The Roseta Stone - Boshevski & Tentov

Prilozi, Odd. mat. teh. nauki, MANU, XXVI, 2 (2005), s.
7‡122
Contributions, Sec. Math. Tech. Sci., MANU, XXVI, 2 (2005), p. 7–122
ISSN 0351–3246
UDC: 004.93'1 :811.283
TRACING THE SCRIPT AND THE LANGUAGE

OF THE ANCIENT MACEDONIANS
Tome Bo{evski, Aristotel Tentov
A b s t r a c t: This study presents the results of research realized

within the project “Deciphering the Middle Text of the Rosetta
Stone.”
It is concluded that a syllabic script of the type consonant-
vowel was used for the middle text of the Rosetta Stone. Symbols
for 25 consonants were identified. By using the procedure of mir-
roring and rotation in the writing surface (plain), a monosemic
(unambiguous) way was determined for connecting the symbol of
consonant with 4 or 8 vowels. Although rarely used, the symbols
for writing isolated vowels and some consonants were identified.
In the analyzed text, the syllabic signs were not only written next
to each other, but also they were often written one above the other
in the form of what are known as ligatures. A small number of
pictographic symbols were also identified.
The wiring for sound of the identified syllable signs,
isolated consonants or vowels and ligatures is was achieved by
using archaisms from the dialects of the contemporary Macedoni-
an language. In the text, which was written from right to left,
without space between the words and without separation of sen-
tences in an infinite series, more than 160 words were identified
which have kept their meaning in some dialects of the contempo-
rary Macedonian language. A certain number of grammatical rules
were also identified which are discerned in the contemporary
Macedonian language, such as the formation of superlative of the
adjectives with the prefix naj_ [nai] (equivalent to the English
the …… _est/ the most ……); the plural of nouns by adding i
[i] (equivalent to the English _s); the occurrence of definite and
indefinite form of nouns, as well as the frequent use of the prepo-
sition na [na] (equivalent to the English prepositions on, at,).
With these identified syllables and their wiring for sound and the
definite rules for writing, a monosemic (unambiguous) methodolo-
gy was generated in order to make out certain words and to read
what was written.
8 T. Boševski, A. Tentov
The results of deciphering the middle text of the Rosetta

Stone point to the fact that there are many details which cannot be
found in the text written (inscribed) in ancient Greek alphabet.
This conclusion proves the science awareness from the time of
Thomas Young (1822) that the middle text was the original. On
the basis of our research we can make this knowledge more pre-
cise with the conclusion that the pharaoh’s decree from the middle
text of the Rosetta Stone in original is written (inscribed) in the
language of the ancient Macedonians with letters of the alive
(living) masters of that time, i.e. with the official letters and
language of the state that had been ruled by them for more than a
century.
Key words: ancient Macedonians, script, language
INTRODUCTION
The aim of this research was to decipher the middle text of the Rosetta
Stone.
The Rosetta Stone is one of the best known textual artifacts from an-
cient Egypt and has been the object of a great number of studies and much re-
search in the scholarly world of this field. It has its name because the location
where it was excavated, that is Rosetta, i.e. El-Rashid in Arabic. It was discov-
ered by a French soldier who had been working on excavating fortifications for
the needs of Napoleon’s army during his campaign in Egypt in the year 1799,
after a short military clash with the English army, when he won the battle, a
peace treaty was signed in Alexandria in 1802. In accordance with the regula-
tions of this peace treaty all the goods and artifacts possessed by the French
army became the property of the British. On the basis of this, the Rosetta Stone
was moved to England where it still is today and is one of the best-known ex-
hibits at the British Museum in London. The Rosetta Stone is a stone of black
granite, shown on Figure 1.
The importance of the Rosetta Stone and the interest it has aroused in
the scientific and scholarly world are based on the fact that special decree had
been inscribed on it, which, according to contemporary scholarship, was issued
by the priests in order to glorify the pharaoh Ptolemy V Epiphany Eucharist one
year after his coronation, more precisely, according to present-day calendar on
27th March 196 B.C. The special interest arises because this decree was written
in three different scripts: in hieroglyphs, in so called demotic script and in the
ancient Greek alphabet. On the basis of the text written in the ancient Greek
alphabet, in 1822 the well-known French scientist Champollion deciphered the
hieroglyphic script using the ancient Egyptian language for wiring for sound.

Tracing the script and the language of the ancient Macedonians 9
Fig. 1. Photo of the Rosetta Stone at the British Museum in London
Prilozi, Odd. mat. teh. nauki, XXVI, 2 (2005), s. 7‡122

According to the perceptions of contemporary science, as well as the

text being written in three scripts, two languages had been used: ancient Egyp-
tian, in the text written with hieroglyphs and in the demotic script, and ancient
Greek in the text written in ancient Greek script. The thesis that three scripts
and three languages are used on the Rosetta Stone was widely accepted until
the beginning of the 20th century. Due to the difficulties in determining and de-
ciphering the third language, which was used to write the middle text of the
stone, in the first decade of the 20th century the thesis that three scripts and two
languages were used on the stone began to predominate. Consequently, current
scholarship supports the theory that two scripts: the hieroglyphic and the de-
motic, were used to inscribe the decree on the Rosetta Stone in ancient Egyptian
language.
A basic assumption of our research is that in writing the text on the
Rosetta Stone three scripts were used, but in three languages: ancient Egyp-
tian, written in the hieroglyphic script, ancient Macedonian, written in the
demotic script, and ancient Greek written in the ancient Greek alphabet. This
assumption is based on the fact that the rulers of Egypt in those times were the
Ptolemaic dynasty, descend from Ptolemy Soter, general of Alexander the
Great, i.e. they were ancient Macedonians. And according to the perceptions
of a part of contemporary scholarship the ancient Macedonians used to speak in
a language different from the ancient Greek, and it is more than obvious that
they had to know how to read and write into their own language. Our assump-
tion is that the script they used was the script used in the middle text of the
Rosetta Stone and which is known today in the scholarly circles under the term
of the demotic script. The assumption becomes true if the demotic script is
taken into consideration either in its universal use on the part of the literate
people of those times, i.e. it was being used in Persia and Egypt for writing state
documents, documents for legal and property issues, scientific texts, poetry and
prose.
The appearance of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone is shown of Fig-
ure 2.
It is known that the demotic script is syllabic in character, which means
that each sign represents one syllable of the consonant–vowel type. In compari-
son with a letter script, the syllabic script is much more susceptible to influence
in terms of the language in which it is being used. From this reason, different
variants of the script itself would have to exist depending on the language in
which it was being written. Today, it is in fact so with the Latin alphabet, where
there exist different variants for different languages for which the Latin alphabet
is used.

Fig. 2. The appearance of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone
It must be mentioned that the demotic script has been in the past and is
still today a subject of intensive research. One of the most significant and lead-
ing works in the field of study of the demotic script as well as the language, the
new Egyptian language as it is called, is the Dictionary and Grammar of the
Demotic Language, The Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, USA. Al-
though it is clear and generally accepted that a syllabic script is in question, in
this significant publication the authors point out that they are not capable being
read sign by sign (syllable after syllable), but they suggest the text is written
word after word, and at the same time supposing an absolute language identity
in the forming of sentences, phrases and all the names of rulers and gods in the
text in ancient Egyptian with the ancient Greek text.
In the text that follows, the perceptions and results of our research in
analyzing and deciphering the middle text of the Rosetta Stone are presented,
starting from the assumption that the text in the demotic script was written in
the language of the ancient Macedonians, i.e. in the ancient Macedonian
language.
In the first chapter, the basic characteristics of the analyzed script are
given. Unlike the research by the Oriental Institute in Chicago, in our research
of the demotic script we start from the basic fact: that is the syllabic script and
we consider it sign by sign, i.e. syllable by syllable. Several groups of syllabic
signs are defined according to their use in terms of whether a syllable is being
wired for sound, independent consonant or independent vowel. Several signs
are also defined which are most probably the remains of some old pictographic

script, and as such they represent a whole notion. The method of writing the so-
called ligatures is defined, which according to us is a characteristic of the an-
cient Macedonian variant of this widely-used script in the given period of the
Mediterranean – Asian civilization.
In the second chapter the procedure of wiring for sound the syllabic
signs is presented, the signs for wiring for sound pure consonant, pure vowel
and the way of reading and wiring for sound the pictographic signs and liga-
tures. We classify the syllabic signs into three classes, as asymmetric, symmet-
ric and inclined signs. The asymmetric signs are characterized by the fact that
they have 8 possible positions on the writing surface (plane), that is why they
were used for writing consonants which could form separate syllables for all
eight vowels, as many as existed in the ancient Macedonian language. The
symmetric and inclined syllabic signs can have only 4 positions in the writing
surface (plane) with which syllables can be written with appropriate consonants
with 4 vowels. However, according to rules, the consonants for which in the
wiring for sound a symmetric or inclined sign is used additionally make a sylla-
ble with the vowel [i]. In writing down these kinds of syllables, because it was
not planned to use a syllabic sign, a pure consonant was used and the sign for
the pure vowel [i] was used. The 4 pictographic signs were also used as the
remainder of some older script in the analyzed text. For two of these we man-
aged to define their wiring for sound as well as their meaning, while for the
other two we managed to define their meaning only. The ligatures are a special
form used in writing, where in the place determined for one sign, 2 to 3 signs
are written one over the other and/or one above the other. When reading the
ligatures, simply the meaning of each single sign (in the form of a syllable) is
read, and between them the syllable na [na] is automatically added (equivalent
to the English prepositions on, at), which completely reflects the geometrical
position among the signs. Consequently, our assumption very clearly follows
that the ligatures must be a basic characteristic of the ancient Macedonian vari-
ant of this script, taking into consideration the fact that the contemporary Mace-
donian language is distinguished by the very clear use of the preposition na [na]
(equivalent to English prepositions on, at,).
In the third chapter, applying the rules for wiring for sound presented in
the second chapter, the following things are presented: the formation of the su-
perlative of adjectives, the method of making the plural of nouns and the forma-
tions of definite and indefinite forms of nouns.
The fourth chapter is a thorough examination of the most frequently
met composition of words in the text, i.e. titles, the first name, family name and
nickname of the emperor.

In the fifth chapter the names of the emperor’s mother and father are
presented, his grandfather’s names, those of his great grandfather and great-
great grandfather, as well as some of their wives’ names that are inscribed in the
text.
In the sixth chapter the categories of young maids inscribed in the text
are thoroughly analyzed.
In the seventh chapter the different categories of priests mentioned in
the text are considered.
In the eighth chapter a detailed analysis of the last row of the text is
presented. The basic reason for this is the fact that here an order was given indi-
cating in which temples, in which lands and with what kinds of scripts the de-
cree was to be written. Unlike the ancient Greek text, in which only the temples
from (the) first, (the) second and (the) third rank are given, in the demotic text
the groups of temples were mentioned such as the God Snake of the Mouth, the
God of Asswan and our God. It should be mentioned that the God Snake was
the God of the Nile Delta and the Lower Egypt, and the God Asswan was the
supreme God of Upper Egypt, which is widely-accepted fact in the contempo-
rary scholarship in this field. With respect to the parts of the land where the
stone with the decree was to be placed, and also with respect to the two scripts
besides the Hellenic one in which the decree was to be written, there is not any
evidence in the ancient Greek text, for the simple reason that a part of the stone
is broken off. In the analyzed text we managed to identify the three lands in
whose temples it was stated that the stone should be placed. The lands are
Egypt, Sinai and the land of the greatest God Cho of Thnani (we suppose that
this territory is the area of Nathania, today’s part of Israel). We find a descrip-
tion of the script in which the decree was to be written, that of the Supreme
Priests, of the Alive Masters and the script of the Danai. The script of the liv-
ing masters is the script of the ancient Macedonians, because the living masters
originated from the ancient Macedonians, and the name Danai is most probably
a sign of how the ancient Macedonians addressed the Greeks in that period.
In the ninth chapter the names of the territories and peoples that we find
in the text are considered. We succeeded in identifying what the ancient Mace-
donians used to call Egypt, both parts of Egypt – Lower and Upper Egypt, as
well as the ancient Macedonian name for Sinai. The names of the ethnic groups
living in the ancient Egypt are mentioned in the text. It is interesting to mention
that besides the Egyptians (in the original in the demotic text called Gjupatsi
[Gjupatsi] (equivalent to english Gypsies) and the Danai (the ancient-
Macedonian term for ancient Greeks) a special ethnic group of the Egyptian
Danai is mentioned. It is even more interesting that the ancient Macedonians

called themselves the children of Dea [detsa na Dea], who, according to con-
temporary scholarship, was the Mother Goddess among the ancient-
Macedonians.
In the tenth chapter the names of the ancient Macedonians’ gods are
presented. For some of them we managed to figure out their function as gods,
too. In the text we also identify the names of some ancient Egyptian gods, in
the way they were named in original, in ancient Egyptian. Considering the fact
that in the ancient Greek text those same gods were written down using their
original ancient Greek names, for the first time we are in a position to state what
one and the same god used to be called in ancient Egyptian, ancient Macedonian
and ancient Greek. This finding is the complete opposite of the interpretation of
contemporary scholarship where the ancient Egyptian gods in the text written in
hieroglyphic script have been given the same names as those given in the an-
cient Greek text. In our research we prove the assumption that among different
peoples and in different languages the gods’ names must differ, only their func-
tions remain the same.
A summary is added at the end of the text.
A dictionary of terms is given in Appendix 1. The terms were read ac-
cording to the suggested procedure for reading. For easier use the dictionary is
given in the form of a table with five columns: the first column gives the origi-
nal entry is given, the second column gives the transcript generated according to
our procedure, the third column gives the wiring for sound of the corresponding
entry according to the original wiring for sound procedure presented in the text,
the fourth column gives the interpretation of the meaning in the contemporary
Macedonian language, and the fifth column gives the translation of the corre-
sponding entry in English which was done on the basis of the ancient Greek text
and is present in the corresponding literature. This is done in order to compare
the results from the reading according to the presented procedure with generally
known and accepted results from the reading of the ancient Greek text.
1. BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SCRIPT
In writing the middle text of the Rosetta Stone a script with the follow-
ing characteristics was used:
• the direction of writing is from right to left;
• there are no punctuation marks in today’s sense;
• there are no capital letters;

• there is no division of words and use of blank space, it is written in an

unbroken string;
• the script used is the syllabic from the type consonant-vowel, with a
minimal use of determined signs from pictographic writing.
1.1. Identification of the Syllabic Signs
The relatively wide range of the available text, of about 4500 signs,
gives us an opportunity to identify the forms of the signs which are the basis of
the script used. The most frequent ones are denoted asymmetrical, symmetrical
and slanting signs.
1.1.1. Asymmetrical Syllabic Signs
The characteristic of the asymmetrical syllabic signs is it they can be

written using 8 (eight) different dispositions on the writing surface (plane) to
denote syllables using one consonant with 8 vowels in a monosemic (unambi-
guous) way.
In the analyzed text 12 (twelve) asymmetrical signs were identified.
They are the following:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
as the signs for 12 (twelve) consonants.

Each of these 12 signs in the writing surface (plane), can be written in
using 8 (eight) dispositions, as:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
In this way, with only 12 different asymmetrical signs 12 x 8 = 96 syl-

lables of the consonant – vowel type can be written in a monosemic (unambi-
guous) way.
The asymmetrical signs noted under the numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 and 9, in
the positions written under the numbers 1, 3, 5 and 7 were used in the 16th cen-

tury as signs for writing numbers by the well-known mathematician Cardan, in

his work Systems for Writing Numbers.
As in the analyzed text, where the consonant was determined by the
form of the sign, and the vowel in the syllable was determined by the position
of the sign, in his work Cardan determined the numbers with the form of the
sign, and determined wieghts with their disposition (ones, tens, hundreds and
thousands) in the number, as shown on Figure 1.1.
Fig. 1.1. System for Writing Numbers

(from Cardan’s book ARS MAGNA,….., ……, system for writing numbers, …..)
If we remember that the Rosetta text dates from the second century B.C.
and was written on the territory of Egypt, while Cardan was working in the 16th
century A.D. in Italy, we can conclude that after 1800 years there was still a
knowledge in the Mediterranean area about the signs in the Rosetta text.
1.1.2. Symmetrical Syllabic Signs
The characteristic of the symmetrical syllabic signs is that 4(four) dif-

ferent dispositions can be written on the writing surface (plane) to denote sylla-
bles of one consonant with four vowels in a monosemic (unambiguous) way. In
the analyzed text 6 (six) signs were identified. They are the following:

1 2 3 4 5 6
as marks for 6 (six) consonants.

