Panal de abeja uniformes convexos

In geometry, a convex uniform honeycomb is a uniform space-filling tessellation in three-

dimensional Euclidean space with non-overlapping convex uniform polyhedral cells.

Twenty-eight such honeycombs exist:

• the familiar cubic honeycomb and 7 truncations thereof;

• the alternated cubic honeycomb and 4 truncations thereof;
• 10 prismatic forms based on the uniform plane tilings (11 if including the cubic
honeycomb);
• 5 modifications of some of the above by elongation and/or gyration.

They can be considered the three-dimensional analogue to the uniform tilings of the plane.

Contents
[hide]

• 1 History
o 1.1 Names
• 2 Tessellations listed by infinite Coxeter group families
o 2.1 The R4, [4,3,4] group (cubic)
o 2.2 S4, h[4,3,4], [4,31,1] group
o 2.3 P4 group
o 2.4 Gyrated and elongated forms
o 2.5 Prismatic stacks
 2.5.1 The R3xW2, [4,4] x [∞], prismatic group
 2.5.2 The V3xW2, [6,3] x [∞] prismatic group
• 3 Examples
• 4 References

• 5 External links

[edit] History
• 1900: Thorold Gosset enumerated the list of semiregular convex polytopes with
regular cells (Platonic solids) in his publication On the Regular and Semi-Regular
Figures in Space of n Dimensions, including one regular cubic honeycomb, and two
semiregular forms with tetrahedra and octahedra.
• 1905: Alfredo Andreini enumerated 25 of these tessellations.
• 1991: Norman Johnson's manuscript Uniform Polytopes identified the complete list
of 28.
 • 1994: Branko Grünbaum, in his paper Uniform tilings of 3-space, also
independently enumerated all 28, after discovering errors in Andreini's publication.
He found the 1905 paper, which listed 25, had 1 wrong, and 4 being missing.
Grünbaum also states that I. Alexeyev of Russia also independently enumerated
these forms around the same time.
• 2006: George Olshevsky, in his manuscript Uniform Panoploid Tetracombs, along
with repeating the derived list of 11 convex uniform tilings, and 28 convex uniform
honeycombs, expands a further derived list of 143 convex uniform tetracombs
(Honeycombs of uniform polychorons in 4-space).

Only 14 of the convex uniform polyhedra appear in these patterns:

• three of the five Platonic solids,

• six of the thirteen Archimedean solids, and
• five of the infinite family of prisms.

[edit] Names

This set can be called the regular and semiregular honeycombs. It has been called the
Archimedean honeycombs by analogy with the convex uniform (non-regular) polyhedra,
commonly called Archimedean solids. Recently Conway has suggested naming the set as
the Architectonic tessellations and the dual honeycombs as the Catoptric tessellations.

The individual honeycombs are listed with names given to them by Norman Johnson.
(Some of the terms used below are defined in Uniform polychoron#Geometric derivations.)

For cross-referencing, they are given with list indices from [A]ndreini (1-22), [W]illiams(1-
2,9-19), [J]ohnson (11-19, 21-25, 31-34, 41-49, 51-52, 61-65), and [G]runbaum(1-28).

Tessellations listed by infinite Coxeter group families

Fundamental domains in a cubic element of three groups.

The fundamental infinite Coxeter groups for 3-space are:

1. The R4, [4,3,4], cubic, (8 unique forms plus one alternation)

2. The S4, h[4,3,4], alternated cubic, (11 forms, 3 new)

3. The P4 cyclic group, (5 forms, one new)

In addition there are 5 special honeycombs which don't have pure reflectional symmetry
and are constructed from reflectional forms with elongation and gyration operations.

The total unique honeycombs above are 18.

The prismatic stacks from infinite Coxeter groups for 3-space are:

1. The R3xW2, [4,4]x[∞] prismatic group, (2 new forms)

2. The V3xW2, [6,3]x[∞] prismatic group, (7 unique forms)

3. The P3xW2, [Δ]x[∞] prismatic group, (No new forms)

4. The W2xW2xW2, [∞]x[∞]x[∞] prismatic group, (These all become a
cubic honeycomb)

In addition there is one special elongated form of the triangular prismatic honeycomb.

