYROXomRGRV&UDYRVHPDWp
mutual interests. Digital cities integrate urban infor- WRUQDUVHXPPHPEURGD8QLmR(XURSHLD3RUWXJDO
mation (both achievable and real time) and create VRIUHX XPD SURIXQGD PXGDQoD VRFLDO QDV ~OWLPDV
public spaces in the Internet for people living/visiting GpFDGDV FRP XPD QRWiYHO PHOKRULD GH WRGRV RV
the cities”(VWHFRQFHLWRIRLSRVWHULRUPHQWHVLPSOL LQGLFDGRUHVVRFLDLVHHFRQ{PLFRVPDVDLQGDFRP
¿FDGR “digital cities will collect and organize the GHVD¿RV LPSRUWDQWHV D VHUHP UHVROYLGRV FRPR R
digital information of the corresponding cities, and EDL[R QtYHO GH HVFRODULGDGH JUDQGH GHVLJXDOGDGH
provide a public information space for people living VRFLRHFRQ{PLFDHQYHOKHFLPHQWRGDSRSXODomRHD
in and visiting them to interact with each other[L[´$ XUEDQL]DomRUHFHQWHHQWUHRXWURV
FLGDGH GLJLWDO GDV FRPXQLGDGHV YLUWXDLV GHX OXJDU
j FLGDGH GLJLWDO GRV SRUWDLV$ SDUWLU GD YLUDGD GR
VpFXORGHSRLVGDH[SORVmRGDEROKDGD,QWHUQHWHD O CASO DE PORTUGAL
FRQVHTXHQWHUHVVDFDWHFQROyJLFDVHJXLXVHDHUD $VSULPHLUDVH[SHULrQFLDVHP3RUWXJDOFRPFL
GDFLGDGHGLJLWDOGRVVHUYLoRVDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVHOH GDGHV GLJLWDLV WLYHUDP LQtFLR HP DWUDYpV GH
WU{QLFRVGRJRYHUQRORFDOHDJRUDIDODVHQDFLGDGH XPSURJUDPDFR¿QDQFLDGRSHOR*RYHUQR3RUWXJXrV
GLJLWDOGDSDUWLFLSDomRFtYLFD[[ TXH FRQWULEXLX FRP GR LQYHVWLPHQWR WRWDO H
$VH[SHULrQFLDVLQLFLDLVWLYHUDPXPFLFORGHYLGD SHOD8QLmR(XURSHLDWHQGRHQYROYLGRFLQFRSHTXH
PXLWR OLPLWDGR QR WHPSR H QR HVSDoR PDV VHP QDVHPpGLDVFLGDGHV$YHLUR%UDJDQoD*XDUGD
G~YLGD VXJHULUDP LPSRUWDQWHV H LQRYDGRUDV SHUV 0DULQKD *UDQGH &DVWHOR %UDQFR H GXDV UHJL}HV
SHFWLYDVSDUDDUHLQWHUSUHWDomRGRIHQ{PHQRXU UXUDLV7UiVRV0RQWHVH$OHQWHMRFRPRREMHWLYR
EDQRRXSHORPHQRVSDUDDDSURSULDomRGHQRYDV GHDPHOKRUDUDTXDOLGDGHGHYLGDQDVFLGDGHV
WHFQRORJLDV DR QtYHO WHUULWRULDO (VWDV SHUVSHFWLYDV EFRQWULEXLUSDUDRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHiUHDVSHUL
HVWmR SURIXQGDPHQWH OLJDGDV DR LPDJLQiULR GD IpULFDVFPHOKRUDUDHFRQRPLDORFDOHRHPSUHJR
FRQVWUXomR GD VRFLHGDGH GD LQIRUPDomR[[L H GH HGFRPEDWHUDLQIRH[FOXVmRHDMXGDURVFLGDGmRV
FHUWD PDQHLUD VmR WUDQVSRVLo}HV SDUD R FRQWH[WR FRPQHFHVVLGDGHVHVSHFLDLV
XUEDQRGHGLYHUVDVYLV}HVVREUHRIXWXURGDVVRFLH 1D VHTXrQFLD GHVWHV SURMHWRVSLORWR IRL FULDGR
GDGHVFRQWHPSRUkQHDV HP R 3URJUDPD 2SHUDFLRQDO 6RFLHGDGH GD
1R %UDVLO SUHYDOHFHP DV SHUVSHFWLYDV GDV FL ,QIRUPDomR326,¿QDQFLDGRSHORVIXQGRV)('(5
GDGHVGLJLWDLVHQTXDQWRLQIUDHVWUXWXUDVGHDFHVVR ±)XQGR(XURSHXGH'HVHQYROYLPHQWR5HJLRQDOH
S~EOLFR j ,QWHUQHW WHOHFHQWURV TXLRVTXHV HWF )6( ± )XQGR 6RFLDO (XURSHX$ SHoD FHQWUDO GRV
VHUYLoRV S~EOLFRV PXQLFLSDLV RX UHSUHVHQWDo}HV SURJUDPDV RSHUDFLRQDLV HUD D PHGLGD GDV FLGD
YLUWXDLV'RXPHWDIyULFDVGDVFLGDGHVUHDLV[[LL GHVGLJLWDLVHPOLQKDFRPDHVWUDWpJLDGH/LVERD
1D (XURSD XPD LQLFLDWLYD GH FLGDGHV GLJLWDLV TXH WLQKD FRPR REMHWLYR WUDQVIRUPDU D (XURSD QD
SLORWR LQLFLDGD HP (XURSHDQ 'LJLWDO &LWLHV HFRQRPLDPDLVFRPSHWLWLYDGRPXQGREDVHDGDQD