Each of these 6 marks in the writing surface (plane), can be written in
with 4 (four) dispositions, as follows:
1 2 3 4
In this way, using 6 different signs 6 x 4 = 24 different syllables of the

consonant – vowel type can be written in a monosemic (unambiguous) way.
1.1.3. Inclined Syllabic Signs
The inclined syllabic signs, like the symmetrical syllabic signs, can be
written on the writing surface (plane) with 4 (four) different dispositions to de-
note syllables of one consonant with four vowels in a monosemic (unambigu-
ous) way. They are the following:
1 2 3 4 5 6
Each of these 6 marks in the writing surface (plane), can be written us-
ing 4 (four) dispositions, as in the following example:
1 2 3 4
In this way, using 6 different signs 6 x 4 = 24 different syllables of the

type consonant – vowel can be written in a monosemic (unambiguous) way.
1.1.4. Specific Syllabic Sign
It should be specially emphasized that a specific sign occurs in the text,

which was identified by us in 4 forms. They are the following:

The last form, two slanting lines brought nearer in the upper part of this
syllabic sign, we find even today in many syllabic scripts of the Asian conti-
nent.
1.2. Signs for Isolated Writing of Consonants
Some of the consonants in the text are found to be written separately, in

the following form:
The slanting line in the composition of the basic sign in the first two
and the last, is used with the function of virama, i.e. it eliminates the vowel of
the corresponding syllable.
1.3. Signs for Isolated Writing of Vowels
While writing, there was a need to write down an isolated vowel. Signs
in only one position were used for writing down an isolated vowel. The follow-
ing signs, which reflect to represent vowels, were identified in the text:
1.4. Pictographic Signs
As a remnant of some older script in the analyzed text several signs oc-
cur which do not adapt to the syllabic concept. This refers mainly to the very
frequently occurring three vertical lines and three slant lines:
which means an occurrence (that has been) already studied in the corresponding
literature in this field.
Two other signs occur, but not very frequently, which cannot be syl-
labically explained either. They are the following:

The first sign represents a stylized form of the Egyptian god of the
dead, and the second sign is a stylized form of a snake.
1.5. Writing of Ligatures
It is obvious that in the text syllabic signs have not only been written
next to each other, but they have also been written one above the other, as in the
example:
We call these forms ligatures and we think that they reflect a specific
characteristic of the language which was being expressed through the script.
In most cases there are 2 to 3 signs in the ligatures. As a rule, the be-
ginning of a word was written with a ligature, whereas the end of the word
whose beginning was written in a form of ligature was realized with one and
very rarely with 2 to 3 syllables (signs).
2. WIRING FOR SOUND OF THE IDENTIFIED SIGNS
The syllabic scripts contain the characteristics of the language that they
are used to write much more than do the sound scripts.
If the basic assumption is that the analyzed text is written in the lan-
guage of the ancient Macedonians, the determination of the sound characteris-
tics of that language will be realized through the sound features of the domestic
population in the Balkan area, as their parent territory. We assume that the
sound values of the vowels and consonants, as mostly not liable to changes,
have retained the same pronunciation up to the present day.
2.1. Wiring for Sound of the Syllabic Signs
The wiring for sound of the identified syllabic signs can be realized by
finding words in the text which have preserved their meaning to the present day
in languages or dialects in the Balkan area or farther afield in the European area.
In this phase the analysis will, of course, be based on a comparison between

words from the text of the Rosetta Stone and archaisms from the dialects of the
contemporary Macedonian language.
2.1.1. Wiring for Sound of the Asymmetrical Syllabic Signs
Using more than one hundred words from the contemporary Macedo-
nian language, all 12 (twelve) asymmetrical signs were wired for sound with
corresponding consonants. They are:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
J \ R @ Z Y P T S C [ ^
[j] [gj] [r] [zh] [z] [dz] [p] [t] [s] [ts] [sh] [tch]
The asymmetrical signs R[r] and J[j] in today’s and in the ancient Ma-
cedonian script have the same form and the same sound. According to their
written form the remaining asymmetrical signs are mutually similar, and in their
pronunciation, too, for example the asymmetrical signs @[zh], Z[z], and Y[dz].
The similarity in writing and in the pronunciation also applies to the asymmetri-
cal signs S[s], C[ts], ^[tch], [[sh].
Each of these 12 consonants on the writing surface (plane), can be writ-
ten using 8 dispositions and can denote syllables with 8 consonants, as in the
example of the sign for the consonant J[j].
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Jo J Ju J Je J Ja Ji
[jo] [j ] [ju] [j ] [je] [j ] [ja] [ji]
The procedure of mirroring and rotating the basic sign on the writing
surface (plane) in order to attach the corresponding vowel from the syllable is
shown on Figure 2.1 for consonant P [p].
All 8 (eight) positions of writing are identified in the text, which means
they have been wired for sound with all 6 active vowels in today’s Slavic lan-
guages and the long forms of the vowels O[ ] and E[ ] which have been pre-

served in the contemporary Slovenian language [1, 2], as well as in some of the
dialects of the Macedonian language (Miyatchki and Vevtchanski, [7]).
Fig. 2.1. Rotation and mirroring of a syllabic sign in the writing surface (plane)
All forms of the asymmetrical signs with their wiring for sounds are
presented in the Table 2.1.
T a b l e 2.1
Asymmetrical Signs and Their Wiring for Sound

2.1.2. Wiring for Sound of the Symmetrical Syllabic Signs
Using about 20 words from the contemporary Macedonian language, 6

symmetrical signs were wired for sound. They are:
1 2 3 4 5 6
B[b] V[v] M[m] H[h] G[g] X[dzh]
No more than 4 positions for writing were found for each of the signs
wired for sound in the text. The formation of syllables in the corresponding
vowels is shown in the table 2.2., positions 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7, respectively.
T a b l e 2.2
Symmetrical and Inclined Signs and Their Wiring for Sound
In order to form a syllable with the vowel i[i], we identified that the
signs of the consonants V[v] and L[l] were written with the mark for virama
and then the symbol for the vowel i[i] was added.

2.1.3. Wiring for Sound of the Inclined Syllabic Signs
Unlike the asymmetrical signs, where the vertical line is dominant in

the basic sign, in the inclined signs an inclined line is dominant. And for these
signs no more than 4 positions for writing were identified.
The formation of syllables with corresponding vowels is shown in the
table 2.2, positions 3, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13, respectively.
1 2 3 4 5 6
F[f] L[l] Q[lj] N[n] K[k] ][kj]

In the text the sign for the consonant Q[lj] most frequently occurs in a
syllable with the vowel y[u], which is also characteristic in the contemporary
Macedonian language.
The first sign from left to right in the analyzed text is a rotated form of
the sign B[b] for 45 degrees in the clockwise direction. No defining word for
this sign has yet been found in today’s Macedonian language, and our assump-
tion is that most probably it represents the consonant F[f].
2.1.4. Wiring for Sound of the Specific Syllabic Signs
The specific syllabic sign which in form recalls the letter D[d] in the
Cyrillic alphabet was proved by wiring for sound in all its forms, such as:
Do[do] De[de] Da[da] Di[di]

Apart from our research, the syllabic sign Di[di] has the same form of
wiring for sound in the monograph Praslavyanskaya Pismenost by G. S.
Grinevich, Moscow 1933, [5].
2.2. Wiring for Sound of the Signs for Isolated Consonants
The frequent use was noted of some isolated consonants which were
wired for sound in the following way:
L[l] (P[r]) B[v] N[n] P[p]

The pronunciation of the isolated consonant changes into soft P[r],

sound which we have it even today in the pronunciation of words from the Ma-
cedonian language. It should be mentioned here that contemporary scholarship
has concluded that it was during the Ptolemaic dynasty that a distinction was
made for the first time between the sounds L[l] and P[r], which was appropri-
ately transferred into the script, i.e. in the analyzed text.
The pronunciation of the isolated consonant v[v] most frequently occurs
in the formation of the syllable with the vowel i[i], or in the formation of the
preposition vo [vo] (equivalent to the English prepositions in, at), in original vv
[vv] – .
The inclined line without addition denotes the isolated consonant
n[n] which is very frequently used in the contemporary Macedonian language.
2.3. Wiring for Sound of the Signs for Isolated Vowels
In the analyzed text, most frequently used sign is the vertical line ( ),
which was wired for sound with the vowel i[i]. Besides the use of the vowel i
[i] as a conjunction, it is also used at the end of the word for formation of the
plural of nouns and adjectives.
The horizontal line ( ) was wired for sound with the vowel a[a]. It is
also frequently used as a conjunction.
The wiring for sound of the identified signs for the vowels is the fol-
lowing:
O[o] [ ] U[u] E[e] A[a] I[i] [
2.4. Wiring for Sound of the Pictographic Signs
The very frequent occurrence and the place of occurrence of the three
vertical lines as a single sign suggest its meaning: BOGA [Boga]. In the
above-mentioned monograph by G.S. Grinevich , this sign was also wired for
sound with BOGA [Boga]. We prove our conclusion by deciphering the adjec-
tive Boèn [bozhen] (equivalent to English divine), written down using syl-
labic signs previously formerly wired for sound in form and their
superlative form najboèn [naibozhen] (equivalent to English the most di-
vine) .

The three inclined lines occur in a specific construction to define the

term SVETOST (equivalent in English the Eminence), in original inscribed
as:
which was wired for sound as (the way it is read from right to left):
oT(R)LadopsoG eV ZaN IoM e\I oT(R)LadopsoG eV ZaN IoM

[ot(r)ladopsog ev zan iom ejgi ot(r)ladopsog ev zan iom]
which was translated into Macedonian as
Gospodarite na Gospodarite [gospodarite na gospodarite]

(equivalent to English Masters of the Masters)
or
Gospodin Gospodin [gospodin gospodin]
(equivalent to English Master Master)
which associates with present-day title and addressing His Beatitude – the Head
of the Macedonian Orthodox Church Gospodin Gospodin [gospodin gospo-
din], which is the only way of addressing heads among the Orthodox church.
In another form, it occurs as a synonym of the pharaohs, i.e. for “Our
Living Masters,” originally inscribed in form
which was wired for sound as (the way it is read from right to left):
aT(R)LadopsoG eV @aN IoM
[at(r)ladopsog ev hzan iom]
and translated into contemporary Macedonian language:
Moite ìvi gospodari [moite zhivi gospodari]
(equivalent to English My Living Masters)
If for the sign we conclude the pronunciation of soft P[r], as is the

case in contemporary Macedonian language, then from the analysis of the pre-
vious examples of the three inclined lines we can definitely give the wiring for
sound of GOSPODA [gospoda] (equivalent to English Masters).

2.5. Wiring for Sound of the Ligatures
The signs used for writing ligatures have preserved their sound value:
they were mutually connected with the preposition na [na] (equivalent to the
English prepositions on, at,), if written next to each other or one above the
other, as in the example:
→ AeDaN [aedan] → I YaN jaN [iezdanjan]
→ A [aN [ahsan] → ZoLaN [ezolan]
→ AIoRaN [aioran]
Usually the ligatures were written at the beginning of the word, and the
word was ended by adding 1 or 2 syllabic signs. In some cases two successive
words can be connected with a ligature, which makes the process of the division
of words additionally difficult in a continuously written text. Most frequently 2
to 3 signs were used in a ligature.
3. SOME RULES FOR WRITING
By identification or wiring for sound of the syllabic signs, the findings

for writing isolated consonants and vowels so far described, as well as decipher-
ing the ligatures, certain necessary conditions were discovered for a further
analysis of the rules for writing and reading the analyzed text.
3.1. Writing Superlatives of Adjectives
Writing the syllabic signs one on the other or one over the other, it is
possible to form superlative forms of adjectives in an effective way in those
languages which do not contain the prefix naj_ [nai] (equivalent to English the
…… _est/ the most ……). In that case the basic form of the adjective was writ-
ten above the sign for the syllable J .
In the analyzed text, more cases of formation of superlative form in this
way were identified, such as:

Basic Form Superlative form

Ancient Macedonian original
Reading (from right to left) Y → Y JaN
[ zD] [ zdjaN]
Contemporary Macedonian Svetol Najsvetol
[svetol] [naisvetol]
Equivalent to English Bright The Most Bright
Reading (from right to left) uNeV @ → uNeV @ JaN
[unev hZ] [unev hZiaN]
Contemporary Macedonian @iven Najìven
[zhiven] [Naizhiven]
(ve~en)
([vetchen])
Equivalent to English Living For ever living
(The most living)
(Ethernal)
Reading (from right to left) N @oB → N @oB JaN
[n hzoB] [n hzoBjaN]
Contemporary Macedonian Boèn Najboèn
[Bozhen] [Naibozhen]
Equivalent to English Divine The most divine
Reading (from right to left) eMI [aN EMI [aN JaN
[emi hsaN] [emi hsaNjaN]
Contemporary Macedonian Na{e ime → Najna{e ime
[Nashe ime] [NaiNashe ime]
Equivalent to English Our name The most honourable name
In the dictionary of identified words, 8 different words were added to

the basic and superlative form, written in this way, and which have the same
meaning to this very day.

3.2. Writing the Plural of Nouns
In many Slavic languages, and especially in the Macedonian language,

the plural of nouns and adjectives is often formed by adding i[i] at the end of
the noun in singular. In the analyzed text, we also identified the formation of
the plural in this way, as in the example:
→ →
Gospodar → Gospodari Sve{tenik → Sve{tenici
[gospodar] [gospodari] [svehtenik] [svehtenitsi]
Equivalent to English
Lord → Lords Priest → Priests
In the dictionary of the identified words, 5 words were added in the sin-
gular and plural formed in this way, and they have kept the same meaning to
this very day.
It is very important to mention that in [3] when forming the plural of
nouns a vertical line was added at the end of the word. The author, in contrast to
our research and findings, treats the sign for vertical line as a mark for the plu-
ral. This is completely comprehensible if it is known that according to [3] it is
not possible to read the demotic script sign for sign (in accordance with our
findings that corresponds to reading/writing syllable for syllable), but is being
read word for word.
3.3. Non-defining and Defining Form of Nouns
While reading the analyzed text we identified nouns in the definite and
indefinite form, as:
→
Gospodar → Gospodarto
[gospodar] [gospodarto]
Lord → The lord
in the singular, as well as

Gospodari → Gospodarta
[gospodari] [gospodarta]
Lords → The lords
in the plural.
The definite article is to [to], and for the plural is ta [ta], equivalent in
English the.
In several other cases the definite form of nouns was made by adding
mo [mo] (some type of case form) as in the example:
→ →
Boga → Bogamo Deca → Decamo
[boga] [bogamo] [detsa] [detsamo]
Equivalent in English
God → Gods Kid → Kids
We can conclude from our analyses to date that except in these cases,
we have very rarely identified other case forms.
4. MENTIONING THE NAME OF THE EMPEROR (PHARAOH)
Mentioning the name of the emperor (pharaoh) in the analyzed text is

the most frequently occurring composition of words. According to the findings
of our research and in accordance with the suggested wiring for sound of the
signs, addressing the ruler was very similar with today’s way of addressing the
contemporary rulers.
4.1. The Title of the Emperor (Pharaoh)
From what has been said to date we can identify 2 words when the
name of the emperor (pharaoh) is mentioned as 2 superlatives, from right to left:

uNeV @ JaN aCNeMI YaN JaN

[unev hziaN] [acnemiezdaniaN]
For ever living The most honourable name
Translated into contemporary Macedonian language:
Najnao~it imenec [nainaotchit imenets],

(equivalent to English the most honourable name),
Najìveni (Ve~en) [naizhiveni] ([vetchen]),
(equivalent to English for ever living).
The Greek words (read from left to right)

correspond to these titles.
4.2. The Name of the Emperor (Pharaoh)
We have concluded that after the title follows the name of the emperor
(pharaoh), which is not formal in today’s sense, but is descriptive:
I JeViD oMagoB JoT

[i jevid] [omagob] [ jot]
Translated to contemporary Macedonian language: Toj komu bogo-

vite mu se divat (voshituvaat) [toi komu bogovite mu se divat]
(equivalent to English He who is beloved by the gods).
This Macedonian name is translated into ancient Greek with the words:
The word in ancient Greek means bogovi [bogovi] (equivalent

to the English gods), and the word means That one who is be-
loved by the gods. The accuracy of the suggested way of reading and wiring for
sound is more than clear from this.
The method of forming personal names with word Boga [boga] is fre-
quent in contemporary Macedonian language. The following names are very

frequent: Bogomil [bogomil], Bogoljub [bogoljub], Bogovid [bogovid], Bozi-

dar [bozhidar], Bozana [bozhana] and others.
4.3. The Family Name of the Emperor (Pharaoh)
The family name of the emperor (pharaoh), i.e. the name of the dynasty
was recognized in the expressions (read from right to left):
JeVi[aN LoToP eM SiaN CIaN

[ jevihsaN] [lotop ] [em siaN] [ ciaN]
Translated into contemporary Macedonian for the name of the dynasty

was obtained in a descriptive form:
naiceneto naisemejstvo od grad na karpa izgradeniot
[naitseneto naisemeistvo od grad na karpa izgradeniot]
(equivalent to English the most respected the most family from town
on the stone built).
The following expression was used for translation in the ancient Greek
text
.
Which is read by present day scholarship in succession as one word
.
The first word is a term for town, E is a preposition, and
is a goddess of (the) earth of the ancient Greeks.
This practically means that the term means in ancient
Greek town of the goddess of (the) earth, which coincides completely with our
reading of the corresponding term in the middle text of the stone.
4.4. The Nickname (Public Name) of the Emperor (Pharaoh)
When the emperor (pharaoh) is mentioned with all his titles and full
name and family name, or when only his family name is mentioned, it always
ends with the expression (read from right to left):

eVaCaPÝu\ aN ZNaN NeV ZaN oM

[evastap ujG] [aN] [ znaN] [nev zaN] [oM]
which translated into contemporary Macedonian language means:

Nare~en naniza na \upacite
[narechen naniza na gjupatsite]
(equivalent to English
Called necklace of necklaces of the Gypsies (Egyptians)).
5. MENTIONING THE NAMES OF THE EMPEROR’S (PHARAOH’S)

ANCESTORS
In the analyzed text, the names of the pharaoh’s parents were mentioned
in many places. In two instances the names of all the pharaoh’s male ancestors
were mentioned (father, grandfather, great grandfather and great-great grandfa-
ther). Besides the names of the male ancestors, their wives’ names are men-
tioned in various places of the text.
5.1. The Names of the Emperor’s (Pharaoh’s) Parents
The names of the parents are found together in several places of the
text, and the father’s name stands alone in certain places.
The mother’s name is:
In the original Wired for sound (is read from right to left)
JoM J VaNagoB eViD aN @oBjaN
[ jom j vaN agoB eviD an hzobjaN]
In ancient Greek
In Contemporary Macedonian
(English translation)
Arsinoe Najboèna se voshituva na najgolem moj bog
[naibozhena se voshituva na naigolem moi bog]
English translation
The most divine adores my greatest god

The father’s name is:
In the original Wired for sound (is read from right to left)
oTI YaN JaN e@i[N

[oti zdan jaN hzihsN]
In ancient Greek
In Contemporary Macedonian
(English translation)
Philopator Ina{iot najo~it
[i nashiot naiotchit]
And our most honourable
In one place where pharaoh’s mother and father are mentioned, the
mother is addressed with the title woman pharaoh besides her name, which in
original was written as:
In the original Read from right to left
Contemporary Mace-
donian language
eVaCNeMI YaN JaN Faraonicava
→ →
[evacNemi zdan jaN] [faraonicava]
Equivalent to English woman pharaoh
5.2. The Names of the Emperor’s (Pharaoh’s) Ancestors
Taking into consideration that the decree on the stone was ordered in
the time of Pharaoh Ptolemy V, the names of all his 4 ancestors were found (fa-
ther, grandfather, great grandfather and great-great grandfather). They were put
in the second and third row, as well as in the 22nd row of the text in ancient Ma-
cedonian language. The order of mentioning the ancestors at the end of the sec-
ond line and the beginning of the third one begins with the eldest (the founder
of the dynasty, Alexander’s General Soter) and it ends with the name of the
pharaoh’s father. The name of Alexander stands before the name of the founder
of the dynasty. The 22nd line begins by mentioning the name of the pharaoh’s
father, and ends with the first in the dynasty (emperor’s great-great grandfa-
ther).

