SAN BEDA

COLLEGE OF LAW
Alabang, Muntinlupa

TORTS AND DAMAGES

Prof. Nicanor B. Jimeno
(1st Semester 2010-2011)

OUTLINE

I. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE LAW ON TESTS

Sangco, pp. XXXI to XLV
Aquino 1 to 5

II. CONCEPT OF TORT

A. Etymology and meaning

Aquino, 1 to 10
Sangco, 1 to 10

B. Quasi-Delict

2176 CC
Barredo v. Garcia 73 Phil 607
Elcano v. Hill, 77 SCRA 98
Cinco v. Canonoy 90 SCRA 369
Baksh v. CA 219 SCRA 115
Dulay vs. CA 243 SCRA 220 (1995)
Aquino, pp.5-10
I Sangco, Philippine Law on Torts and Damages, pp. 407-413

C. Damages

1. Damage, Damages, Injury

Aquino, pp. 842-843

II Sangco, pp 940-941 (1994)
People v. Ballesteros 285 SCRA 438
Custodio v. CA 253 SCRA 483

2. Damnum absque injuria

Aquino, 843-945
Board of Liquidators vs. Heirs of Kalaw 20 SCRA 987 (1967)
Custodio vs. CA, supra

III. THE CONCEPT OF QUASI-DELICT

A. Elements

2176 CC
Garcia v. Florido 52 SCRA 420
Andamo v. CA 191 SCRA 195
Taylor v. Manila Electric Company 16 Phil 8
Tayag v. Alcantara 98 SCRA 723

1. Act or omission

I Sangco pp. 1-4

2. Caused damage
I Sangco pp. 87-90

3. Fault or negligence

I Sangco pp. 5-7

B. Distinctions

1. Quasi-delict v. Delict

Art. 2177 CC
Art 365 RPC
Barredo v. Garcia, 73 Phil 607
People v. Ligon 152 SCRA 39
Padilla v. CA 129 SCRA 558
Cruz v. CA, 282 SCRA
Philippine Rabbit v. People, GR No. 147703 (2004)
People vs. Ligon, 152 SCRA 419 (1987)
Aquino, pp 24-26
I Sangco, pp. 115-120
IV Herrera, Remedial Law pp.155-203 [Read: Section 3 Rule 111 of the Rules of Court]

2. Quasi-delict v. Breach of contract

1170-1172
1174 CC
2178 CC

Cangco v. Manila Railroad 38 Phil 768

Fores v. Miranda, 105 Phil 266
Far East v. CA 241 SCRA 671
Air France v. Carrascoso, 18 SCRA 155
PSBA v. CA 205 SCRA 729
Syquia v. CA 217 SCRA 624
Calalas vs. Sunga 332 SCRA 356 (2000)
Aquino, 25-26

IV. NEGLIGENCE

A. Concept of Negligence

1. Definition; Elements
Art. 20, CC
1173 CC
Picart v. Smith 37 Phil 809
V Tolentino, 506-507

2. Standard of Conduct

1. Ordinary prudent person

I Sangco 7-8

2. Special Cases

a. Children

Art. 12 RPC & Comprehensive Juvenile Justice Law

Taylor v. Manila Railroad, 16 Phil 8
Jarco Marketing v. CA GR No. 129792
Del Rosario v. Manila, 57 Phil 478
Ylarde v. Aquino, 163 SCRA 697
I Sangco 70-74
b. Experts/Professionals
Article 2187,CC
Culion v. Philippine, GR No. 32611
US v. Pineda, 37 Phil 456
BPI v. CA, 216 SCRA 51

c. Intoxication

Wright v. Manila Electric, 28 Phil 122

d. Insanity

2180, 2182 CC
US v. Baggay 20 Phil 142

B. Degrees of Negligence

2231 CC
Marinduqe v. Workmen’s, 99 Phil 48
I Sangco 10-12

C. Proof of Negligence

1. Burden of proof

Rule 131 Rules of Court (“ROC”)