IRL UHVSRQViYHO SHOD GLIXVmR JOREDO GR FRQFHLWR VRFLHGDGHGDLQIRUPDomRDWpDWUDYpVGDFULD
URWLQDVGDYLGDGLiULDFDVDHVFRODWUDEDOKR iv
8PERPWH[WRSDUDHQWHQGHUPHOKRUDVGLYHUVDV
GLYHUWLPHQWR FDUDFWHUL]Do}HV GR LPDJLQiULR GDV FLGD
0DLRUGLiORJRFRPDVRFLHGDGHFLYLOHPDLV GHV +DOO 3 “Cities of Tomorrow´
FDSDFLGDGHGHUHVSRVWDjVVXDVQHFHVVLGD /RQGRQ%ODFNZHOO
GHVHGHVHMRV v
6FKXOHU ' ³Digital Cities and Digital
$YDOLDomRHPRQLWRUL]DomRFRQVWDQWHV Citizens´LQ7DQDEH0%HVVHODDU3DQG
$WHQomR jV SURSULHGDGHV HPHUJHQWHV GH ,VKLGD7³Digital Cities: Computational and
VLVWHPDVFRPSOH[RVVHUHQGLSLGDGH Sociological Approaches´ 6SULQJHU9HUODJ
,GHQWL¿FDomRHPRELOL]DomRORFDOGHDJHQ %HUOLQ
WHVGHPXGDQoDSDUDHVWLPXODUFRPXQLGDGHV
vi
$XULJL $ H GH &LQGLR ) ³Augmented
GHSUiWLFDFRQKHFLPHQWRLQWHUHVVHRXSUR[L
Public Spaces: Articulating the physical and
PLGDGH
electronic city”$VKJDWH)DUQKDP
3DVVDU GR JRYHUQR HOHWU{QLFR SDUD D GH
PRFUDFLDHOHWU{QLFDH vii
0LWFKHOO : ³City of Bits”, 0,7 3UHVV
3URPRYHUDGLYHUVLGDGHHDLQFOXVmRVR Boston.
FLDO
viii
“The Hybrid concept of ‘cybercity’ is used […] to
denote the inseparable fusion of relations
BIBLIOGRAFIA that are mediated by ICTs with those that
i
0RXWLQKR - H +HLWRU 0 “Digital Cities are mediated by human presence, and
and the opportunities for mobilizing the movement, within and between urban pla-
information society: case studies from ces´ *UDKDP 6 ³7KH &\EHUFLWLHV
Portugal”, LQ7DQDEH0YDQGHQ%HVVHODDU 5HDGHU´/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJHS
3 DQG ,VKLGD 7 HGV ³Digital Cities III L[
5HGHDEHUWDFULDGDHPFRPPDLVGHXPD
– Computational and sociological approa-
FHQWHQD GH FLGDGHV SDUWLFLSDQWHV H SDUFHL
ches´%HUOLQ6SULQJHU9HUODJ
URV WHFQROyJLFRV DVVRFLDGRV IRFDOL]DGD QD
ii
2 PRYLPHQWR ³Garden City´ IRL IXQGDGR SRU 6LU SDUWLOKDGHH[SHULrQFLDVHHODERUDomRGHSR
(EHQH]HU+RZDUGQD,QJODWHUUDQR¿QDOGR OtWLFDVS~EOLFDVSDUDDDSURSULDomRGDV7,&D
VpFXOR;,;$VFLGDGHVMDUGLPVHULDPFRPX QtYHO WHUULWRULDO *|W]O , ³TeleCities
QLGDGHVSODQHMDGDVFHUFDGDVSRUFLQWXU}HV – Digital Cities Network”, LQ 0 7DQDEH 3
YHUGHV H FRP R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR HTXLOL YDQ GHQ %HVVHODDU 7 ,VKLGD (GV 'LJLWDO
EUDGR GDV iUHDV UHVLGHQFLDLV LQGXVWULDLV H &LWLHV SS 6SULQJHU9HUODJ%HUOLQ
DJUtFRODV :LNLSHGLD KWWSHQZLNLSHGLD +HLGHOEHUJ
RUJZLNL*DUGHQBFLW\BPRYHPHQWGH$EULO [
&DVWHOOV0 “The Informational City: infor-
GH
mation technology, economic restructuring
iii
³7RQ\*DUQLHUHODERURXRVSODQRVGHXPDFLGDGH and the urban-regional process”, Blackwell,
LGHDOGHQRPLQDGDµCité Industrielle¶TXHLQ Oxford.
WURGX]LXRFRQFHLWRGH]RQHDPHQWRGRWHFLGR [L
.RPLQRV 1 “Intelligent Cities and
XUEDQRDSDUWLUGDVVXDVIXQo}HVVHUYLoRV Globalisation of Innovation Networks”,
UHVLGrQFLDVD~GHOD]HUH]RQDVLQGXVWULDLV 5RXWOHGJH/RQGRQ
FODUDPHQWHVHSDUDGDVGRFRQMXQWR
KWWSZZZPXVHHXUEDLQWRQ\JDUQLHUFRP
[LL
&RPPXQLW\ 1HWZRUN p XVDGR SDUD LQGLFDU R XVR
GH 7,& QDV FRPXQLGDGHV ORFDLV 2V SUR
BKWPOGH$EULOGH
MHWRV LQLFLDLV IRUDP DV )UHH1HWV RX &LYLF