The following are the names:
In original Wired for sound In Macedonian In English

(Greek)
NIeK VoKaN J Junakot ve~en Soteres1
[junakot vetchen]
The hero eternal
eVeY Svetol (Sveto) Adelphoi
[svetol (sveto)]
Bright
eMI P uQ @ Dobrodetel Euergetai2
[dobrodetel]
Benefactor
oTI YaN JaN e@i[N I na{iot najo~it Philopator
[I nashiot naiochit]
And our most honourable
¹) The meaning of the name Soteres (Sotir) is to this day Saviour, Hero.
2
) The meaning of the name Eurgetai is Founder of church/monastery, Sponsor, Benefactor.
In the second and third line, where the ancestors have been mentioned
from the eldest to the pharaoh‘s father, among their names the noun DECA
[detsa] (equivalent to English children) has the meaning of successors. As a
result of that, in original we find the following text:
We have pointed this out because of the fact that the beginning of the
third line is missing because that part of the stone is broken off. By emphasizing
this, we want to demonstrate and stress what must have stood in that place

originally. This is marked by a rectangle with a broken line and filled with col-
our in the part of the restoration of the original text giving the ancestors’ names.
It is important to point out that this way of mentioning a person’s ancestors is
absolutely identical with the way it is done in the Bible.
5.3. The Names of the Wives of the Emperor’s (Pharaoh’s) Ancestors
In several places in the text the names of the wives of the emperor’s
(pharaoh’s) ancestors are mentioned, such as:
In the original Wired for sound In contemporary Macedonian In English

(from right to left) (Greek)
eViDaN @oBjaN Najboèna se voshituva na
JoM J VaNagoB najgolem moj bog
[naibozhena se voshituva na
naigolem moj bog] Arsinoe
The most divine adores
(beloves) the greatest my god
agoB J VaN Na najgolem bog pobedo moja
JoM V S [na najgolem bog pobedo moja]
Equivalent in English Berenice
The greatest god victory
of mine
When the wife’s name was mentioned, according to the rules, the hus-
band’s first name preceded by the word imo [imo] followed, as in the example
(read from right to left):
oTI YaN JaN e@i[N oMI JoM J VaNagoB eViD aN @oB jaN
[oti zdan jan ehzihsn omi jom j van agob evid an hzob jan]
which in contemporary Macedonian means:

Najboèna se voshituva na najgolem moj bog

[naibozhena se voshituva na naigolem moi bog]
(equivalent in English
The most divine woman beloves my greatest god

Imo [imo] (equivalent to English wife of)
I na{iot najo~it [i nashiot naiochit]
And our the most honourable)

i.e.: Arsinoe Philopator,
as well as (from right to left):
eMI P uQ @ omI JoM V S agoB J VaN

[emi p ulj hz omi jom v s agob j van]
which means:
Nagolem bog pobedo moja [naigolem bog pobedo moia]

The greatest god victory of mine

Imo [imo] (equivalent to English wife of)
@equ peime [zhelju p ime] (equivalent to English Benefactor)
i.e. Berenice Eurgetai
This special way of addressing the wives by emphasizing their names

followed by the first names of their husbands is found even to this day in a
slightly changed form in the western part of Macedonia, where the wife is ad-
dressed by the name of her husband and adding the word ica [itsa].
6. CATEGORIES OF YOUNG MAIDS
In the analyzed text we succeeded in deciphering the categories of

young maids that are present and mentioned in the ancient Greek text, such as:

aCeViD oT S oMagoB Z jaN aCeViD oT S oMagoB Z jaN

[astevid ot s omagob z jan astevid ot s omagob z jan]
which means:
Nejze bogovite site i se divat Nejze bogovite site i se divat
[neize bogovite site i se divat neize bogovite site i se divat]
(equivalent to English:
Her the gods belove her all Her the gods belove her all)
i.e. Athlophoroi
It must be stressed here that we find the same form of address, as will
be explained, in the case of the term of address SVETI [sveti] (equivalent to
English Sacred), as Gospodin Gospodin [gospodin gospodin] (equivalent to
English Master Master), in the following chapter.
For the title Kanephoroi we found:
aCeNaNA agoB aN aCeViD

[astenana agob an astevid]
which means:
Se divi (voshituva ) na bogot Ananneca (bog na obnovata)
[se divi (voshituva) na bogot Ananetsa (bog na obnovata]
She admires the god Ananetsa (the god of restoration, renewal))
i.e. Kanephoroi
According to our research the god Ananetsa was a supreme Egyptian

god, and this is an Egyptian name for the god who was known to the ancient
Greeks as the god Osiris.

7. CATEGORIES OF PRIESTS
In the text, in addition to the word for priest {emo [shemo], we find
priests’ titles, such as:
In the original In contemporary Macedonian Equivalent in English
Y agoB oMaCeD → Decata na bogot Ye (na svetlinata) → The children of God

[ zd agob omasted] [detsata na bogot dze (na svetlinata)] Dze (High priests)
IoMe[ oMaCeD → Deca na sve{tenicite → The children of the

[iomehs omasted] [detsa na sveshtenitsite] priests (Prophets)
We must mention that in the south-west part of Macedonia, i.e. in the

wider region of present settlement Ptolemaida which is situated in northern
Greece, among the Macedonian population we find the family name [emovi
[shemovi], which according to our findings would have to correspond to the
contemporary family name Popovi [popovi] (equivalent in English Priests).
8. DECIPHERING THE LAST LINE OF THE TEXT
According to the ancient Greek text, in the last line the pharaoh orders
(in the following succession) the decree to be written in 3 scripts and to be
placed in the temples of (the) first, (the) second and (the) third rank near the
statue of the pharaoh, although just here a part of the stone is broken off (the
part is missing).
In the analyzed text, the pharaoh’s order was identified in a different
succession, first in which three classes temples of gods, then in which three re-
gions of the country a stone should be placed, and finally, in which scripts in the
language of the three circles of the population it should be written.
The pharaoh divided his wish into two orders beginning with the word
javi [javi] (equivalent in English ordered) in the original form written (from
right to left) with iVÝJ [iv j].

8.1. Analysis of the First Order
The first order begins with the expression to be made of stone, in the
original written as:
NeVIeV [aN → Napraveni od kamen

[neviev hsan] → [napraveni od kamen]
(equivalent to English Made of stone)
The order continues with:
I [aN agoB NuSAaN E agoB ZU aN O ajimZ agoB eV [aN

[i hsan agob nusaan e agob zu an o ajimz agob iev hsan]
which means:
Kameni gradbi (hramovi) na:
Bogot Zmija od ustieto, Boga od Asuan i Boga Na{ion.
[kameni gradbi(hramovi) na:
bogot zmija na ustieto, boga od asuan i boga nashion]
Stone constructions (temples) of:
God Snake of the Mouth, the God of Asswan and our God.)
The order continues with the names of the three regions of the land, the
first is Egypt, the second Asswan, and the third is the land of the greatest God
Cho NaThnani, the expression written in original:
INaN TaN ^ J VaNagoB eVI S JaNiSaN oTP u\AaN

[inan t an hc j van agob] [evi s janis an] [otp ujga an]
The greatest god Cho of Thnani In all of Sinai In Egypt

In respect of the Greek text, here we find significantly more precise in-
formation which indirectly proves the primary importance of this text in respect
of the other two.
8.2. Analysis of the Second Order
The second order begins with the expression:

Da bide na kamen navezeno (napi{ano)
[da bide na kamen navezeno (napishano)]
To be on stone embroidered (written))
Written in the original with the expression:
eNeZeVaNi[aN eDÝB
[enezevan ihs an ed b]
In this case, for the word written the term embroidered is used, which
is to this day figuratively used for writing in some dialects of the Macedonian
language.
In the analyzed text, a single identification is used for stating the iden-
tity of the scripts and languages in which the decree was to be written, or a so-
cial circle in a multi – ethnic society of that time Egypt.
The Supreme (High) Priests, presented with the original expression
oTLadopsoG V ZaN IoM e\I oTLadopsoG V ZaN IoM

[otladopsog ev zan iom ejgi otladopsog ev zan iom]
The Alive Masters, presented with the original expression
aTLadopsoG V @aN IoM

[otladopsog ev hzan iom]

The Danai, presented with the original expression
eV JaNaD aN
[ev janad an]
The second order ends with the expression written in original as:
oTaC i[ VV aC JeRaN
[otac ihs vv ac jeran]
which means:
Pisma vo kamen tvrd
[pisma vo kamen tvrd]
Scripts in stone hard).
We can conclude from the contents of the second order that for the up-
per text (hieroglyphs – sacred script) the expression script of the Supreme
(High) priests was used. The expression script of the Alive Masters was used
for the middle script (demotic), and those were the Ancient Macedonians. But
the term the Danai was used for the lowest text (ancient Greek).
From the example of the contents of the last line of the decree, which in
all probability has the same contents with the three texts, due to the different
structure of the languages it is not possible to accept that those texts are totally
identical, especially because of the different pronunciation of the names of the
peoples, gods and emperors (pharaohs).
If we bear in mind that our own personal names in those times had the
same descriptive character, in translating the text from one language into an-
other, the personal names were also translated in accordance with their mean-
ing, and obtained a completely different pronunciation.
9. NAMES OF TERRITORIES AND PEOPLES
In the analyzed text we find names of territories and peoples in the cor-
responding territories.

9.1. Names of Territories
Since the text in the stones primarily refers to the territory of Egypt, we
find the name of Egypt most frequently, not only when the whole territory of
Egypt has to be inscribed, but also the names of Upper and Lower Egypt respec-
tively.
In original the name of Egypt is the following:
oTP u\A
[otp ujga]
This name comes from the analysis of the pharaoh’s order written in the
last line in demotic text, in the part which gave the territories where, in the cor-
responding temples of certain gods, the stone was to be placed. The analysis of
the text in the last line is shown in detail in the previous chapter.
The name of Egypt in ancient Greek is .
The name of Upper Egypt in original is: aP \ [ap jg]
The name of Lower Egypt in original is: Z \ [ z jg]
It is known that the Mouth of the Nile is in Lower Egypt. In the original
the term is the following:
ZU
[ zu]
The findings that the term Uze [uze] in ancient Macedonian is today
pronounced USTIE [ustie], comes directly from the analysis of the last line in
the text. In the order which mentions the gods in whose temples the stone with
the decree by Ptolemy V Epiphany Eucharist had to be placed, i.e. in ancient
Macedonian Naj@ VeNe Toj BogaMo DiVeJ I PoToL Na[iVeJ
(The Immortal He Whom the Gods Admire from the town on stone built, as to-
day we would say) it says that one of them is the God Snake Of Uze. It is gen-
erally accepted that the God Snake was the God of the Nile Delta, i.e. of its
mouth. Consequently, the conclusion more than simply follows that the
term read from right to left \ Ze [Gj ze], denotes Lower Egypt.
The word pa [pa] (equivalent to English well) in the ancient Macedo-
nian was used in linking constructions when numbering before an article in the

sequence being stated. An example for this is giving the scripts in which the
decree was to be written, in the last line, where before the script of the Alive
Masters there is the linking construction i na pajb [i na pai] (equivalent to
English as well as). The term understood in this way, read from right to
left as \ Pa [gj pa], denotes Upper Egypt.
In order to prove that our assertion is correct, that the terms \bZe and
\bPa in ancient Macedonian match the terms Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt
respectively, a thorough analysis was conducted of the places in the text where
in the ancient Greek text these two parts of ancient Egypt are mentioned, and a
comparison was made with the places where the two previously mentioned
terms were found in the ancient Macedonian text. For instance, the following is
written in the 12th line of the demotic text for the terms Upper Egypt and Lower
Egypt:
aP \aN I Z \aN
[ap jgan i ez jgan]
Lower and Upper Egypt)
which completely corresponds with the mention of Upper Egypt and Lower
Egypt in the ancient Greek text.
9.2. Names of peoples
In the analyzed text, while stating the names of the pharaoh’s ancestors,
in the 22nd line of the middle text of the stone, the peoples whom they ruled are
also mentioned. After the name of the Philopator (N [e @e NajY Ito
[n she zhe naidzeito] ‡ I Na{iot NajSvetol [i nashiot naisvetol]
(Equivalent in English – And Our Most Bright), for the peoples whom he
ruled was written in the original:

eNaP \ aN V JaNaD aN
[enap jgan ev janad an]
which means in today’s Macedonian
[na danajtsive i na gjuptsite],

(Equivalent in English
To the Danai (the Greeks) and to the Gypsies).
After the names of Eurgetai (@eQu Pe IMe [zhelju pe ime] ‡ Do-

brodetel [dobrodetel] – (Equivalent in English Benefactor)) and Adelphoi
(YeVo [dzevo] ‡ Svetol [svetol] (Equivalent in English Bright) for the peo-
ples whom they ruled was written in the original:
eNaP \aN V JaNaD oMaP \aN V JaNaD aN

[enap jgan ev janad omap jgan ev janad an]
which means in contemporary Macedonian

[na danajtsive i na egipetskite danajtsi i na gjuptsite],
(Equivalent in English
To the Danai (the Greeks),
To the Egyptian Danai (the Egyptian Greeks) and To the Gypsies).
It is interesting to consider the third ethnic group besides the Danai and
the Gypsies, i.e. the Egyptian Danai. This means that besides the Danai ethnic
group on the Balkans at the time of the first ruler from the Ptolemy dynasty,
there existed a separate Danai entity on the territory of Egypt. Toward the end
of the 11th line in the demotic text this entity is mentioned in the original as:
aP \ aN V JaNaD
[ap jgan ev janad]
In English this denotes the Danai from Upper Egypt, by which their
territory was determined.
10. NAMES OF THE GODS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
In the middle text of the Rosetta Stone we find the names and functions
of many gods. As a result of their titles, which literally meant a characteristic of
the language and writing of the ancient Macedonians, we were able to identify

names of several Egyptian gods even in the original way that they were called in
ancient Egyptian. In the analyzed text we also found the names, most probably,
of all the gods of the ancient Macedonians.
10.1. Names of the Gods and Their Functions for the Ancient Macedonians
According to our research, in the middle text we were able to read the
names of most probably all gods of the ancient Macedonians. For a certain
number of gods we are able to determine their functions, too. It is most charac-
teristic that almost all the gods’ names are monosyllabic. Their names and func-
tions are the following:
eY agoB aS agoB eV agoB oV agoB iV agoB eD agoB

In contemporary Macedonian:
Boga Ye Boga Sa Boga Ve Boga Vo Boga Vi
[boga dze] [boga sa] [boga ve] [boga vo] [boga vi]
H agoB X agoB iL agoB a^L agoB aK agoB ajimZ agoB

In contemporary Macedonian:
Boga H Boga X Boga Li Boga Lâ Boga Ka Boga Zmija
[boga h ] [boga dzh ] [boga li] [boga ltcha] [boga ka] [boga zmia]
God Ye [dze] is a supreme god, god of the summers and of the light
(the sun) (in ancient Greek text inscribed as )
God Sa [sa] is god of the gardens and vineyards (planting)
God Ve [ve] is god of the builders (craftsmen)
God Vo [vo] is god of waters
God Vi [vi]
God De [de]
God H [ho] is god of war (spearmen)
God X [dzho]
God Li [li] is god of forests (autumn), of renovation (in ancient Greek
text inscribed as )

God Lâ [ltcha] is goddess of the light ray/sunrise (in ancient Greek
text inscribed as )
God Ka [ka] was also found among the Sumerians in the shape of a
snake
God Zmija [zmia] The God Snake
We concluded the god Ye [dze] (by his function god of the summers)
was a supreme god because in the text he is addressed very similarly to a phar-
aoh, i.e. with two epithets in the superlative, of which only the second one is
different. Instead of Najèveni [naizheveni] (equivalent to English forever
living) which was used when addressing the pharaoh, is Najsvetol [naisvetol]
(equivalent to English The most Bright), and in the original it is the following:
IoTL agoB eV ZaN IoM I Y JaN aCNeMI YaN JaN

[iotl agob ev zan iom i zd jan acnemi zdan jan]
This in contemporary Macedonian (in translation) means:

Najnao~it imenec, najsvetli po na{e bogot na letata.
[nainaochit imenets naisvetli po nashe bogot na letata]
The most honourable, the most bright according to our way of saying
the god of the summers).
10.2. The Names of the Gods and Their Functions among the Ancient Egyptians
The style of addressing the Egyptians gods is especially interesting in

the text. After the name of the god as he was called in ancient Egyptian, there
follows in addition the way he was named in ancient Macedonian. In the origi-
nal it was written down in the following way:
iL agoB eV ZaN IoM A agoB aCeNaNA eVaCaP u\

[il agob ev zan iom a agob astenana evastap ujg]
In translation in contemporary Macedonian language:

Bogot Ananeca na egip}anite (bogot na obnovuvaweto),

po na{e bogot Li.
[bogot ananetsa na egipkjanite bogot na obnovuvanjeto
po nashe bogot li]
The god Ananetsa of the Egyptians (the god of renovation),
according to our way of saying the god Lee),
as well as the expression
a^L agoB aTeNaNA

[ahctl agob atenana]
in translation into contemporary Macedonian:
Ananeta boga Lâ (bogiwa na svetlosniot zrak
[ananeta boga ltcha boginja na svetlosniot zrak]
Ananeta god LTCHa goddess of the light ray/sunrise)
According to the legends Ananeta was sister to the god Ananetsa.

In the original text we found this form of address which refers to the
goddess Ananeta and the god Ananetsa:
iL agoB eV ZaN IoMA agoB aCeNaNA a^L agoB aTeNaNA

[il agob ev zan ioma agob astenana ahctl agob atenana]
in translation into contemporary Macedonian:

Ananeta boga Lâ (bogiwa na svetlosniot zrak)
Bogot Ananeca (bogot na obnovuvaweto), po na{e bogot Li.
[ananeta boga ltcha boginja na svetlosniot zrak]
[bogot ananetsa bogot na obnovuvanjeto po nashe bogot li]
Ananeta god LTCHa (goddess of the light ray/sunrise)
The god Ananetsa (the god of renovation), according
to our way of saying the god Lee).
In the ancient Greek text these gods were written as Osiris, which cor-
responds to Ananetsa, and Isis, corresponding to Ananeta.