2. Presumption

2184-2185, 2188, 1734-1735 CC

3. Res ipsa loquitur

Layugan v. IAC, 167 SCRA 363

Ramos v. CA, 321 SCRA 584
Batiquin v. CA, 258 SCRA 334
DM Consunji v. CA, 357 SCRA 249

F. Defenses

1. Plaintiff’s Negligence

2179 CC
Manila Electric v. Remonquillo 99 Phil 117 GR No. L-8328 (1956)
Bernardo v. Legaspi 29 Phil 12
Bernal v. House 54 Phil 327
PLDT v. CA GR No 57079

2. Contributory Negligence

2179, 2214CC
Genobiagon v CA 178 SCRA 422
Rakes v. Atlantic GR No 1719 (1907)
Philippine Bank of Commerce v. CA 269 SCRA 695

3. Fortuitous Event

1174 CC
Juntilla v. Funtanar, 136 SCRA 624
Hernandez v. COA, 179 SCRA 39
Gotesco Investment v. Chatto 210 SCRA 18
Servando v. Phil Steam 117 SCRA 832
National Power v. CA GR Nos. 103442-45 (1993)
Southeastern College v. CA GR No. 126389

4. Assumption of Risk

Afialda v. Hisole 85 Phil 67

Ilocos Norte v. CA 179 SCRA 5
I Sangco 81-84

5. Due diligence

Ramos v. Pepsi 19 SCRA 289

Metro Manila v. CA 223 SCRA 521

6. Prescription

Kramer v. CA 178 SCRA 518

Allied banking v. CA 178 SCRA 526

7. Double recovery
2177 CC

V. CAUSATION

A. Proximate Cause

1. Definition

Bataclan v. Medina 102 Phil 181(L-10126) (1957)

Fernando v. CA, 208 SCRA 714 (92087) (1992)
Urbano v. IAC 157 SCRA 1 (L-72964) (1988)
Phoenix Construction v. IAC 148 SCA 353 (L-652095) (1987)
Pilipinas Bank v. CA 234 SCRA 435 (105410) (1994)
Quezon City v. Dacara (150304) (June 15, 2005)

2. Distinguished from other kinds

a. Remote

Gabeto v. Araneta 42 Phil 252 (15674) (1921)

Urbano v. IAC, 157 SCRA 1 (L-72964) (1988)

b. Concurrent

Far East Shipping v. CA, 297 SCRA 30 (130068) (1998)

Sabido v. Custodio, L-21512 (Aug 31, 1966)

3. Tests

a. “But for”

Bataclan v. Medina 102 Phil 181

De Leon pp 221-223

b. Substantial Factor

Philippine Rabbit v. CA 189 SCRA 158 (66102-04) (1990)

De Leon 224-225
1 Sangco pp 103-114

c. Cause v. Condition

Phoenix v. IAC, supra

Manila Electric v. Remoquillo, 99 Phil 117 (L-8328) (1956)
Rodrigueza v. Manila Railroad (15688) (November 19, 1921)

4. Efficient Intervening Cause

McKee v. IAC 211 SCRA 517 (68102) (1992)

Manila Electric v. Remoquillo 99 Phil 117 (L-8328) (1956
Teague v. Fernandez 51 SCRA 181 (L-29745) (1973)
Urbano v. IAC GR No., Urbano v. IAC 157 SCRA 1 (L-72964) (1988)

5. Last Clear Chance

Picart v. Smith, supra

Bustamante v. CA, 193 SCRA 603 (89880) (1991)
Phoenix v. IAC, 148 SCA 353 (L-652095) (1987)
Philippine Bank of Commerce v. CA, 269 SCRA 695 (97626) (1997)
Glan v. IAC GR No. 70493 (May 18, 1989)
Pantranco v. Baesa 179 SCRA 384 (79050-51) (1989)
Ong v. Metropolitan 104 Phil 397 (L-7664) (1958)
Anuran v. Buno (L-21353) (May 20, 1966)
Canlas v. CA GR No 112160 (February 28 2000)
Consolidated Bank v. CA GR No 138569 (September 11, 2003)
Engada v. CA GR No. 140698 (June 20, 2003)
1 Sangco pp 74-81 (1993)

VI. STRICT LIABILITY

Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th ed.