The total unique prismatic honeycombs above (excluding the cubic counted previously) are
10.

Combining these counts, 18 and 10 gives us the total 28 uniform honeycombs.

The R4, [4,3,4] group (cubic)

The regular cubic honeycomb, represented by Schläfli symbol {4,3,4}, offers seven unique
derived uniform honeycombs via truncation operations. (One redundant form, the
runcinated cubic honeycomb, is included for completeness though identical to the cubic
honeycomb.)

Cell counts/vertex
Coxeter-
and positions in cubic
Reference Dynkin Honeycomb
honeycomb
Indices and Schläfli name
Solids Frames
symbols (0) (1) (2) (3) vertex fig
(Partial) (Perspective)
J11,15 8
A1
cubic
W1 t0{4,3,4}
G22 (4.4.4)
octahedron
J12,32 2 4
A15
rectified cubic
W14 t1{4,3,4}
G7 (3.3.3.3) (3.4.3.4)
cuboid

J13 1 4
A14 truncated
W15 t0,1{4,3,4} cubic
G8 (3.3.3.3) (3.8.8) square
pyramid
J14 1 2 2
A17 cantellated
W12 t0,2{4,3,4} cubic
G9 (3.4.3.4) (4.4.4) (3.4.4.4)
wedge
runcinated 1 3 3 1
cubic
J11,15
t0,3{4,3,4} (same as
regular cubic) (4.4.4) (4.4.4) (4.4.4) (4.4.4)
octahedron

J16 2 2
A3 bitruncated
W2 t1,2{4,3,4} cubic
G28 (4.6.6) (4.6.6) isosceles
tetrahedron

J17 1 1 2
A18 cantitruncated
W13 t0,1,2{4,3,4} cubic
G25 (4.6.6) (4.4.4) (4.6.8) irregular
tetrahedron

J18 1 1 2 1
A19 runcitruncated
W19 t0,1,3{4,3,4} cubic
(3.4.4.4) (4.4.4) (4.4.8) (3.8.8) oblique
G20
trapezoidal
pyramid
J19 1 1 1 1
A22 omnitruncated
W18 t0,1,2,3{4,3,4} cubic
G27 (4.6.8) (4.4.8) (4.4.8) (4.6.8) irregular
tetrahedron
J21,31,51 6 8
A2 alternated
W9 h0{4,3,4} cubic
G1 3.3.3.3 3.3.3
cuboctahed

S4, h[4,3,4], [4,31,1] group

The S4 group offers 11 derived forms via truncation operations, four being unique uniform
honeycombs.

The honeycombs from this group are called alternated cubic because the first form can be
seen as a cubic honeycomb with alternate vertices cubic cells to tetrahedra, and creating
octahedron cells in the deleted gaps.

Nodes are indexed left to right as 0,1,0',3 with 0' being below and interchangeable with 0.
The alternate cubic names given are based on this ordering.

Coxeter- Cells by location

Referenced Honeycomb Solids Frames
Dynkin (and count around each vertex) ver
indices name (Partial) (Perspective)
diagram (0) (1) (0') (3)
J21,31,51
A2 (6) (8)
alternated cubic
W9 3.3.3.3 3.3.3
G1
cubo
J22,34
A21 truncated (1
(2) (2)
W17 alternated cubic )
4.6.6 3.6.6
G10 3.4.3.4

J12,32
rectified cubic
A15 (2) (2) (2)
(rectified
W14
alternate cubic) (3.4.3.4) (3.4.3.4) (3.3.3.3)
G7
cubo
J12,32 rectified cubic
A15 (cantellated (1) (1) (4)
W14 alternate cubic) (3.3.3.3) (3.3.3.3) (3.4.3.4)
G7
 cubo

J16 bitruncated
A3 cubic (1) (1) (2)
W2 (cantitruncated (4.6.6) (4.6.6) (4.6.6)
G28 alternate cubic) isosc
tetra