Our research in this area is completely different from that of contempo-

rary scholarship. Namely, according to generally accepted attitude today with
the researchers of the hieroglyphic script, the gods’ names in ancient Egyptian
were written down in the way they were found in the ancient Greek text, i.e. like
Osiris and Isis respectively.
Contrary to this, we think that the gods’ names in ancient Egyptian
must be different from their ancient Greek names. This is proved by reading the
middle text of the stone, where we find the gods’ names as previously stated.
More complex names were found which within themselves contain the
term boga [boga],
Such as:
agoB aN agoB God of the God
→ →
[boga na boga]
According to [4] this expression is the old Slavic name for Dionis.
CONCLUSION
The basic assumption of our analysis was that in the middle text of the
Rosetta Stone a syllabic script of only the consonant – vowel type is used, with
the following characteristics: the number and pronunciation of the consonants
and vowels. This assumption means a new direction in studying the demotic
script and syllabic scripts from that period, unlike the concept of current schol-
arship of the wiring for sound of only the syllabic signs with consonants, while
at the same time ignoring the vowels.
The research to date has resulted into identification and wiring for
sound of the syllabic symbols for 25 consonants and 8 vowels.
Almost half of the consonants (12) are denoted using asymmetric signs
which can be in 8 positions on the writing surface (plane) and in that way sylla-
bles of one consonant with 8 vowels can be written in a monosemic (unambigu-
ous) way. The remaining consonants are denoted using symmetrical or slanting
signs which can take 4 positions on the writing surface (plane) and thus write
syllables of one consonant and 4 vowels in a monosemic (unambiguous) way.
Some of these consonants make the fifth syllable with the vowel i [i] by using a
sign for an isolated consonant (virama) and next to it writing on a vertical line,
which is the sign for i [i].

Of the 8 necessary signs for pure vowels, 7 signs have been identified
for writing of isolated vowels, of which the signs for i [i] → and for a [a] →
are most frequently used. For writing isolated consonant (virama) was used,
whereas for frequently used isolated consonant n [n], a slanting line is used.
As a continuity of some older script, several characteristic forms were
taken over, such as 3 vertical lines (III – Boga [boga] equivalent to English
God) and 3 slant lines (/// – Gospoda [gospoda] equivalent to English Mas-
ters), which are frequently used in the text to denote complete terms.
When writing text, the signs defined in this way were put one next to
another from right to left without a space between the words, in an unbroken
string, without a mark for the beginning and end of a sentence. Besides writing
the signs one next to another, the signs were also written one over another or
one on another, where the sound value of the basic signs was not changed, but
they were interconnected with the preposition na [na] (equivalent to English
prepositions on, at) (ligatures). The frequent use of the preposition na [na]
(equivalent to English prepositions on, at) is even today a characteristic of the
Macedonian language.
Wiring for sound of the basic signs of the analyzed text and defining the
noted rules for the writing of ligatures was carried out by an iterative procedure
of singling out and recognition of about 160 words and most of these have pre-
served their meaning in some dialects of the contemporary Macedonian lan-
guage.
Although we do not consider that we had found out all the secrets of the
analyzed script and moreover learnt the used language, we can say with great
assurance that the middle text of the Rosetta Stone was written in a script and
language of the masters of Egypt at that time, i.e. ancient Macedonians.
This text refers to the same event as the two other texts on the stone, but
no identity should be sought and the identity cannot be founded. We say this
because we have concluded, by deciphering the order written in the last line of
the text, that the records were written in scripts and languages of 3 social cir-
cles, the Supreme Priests, the Alive Masters and the Danai. From our point of
view and findings, in the scripts and languages of the ancient Egyptians, ancient
Macedonians and ancient Greeks.
A very large consideration from the findings from the reading of the an-
cient Greek text, especially in the wiring for sound of the personal names of the
rulers and gods, may lead to a misunderstanding which makes it impossible to
obtain correct findings. The Greek names of the rulers and gods do not exist in

the language of the ancient Macedonians nor, most probably, in the language of
the ancient Egyptians either. They are only descriptive translations of the sym-
bolic meaning of the name from the language of the ancient Macedonians into
the language of the ancient Greeks.
The script and the language of the ancient Macedonians was the official
script and language of the Macedonian Empire or as it is known in contempo-
rary scholarship, the ‘script and language in which the laws and the official
documents were written.’ The mistake in current scholarship is that to learn the
middle text of the Rosetta Stone it prefers the ancient Egyptian language (called
new Egyptian in the available literature) and the area of Egypt, but not ancient
Macedonian language and the area of the Balkans.

PO TRAGITE NA PISMOTO I NA JAZIKOT
NA ANTI^KITE MAKEDONCI
Tome Bo{evski, Aristotel Tentov
A p s t r a k t: Vo trudov se prezentirani rezultatite od

istraùvawata realizirani vo ramkite na proektot „De-
{ifrirawe na sredniot tekst na kamenot od Rozeta“.
Konstatirano e deka za sredniot tekst na kamenot
od Rozeta e koristeno slogovno pismo od tipot soglaska-
samoglaska. Identifikuvani se simboli za 25 soglaski.
Koristej}i ja postapkata na preslikuvawe i rotacija vo
ramninata na pi{uvawe, opredelen e ednozna~en na~in
za povrzuvawe na simbolot za soglaska so 4 ili so 8 samo-
glaski. Iako retko upotrebuvani, identifikuvani se i
simbolite za zapi{uvawe na izolirani samoglaski i sogla-
ski. Vo analiziraniot tekst, pokraj pi{uvaweto na slogo-
vnite znaci eden do drug, ~esto se pi{uvani slogovnite zna-
ci i eden nad drug, vo forma na ligaturi. Iako vo mal broj,
identifikuvani se i nekolku piktografski simboli.
Ozvu~uvaweto na identifikuvanite slogovni zna-
ci, osameni soglaski ili samoglaski i ligaturi, e reali-
zirano so koristewe na arhaizmi od dijalekti na sovre-
meniot makedonski jazik. Vo analiziraniot tekst koj e
pi{uvan oddesno nalevo, bez rastojanie me|u zborovite i
bez odvojuvawe na re~enicite vo neprekinata niza, iden-
tifikuvani se pove}e od 160 zborovi koi go zadràle
zna~eweto vo nekoi dijalekti od sovremeniot makedon-
ski jazik. Isto taka, identifikuvani se i odreden broj
gramati~ki pravila koi se prepoznatlivi i vo sovreme-
niot makedonski jazik, kako {to e formiraweto super-
lativ kaj pridavkite so prefiksot naj, mnoìna kaj
imenkite so dodavkata i, pojavata na opredelena i neo-
predelena forma kaj imenkite i za~estenata upotreba na
predlogot na. So vaka identifikuvanite slogovni znaci,
nivnoto ozvu~uvawe i opredelenite pravila na pi{uvawe,
sozdadena e ednozna~na metodologija za prepoznavawe na
odredeni zborovi i za ~itawe na napi{anoto.
Rezultatite od de{ifriraweto na sredniot tekst
na kamenot od Rozeta ukaùvaat na mnogu pove}e detali
koi gi nema vo tekstot zapi{an so anti~ko-gr~ko pismo.
Ovaa konstatacija go potvrduva soznanieto na naukata
52 T. Bo{evski, A. Tentov
u{te od vremeto na Tomas Jang (1822 godina) deka sredni-

ot tekst e originalot. Vrz osnova na na{ite istraùva-
wa, ova soznanie moème da go doprecizirame so konsta-
tacijata deka dekretot na faraonot vo sredniot tekst na
kamenot od Rozeta vo original e napi{an na jazikot na
anti~kite Makedonci so pismo na ìvite gospodari,
odnosno so oficijalnoto pismo i jazik na dràvata ko-
ja{to tie ja upravuvale pove}e od eden vek.
Klu~ni zborovi: anti~ki Makedonci, pismo, jazik
VOVED
Predmet na ova istraùvawe e de{ifrirawe na sredniot

tekst na kamenot od Rozeta.
Kamenot od Rozeta e eden od najpoznatite tekstualni arte-
fakti od stariot Egipet {to e predmet na golem broj prou~uvawa i
istraùvawa vo nau~niot svet od ova podra~je. Imeto go dobil spo-
red mestoto kade {to e iskopan, toa e Rozeta, odnosno El-Ra{id na
arapski. Otkrien e od nekoj francuski vojnik koj rabotel na iskopu-
vawe fortifikaciski objekti za potrebite na vojskata na Napoleon
vo tekot na negovata kampawa vo Egipet, vo 1799 godina. Po kratko-
trajniot voen sudir so angliskata vojska koja ja dobiva vojnata, sklu-
~en e miroven dogovor vo Aleksandrija vo 1802 godina. Soglasno
odredbite na ovoj dogovor, site dobra i artefakti {to gi poseduva-
la francuskata vojska im pripadnale na Britancite. Vrz osnova na
toa, kamenot od Rozeta e odnesen vo Anglija, kade {to i den-denes se
nao|a i e eden od najpoznatite eksponati na Britanskiot muzej vo
London.
Kamenot od Rozeta pretstavuva karpa crn granit, prikaàn
na slikata 1.
Zna~eweto i interesot {to kamenot od Rozeta go pobudil vo
nau~niot svet se zasnova na toa {to na nego e napi{an poseben de-
kret, spored sovremenata nauka izdaden od sve{tenicite za veli~a-
we na faraonot Ptolomej V Epifan Evharistos edna godina po nego-
voto krunisuvawe, poto~no, soglasno dene{niot kalendar, na 27
mart 196 godina pred n.e. Posebniot interes proizleguva poradi toa
{to ovoj dekret e napi{an so tri pisma, i toa: so hieroglifi, so t.n.
demotsko i so anti~ko-gr~ko pismo. Vrz osnova na tekstot napi{an
so anti~ko-gr~koto pismo, poznatiot francuski nau~nik [ampoli-
on vo 1822 godina go de{ifriral hieroglifskoto pismo upotrebu-
vaj}i anti~ko-egipetski jazik za ozvu~uvawe.
Contributions, Sec. Math. Tech. Sci., XXVI, 2 (2005), p. 7–122

Po tragite na pismoto i na jazikot na anti~kite Makedonci 53
Sl. 1. Slika na kamenot od Rozeta od Britanskiot muzej vo London

Spored soznanijata na sovremenata nauka, i pokraj toa {to

tekstot e napi{an so tri pisma, upotrebeni se dva jazika, i toa: an-
ti~ko-egipetski, vo tekstot napi{an so hieroglifi i so demotsko
pismo, i anti~ko-gr~ki, vo tekstot napi{an so anti~ko-gr~ko pismo.
Sè do po~etokot na 20-tiot vek bila op{toprifatena tezata deka na
kamenot od Rozeta se upotrebeni tri pisma na tri jazika. Poradi
te{kotiite so opredeluvawe i definirawe na tretiot jazik koj{to
e koristen pri pi{uvaweto na sredniot tekst na kamenot, vo prvata
dekada od 20-tiot vek po~nuva da dominira tezata deka na kamenot se
upotrebeni tri pisma i dva jazika. Na ovoj na~in, sega{nata nauka
zastapuva gledi{te deka za da se napi{e dekretot na kamenot od Ro-
zeta na anti~ko-egipetski jazik se koristeni dve pisma: hieroglif-
sko i demotsko.
Osnovna pretpostavka pri na{eto istraùvawe e deka pri
pi{uvawe na tekstot na kamenot od Rozeta upotrebeni se tri pis-
ma, no na tri jazika, i toa: anti~ko-egipetski, napi{an so hiero-
glifsko pismo, anti~ko-makedonski, napi{an so demotsko pismo, i
anti~ko-gr~ki, napi{an so anti~ko-gr~ko pismo. Ovaa pretposta-
vka se zasnova vrz faktot {to toga{nite vladeteli na Egipet, dina-
stijata na Ptolomeite, poteknuvaat od Ptolomej Soter, general na
Aleksandar Makedonski, odnosno se anti~ki Makedonci. I spored
soznanijata na del od sovremenata nauka, anti~kite Makedonci zbo-
ruvale na jazik razli~en od anti~ko-gr~kiot, a pove}e od o~igledno
e deka tie morale da znaat da pi{uvaat i da ~itaat na svojot jazik.
Na{a pretpostavka e deka pismoto {to tie go koristele e pismoto
upotrebeno vo sredniot tekst na kamenot od Rozeta, {to denes vo na-
u~nite krugovi e poznato pod terminot demotsko pismo. Pretpostav-
kata dobiva na verodostojnost, ako se zeme predvid deka demotskoto
pismo bilo vo univerzalna upotreba vo toga{niot pismen del od
svetot, odnosno se upotrebuvalo i vo toga{na Persija i Egipet za
pi{uvawe na dràvni dokumenti, dokumenti za imotno-pravni rabo-
ti, nau~ni tekstovi, poezija i proza.
Izgledot na sredniot tekst na kamenot od Rozeta e prikaàn
na slikata 2.
Poznato e deka demotskoto pismo po svojot karakter e slogo-
vno, {to zna~i deka sekoj znak ozna~uva eden slog od tipot soglaska-
samoglaska. Vo sporedba so bukvenoto pismo, slogovnoto pismo mno-
gu pove}e e podlo`no na vlijanie vo pogled na jazikot na koj toa se
upotrebuva. Od ovaa pri~ina, bi trebalo da postojat razli~ni vari-
janti na samoto pismo vo zavisnost od jazikot na koj{to se pi{uva,

kako {to toa, vpro~em, e slu~aj i den-denes so latinicata, kade {to

postojat razli~ni varijanti za razli~ni jazici kade {to se upotre-
buva taa.
Sl. 2. Slika na sredniot tekst na kamenot od Rozeta
Treba da se napomne deka vo minatoto i denes demotskoto pis-

mo bilo i e predmet na intenzivni istraùvawa. Edno od najzna~aj-
nite i vode~ki dela vo podra~jeto na izu~uvaweto na demotskoto
pismo, pa i jazik kako {to se narekuva novo-egipetskiot jazik, e
„Re~nik i gramatika na demotskiot jazik“, na Orientalniot insti-
tut od îkago, SAD. Iako e jasno i sosema op{toprifateno deka
stanuva zbor za slogovno pismo, vo ovaa zna~ajna publikacija avtori-
te istaknuvaat deka ne se vo sostojba da ~itaat znak po znak (slog po
slog), tuku predlagaat tekstot da se ~ita zbor po zbor, pritoa pret-
postavuvaj}i apsolutna jazi~na identi~nost vo formiraweto na re-
~enicite, izrazite i site imiwa na vladetelite i bogovite vo tek-
stot na anti~ko-egipetskiot so anti~ko-gr~kiot tekst.
Vo tekstot {to sledi prikaàni se soznanijata i rezultatite
na na{ite istraùvawa pri analiza i de{ifrirawe na sredniot
tekst na kamenot od Rozeta, poa|aj}i od pretpostavkata deka tekstot
so demotsko pismo e napi{an na jazikot na anti~kite Makedonci,
odnosno na anti~ko-makedonski jazik.

Vo prvata glava od tekstot dadeni se osnovnite karakteristi-

ki na analiziranoto pismo. Za razlika od istraùvawata na Orien-
talniot institut od îkago, vo na{ite istraùvawa na demotskoto
pismo poa|ame od osnovniot fakt: toa e slogovno pismo i nie go
razgleduvame znak po znak, odnosno slog po slog. Definirani se ne-
kolku grupi na slogovni znaci, spored nivnata namena vo pogled na
toa dali se ozvu~uva slog, samostojna soglaska ili samostojna samo-
glaska. Isto taka, identifikuvani se i nekolku znaci {to najvero-
jatno se ostatok od nekoe postaro piktografsko pismo i kako takvi
ozna~uvaat cel poim. Definiran e i na~inot na pi{uvawe na t.n. li-
gaturi, {to spored nas pretstavuva karakteristika na anti~ko-ma-
kedonskata varijanta na ova {iroko upotrebuvano pismo vo dadeni-
ot period na mediteransko-aziskata civilizacija.
Vo vtorata glava prikaàna e postapkata za ozvu~uvawe na
slogovnite znaci, znacite za ozna~uvawe na ~ista soglaska, ~ista sa-
moglaska i na~inot na ~itawe i ozvu~uvawe na piktografskite zna-
ci i ligaturite. Slogovnite znaci gi klasificirame vo 3 klasi, i
toa: asimetri~ni, simetri~ni i nakoseni znaci. Asimetri~nite zna-
ci se karakteriziraat so toa {to moàt da imaat 8 polo`bi vo ram-
ninata na pi{uvawe, pa zatoa se upotrebuvaat za zapi{uvawe na so-
glaskite {to moàt da formiraat poedine~ni slogovi so site osum
samoglaski, kolku {to gi sodrèl anti~ko-makedonskiot jazik. Si-
metri~nite i nakosenite slogovni znaci moàt da imaat samo 4 po-
lo`bi vo ramninata na pi{uvawe, so {to moàt da se zapi{at slo-
govi na soodvetni soglaski so 4 samoglaski. Me|utoa, po pravilo sog-
laskite za ~ie ozna~uvawe se upotrebuva simetri~en ili nakosen
znak pravat dopolnitelno slog i so samoglaskata i. Za zapi{uvawe
na vakvi slogovi, bidej}i ne e predvideno da se koristi slogoven
znak, se upotrebuva ~ista soglaska i oznakata za ~istata samoglaska
i. Kako ostatok od nekoe postaro pismo vo analiziraniot tekst se
sre}ava i upotrebata na 4 piktografski znaci. Za dva od niv go de-
finiravme nivnoto ozvu~uvawe i zna~ewe, dodeka za drugite dva us-
peavme da go definirame samo nivnoto zna~ewe. Ligaturite se po-
sebna forma za zapi{uvawe, pri {to na mestoto opredeleno za eden
znak se sre}avaat 2 do 3 znaka napi{ani eden na drug i/ili eden vrz
drug. Pri ~itaweto na ligaturite ednostavno samo se ~ita zna~ewe-
to (vo vid na slog) na sekoj poedine~en znak, a me|u niv se vmetnuva
slogot na, {to vo potpolnost ja odrazuva geometriskata polo`ba na
znacite. Ottuka, mnogu jasno sleduva na{ata pretpostavka deka liga-