A. Possessor of Animals

2183 CC
Vestil v. IAC 179 SCRA 47

B. Things thrown or falling from a building

2193 CC
Dingcong v. Kanaan 72 Phil 14

C. Death/Injuries in the course of employment

1711 CC cf 1712
Afable v. Singer Sewing Machine 58 Phil 39

D. Product Liability

2187 CC
Art 50 –52, 97, 99, 106-107 Consumer Act
Sec. 11 RA 3720
Coca-cola v. CA 227 SCRA 293
II Sangco 714-734

E. Interference With Contractual Relations

1314 CC
Gilchrist v. Cuddy 29 Phil 542
So Ping Bun v. CA (120554) (September 21, 1999)
Aquino 795-801

F. Liability of Local Government Units

2189 CC
Guilatco v. City of Dagupan (61516) 171 SCRA 382

G. Presumption of Negligence
Articles 2185, 2188, 2190, 2191, 2192 and 2193, Civil Code

VII. PERSONS LIABLE

A. The Tortfeasor

2176, 2181, 2194 CC

Worcester v. Ocampo (5932) 22 Phil 42 (1912)
2184 CC
Chapman v. Underwood (9010) 27 Phil 374 (1914)
Caedo v. Yu Khe Thai G.R. No. L-20392 (Dec 18 1968)
Rodriguez Luna vs. IAC 135 SCRA 242 (1995)

B. Vicarious Liability

Art 58 PD No. 603

218- 219, 221, 236 FC
101-103 RPC
Sec. 6, RA 9344
2180 – 2182 CC

1. Parents

Exconde v. Capuno (L-10134) 101 Phil 843 (1957)

Salen v. Balce (L-14414) 107 Phil 748 (1960)
Fuellas v. Cadano (L-14409) 3 SCRA 361 (1961)
Gutierrez v. Gutierrez (34840) 56 Phil 177 (1931)
Rodriguez-Luna v. IAC (L-62988) 135 SCRA 242 (1985)
Libi v. IAC (70890) 214 SCRA 16 (1990)
Tamargo v. CA (85044) 209 SCRA 518 (1992)
Cuadra vs. Monfort 35 SCRA 160 (1970)

2. Guardians

216 and 218 Family Code

2180-2181 CC

3. Teachers and Heads of Institutions

Sangco, 360-366
218-219 FC
2180 CC
Mercado v. CA (L-14342) 108 Phil 414 (1960)
Palisoc v. Brillantes (L-29025) 41 SCRA 548 (1971)
Amadora v. CA L-47745 (April 15, 1988)
Pasco v.CFI (L-54357) 160 SCRA 785 (1988)
Ylarde v. Aquino (L-33722) 163 SCRA 697 (1988)
Salvosa v. IAC (L-70458) 166 SCRA 274 (1988)
St Francis v. CA (82465) 194 SCRA 340 (1991)
PSBA v. CA 205 (84698) 205 SCRA 729 (1992)
Soliman v. Tuason (66207) 209 SCRA 47 (1992)
St. Mary’s Academy v. Carpitanos (143363) (Feb 6 2002)

4. Owners and Managers of Establishments

Philippine Rabbit v. Phil American (L-25142) 63 SCRA 231 (1975)

5. Employers

Philtranco v. CA (120553) 273 SCRA 562 (1997)

Castilex v. Vasquez G.R. No. 132266 (Dec 211999)
Filamer v. IAC (75112) 212 SCRA 637 (1992)
NPC v. CA (119121) 294 SCRA 209 (1998)
Light Rail Transit v. Navidad (145804) 397 SCRA 75(2003)
Mckee v. IAC (68102) 211 SCRA 517 (1992)
Valenzuela v. CA (115024) 253 SCRA 303 (1996)