J13
truncated cubic
A14 (2) (2) (1)
(bicantellated
W15
alternate cubic) (3.8.8) (3.8.8) (3.3.3.3)
G8 squa
pyra
J11,15
cubic
A1 (4) (4)
(trirectified
W1
alternate cubic) (4.4.4) (4.4.4)
G22
octa
J23
A16 runcinated (1) (3) (1)
W11 alternated cubic cube 3.4.4.4 3.3.3
G5

J14
cantellated cubic (2
A17 (1) (1) (1)
(runcicantellated )
W12
alternate cubic) (3.4.4.4) (4.4.4) (3.4.4.4) (3.4.3.4)
G9
wed
cantitruncated
J24
alternated cubic (1
A20 (2) (1)
(or )
W16 4.6.8 3.6.6
runcitruncated 3.8.8
G21
alternate cubic)

J17 cantitruncated
A18 cubic (1
(1) (1) (1)
W13 (omnitruncated (4.6.8) )
(4.6.8) (4.6.6)
G25 alternated cubic) (4.4.4) irreg
tetra

[edit] P4 group

There are 5 forms constructed from the P4 group, only the quarter cubic honeycomb is
unique.

Referenced Coxeter- Honeycomb Cells by location Solids Frames vertex

 Dynkin (and count around each vertex)
indices name (Partial) (Perspective)
diagram (0) (1) (2) (3)
J21,31,51
A2 alternated (4) (6) (4)
W9 cubic 3.3.3 3.3.3.3 3.3.3
G1
cuboct
J12,32
A15 rectified (2) (1) (2) (1)
W14 cubic (3.4.3.4) (3.3.3.3) (3.4.3.4) (3.3.3.3)
G7
cuboid
J25,33
A13 quarter (1) (1) (3) (3)
W10 cubic 3.3.3 3.3.3 3.6.6 3.6.6
G6

J22,34
truncated
A21 (1) (1) (1) (2)
alternated
W17 3.6.6 3.4.3.4 3.6.6 4.6.6
cubic
G10

J16
A3 bitruncated (1) (1) (1) (1)
W2 cubic (4.6.6) (4.6.6) (4.6.6) (4.6.6)
G28 isoscel
tetrahe

[edit] Gyrated and elongated forms

Three more uniform honeycombs are generated by breaking one or another of the above
honeycombs where its faces form a continuous plane, then rotating alternate layers by 60 or
90 degrees (gyration) and/or inserting a layer of prisms (elongation).

The elongated and gyroelongated alternated cubic tilings have the same vertex figure, but
are not alike. In the elongated form, each prism meets a tetrahedron at one triangular end
and an octahedron at the other. In the gyroelongated form, prisms that meet tetrahedra at
both ends alternate with prisms that meet octahedra at both ends.

The gyroelongated triangular prismatic tiling has the same vertex figure as one of the plain
prismatic tilings; the two may be derived from the gyrated and plain triangular prismatic
tilings, respectively, by inserting layers of cubes.

Referenced symbol Honeycomb cell types Solids Frames vertex

indices name (# at each (Partial) (Perspective) figure
 vertex)
tetrahedron
J52 gyrated
(8)
A2' h{4,3,4}:g alternated
octahedron
G2 cubic
(6)
triangular
prism (6)
J61 gyroelongated
tetrahedron
A? h{4,3,4}:ge alternated -
(4)
G3 cubic
octahedron
(3)
triangular
prism (6)
J62 elongated
tetrahedron
A? h{4,3,4}:e alternated
(4)
G4 cubic
octahedron
(3)
J63 gyrated
{3,6}:g x triangular
A? triangular
{∞} prism (12)
G12 prismatic

J64 gyroelongated triangular

{3,6}:ge x
A? triangular prism (6)
{∞}
G15 prismatic cube (4)

[edit] Prismatic stacks

Eleven prismatic tilings are obtained by stacking the eleven uniform plane tilings, shown
below, in parallel layers. (One of these honeycombs is the cubic, shown above.) The vertex
figure of each is an irregular bipyramid whose faces are isosceles triangles.