turite bi trebalo da bidat osnovna karakteristika na anti~ko-ma-

kedonskata varijanta na ova pismo, so ogled na faktot {to i dene{-
niot makedonski jazik se odlikuva so mnogu ~esta upotreba na pred-
logot na.
Vo tretata glava, preku primena na pravilata za ozvu~uvawe,
prikaàni vo vtorata glava, dadeni se: na~inot na formirawe su-
perlativna forma na pridavkite, na~inot na izrazuvawe mnoìna
kaj imenkite i na~inot na formirawe opredelena i neopredelena
forma kaj imenkite.
Vo ~etvrtata glava e detalno razrabotena naj~esto sre}avana-
ta kompozicija na zborovi vo tekstot, odnosno titulite, imeto, pre-
zimeto i prekarot na carot.
Vo pettata glava prikaàni se imiwata na majkata i na tat-
koto na carot, imiwata na negoviot dedo, pradedoto i prapradedoto,
kako i imiwata na nekoi od nivnite soprugi {to gi sre}avame vo
analiziraniot tekst.
Vo {estata glava obraboteni se kategoriite na mladi pris-
lu`ni~ki {to se nabeleàni vo tekstot.
Vo sedmata glava opfateni se razli~nite kategorii sve{te-
nici navedeni vo analiziraniot tekst.
Vo osmata glava dadena e detalna analiza na posledniot red
vo tekstot. Osnovnata pri~ina za ova se zasnova na faktot {to ovde
e dadena naredbata vo koi hramovi, vo koi zemji i na koi pisma da se
napi{e dekretot. Za razlika od anti~ko-gr~kiot tekst vo koj se na-
vedeni samo hramovite od prv, vtor i tret red, vo ovoj del od tekstot se
naveduvaat grupite hramovi na Bogot Zmija na Ustieto, Bogot na
Asuan i na{iot Bog. Treba da se napomne deka Bogot Zmija bil Bog na
Deltata na Nil i na Dolen Egipet, a bogot na Asuan glaven Bog na
Goren Egipet, {to e op{toprifaten fakt vo sovremenata nauka od
ova podra~je. Vo odnos na delovite od zemjata kade {to treba da se po-
stavi kamenot so dekretot, kako i vo odnos na dvete pisma na koi{to
pokraj elinskoto pismo treba da se napi{e dekretot nema nikakvi
informacii vo anti~ko-gr~kiot tekst. Ova e od ednostavna pri~ina
{to delot od kamenot na ova mesto e otkr{en. Vo analiziraniot
tekst uspeavme da gi odgatneme trite zemji vo ~ii hramovi se navedu-
va deka treba da bide postaven kamenot, i toa: Egipet, Sinaj i zem-
jata na najgolemiot Bog ô na Tnani (za ovaa teritorija pretposta-
vuvame deka e podra~jeto na Natanija vo dene{en Izrael). Za pisma-

ta na koi{to treba da bide napi{an dekretot sre}avame opisen pri-

kaz, i toa: pismoto na Vrhovnite sve{tenici, na @ivite gospoda-
ri i na Danajcite. Pismoto na vrhovnite sve{tenici e hieroglif-
skoto pismo, pismoto na ìvite gospodari e pismoto na anti~kite
Makedonci, zatoa {to ìvite gospodari bile po poteklo anti~ki
Makedonci, a imeto Danajci najverojatno bila oznaka so koja anti~-
kite Makedonci se obra}ale kon Grcite vo toj period.
Vo devettata glava opfateni se imiwata na teritoriite i na-
rodite {to gi sre}avame vo analiziraniot tekst. Uspeavme da iden-
tifikuvame kako anti~kite Makedonci go narekuvale Egipet, dvata
dela na Egipet ‡ Dolen i Goren Egipet, kako i anti~ko-makedonsko-
to ime za Sinaj. Vo tekstot se naveduvaat i imiwata na etnosite {to
ìveat vo anti~ki Egipet. Interesno e toa {to pokraj Egip}anite
(vo original vo demotskiot tekst nare~eni \upaci), Danajcite (an-
ti~ko-makedonski termin za anti~kite Grci) se spomnuva i poseben
etnos ‡ egipetski Danajci. U{te pointeresno e toa {to anti~kite
Makedonci se narekuvaat deca na Dea, koja{to i spored sovremenata
nauka e Boìca Majka kaj Makedoncite.
Vo desettata glava navedeni se imiwata na bogovite na an-
ti~kite Makedonci. Za del od niv uspeavme da ja odgatneme i nivna-
ta funkcija kako bogovi. Vo tekstot gi identifikuvavme i imiwata
na nekoi bogovi na anti~kite Egip}ani, onaka kako {to se narekuva-
le vo original na anti~ko-egipetski. So ogled na toa {to istite bo-
govi vo anti~ko-gr~kiot tekst se zapi{ani so nivnite anti~ko-gr~-
ki imiwa, prvpat sme vo sostojba da navedeme kako eden ist bog se na-
rekuval na anti~ko-egipetski, anti~ko-makedonski i anti~ko-gr~ki.
Ova soznanie e dijametralno sprotivno so tolkuvaweto na sovreme-
nata nauka kade {to na anti~ko-egipetskite bogovi vo tekstot napi-
{an so hieroglifsko pismo im se davaat istite imiwa kako {to se
navedeni vo anti~ko-gr~kiot tekst. Vo na{ite istraùvawa ja po-
tvrduvame pretpostavkata deka imiwata na bogovite kaj razli~ni
narodi na razli~ni jazici mora da se razlikuvaat, samo nivnite
funkcii ostanuvaat isti.
Na krajot od tekstot e daden zaklu~okot.
Kako Prilog 1 daden e re~nik na poimi {to se pro~itani spo-
red predloènata postapka za ~itawe. Za polesno snao|awe, re~ni-
kot e daden vo vid na tabela so pet koloni, i toa: vo prvata kolona e
daden originalniot zapis, vo vtorata kolona e daden generiran pre-
pis spored na{ata postapka, vo tretata kolona e dadeno ozvu~uvawe-

to na zapisot spored originalnata postapka za ozvu~uvawe pretsta-

vena vo tekstot, vo ~etvrtata kolona e dadeno tolkuvaweto na zna~e-
weto na sovremen makedonski jazik, a vo pettata kolona e daden pre-
vodot na soodvetniot poim na angliski jazik, koj pak e napraven vrz
osnova na anti~ko-gr~kiot tekst i e prisuten vo soodvetnata litera-
tura. Ova e napraveno za da moè da se sporedat rezultatite od ~ita-
weto spored predloènata postapka so op{topoznatite i prifate-
nite rezultati od ~itaweto na anti~ko-gr~kiot tekst.
1. OSNOVNI KARAKTERISTIKI
NA ANALIZIRANOTO PISMO
Pri pi{uvaweto na sredniot tekst na kamenot od Rozeta ko-

risteno e pismo so slednive osnovni karakteristiki:
• Nasokata na pi{uvawe e oddesno nalevo;
• Nema interpunkciski znaci vo dene{na smisla na zborot;
• Nema golemi bukvi;
• Nema razdeluvawe na zborovite i upotreba na prazno mesto,
se pi{uva vo neprekinata niza;
• Upotrebenoto pismo e slogovno, od tipot soglaska samogla-
ska, so nezna~itelna upotreba na opredeleni znaci od sli-
kovnoto pismo.
1.1. Identifikacija na slogovnite znaci
Relativno zna~ajniot obem na raspolo`liviot tekst, od oko-

lu 4 500 znaci, ni dava {ansa da gi identifikuvame formite na zna-
cite koi se vo osnovata na upotrebenoto pismo. Kako naj~esto poja-
vuvani, obeleàni se asimetri~ni, simetri~ni i kosi znaci.
1.1.1. Asimetri~ni slogovni znaci
Asimetri~nite slogovni znaci imaat osobina vo ramninata

na pi{uvawe da se zapi{at vo 8 (osum) razli~ni polo`bi i na toj na-

~in ednozna~no da obeleàt slogovi na edna soglaska so 8 samogla-

ski.
Vo analiziraniot tekst se identifikuvani 12 (dvanaeset)
asimetri~ni znaci, i toa:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
kako oznaki za 12 (dvanaeset) soglaski.

Sekoj od ovie 12 znaka vo ramninata na pi{uvawe moè da
bide zapi{an vo po 8 (osum) polo`bi, kako na primer:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Na ovoj na~in, so samo 12 razli~ni asimetri~ni znaci edno-

zna~no moàt da se napi{at 12 × 8 = 96 slogovi od vidot soglaska-sa-
moglaska.
Asimetri~nite znaci nabeleàni pod broevite 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 i 9,
vo polo`bata zapi{ana pod broevite 1, 3, 5 i 7 vo XVI vek se kori-
steni od poznatiot matemati~ar Cardan kako znaci za pi{uvawe bro-
evi, vo negovoto delo "System for writing numbers".
Kako {to vo analiziraniot tekst so oblikot na znakot se
opredeluva soglaskata, a so polo`bata samoglaskata vo slogot, Car-
dan vo svoeto delo so oblikot na znakot gi opredeluva cifrite, a so
polo`bata gi opredeluva teìnite (edinici, desetki, stotki i ilja-
di) vo brojot, {to e prikaàno na slika 1.1. Broevite me|u 1 i 9999
se pi{uvaat vo oblik na ligaturi, pri {to e zaedni~ka vertikalna-
ta crta, a se dodavaat strani~nite elementi na soodvetnite cifri,
kako {to e prikaàno vo desniot del na slikata 1.1.
Ako se potsetime deka analiziraniot tekst e od vtoriot vek
pred novata era, zapi{an na teritorijata na Egipet, a Cardan tvorel
vo XVI vek od novata era vo Italija, moème da konstatirame deka

po 1800 godini na Mediteranot sè u{te se znaelo za znacite od ana-

liziranoto pismo.
Sl. 1.1. Sistem za pi{uvawe broevi

(od knigata na Cardan, ARS MAGNA, ....., System for writing numbers, ......)
1.1.2. Simetri~ni slogovni znaci
Simetri~nite slogovni znaci imaat osobina vo ramninata na

pi{uvawe da se zapi{at vo 4 (~etiri) razli~ni polo`bi i na toj na-
~in ednozna~no da obeleàt slogovi na edna soglaska so ~etiri sa-
moglaski. Vo analiziraniot tekst se identifikuvani 6 ({est) zna-
ci, i toa:
1 2 3 4 5 6
kako znaci za 6 ({est) soglaski.

Sekoj od ovie 6 znaci vo ramninata na pi{uvawe moè da
bide zapi{an vo 4 (~etiri) polo`bi, kako na sledniov primer:
1 2 3 4

Na ovoj na~in, so 6 razli~ni znaci moàt ednozna~no da se za-

pi{at 6 × 4 = 24 razli~ni slogovi od vidot soglaska-samoglaska.
1.1.3. Nakoseni slogovni znaci
Nakosenite slogovni znaci, isto kako i simetri~nite slogov-

ni znaci, vo ramninata na pi{uvawe moàt da se zapi{at vo 4 (~eti-
ri) razli~ni polo`bi i na toj na~in ednozna~no da obeleàt slogo-
vi na edna soglaska so ~etiri samoglaski. Vo analiziraniot tekst se
identifikuvani 6 ({est znaci), i toa:
1 2 3 4 5 6
Sekoj od ovie 6 znaci vo ramninata na pi{uvawe moè da

bide zapi{an vo 4 (~etiri) polo`bi, kako na sledniov primer:
1 2 3 4
Na ovoj na~in, so 6 razli~ni znaci moàt ednozna~no da se za-

pi{at 6 × 4 = 24 razli~ni slogovi od vidot soglaska-samoglaska.
1.1.4. Specifi~en slogoven znak
Posebno treba da ja obeleìme pojavata vo tekstot na eden

specifi~en znak koj go identifikuvame vo 4 formi, i toa:
Vo poslednata forma, kako dve kosi crti doblièni vo gor-

niot del, ovoj slogoven znak go sre}avame i den-denes vo pove}e slo-
govni pisma na aziskiot kontinent.
1.2. Znaci za izolirano pi{uvawe soglaski
Nekoi od soglaskite vo tekstot se sre}avaat zapi{ani izoli-

rano, i toa vo slednava forma:

Kosata crta vo sostavot na osnovniot znak vo prvite dva i vo

posledniot slu~aj e upotrebena vo funkcija na viram, odnosno ja
eliminira samoglaskata od soodvetniot slog.
1.3. Znaci za izolirano pi{uvawe samoglaski
Pri pi{uvaweto se javuva potreba za zapi{uvawe na izolira-

na samoglaska. Za zapi{uvawe na izolirana samoglaska se upotrebu-
vaat znaci samo vo edna polo`ba. Vo tekstot se identifikuvani
slednive znaci {to reflektiraat da gi pretstavuvaat samoglaskite:
1.4. Piktografski znaci
Kako ostatok od nekoe postaro pismo, vo analiziraniot tekst

se pojavuvaat nekolku znaci koi ne se vklopuvaat vo slogovnata kon-
cepcija. Toa, pred sè, se odnesuva na mnogu ~esto pojavuvanite tri
vertikalni i tri kosi crti:
{to pretstavuva pojava koja ve}e e prou~uvana vo soodvetnata lite-

ratura od ova podra~je.
Ne tolku ~esto, se pojavuvaat u{te dva drugi znaka, koi isto
taka ne moàt slogovno da se pojasnat, i toa:
Prviot znak pretstavuva stilizirana forma na egipetskiot

bog na mrtvite, a vtoriot stilizirana forma na zmija.
1.5. Pi{uvawe na ligaturi
Voo~livo e deka vo tekstot pokraj pi{uvaweto na slogovnite

znaci eden do drug se pojavuva i nivno pi{uvawe eden nad drug i eden
vrz drug, kako na primer:

Ovie formi gi narekuvame ligaturi i smetame deka otsliku-

vaat specifi~na karakteristika na jazikot koj se izrazuva preku
pismoto.
Naj~esto vo ligaturite u~estvuvaat 2 do 3 znaka. So ligatura
po pravilo se zapi{uva po~etok na zbor, dodeka krajot na zborot ~ij
po~etok e zapi{an vo vid na ligatura se realizira so eden, a poret-
ko so 2 do 3 sloga (znaci).
2. OZVUÛVAWE NA IDENTIFIKUVANITE ZNACI
Mnogu pove}e od glasovnite, slogovnite pisma gi nosat vo se-

be karakteristikite na jazikot koj{to treba da go zapi{uvaat.
Ako e osnovna pretpostavka deka analiziraniot tekst e napi-
{an na jazikot na anti~kite Makedonci, opredeluvaweto na osnov-
nite glasovni karakteristiki na toj jazik }e go realizirame preku
glasovnite osobenosti na jazicite na domorodnoto naselenie od are-
alot na Balkanot, kako negova mati~na teritorija. ]e pretpostavi-
me deka glasovnite vrednosti na samoglaskite i soglaskite kako naj-
nepodlo`ni na promeni ostanale so ista zvu~nost do dene{en den.
2.1. Ozvu~uvawe na slogovnite znaci
Ozvu~uvaweto na identifikuvanite slogovni znaci moè da se

realizira so prepoznavawe vo tekstot na zborovi koi go zadràle svo-
eto zna~ewe do den-denes vo jazici ili dijalekti na jazici od arealot
na Balkanot ili po{iroko, od evropskiot areal. Se razbira, vo ovaa
faza analizata }e se zasnova vrz sporedba pome|u zborovi od tekstot
na kamenot od Rozeta i arhaizmi vo dijalekti na aktuelniot makedon-
ski jazik.
2.1.1. Ozvu~uvawe na asimetri~nite slogovni znaci

So pove}e od stotina zborovi od dene{niot makedonski jazik
ozvu~eni se site 12 asimetri~ni znaci so soodvetni soglaski, i toa:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
J \ R @ Z Y P T S C [ ^
Asimetri~nite znaci za R i J vo dene{noto i vo anti~ko-ma-
kedonskoto pismo imaat ist oblik i ista zvu~nost. Preostanatite
asimetri~ni znaci, spored oblikot na pi{uvawe, me|usebno se sli~-
ni i so nivnata zvu~nost, kako na primer asimetri~nite znaci za @,
Z i Y. Isto taka, sli~nosta vo pi{uvaweto i vo zvu~nosta vaì i za
asimetri~nite znaci S, C, ^ i [.
Sekoja od ovie 12 soglaski vo ramninata na pi{uvawe moè
da bide zapi{ana vo 8 polo`bi i da ozna~i slogovi so 8 samoglaski,
kako na primerot na znakot za soglaskata J.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Jo J Ju J Je J Ja Ji
Postapkata na preslikuvawe i rotacija na osnovniot znak vo
ramninata na pi{uvawe, za da se priklu~i soodvetnata samoglaska
od slogot, prikaàna e na slikata 2.1.
Sl. 2.1. Rotacija i preslikuvawe na slogoven znak vo ramninata na pi{uvawe
Vo tekstot se identifikuvani site 8 polo`bi na pi{uvawe,

zna~i se ozvu~eni slogovi so site 6 aktivni samoglaski vo dene{nite
slovenski jazici i dolgite formi na samoglaskite O i E koi se za~uva-

ni vo sovremeniot literaturen slovene~ki jazik [1, 2], kako i vo nekoi

od dijalektite na makedonskiot jazik (mija~kiot i vev~anskiot) [7].
Site formi na asimetri~nite znaci, so nivnoto ozvu~uvawe,
dadeni se vo tabelata 2.1.
T a b e l a 2.1.
Asimetri~ni znaci i nivnoto ozvu~uvawe
2.1.2. Ozvu~uvawe na simetri~nite slogovni znaci
So okolu 20-tina zborovi od dene{niot makedonski jazik

ozvu~eni se 6 simetri~ni znaci, i toa:
1 2 3 4 5 6
B V M H G X

Za sekoj od ozvu~enite znaci vo tekstot se najdeni ne pove}e

od 4 polo`bi na pi{uvawe. Formiraweto na slogovi so soodvetnite
samoglaski prikaàno e vo tabelata 2.2, poziciite 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, i 7,
soodvetno.
T a b e l a 2.2.
Simetri~ni i kosi znaci i nivnoto ozvu~uvawe
Identifikuvavme deka za formirawe na slog so samoglaskata

i, znacite za soglaskite V i L se pi{uvaat so oznaka za viram i po-
toa se dodava simbolot za samoglaskata i (I).
2.1.3. Ozvu~uvawe na kosite slogovni znaci
Za razlika od asimetri~nite znaci, kade {to vo osnovniot znak

dominantna e vertikalna crta, vo kosite znaci dominantna e kosa crta.
I za ovie znaci identifikuvani se ne pove}e od 4 polo`bi na pi{uva-
we.

