2035 2040 2045
2050
Technology Roadmap
Nuclear Energy
InternatIonal energy agency
The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its mandate is two-fold:to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supplyand to advise member countries on sound energy policy.The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among 28 advanced economies, each of which isobliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports.The Agency aims to:
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Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintainingeffective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions.
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Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context –particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change.
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Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data.
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Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmentalimpact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies.
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Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry,international organisations and other stakeholders.IEA member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea (Republic of), Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland,Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The EuropeanCommission also participates in the work of the IEA.
nuclear energy agency
The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) was established on 1 February 1958 under the name of the OEEC European Nuclear Energy Agency. It received its present designation on 20 April 1972, when Japan became its first non European full member.NEA membership today consists of 28 OECD member countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic,Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea (Republic of), Luxembourg,Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdomand the United States. The European Commission also takes part in the work of the Agency.The mission of the NEA is:
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To assist its member countries in maintaining and further developing, through international co-operation, the scientific,technological and legal bases required for a safe, environmentally friendly and economical use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.
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To provide authoritative assessments and to forge common understandings on key issues, as input to government decisionson nuclear energy policy and to broader OECD policy analyses in areas such as energy and sustainable development.Specific areas of competence of the NEA include safety and regulation of nuclear activities, radioactive waste management,radiological protection, nuclear science, economic and technical analyses of the nuclear fuel cycle, nuclear law and liability, andpublic information. The NEA Data Bank provides nuclear data and computer program services for participating countries.In these and related tasks, the NEA works in close collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, withwhich it has a Co-operation Agreement, as well as with other international organisations in the nuclear field.
organIsatIon for economIc co-operatIon and development
The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 31 democracies work together to address the economic, social andenvironmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governmentsrespond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challengesof an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seekanswers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies.The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand,Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the UnitedStates. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD.OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, socialand environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members.Photo credits: Shikoku Electric Power Co., Inc.; Nuclear Energy Institute (
front cover, top to bottom
).© Tomy Thompson, NEI; © Hannu Huovila, TVO (
back cover, top to bottom
).
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Foreword
Current trends in energy supply and useare patently unsustainable – economically,environmentally and socially. Without decisiveaction, energy-related emissions of carbondioxide (CO
2
) will more than double by 2050 andincreased oil demand will heighten concerns over the security of supplies. We can and must changeour current path, but this will take an energyrevolution and low-carbon energy technologieswill have a crucial role to play. Energy efficiency,many types of renewable energy, carboncapture and storage, nuclear power and newtransport technologies will all require widespreaddeployment if we are to reach our greenhouse-gasemission goals. Every major country and sector of the economy must be involved. The task is alsourgent if we are to make sure that investment decisions taken now do not saddle us with sub-optimal technologies in the long term.There is a growing awareness of the urgent need toturn political statements and analytical work intoconcrete action. To spark this movement, at therequest of the G8, the International Energy Agency(IEA) is developing a series of roadmaps for some of the most important technologies. These roadmapsprovide solid analytical footing that enables theinternational community to move forward onspecific technologies. Each roadmap develops agrowth path for a particular technology from todayto 2050, and identifies technology, financing, policyand public engagement milestones that need to beachieved to realise the technology’s full potential.Roadmaps also include special focus on technologydevelopment and diffusion to emerging economies.International collaboration will be critical to achievethese goals.This nuclear energy roadmap has been preparedjointly by the IEA and the OECD Nuclear EnergyAgency (NEA). Unlike most other low-carbon energysources, nuclear energy is a mature technologythat has been in use for more than 50 years. Thelatest designs for nuclear power plants buildon this experience to offer enhanced safety andperformance, and are ready for wider deployment over the next few years. Several countries are re-activating dormant nuclear programmes, whileothers are considering nuclear for the first time.China in particular is already embarking on a rapidnuclear expansion. In the longer term, there isgreat potential for new developments in nuclear energy technology to enhance nuclear’s role in asustainable energy future.Nevertheless, important barriers to a rapidexpansion of nuclear energy remain. Most importantly, governments need to set clear andconsistent policies on nuclear to encourageprivate sector investment. Gaining greater publicacceptance will also be key, and this will be helpedby early implementation of plans for geologicaldisposal of radioactive waste, as well as continuedsafe and effective operation of nuclear plants. Inaddition, industrial capacities and skilled humanresources will have to grow to meet the needsof an expanding nuclear industry. Achieving thevision of 1 200 GW of nuclear capacity by 2050 willrequire all stakeholders in government, researchorganisations, industry, the financial sector andinternational organisations to work together. Thisroadmap sets out the steps they will need to takeover the coming years.
Nbu Tanaka Luis Echávarri
Executive Director, IEA Director General, NEA
Foreword
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