[edit] The R3xW2, [4,4] x [∞], prismatic group

There's only 3 unique honeycombs from the square tiling, but all 6 tiling truncations are
listed below for completeness, and tiling images are shown by colors corresponding to each
form.

Coxeter-
Dynkin Plane Solids
Indices Honeycomb name Tiling
and Schläfli tiling (Partial)
symbols
J11,15
Cubic
A1 (4.4.4.4)
{4,4} x {∞} (Square prismatic)
G22

J45
Truncated/Bitruncated square
A6 (4.8.8)
t0,1{4,4} x prismatic
G24
{∞}

J11,15
Cubic
A1 (4.4.4.4)
t1{4,4} x {∞} (Rectified square prismatic)
G22

J11,15
Cubic
A1 (4.4.4.4)
t0,2{4,4} x (Cantellated square prismatic)
G22
{∞}

J45 Truncated square prismatic

A6 (Omnitruncated square (4.8.8)
G24 t0,1,2{4,4} x prismatic)
{∞}

J44
A11 Snub square prismatic (3.3.4.3.4)
G14 s{4,4} x {∞}

[edit] The V3xW2, [6,3] x [∞] prismatic group

Coxeter-
Dynkin Plane Solids
Indices Honeycomb name Tiling
and Schläfli tiling (Partial)
symbols

J42
A5 Hexagonal prismatic (63)
t0{6,3} x {∞}
G26

J46
A7 Truncated hexagonal prismatic (3.12.12)
t0,1{6,3} x {∞}
G19
J43
A8 Trihexagonal prismatic (3.6.3.6)
t1{6,3} x {∞}
G18

J42 Truncated triangular

A5 prismatic (6.6.6)
t1,2{6,3} x {∞}
G26 Hexagonal prismatic

J41
A4 Triangular prismatic (36)
t2{6,3} x {∞}
G11

J47
Rhombi-trihexagonal
A9 (3.4.6.4)
t0,2{6,3} x {∞} prismatic
G16

J49
Omnitruncated trihexagonal
A10 t0,1,2{6,3} x (4.6.12)
prismatic
G23 {∞}

J48
A12 Snub trihexagonal prismatic (3.3.3.3.6)
s{6,3} x {∞}
G17

J65
A11' {3,6}:e x {∞} elongated triangular prismatic 3.3.3.4.4
G13

[edit] Examples
All 28 of these tessellations are found in crystal arrangements.

The alternated cubic honeycomb is of special importance since its vertices form a cubic
close-packing of spheres. The space-filling truss of packed octahedra and tetrahedra was
apparently first discovered by Alexander Graham Bell and independently re-discovered by
Buckminster Fuller (who called it the octet truss and patented it in the 1940s). [1] [2] [3]
[4]. Octet trusses are now among the most common types of truss used in construction.

[edit] References
• George Olshevsky, Uniform Panoploid Tetracombs, Manuscript (2006) (Complete
list of 11 convex uniform tilings, 28 convex uniform honeycombs, and 143 convex
uniform tetracombs)
• Branko Grünbaum, Uniform tilings of 3-space. Geombinatorics 4(1994), 49 - 56.
• Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript (1991)
• Williams, Robert (1979). The Geometrical Foundation of Natural Structure: A
Source Book of Design. Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-23729-X.
• Critchlow, Keith (1970). Order in Space: A design source book. Viking Press.
ISBN 0-500-34033-1.
• Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, edited by F. Arthur Sherk,
Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience
Publication, 1995, ISBN 978-0-471-01003-6 [5]
o (Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I, [Math.
Zeit. 46 (1940) 380-407, MR 2,10] (1.9 Uniform space-fillings)
• A. Andreini, Sulle reti di poliedri regolari e semiregolari e sulle corrispondenti reti
correlative (On the regular and semiregular nets of polyhedra and on the
corresponding correlative nets), Mem. Società Italiana della Scienze, Ser.3, 14
(1905) 75–129.
• D. M. Y. Sommerville, An Introduction to the Geometry of n Dimensions. New
York, E. P. Dutton, 1930. 196 pp. (Dover Publications edition, 1958) Chapter X:
The Regular Polytopes