Formiraweto na slogovi so soodvetnite samoglaski prika-

àno e vo tabelata 2.2, pozicii 3, 9, 10, 11, 12 i 13, soodvetno.
F L Q N K ]
Vo tekstot, znakot za soglaskata Q naj~esto se pojavuva vo
slog so samoglaskata u, {to e karakteristika i na sovremeniot ma-
kedonski jazik.
Prviot znak odlevo nadesno vo analiziraniot tekst e rotira-
na forma na znakot B za 45 stepeni vo nasokata na strelkite na ~a-
sovnikot. Za ovoj znak dosega ne e najden definicionen zbor vo de-
ne{niot makedonski jazik, a na{a pretpostavka e deka najverojatno
ja pretstavuva soglaskata F.
2.1.4. Ozvu~uvawe na specifi~ni slogovnite znaci
Specifi~niot slogov znak {to spored oblikot potsetuva na

bukvata D vo kirilicata, dobi potvrda so ozvu~uvawe na site negovi
formi, i toa:
Do De Da Di
Nezavisno od na{ite istraùvawa, slogovniot znak Di i vo
monografijata [5], „ “ od avtorot G. S. Grine-
vi~, Moskva 1993 godina, ima ist oblik i ozvu~uvawe.
2.2. Ozvu~uvawe na znaci za izolirani soglaski
Zabeleàna e ~esta upotreba na nekoi izolirani soglaski

koi gi ozvu~uvame na sledniov na~in:
L(R) V N P
Izgovorot na izoliranata soglaska preminuva vo meko R,
glas koj i den-denes go imame vo izgovorot na zborovi vo makedon-
skiot jazik. Ovde treba da napomneme deka sovremenata nauka kon-
statira deka za vreme na vladeeweto na Ptolomeite prvpat e napra-

vena razlika me|u zvucite L i R, {to soodvetno e preneseno i vo pis-

moto, odnosno vo analiziraniot tekst.
Izgovorot na izoliranata soglaska v naj~esto se pojavuva pri
formiraweto na slog so samoglaskata i, ili pak za formirawe na
predlogot vo (vo original vv ‡ ).
Kosata crta bez dodavki ja ozna~uva izoliranata soglaska
n, koja i vo dene{niot makedonski jazik e vo za~estena upotreba.
2.3. Ozvu~uvawe na znacite za izolirani samoglaski
Vo analiziranoto pismo naj~esto upotrebuvan znak e verti-

kalnata crta (I), koja ja ozvu~uvame so samoglaskata i. Pokraj upo-
trebata na samoglaskata i kako svrznik, taa se upotrebuva i na kra-
jot od zborot pri formirawe na mnoìna kaj imenkite i pridavkite.
Horizontalnata crta (—) ja ozvu~uvame so samoglaskata a. I
taa ~esto se upotrebuva kako svrznik.
Ozvu~uvaweto na identifikuvanite znaci za samoglaski e
slednovo:
O U E A I
2.4. Ozvu~uvawe na piktografskite znaci
Golemata za~estenost na pojavuvawe i mestoto na pojavuvawe

na trite vertikalni crti kako edinstven znak, go sugeriraat ne-
govoto zna~ewe: BOGA. Vo pogorespomnatata monografija na G. S.
Grinevi~, isto taka ovoj znak e ozvu~en so BOGA. Nie ja potvrdivme
ovaa konstatacija so de{ifrirawe na pridavkata Boèn, zapi{ana
so prethodno ozvu~enite slogovni znaci vo oblik i nejzina-
ta superlativna forma najboèn .
Trite kosi crti se pojavuvaat vo specifi~na konstrukcija za
definirawe na poimot SVETOST, vo original zapi{ano kako:
{to go ozvu~uvame kako (se ~ita oddesno nalevo):

oT(R)LadopsoG eV ZaN IoM e\I oT(R)LadopsoG eV ZaN IoM

a prevedeno na sovremen makedonski zna~i:
Gospodarite na gospodarite ili Gospodin Gospodin
{to asocira na dene{noto titulirawe na poglavarot na Makedon-
skata Pravoslavna Crkva so Gospodin Gospodin, {to e edinstven na-
~in na oslovuvawe me|u poglavarite na pravoslavnite crkvi.
Vo druga forma, se javuva za sinonim na faraonite odnosno za
„Na{ite ìvi gospodari“, zapi{ano originalno vo oblik
{to go ozvu~uvame kako (se ~ita od desno na levo):

aT(R)LadopsoG eV @aN IoM
a prevedeno na sovremen makedonski zna~i:
Moite ìvi gospodari
Ako za znakot konstatirame izgovor na meko R, kako i vo

dene{niot makedonski jazik, toga{ definitivno od analizata na
prethodnite primeri, na trite kosi crti moème da im dademe ozvu-
~uvawe GOSPODA.
2.5. Ozvu~uvawe na ligaturi
Znacite {to se upotrebuvaat pri pi{uvawe na ligaturite ja

zadrùvaat svojata glasovna vrednost, samo me|usebno se povrzuvaat
so predlogot na ako se napi{ani eden na drug ili eden vrz drug, kako
na primer:
→ AeDaN → I YaN jaN
→ A [aN → ZoLaN
→ AIoRaN
Obi~no so ligatura se zapi{uva po~etokot na zborot, a so do-

pi{uvawe na 1 do 2 slogovni znaka se zavr{uva zborot. Vo nekoi slu-

~ai so ligatura moàt da se opfatat dva posledovatelni zbora, {to

dopolnitelno go ote`nuva procesot na razdvojuvawe na zborovite vo
kontinuirano zapi{aniot tekst. Naj~esto vo ligaturata u~estvuvaat
2 do 3 znaka.
3. NEKOI PRAVILA NA PI[UVAWE
So identifikacijata i ozvu~uvaweto na slogovnite znaci, so

dosega opi{anite soznanija za pi{uvawe na izolirani soglaski i sa-
moglaski, kako i so odgatnuvaweto na ligaturite, se sozdadoa neop-
hodnite uslovi za ponatamo{no proniknuvawe vo pravilata na pi-
{uvawe i ~itawe na analiziraniot tekst.
3.1. Pi{uvawe na superlativi na pridavkite
Pi{uvaweto na slogovnite znaci eden na drug ili eden vrz

drug, ovozmoùva formirawe na superlativna forma na pridavkite
na efikasen na~in vo onie jazici koi ja pravat so prefiksot naj. Vo
toj slu~aj osnovnata forma na pridavkata se pi{uva nad znakot za
slogot J .
Vo analiziraniot tekst identifikuvani se pove}e slu~ai na
formirawe na superlativna forma na ovoj na~in, kako na primer:
Osnovna Superlativna
forma forma
Anti~ko-makedonski original
îtawe Y → Y JaN
Sovremen makedonski jazik Svetol Najsvetol
îtawe uNeV @ → uNeV @ JaN

Sovremen makedonski jazik @iven Najìven (ve~en)
îtawe N @oB → N @oB JaN

Sovremen makedonski jazik Boèn Najboèn

îtawe eMI [aN → eMI [aN JaN
Sovremen makedonski jazik Na{e ime Najna{e ime
Vo re~nikot na identifikuvani zborovi dadeni se 8 razli~ni

zborovi vo osnovna i superlativna forma, zapi{ani na ovoj na~in, a
koi do den-denes go imaat istoto zna~ewe.
3.2. Pi{uvawe na mnoìna kaj imenkite
Vo pove}e slovenski jazici, a posebno vo makedonskiot jazik,

mnoìnata kaj imenkite i kaj pridavkite naj~esto se pravi so doda-
vawe na i na krajot na imenkata vo ednina. Vo analiziraniot tekst,
isto taka, identifikuvavme formirawe na mnoìna na ovoj na~in,
kako na primer:
→ →
Gospodar Gospodari Sve{tenik Sve{tenici
Vo re~nikot na identifikuvani zborovi dadeni se 5 zborovi

vo ednina i mnoìna formirani na ovoj na~in koi do den-denes go
zadràle svoeto zna~ewe.
Mnogu e zna~ajno da se napomne deka vo [3] se naveduva deka pri
formirawe na mnoìna kaj imenkite na krajot na zborot se dodava ver-
tikalna crta. Avtorot, za razlika od na{ite istraùvawa i soznanija,
znakot za vertikalna crta go tretira samo kako oznaka za mnoìna.
Ova e sosema razbirlivo ako se znae deka spored [3] demotskoto pismo
ne e mo`no da se ~ita znak po znak (soglasno na{ite soznanija toa od-
govara na ~itawe/pi{uvawe slog po slog), tuku se ~ita zbor po zbor.
3.3. Neopredelena i opredelena forma kaj imenkite
Pri ~itaweto na analiziraniot tekst identifikuvavme imen-

ki vo neopredelena i vo opredelena forma, i toa:
→

Gospodar → Gospodarto
vo ednina, kako i
→
Gospodari → Gospodarta
vo mnoìna.
Za ednina ~lenot za opredelenost e to, a za mnoìna ta.
Vo nekolku drugi slu~ai opredelenata forma na imenkite se
pravi so nastavkata mo (nekoj oblik na pade`na forma), kako na pri-
mer:
Boga → Bogamo Deca → Decamo

Od dosega{nite analizi, moème da konstatirame deka osven
vo ovie slu~ai, mnogu retko sme gi identifikuvale drugite pade`ni
formi.
4. SPOMNUVAWE NA IMETO NA CAROT (FARAONOT)

Spomnuvaweto na imeto na carot vo analiziraniot tekst e
naj~esto sre}avanata kompozicija na zborovi. Spored soznanijata od
na{ite istraùvawa i soglasno so predloènoto ozvu~uvawe na zna-
cite, obra}aweto kon vladetelot e mnogu blisko do dene{niot na-
~in na obra}awe kon sovremenite vladeteli.
4.1. Titulata na carot (faraonot)

Od dosega kaànoto, moème da gi identifikuvame prvite 2
zbora pri spomnuvaweto na imeto na carot kako 2 superlativi, i toa
oddesno nalevo:
uNeV @ JaN aCNeMI YaN JaN
Vo prevod na dene{niot makedonski jazik:

Najnao~it imenec, Najìveni (Ve~en).

Na ovie tituli korespondiraat gr~kite zborovi

(se ~ita odlevo nadesno).
4.2. Imeto na carot (faraonot)
Po titulata konstatiravme deka sledi imeto na carot, koe ne

e formalno vo dene{nata smisla na imiwata, tuku e opisno:
I JeViD oMagoB JoT

Vo prevod:
Toj komu bogovite mu se divat (voshituvaat).
Vakvoto makedonsko ime prevedeno e na anti~ko-gr~ki so
zborovite:
.
Zborot na anti~ko-gr~ki zna~i bogovi, a zborot -
zna~i onoj komu mu se voshituvaat. Od ova pove}e od jasno
proizleguva to~nosta na predloèniot na~in na ~itawe i na ozvu~u-
vawe.
Formiraweto na li~ni imiwa na ovoj na~in so koristeweto
na imenkata BOGA se zadràlo vo makedonskiot jazik do den-denes.
êsti se imiwata kako na primer: Bogomil, Bogoqub, Bogdan, Bogo-
vid, Boìdar, Boàna i drugi.
4.3. Prezimeto na carot (faraonot)
Prezimeto na carot, odnosno imeto na dinastijata go prepoz-

navame vo izrazite:
JeVi[aN LoToP eM SiaN CIaN
Prevedeno na dene{en makedonski jazik, za imeto na dinasti-

jata ja dobivame opisnata forma:

naiceneto naisemejstvo od grad na karpa izgradeniot
Za prevod vo gr~kiot tekst upotreben e izrazot:
koj{to dene{nata nauka go ~ita kontinuirano kako eden zbor

.
Prviot zbor e izraz za grad, E e predlog, a e

boìca na zemjata. Ova prakti~no zna~i deka na anti~ko-gr~ki izra-
zot ozna~uva grad na boìcata na zemjata, {to kom-
pletno se poklopuva so na{eto ~itawe na soodvetniot termin vo
sredniot tekst na kamenot.
4.4. Prekarot (narodnoto ime) na carot (faraonot)
Koga se spomnuva carot so site tituli i so polnoto ime i

prezime, ili koga se spomnuva samo so prezimeto, sekoga{ se zavr{u-
va so izrazot:
eVaCaP u\ aN ZNaN NeV ZaN oM

{to prevedeno na dene{en makedonski jazik zna~i:
Nare~en naniza na \upcite.
Bidej}i prekarot na carot bil vo upotreba samo kaj Makedon-
cite, toj ne se sre}ava preveden vo gr~kiot tekst.
5. SPOMNUVAWE NA IMIWATA
NA PREDCITE NA CAROT (FARAONOT)
Vo analiziraniot tekst, na pove}e mesta se naveduvaat imiwa-

ta na roditelite na faraonot. Isto taka, na dve mesta se naveduvaat
imiwata na site ma{ki predci na faraonot (tatkoto, dedoto, prade-

doto i prapradedoto). Pokraj imiwata na ma{kite predci, na raz-

li~ni mesta vo tekstot se navedeni i imiwata na nivnite soprugi.
5.1. Imiwata na roditelite na carot (faraonot)
Imiwata na roditelite se sre}avaat zaedno na nekolku mesta

vo tekstot, a na pove}e mesta stoi samo imeto na tatkoto.
Imeto na majkata e:
Vo original Ozvu~eno (se ~ita oddesno nalevo)
JoM J VaNagoB eViD aN @oBjaN
Na anti~ko-gr~ki Na dene{en makedonski

(angliski prevod)
Arsinoe Najboèna se voshituva na najgolem moj bog
Imeto na tatkoto e:
Vo original Ozvu~eno (se ~ita oddesno nalevo)
oTI YaN JaN e@i[N
na anti~ko-gr~ki Na dene{en makedonski
(angliski prevod)
Philopator I na{iot najo~it
Pokraj toa, na edno mesto kade {to se spomnuvaat majkata i

tatkoto na faraonot, majkata pokraj so nejzinoto ime e naslovena i
so titulata faraonica, {to vo original e zapi{ano kako:
→ eVaCNeMI YaN JaN → Faraonicava
5.2. Imiwata na predcite na carot (faraonot)
So ogled na toa {to dekretot na kamenot e izdaden za vreme

na faraonot Ptolomej V, se sre}avaat imiwata na site 4 negovi

predci (tatkoto, dedoto, pradedoto i prapradedoto). Tie se navedeni

vo vtoriot i vo tretiot red, kako i vo 22-riot red na tekstot na an-
ti~ko-makedonski. Redosledot na naveduvawe na predcite, na krajot
na vtoriot i vo po~etokot na tretiot red, po~nuva od najstariot
(osnova~ot na dinastijata, generalot na Aleksandar Makedonski) i
zavr{uva so tatkoto na faraonot. Pred imeto na osnova~ot na di-
nastijata stoi i imeto na Aleksandar. Vo 22-riot red se zapo~nuva
so naveduvawe na imeto na tatkoto na faraonot i se zavr{uva so pr-
viot od dinastijata (prapradedoto na carot).
Imiwata se slednive:
Vo original Ozvu~eno Na makedonski Na angliski
(gr~ki)
NIeK VoKaN J Junakot ve~en Soteres1
eVeY Svetol (Sveto) Adelphoi
eMI P uQ @ Dobrodetel Euergetai2
oTI YaN JaN e@i[N I na{iot najo~it Philopator

1)
Zna~eweto na imeto Soteres (Sotir) i den-denes e spasitel, junak.
2)
Zna~eweto na imeto Euergetai e ktitor, sponzor, dobrodetel.
Vo vtoriot i vo tretiot red, kade {to predcite se naveduvaat

od najstariot do tatkoto na faraonot, pome|u nivnite imiwa stoi
imenkata DECA vo smisla na naslednici, i sledstveno vo original
go imame sledniov tekst:
Ova go potencirame poradi faktot {to po~etokot na treti-

ot red nedostasuva, bidej}i na toa mesto kamenot e otkr{en. So ova
sakame da pokaème i da potencirame {to treba da stoi vo origi-
nalot na toa mesto. Ova e ozna~eno so pravoagolnik ozna~en so is-
prekinata linija i ispolnet so boja, vo delot na restavrirawe na
originalniot tekst so imiwata na predcite. Mnogu e zna~ajno da se
napomne deka ovoj na~in na naveduvawe na predcite na edna li~nost
na sosema identi~en na~in e primenet i vo Biblijata.

5.3. Imiwata na soprugite na predcite na carot (faraonot)
Vo tekstot na nekolku mesta se naveduvaat imiwata na sopru-

gite na predcite na faraonot, i toa:
Vo original Ozvu~eno Na makedonski Na angliski
(gr~ki)
Najboèna se
eViD aN @oBjaN
voshituva na Arsinoe
JoM J VaNagoB
najgolem moj bog
agoB J VaN Najgolem bog
Berenice
JoM V S pobedo moja
Po pravilo, pri spomnuvawe na imeto na soprugata zadolì-

telno sledi imeto na soprugot na koe prethodi zborot imo, kako {to
sleduva:
oTI YaN JaN e@i[N oMI JoM J VaNagoB eViD aN @oBjaN
{to zna~i:
Najboèna se voshituva na najgolem moj bog imo (sopruga na)
i na{iot najo~it
odnosno Arsinoe Philopator.
Kako i:
eMI P uQ @ oMI JoM V S agoB J VaN

{to zna~i:
Najgolem bog pobedo moja imo (sopruga na) Dobrodetel
odnosno Berenice Euergetai.
Ovoj osoben na~in na naslovuvawe na soprugite so nazna~uva-

we na nivnoto ime prosledeno so imeto na nivniot soprug se sre}ava
i den-denes vo malku vidoizmenet oblik vo zapadniot del od Makedo-
nija, kade {to soprugata se naslovuva so imeto na svojot soprug na
koe se dodava zborot ica.