6. State

Merrit v. Government (11154) 34 Phil 311 (1916)

Rosete v. Auditor General (L-1120) 81 Phil 453 (1948)
Mendoza v. De Leon (9596) 33 Phil 508 (1916)
Fontanilla v. Maliaman (55963) 194 SCRA 486 (1991)
2189 CC
City of Manila v. Teotico (L-23052) 22 SCRA 267 (1968)

C. Others
1723 CC

1. Proprietors of Buildings

2190- 2192CC

2. Employees

Araneta v. Joya (L-25172) 57 SCRA 59 (1974)

3. Engineer/Architect

D. Nature of Liability: Joint or Solidary?

2 Sangco 596-610
Lanuzo vs. Pinge 100 SCRA 205 (1980)
Malipol vs. Tan 55 SCRA 202 (1974)
Viluan vs. CA 17 SCRA 742

VIII. TORTS WITH INDEPENDENT CIVIL ACTION

A. Violation of Civil and Political Rights

32 CC
1 Sangco pp 228-255 (1993)

Delfin Lim V. Ponce de Leon G.R. No. L-22554 (1975)

Aberca v. Ver G.R. No. L-69866 (1988)
MHP Garments v. CA 236 SCRA 227

B. Defamation, Fraud, Physical Injuries

33 CC
353-359 RPC
Marcia v. CA 205 Phil 147
Madeja v. Caro 211 Phil 469
Arafiles v. Phil Journalists GR No 135306 (2003)

1. Defamation

MVRS v. Islamic GR No 135306

2. Fraud
Salta v. De Veyra 202 Phil 527

3. Physical Injuries

Capuno v. Pepsi Cola G.R. No. L-19331 (1965)

Corpus v. Paje G.R. No. L-26737 (1969)
Madeja v. Caro, supra
Dulay v. CA GR No 108017 (1995)
1 Sangco pp 255-282 (1993)

C. Neglect of Duty

34 CC
1 Sangco 334-335 (1993)

D. Action for damages where no in independent civil action is provided

35 CC
1 Sangco 335-338 (1993)

IX. INTENTIONAL TORTS

A. Abuse of Rights

19 CC
Velayo v. Shell 100 Phil 186
Saudi Arabia v. CA 297 SCRA 469
Globe Mackay v. CA 176 SCRA 778
Albenson v. CA G.R. No. 88694. January 11, 1993.
Amonoy v. Gutierrez 351 SCRA 731
UE v. Jader 325 SCRA 804 GR No 132344 (2000)
Garciano v. CA 212 SCRA 436
Barons Marketing v.CA 286 SCRA 96
BPI v. CA 296 SCRA 260

B. Acts contra bonus mores

21 CC

1. Elements

Ruiz v. Secretary GR No. L-15526 (1963)

2. Examples

a. Breach of promise to marry, Seduction and Sexual Assault

Wassmer v. Velez 12 SCRA 648

Tanjanco v. Santos GR No L-18630 (1966)
Bunag v. CA 211 SCRA 441
Constantino v. Medez GR No 5722 (1992)
Quimiguing v. Icao 34 SCRA 132
Pe v. Pe GR No. L-17396 (1962)

b. Malicious prosecution

Art. 2219, CC
Aquino, 384-391
Lao vs. Associated Anglo American Tobacco, 325 SCRA 694
Que v. IAC 169 SCRA 137
Drilon v. CA 270 SCRA 211

c. Public Humiliation

Patricio v. Leviste G.R. No. 51832 (1989)

Grand Union v. Espino G.R. No. L-48250 (1979)

d. Unjust Dismissal

Singapore Airlines vs. Paño 122 SCRA 671 (1983)

