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Presentation 9
Introduction 11
I. T he problem of failure and dropping out of school 13
1.1. Why be concerned about failure 14
1.2. What is school ...
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Presentation 9
Introduction 11
I. T he problem of failure and dropping out of school 13
1.1. Why be concerned about failure 14
1.2. What is school failure? 18
1.3. From small differences to great inequality 24
II. T he long road to failure 30
2.1. Primary school: it all begins here 32
2.2. ESO as the crossroads of the system 37
2.3. To finish or not to finish ESO: that is the question 45
2.4. Is there school life after ESO? Not for many 49
2.5. The Baccalaureate: many are called but few are chosen 55
2.6. Vocational training: neither sought nor utilized 60
2.7. Balance on post compulsory education 63
III. T he risk of failure 69
3.1. Social origin: economic and social capital 70
3.2. Girls’ success: gender and failure at school 80
3.3. Ethnicity and nationality 83
3.4. Disrupted families 88
IV. T he process of failure: steps toward failure
and dropping out 91
4.1. Age and repeating 93
4.2. Academic results 101
4.3. Diversification measures 116
4.4. Disciplinary problems 122
4.5. Absenteeism 127
4.6. Final comments on the process of school failure 130
V. T he reasons for school failure 132
5.1. Going to work or going to school 132
5.2. The transition to adult life 137
5.3. The value of study and work 144
5.4. Aspirations and academic expectations 147
5.5. The schooling experience 151
5.6. School from the perspective of failure 161
5.7. Reasons for failure according to educators 163
VI. Difficulties for the school in its old age 169
6.1. The worrying dimension of failure 173
6.2. Social divisions and failure: class, ethnicity and gender 175
6.3. Misunderstood problems and sterile solutions 181
6.4. Perverse effects and dead-ends 183
6.5. Indifference or disengagement 189
Bibliography 193
Index of graphs and tables 201
Appendix: Sources of data 206
Glossary of terms and acronyms 215
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