6. KATEGORII MLADI PRISLU@NI^KI
Vo analiziraniot tekst uspeavme da gi odgatneme kategorii-

te na mladi prislu`ni~ki koi se prisutni i se naveduvaat i vo an-
ti~ko-gr~kiot tekst, i toa: Athlophoroi i Kanephoroi. Vo anti~ko-ma-
kedonskiot tekst na kamenot za titulata Athlophoroi sre}avame:
aCeViD oT S oMagoB ZjaN aCeViD oT S oMagoB ZjaN

{to zna~i:
Nejze bogovite site ì se divat Nejze bogovite site ì se divat
odnosno: Athlophoroi
Ovde treba da naglasime deka se sre}ava ista forma na obra-
}awe kako {to }e bide obrazloèno za slu~ajot so obra}awe za poi-
mot SVETI, kako Gospodin Gospodin vo slednoto poglavje.
Za titulata Kanephoroi sre}avame:
aCeNaNA agoB aN aCeViD

{to zna~i:
Se divi (voshituva) na bogot Ananeca (bog na obnovata)
odnosno: Kanephoroi
Spored na{ite istraùvawa bogot Ananeca e vrhoven egipet-
ski bog, a ova e egipetskoto ime za bogot koj kaj anti~kite Grci e
poznat kako bogot Osiris.
7. KATEGORII SVE[TENICI
Vo tekstot pokraj zborot za sve{tenik ({emo), sre}avame i

tituli na sve{tenici, i toa:
Y agoB oMaCeD → Decata na bogot na svetlinata → High priests

IoMe[ oMaCeD → Decata na sve{tenicite → Prophets
Da napomneme deka vo jugozapadniot del na Makedonija, od-

nosno vo po{irokiot region na dene{nata naselba Ptolemaida koja
se nao|a vo Severna Grcija, me|u makedonskoto naselenie se sre}ava
prezimeto [emovi, koe spored na{ite soznanija, bi trebalo da sood-
vetstvuva na sovremenoto prezime Popovi.
8. DE[IFRIRAWE NA POSLEDNIOT RED OD TEKSTOT
Spored anti~ko-gr~kiot tekst, vo posledniot red faraonot

nareduva (i toa po ovoj red) dekretot da se napi{e na 3 pisma i da se
postavi vo svetili{ta od prv, vtor i tret rang vo blizina na statuata
na faraonot, iako tokmu ovde kamenot e otkr{en (nedostasuva par~e).
Vo analiziraniot tekst, naredbata na faraonot ja identifi-
kuvame vo poinakov redosled, i toa prvo vo koi tri klasi svetili-
{ta na bogovi, vo koi tri oblasti na zemjata da se postavi kamena
stela i, na krajot, na koi pisma na jazikot na tri sloevi na naseleni-
eto da bide napi{an.
Svojata èlba faraonot ja podelil na dve naredbi koi gi za-
po~nuva so zborot javi, vo originalna forma zapi{an so iV J.
8.1. Analiza na prvata naredba
Prvata naredba zapo~nuva so izrazot da se izraboti od kamen,

vo original zapi{an kako:
NeVIeV [aN → Napraveni od kamen
Naredbata prodolùva so:

kameni gradbi na tri klasi na bogovi navedeni po ime, vo original

zapi{ani so:
NI [aN agoB NuSAaN E agoB ZU aN O ajimZ agoB

IeV [aN
{to zna~i:
kameni gradbi (hramovi) na:
Boga Zmija od ustieto, Boga od Asuan i Boga Na{ion.
Naredbata prodolùva so naveduvawe na imiwata na trite

oblasti od zemjata, od koi prvata e Egipet, vtorata e Sinaj, a treta-
ta e zemjata na najgolemiot bog ô na Tnani, vo original zapi{ana
so izrazot:
INaN TaN JeVaNagoB eVI S JaNiSaN oTP u\AaN

Vo odnos na gr~kiot tekst, ovde se sre}avame so zna~itelno
poprecizni informacii koi posredno potvrduvaat za primarnosta
na ovoj tekst vo odnos na drugite dva.
8.2. Analiza na vtorata naredba
Vtorata naredba zapo~nuva so izrazot:

Da bide na kamen navezeno (napi{ano).
Zapi{ano vo original so izrazot:
eNeZ VaNi[aN eD B
Vo ovoj slu~aj, za zborot napi{ano upotreben e izrazot nave-
zeno, koj den-denes prenosno se upotrebuva za pi{uvawe vo nekoi di-
jalekti na makedonskiot jazik.
Vo analiziraniot tekst, za pismata i za jazicite na koi treba
da se napi{e dekretot upotrebena e edinstvena identifikacija so

naveduvawe na identitetot, ili op{testveniot sloj, vo multietni~-

koto op{testvo na toga{en Egipet:
Vrhovnoto sve{tenstvo, pretstaveno preku originalniot iz-
raz
oTLadopsoG V ZaN IoM e\I oTLadopsoG V ZaN IoM
@ivite gospodari, pretstaveni preku originalniot izraz
aTLadopsoG V @aN IoM

Danajcite, pretstaveni preku originalniot izraz
eV JaNaD aN
Vtorata naredba zavr{uva so izrazot zapi{an vo original ka-
ko:
oTaC i[ VV aC JeRaN
{to zna~i:
Pisma vo kamen tvrd.
Od sodrìnata na vtorata naredba moème da zaklu~ime deka
za gorniot tekst (hieroglifi ‡ sveto pismo) upotreben e izrazot
pismo na Vrhovnite sve{tenici, za srednoto pismo (demotika) upot-
reben e izraz pismo na @ivite gospodari, a toa bea anti~kite Make-
donci, a za najdolniot tekst (anti~ko-gr~koto) upotreben e izrazot
na Danajcite.
Na primerot na analizata na sodrìnata na posledniot red
od dekretot, koj so golema verojatnost ja ima istata sodrìna vo
trite tekstovi, poradi razli~nosta na strukturata na jazicite, ne
moè da se prifati deka tie tekstovi se sosema identi~ni, osobeno
poradi razli~nosta na izgovorot na imiwata na narodite, bogovite
i carevite.
Ako se potsetime deka sopstvenite imiwa vo toa vreme imale
opisen karakter, so prevodot na tekstot od eden na drug jazik i sop-

stvenite imiwa se preveduvale soglasno svoeto zna~ewe i dobivale

sosema druga zvu~nost.
9. IMIWATA NA TERITORIITE I NA NARODITE
Vo analiziraniot tekst gi sre}avame i imiwata na terito-

riite i na narodite na soodvetnite teritorii.
9.1. Imiwata na teritoriite
Bidej}i tekstot na kamenot se odnesuva pred sè na teritorija-

ta na Egipet, naj~esto se sre}avaat imeto na Egipet, koga treba da se
ozna~i celosnata teritorija na Egipet, no i imiwata na Goren i Do-
len Egipet soodvetno.
Vo original imeto na Egipet e slednovo:
oTP u\A
Ova ime proizleguva od analizata na naredbata na faraonot
zapi{ana vo posledniot red na demotskiot tekst, vo delot {to gi
ozna~uva teritoriite na koi vo soodvetnite svetili{ta na oprede-
leni bogovi treba da se postavi kamenot. Analizata na tekstot vo
posledniot red podetalno e prikaàna vo prethodnata glava.
Imeto na Egipet na anti~ko-gr~ki e .
Imeto na Goren Egipet vo original e: → aP \
Imeto na Dolen Egipet vo original e: → Z \
Poznato e deka vo Dolen Egipet e i ustieto na rekata Nil.
Vo original poimot ustie e sledniov:
→ ZU
Soznanieto za toa deka poimot UZ na anti~ko-makedonski,
denes se izgovara kako USTIE, sledi direktno od analizata na posled-
niot red od tekstot. Vo naredbata kade {to se naveduvaat bogovite vo
~ii hramovi treba da se smesti kamenot so dekretot na Ptolomej V

Epifan Evharistoi, odnosno na anti~ko-makedonski Naj@ VeNe

Toj BogaMo DiVeJ I PoToL Na[iVeJ (Besmrtniot TojKomu-
Bogovite mu se Divat od gradot na karpa izgraden, kako {to nie
denes bi rekle) stoi deka eden od niv e Bogot Zmija Na UZ . Op{to
e poznato i prifateno deka Bogot Zmija bil vrhoven bog na deltata
na Nil, odnosno na negovoto ustie. Ottuka pak, pove}e od ednostavno
sledi zaklu~okot oti poimot , {to se ~ita oddesno nalevo
kako \ Z , go ozna~uva Dolen Egipet.
Predlogot pa vo anti~ko-makedonskiot jazik se upotrebuva
vo svrzni~ki konstrukcii pri nabrojuvawe pred ~len od nizata {to
se nabrojuva. Primer za ova e naveduvaweto na pismata na koi{to
treba da se napi{e dekretot vo posledniot red, kade {to pred pis-
moto na @ivite gospodari stoi svrznata konstrukcija i na paj . Na
ovoj na~in sogledano, poimot {to se ~ita oddesno nalevo kako
\ Pa, ozna~uva Goren Egipet.
Za ispravnosta na tvrdeweto deka poimite \ Z i \ Pa na
anti~ko-makedonski odgovaraat na poimite Dolen i Goren Egipet
soodvetno, svedo~i i sprovedenata detalna analiza vo na{eto istra-
ùvawe na mestata na tekstot vo koi vo anti~ko-gr~kiot tekst se
spomnuvaat ovie dva dela na anti~ki Egipet i sporedbata so mestata
kade {to vo anti~ko-makedonskiot tekst se sre}avaat dvata prethod-
no spomnati poimi. Tuka naidovme na kompletno sovpa|awe na an-
ti~ko-gr~kiot so anti~ko-makedonskiot tekst. Taka, na primer, vo
12-tiot red vo demotskiot tekst za poimite Goren i Dolen Egipet vo
original e zapi{ano slednovo:
aP \aN I Z \aN
{to celosno soodvetstvuva na spomnuvaweto na Goren i Dolen Egi-
pet vo anti~ko-gr~kiot tekst.
9.2. Imiwata na narodite
Vo analiziraniot tekst, pri naveduvaweto na imiwata na

predcite na faraonot, vo 22-riot red od sredniot tekst na kamenot,
se spomnuvaat i narodite so koi tie vladeele. Po imeto na Filopa-
tor (N [e @e NajY Ito ‡ I Na{iot NajSvetol), za narodite nad
koi vladeel vo original e zapi{ano:

eNaP \aN V JaNaD aN

{to na dene{en makedonski zna~i:
Na Danajcite i na \upcite.
Po imiwata na Eurgetai (@eQu Pa IMe ‡ Dobrodetel) i
Adelfoi (YeVo ‡ Svetol), za narodite nad koi vladeele vo origi-
nal e zapi{ano:
eNaP \aN V JaNaD oMaP \aN V JaNaD aN

{to na dene{en makedonski zna~i:
Na Danajcite (Grcite), Na Danajcite od Goren Egipet (egipetski

Grci) i Na \upcite.
Interesno e spomnuvaweto na tretiot etnos, pokraj Danajci-

te i \upcite, odnosno egipetskite Danajci. Ova zna~i deka pokraj
danajskiot etnos na Balkanot vo vremeto na prvite vladeteli od di-
nastijata Ptolomei, postoel i zaseben danajski entitet na terito-
rijata na Egipet. Kon krajot na 11-tiot red vo demotskiot tekst, ovoj
etnos e spomenat vo original kako:
aP \ aN V JaNaD
odnosno
Danajcite od Goren Egipet,
so {to e opredelena i nivnata teritorija.
10. IMIWATA NA BOGOVITE I NIVNITE FUNKCII
Vo analiziraniot sreden tekst na kamenot od Rozeta nao|ame

imiwa i funkcii na pove}e bogovi. Kako rezultat na nivnoto oslo-

vuvawe, koe spored nas pretstavuvalo karakteristika na jazikot i na

zapi{uvaweto kaj anti~kite Makedonci, moèvme da identifikuva-
me imiwa na nekolku egipetski bogovi, i toa vo original onaka kako
{to bile narekuvani na anti~ko-egipetski. Isto taka, vo analizira-
niot tekst gi sre}avame i imiwata, najverojatno, na site bogovi na
anti~kite Makedonci.
10.1. Imiwata na bogovite i nivnite funkcii

kaj anti~kite Makedonci
Soglasno istraùvawata, vo sredniot tekst moèvme da gi

pro~itame imiwata, najverojatno, na site bogovi na anti~kite Ma-
kedonci. Za del od bogovite vo sostojba sme da gi opredelime i niv-
nite funkcii. Najkarakteristi~no e toa {to re~isi site imiwa na
bogovite se ednoslo`ni. Nivnite imiwa i funkciite se slednive:
eY agoB aS agoB eV agoB oV agoB iV agoB eD agoB
H agoB X agoB iL agoB a^L agoB aK agoB ajimZ agoB
Bogot Ye e vrhoven bog, bog na letata i na svetlinata (sonceto)

( ).
Bogot Sa e bog na gradinite i lozjata (sadewe).
Bogot Ve e bog na graditelite (zanaetite).
Bogot Vo e bog na vodite.
Bogot Vi.
Bogot De.
Bogot H e bog na vojnata (hopliti = kopjanici).
Bogot X .
Bogot Li e bog na {umite (listokapni), na obnovata ( ).
Bogot Lâ e boìca na svetlosniot zrak ( ).
Bogot Ka se sre}ava i kaj Sumerite i ima zmiesta forma.

Bogot Zmija.
Konstatiravme deka bogot Ye (po funkcija bogot na letata) e
vrhoven bog poradi toa {to vo tekstot se naslovuva sli~no kako fa-
raonot, odnosno so dva epiteti vo superlativ, od koi samo vtoriot e
razli~en i namesto Najèveni ({to se upotrebuva pri naslovuvawe
na faraonot), glasi Najsvetol, i toa vo original kako:
IoTL agoB eV ZaN IoM I Y JaN aCNeMI YaN JaN
Ova na dene{en makedonski jazik (vo prevod) zna~i:
Najnao~it imenec, najsvetli po na{e bogot na letata.
10.2. Imiwata na bogovite i nivnite funkcii

kaj anti~kite Egip}ani
Osobeno e interesen na~inot na koj vo tekstot se naslovuvaat

egipetskite bogovi. Imeno, po naveduvaweto na imeto na bogot kako
{to toj se narekuval na anti~ko-egipetski, sleduva dodatokot kako
{to se narekuva na anti~ko-makedonski. Vo original toa e zapi{a-
no na sledniov na~in:
iL agoB eV ZaN IoM A agoB aCeNaNA eVaCaP u\

vo prevod na dene{en makedonski jazik:
Bogot Ananeca na Egip}anite (bogot na obnovuvaweto), po na{e bogot Li

kako i so izrazot
a^L agoB aTeNaNA


Ananeta boga Lâ (boìca na svetlosniot zrak)
Ananeta spored legendite bila sestra na bogot Ananeca.

Vo originalniot tekst sre}avame i vakvo obra}awe koe se od-
nesuva na bogot Ananeta i na bogot Ananeca:
iL agoB eV ZaN IoM A agoB aCeNaNA a^L agoB aTeNaNA

Ananeta boga Lâ (boìca na svetlosniot zrak) Bogot Ananeca
(bogot na obnovuvaweto), po na{e bogot Li.
Vo anti~ko-gr~kiot tekst ovie bogovi se zapi{ani kako Ozi-

ris, {to odgovara na Ananeca, i Izis soodvetno za Ananeta.
Na{ite istraùvawa se razlikuvaat vo ovoj del dijametral-
no od stavovite na sovremenata nauka. Imeno, spored denes op{to-
prifateniot stav kaj istraùva~ite na hieroglifskoto pismo, imi-
wata na bogovite na anti~ko-egipetski se zapi{ani kako {to se sre-
}avaat vo anti~ko-gr~kiot tekst, odnosno kako Oziris i Izis, sood-
vetno. Nasproti ova, nie smetame deka imiwata na ovie bogovi na
anti~ko-egipetski definitivno mora da se razlikuvaat od nivnite
anti~ko-gr~ki imiwa. Ova se dokaùva so ~itaweto na sredniot
tekst na kamenot, kade {to gi sre}avame imiwata na bogovite kako
{to e prethodno navedeno.
Se sretnuvaat i posloèni imiwa koi vo sebe go sodràt po-
imot boga, kako na primer:
→ agoB aN agoB
Spored [4] ovoj izraz e staroslovenskoto ime za Dionis.

ZAKLUÔK
Osnovna pretpostavka vo na{ite analizi na sredniot tekst

na kamenot od Rozeta e deka koristenoto pismo e slogovno, so slogo-
vi isklu~itelno od tipot soglaska-samoglaska, pri {to glavni kara-
kteristiki se: brojot i zvu~nosta na soglaskite i samoglaskite.
Ovaa pretpostavka pretstavuva nova nasoka vo izu~uvaweto na de-
motskoto pismo i na slogovnite pisma od toj period, za ozvu~uvawe
na slogovnite znaci samo so soglaski, pritoa ignoriraj}i gi samo-
glaskite.
Dosega{nite istraùvawa rezultiraa so identifikacija i
ozvu~uvawe na slogovni znaci za 25 soglaski i 8 samoglaski.
Re~isi polovinata od soglaskite (12), se ozna~uvaat so asi-
metri~ni znaci koi vo ramninata na pi{uvawe moàt da zazemat 8
polo`bi i na toj na~in ednozna~no da zapi{at slogovi na edna so-
glaska so 8 samoglaski. Ostanatite soglaski se ozna~uvaat so sime-
tri~ni ili kosi znaci koi vo ramninata na pi{uvawe moàt da zaze-
mat 4 polo`bi i na toj na~in ednozna~no da zapi{at slogovi na edna
soglaska so 4 samoglaski. Nekoi od ovie soglaski, pettiot slog so sa-
moglaskata i go pravat so znak za izolirana soglaska (viram) i dopi-
{uvawe do nea na vertikalna crta, {to e znakot za i.
Od potrebnite 8, identifikuvani se 7 znaci za pi{uvawe na
izolirani samoglaski, od koi znacite za i → i za a → se naj~esto
upotrebuvani. Za pi{uvawe na izolirani soglaski se koristi viram,
dodeka za ~esto upotrebuvanata izolirana soglaska n se koristi
kosa crta → .
Kako kontinuitet od nekoe postaro pismo, prezemeni se i ne-
kolku karakteristi~ni formi, kako {to se 3 vertikalni ( ‡ Boga)
i 3 kosi crti ( ‡ Gospoda), koi vo tekstot imaat ~esta upotreba za
ozna~uvawe na celi poimi.
Vaka definiranite znaci pri pi{uvaweto na tekstot se re-
dat eden do drug, oddesno nalevo, bez rastojanie me|u zborovite vo
neprekinata niza, bez oznaka za po~etok i za kraj na re~enica. Po-
kraj pi{uvaweto na znacite eden do drug, se praktikuva i pi{uvawe
na znacite eden nad drug ili eden vrz drug, pri {to glasovnata vred-
nost na osnovnite znaci ne se menuva, tuku me|usebno se povrzuvaat
so predlogot na (ligaturi). êstata upotreba na predlogot na i den-
denes e karakteristika na makedonskiot jazik.