Medina v. Castro-Bartolome, G.R. No. L-59825 (1982) 116 SCRA 597

X OTHER TORTS

A. Dereliction of Duty

27 CC
Amaro v. Samanguit, L-14986 July 31, 1962

B. Unfair Competition

28 CC

c. Violation of Human Dignity and Privacy

26 CC
St Louis v. CA GR No L-46061 (1984)
Concepcion v. CA Gr No 120706 (2000)

XI. DAMAGES

A. Definition and Concept

2195, 2197 CC
Heirs of Borlado vs. Vda. De Bulan
G.R. 114118 (2001)
Lazatin vs. Twano 2 SCRA 842 (1961)

B. Kinds of Damages

1. Actual or Compensatory

2216, 2199, 2200, 205 CC

Algarra v. Sandejas 27 Phil 284

a. Kinds

PNOC v. CA 297 SCRA 402

Integrated Packing v. CA 333 SCRA 170

b. Extent

2201-2202 CC

c. Certainty

DBP v. CA GR No. 118367 (1998)

Fuentes v.CA 323 Phil 508 (1996)

d. Damage to property
PNOC v.CA, supra

e. Personal Injury and Death

2206 CC
Ramos v. CA G.R. No. 124354 (1999)
Gatchalian v. Delim 203 SCRA 126

f. Attorney’s Fees

2208 CC
Quirante v. IAC G.R. No. 73886 (1989)

g. Interest

2209-2213 CC
Crismina Garments v. CA G.R. No. 128721 (1999)

h. Mitigation of Liability

2203-2204, 2214, 2215

Cerrano v. Tan 38 Phil 392

2. Moral

a. Concept

2217 CC
Kierulf v. CA 269 SCRA 433

b. Proof and Proximate Cause

Miranda-Ribaya v. Carbonell 95 SCRA 672

Del Rosario v. CA 267 SCRA 58
Raagas v. Traya 22 SCRA 839
Enervida v. dela Torre 55 SCRA 339
People v. Bagayong GR. No 126518 (1998)

c. Cases where allowed

2219-2220 CC
Francisco v. GSIS 7 SCRA 577
Expert Travel v. CA G.R. No. 130030 (1999)

i. Unfounded Suits

Mijares v. CA 271 SCRA 558

De la Pena v. CA 231 SCRA 456
J Marketing v. Sia 285 SCRA 580
Cometa v. CA 301 SCRA 459

ii. Labor Cases

Triple Eight v. NLRC 299 SCRA 608

iii. Taking of Life

People v. Pirame 327 SCRA (2000)

Carlos Arcona y Moban v. CA GR No 134784 (2002)

d. Factors in determining amount

PNB v. CA 266 SCRA 136
Fule v. CA 286 SCRA 698
Philippine Airlines v. CA 275 SCRA 621
Valenzuela v. CA, supra
Sumaplong v. CA 268 SCRA 764
Lopez v. Pan American 16 SCRA 431
Producer’s Bank v. CA GR No 111584 (2001)

e. Who may recover

Strebel v. Figueros 96 Phil 321

ABS-CBN v. CA G.R. No. 128690
National Power v. Philipp Brothers G.R. No 126204

3. Nominal

2221-2223 CC
Ventanilla v. Centeno 1 SCRA 215
Robes-Francisco v. CFI 86 SCRA 59
People v. Gopio 346 SCRA 408
Armovit v. CA 184 SCRA 476

4. Temperate

2224-2225 CC
Pleno v. CA G.R. No. 56505 (1988)
People v. Singh 360 SCRA 404
People v. Plazo 350 SCRA 433

5. Liquidated

2226-2228 CC

6. Exemplary or Corrective

2229-2235 CC
PNB v. CA 256 SCRA 44
Del Rosario v. CA 267 SCRA 158

REFERENCES
AQUINO, TIMOTEO B., Torts And Damages (2001)
SANGCO, CESAR J. Philippine Law on Torts and Damages, Rev. Ed., Quezon City, JMC Press
(1984), Vols. I & II
TOLENTINO, ARTURO Commentaries and Jurisprudence on the Civil Code of the Philippines
Vols. I, IV and V, Quezon City
CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
FAMILY CODE
REVISED PENAL CODE