Ozvu~uvaweto na osnovnite znaci na analiziranoto pismo i

definiraweto na nabeleànite pravila za pi{uvawe na ligaturi e
sprovedeno so iterativna postapka na izdvojuvawe i prepoznavawe
na okolu 160 zborovi, od koi pove}eto go zadràle svoeto zna~ewe
vo nekoi dijalekti na dene{niot makedonski jazik.
Iako ne reflektirame deka sme gi osoznale site tajni na ana-
liziranoto pismo, i u{te pove}e deka sme go sovladale upotrebeni-
ot jazik, sepak moème so sigurnost da kaème deka sredniot tekst
na kamenot od Rozeta e napi{an so pismo i na jazik na toga{nite
gospodari na Egipet, odnosno anti~kite Makedonci.
Ovoj tekst se odnesuva na ist nastan kako i drugite dva teksta
na kamenot, no vo nikoj slu~aj me|u niv ne moè i ne treba da se bara
i da se vospostavi identi~nost. Ova go kaùvame zatoa {to konsta-
tiravme, so de{ifrirawe na naredbata zapi{ana vo posledniot red
na tekstot, deka zapisite se zapi{ani so pisma i so jazici na 3 sloe-
vi na op{testvoto, i toa na: Vrhovnoto sve{tenstvo, @ivite gospo-
dari i Danajcite. Od dene{en aspekt na soznanija, so pisma i na jazi-
ci na anti~kite: Egip}ani, Makedonci i Grci.
Pregolemoto uvaùvawe na soznanijata od ~itaweto na an-
ti~ko-gr~kiot tekst, osobeno ozvu~uvaweto na sopstvenite imiwa na
vladetelite i bogovite, vodi kon zabludi koi onevozmoùvaat da se
dojde do pravilni soznanija. Gr~kite imiwa na vladetelite i na bo-
govite gi nema vo jazikot na anti~kite Makedonci, a najverojatno i
vo jazikot na anti~kite Egip}ani tie pretstavuvaat samo opisen
prevod od jazikot na anti~kite Makedonci na jazikot na anti~kite
Grci na simboli~noto zna~ewe na imeto.
Pismoto i jazikot na anti~kite Makedonci bile oficijalno
pismo i jazik na Makedonskata imperija, ili, kako {to gi narekuva
dene{nata nauka „pismo i jazik na koi se pi{uvaat zakonite i ofi-
cijalnite dokumenti“. Zabludata na dene{nata nauka e vo toa {to za
osoznavawe na sredniot tekst na kamenot od Rozeta go pretpo~ita
anti~ko-egipetskiot jazik (vo raspolo`livata literatura nare~en
novo-egipetski) i arealot na Egipet, a ne anti~ko-makedonskiot ja-
zik i arealot na Balkanot.

REFERENCES – LITERATURA
[1] Irena Ceklin BaΗar, et al, Slovenščina – jezik na maturi: za slovenščino – jezik v
četrtem letniku gimnazijskih programov: zbirka nalog za ponovitev jezikovne
snovi, Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga, 2004 (str. 90–92) ISBN 86-11-16681-7.
[2] Marja Bešter, Martina Križaj Ortar, Marija KonΗina, Mojca Bavdek, Mojca
PoznanoviΗ, Darnika Amrbož, Stanislava Židan, Na pragu besedila – učbenik za
slovenski jezik v 1 letniku gimnazij, strokovnih in tehniških šol, Tiskarna Mladin-
ska knjiga, d.d., Založba Rokus, d.o.o., 2004 (str. 30–34).
[3] Demotic Dictionary Project, Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, 2005.
[4] StaroslavÔnskiŸ slovar (po rukopisom X–XI vekov), Moskva, RuskiŸ
®zik, 1994.
[5] G. S. Grinevi~, Praslav®nska pismenost, Moskva, 1993.
[6] Cardan, ARS MAGNA, 1535.
[7] P. Hendriks, The Radožda-Vevčani Dialect of Macedonian, Lisse 1976, PdR Press
Publications on Macedonian 1.
Summary
TRACING THE SCRIPT AND THE LANGUAGE

OF THE ANCIENT MACEDONIANS
This study presents the results of research realized within the project “Deciphering the
Middle Text of the Rosetta Stone”.
It is concluded that a syllabic script of the consonant-vowel type was used for the mid-
dle text of the Rosetta Stone. Symbols for 25 consonants were identified. By using the procedure
of mirroring and rotating in the writing surface (plane), a monosemic (unambiguous) method was
determined for connecting the symbol of consonant with 4 or 8 vowels. Although rarely used, the
symbols for writing isolated vowels and some consonants were identified. In the analyzed text,
the syllabic signs were not only written next to each other, but also they were often written one
above the other or one over the other in the form of what are known as ligatures. A small number
of pictographic symbols were also identified.
The wiring for sound of the identified syllabic signs, isolated consonants or vowels and
ligatures was achieved by using archaisms from the dialects of the contemporary Macedonian
language. In the text, which was written from right to left, without a space between the words and
without separation of sentences in an infinite series, more than 160 words were identified which
have keept their meaning in some dialects of the contemporary Macedonian language. A certain
number of grammatical rules were also identified which are discerned in the contemporary Mace-
donian language, such as the formation of superlative with the adjectives with the prefix naj_

[nai] (equivalent to English the …… _est/ the most ……); the plural of nouns by adding i [i]
(equivalent to English _s); the occurrence of definite and indefinite form of nouns, as well as the
frequent use of the preposition na [na] (equivalent to English prepositions on, at). With these
identified syllables and their wiring for sound and the definite rules for writing, a monosemic
(unambiguous) methodology was generated in order to make out certain words and to read what
was written.
The way of addressing the pharaoh with all epithets, first name, last name and nick-
name, was completely deciphered as one of most frequently used combination of words. The
names of his parents and ancestors are also interesting. It is characteristic that in all cases the
personal names are descriptive and when they are being translated into another language (ancient
Greek) they lose their original pronunciation but retain their meaning.
The name of the supreme god Dze – the god of the summers (Ye ‡ bog na letata)
was identified, who in the text bears the same epithet as the pharaoh. For some gods, the ancient
Egyptian name is written (inscribed) beside the ancient Macedonian name, and in comparison
with the third text we discerned the ancient Greek name. For the first time, for one god we have
got the three names in ancient Egyptian, Macedonian and Greek in case of the god Ananetsa, the
god Lee and god Osiris respectively. It is characteristic that almost all names of the ancient Ma-
cedonian gods are monosyllabic.
By deciphering the content of the last row from the analyzed text, we concluded that
the pharaoh had ordered the decree to be written in the letters (languages) of the three entities of
that time Egyptian society, especially of the high priests, in the text of the alive masters and of
the Danai. In that time, the ancient Macedonians ruled Egypt and they were the alive masters.
The results of deciphering the middle text of the Rosetta Stone point to the fact that
there are many details which cannot be found in the text written (inscribed) in the ancient Greek
alphabet. This conclusion proves the scholarly awareness from the time of Thomas Young (1822)
that the middle text was the original. On the basis of our research we can make this knowledge
more precise with the conclusion that the pharaoh’s decree from the middle text of the Rosetta
Stone in the original is written (inscribed) in the language of the ancient Macedonians with script
of the alive masters, i.e. with the official script and language of the state that had been ruled by
them for more than a century.
Key words: Ancient Macedonians, script, language
Rezime
PO TRAGITE NA PISMOTO I NA JAZIKOT

NA ANTI^KITE MAKEDONCI
Vo trudov se prezentirani rezultatite od istraùvawata realizirani vo

ramkite na proektot „De{ifrirawe na sredniot tekst na kamenot od Rozeta“.
Konstatirano e deka za sredniot tekst na kamenot od Rozeta e koristeno
slogovno pismo od tipot soglaska-samoglaska. Identifikuvani se simboli za 25
soglaski. Koristej}i ja postapkata na preslikuvawe i rotacija vo ramninata na pi-
{uvawe, opredelen e ednozna~en na~in za povrzuvawe na simbolot za soglaska so 4
ili so 8 samoglaski. Iako retko upotrebuvani, identifikuvani se i simbolite za za-

pi{uvawe na izolirani samoglaski i soglaski. Vo analiziraniot tekst, pokraj pi{uva-

weto na slogovnite znaci eden do drug, ~esto se pi{uvani slogovnite znaci i eden nad
drug, vo forma na ligaturi. Iako vo mal broj, identifikuvani se i nekolku piktograf-
ski simboli.
Ozvu~uvaweto na identifikuvanite slogovni znaci, osameni soglaski ili
samoglaski i ligaturi, e realizirano so koristewe na arhaizmi od dijalekti na so-
vremeniot makedonski jazik. Vo analiziraniot tekst koj e pi{uvan oddesno nalevo,
bez rastojanie me|u zborovite i bez odvojuvawe na re~enicite vo neprekinata niza,
identifikuvani se pove}e od 160 zborovi koi go zadràle zna~eweto vo nekoi dija-
lekti od sovremeniot makedonski jazik. Isto taka, identifikuvani se i odreden
broj gramati~ki pravila koi se prepoznatlivi i vo sovremeniot makedonski jazik,
kako {to e formiraweto superlativ kaj pridavkite so prefiksot naj, mnoìna kaj
imenkite so dodavkata i, pojavata na opredelena i neopredelena forma kaj imenkite
i za~estenata upotreba na predlogot na. So vaka identifikuvanite slogovni znaci,
nivnoto ozvu~uvawe i opredelenite pravila na pi{uvawe, sozdadena e ednozna~na me-
todologija za prepoznavawe na odredeni zborovi i za ~itawe na napi{anoto.
Rezultatite od de{ifriraweto na sredniot tekst na kamenot od Rozeta
ukaùvaat na mnogu pove}e detali koi gi nema vo tekstot zapi{an so anti~ko-gr~ko
pismo. Ovaa konstatacija go potvrduva soznanieto na naukata u{te od vremeto na
Tomas Jang (1822 godina) deka sredniot tekst e originalot. Vrz osnova na na{ite
istraùvawa, ova soznanie moème da go doprecizirame so konstatacijata deka de-
kretot na faraonot vo sredniot tekst na kamenot od Rozeta vo original e napi{an
na jazikot na anti~kite Makedonci so pismo na ìvite gospodari, odnosno so ofi-
cijalnoto pismo i jazik na dràvata koja{to tie ja upravuvale pove}e od eden vek.
Klu~ni zborovi: anti~ki Makedonci, pismo, jazik
Inhalt
AUF DEM SPUREN DEN SCHRIFT UND DER SPRACHE

DER ANTISCHEN MAKEDONIER
In der Bemühung sind die Resultate presentiert, die for der Forschung realisiert worden
ist, innerhalb dieses Projektes “Deschifrierung des mittleren Textes von der Stein der Roseta”.
Es hat sich bestätigt, dass der mittlere Text von Roseta gebraucht wurde, wie auch die
silbige Schrift vom Typ Konsonant – Vokal. Identifiziert sind Simbole fuer 25 Konsonanten. In
Benützung der Methode von Kopieren und Drehung (Rotation), im Bereich der Schreibung, demmit
wurde eindeutig ausgewählt die Art der Verbindung des Symbols für Konsonante mit 4 oder 8 Vo-
kale. Jedoch nicht oft gebraucht wurden auch Symbole für Schreibung von isolierte Vokale und Kon-
sonante identifiziert. Im analysierten Text, neben der Schreibung von silbige Zeichen nebeneinannder
gestellt, wurden häufig die silbigen Zeichen ein aufeinannder gestellt, und zwar in Form von
Ligaturen. Jedoch in eine kleine zahl identifiziert worden auch ein Paar piktografische Simbole.
Die Ausschreibung von identifizierte silbige Zeichen, einsame Konsonante und Liga-
turen wurden realisiert durch Gebrauch von Archaismen von Dialekte der gegenwärtigen
mazedonischen Sprache.

Im analysierten Text, der von Rechts nach Links geschrieben ist, ohne einer Zwischen-
distanz der Wörter und Trennung der Sätze, in einer ununterbrochenen Reihe, wurde mehr als
160 Wörter identifiziert, die ihre Bedeutung beinhaltet haben bei einige Dialekte der gegenwärti-
gen mazedonoschen Sprache. Durch die Analyse identifiziert wurden auch ein Paar gramatische
Regeln, die bei der heutigen mazedonischen Sprache bekannt sind, wie zum Beispiel die
Gründung des superlatives bei Adjektiven mit dem Prefix “über” – als Vorsilbe der superlativen
Form, Plural bei den Substantiven mit der Zufügung “und”, im Gebrauch von definierte und un-
definierte Formen bei den Substantiven und der öftere Gebrauch von der Präposition “zu”. Mit so
identifizierten silbige Zeichen, deren Aussprache und definierte Schreibung, wurde eine eindeutige
Methode gegründet, zur identifiezierung der bestimmten Wörter und des lesens des geschriebenen.
Die meist gebrauchte Variante (Kombination) von Wörter, wurde im Ganzen die Art
der Wendung der Menschen gegenüber des Pharaons gegeben, mit allen Epiteten, Vorname,
Nachname und Spitzname. Interresant sind auch die Namen deren Eltern und deren Vorfahren.
Charackteristisch ist, dass in allen Fällen die eigenen Namen dargestellt sind, und bei der Über-
setzung in anderer Sprache (antisch Giechisch) verschwindet der originale Aussdruch, aber die
Bedeutung bleibt beinhaltet.
Identifiziert wurde der Name des Hauptgottes (im original mazedonischer Sprache
geschrieben als “SE”, auf Deutsch deskribiert als “ZCHE”) – und das Bedeutet der Gott des
Sommers, der im Text die gleiche Epithät als der Pharaon hat. Für einige Götter, neben dem
antisch- mazedonischen Namens, wurde auch der antisch-egyptischen Name geschrieben, und im
Vergleich mit dem dritten Text des Steins wird auch der antisch-griechische Name identifiziert.
Zum ersten Mal für einen selben Gott haben wir alle drei Namen, des antisch-egypti-
sche, antisch-mazedonischen und antisch-griechischen, im Falle des Gottes Ananeza, dann der
Gott Li und der Gott Osiries respektiv. Karakterisch ist, das alle Namen der antisch–
mazedonischen Götter einsilbig sind.
Mit der Deschifrierung des Inhaltes der letzten Reihe des analysierten Textes, hat sich
herrausgestellt, dass der Pharaon befehlt, dass das Dekret in den Briefen gegeben wird (geschrie-
ben) in Entiteten der damaligen egyptischen Gesellschaft, und zwar: die Hauptpriester, die le-
benden Herren und den Danaischen. In der Zeit, in Egypten herrschen die antischen Makedonier,
und eben diese versteht der Pharaon unter dem Namen lebende Herren.
Die Resultate der Deschifrierung des mittleren Textes von Stein Roseta, zeigen an
mehrere Datails, die im Text des antisch-griechischen Text nicht vorhanden sind (zu sehen sind).
Diese Feststellung bestätigt die Schlussfolgerung der Forschung von der Zeit des Thomas Jang
(1822), dass der mittlere Text ein Original ist. Aufgrund unserere Forschung, könnte diese
Schlussfolderung prezisiert warden, mit der Feststellung, dass das Dekret des Pharaons im mit-
tleren Text des Steins von Roseta, wurde im Original in der Sprache der antischen Makedonier
geschrieben, und zwar im Schrift der lebenden Herren, bzw. Mit der offiziellen Schrift und
Sprache des Landes, die sie mehr als 100 Jahren geleitet haben.
Schluselwoerter: antischen Makedonier, schrift, sprache

T. Boševski, A. Tentov 95
Prilog ‡ Appendix
De{ifrirani zborovi od sredniot tekst na kamenot od Rozeta ‡ (Deciphered words and terms from the middle text of the Rosetta Stone)
Tolkuvawe
îtawe (od desno na levo)
Original Generirana transkripcija Interpretation in Angliski
Wiring for sound
The original Generated transcript contemporary Equivalent in English
(in cyrillic alphabet from right to left)
Macedonian
Superlativi (Superlatives)
1. eMI [aN Na{e ime Our name
Our most significant

2. eMI [aNÝJaN Najna{e ime
name
3. iNeV @ Dolgo ìven Long lived
For ever living

4. iNeV @ÝJaN Najdolgo ìven
(Eucharistos)
5. N @ B Boèstven Divine
6. N @oBÝJaN Najboèstven The most divine

96 Tracing the script and the language of the ancient Macedonians
Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
Neckless of
7. ZnaN Naniza
necklesses
The most neckless

8. ZNaNÝJaN Najnaniza
of necklesses
9. I Y Nao~it Honourable
The most
10. I YÝJaN Najnao~itiot
honourable
11. oMI Imo Name
12. oMIÝJaN Najimo The most name
13. oMI YaN Nao~ito imo Honourable name

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
The most
14. oMI YaNÝJaN Najnao~ito imo
honourable name
The most hono-
Najnao~itiot
15. aCNeMI YaNÝJaN urable name
imenec (Faraon)
(Pharaoh)
The most
Najnao~itata
16. VaCNeMI YaNÝJaN honourable woman
ime (Faraonica)
(Pharaoh)
17. oMeNÝJaN Najnakraj At the end (Finally)
Ednina/mnoìna na imenki ‡ ne~lenuvani/~lenuvani formi (Singular/Plural of nouns – definite/indefinite forms)
18. oTL Leto Summer

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
19. IoTL Leta Summers
20. oMe[ Sve{tenik Priest
21. IoMe[ Sve{tenici Priests
22. i[ Kamen Stone
23. Ii[ Kamewa Stones
24. eV Ý[ aN Kamena gradba Temple

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
25. IeV Ý[ aN Kameni gradbi Temples
26. RadopsoG Gospodar Master (Lord)
27. IRadopsoG Gospodari Masters (Lords)
The Master
28. oTRadopsoG Gospodarot
(The Lord)
The Masters
29. aTRadopsoG Gospodarite
(The Lords)
30. eV @ @ivo Alive

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
31. oTeV @ @ivoto The Living
32. AceD Deca Children
33. OmaCeD Decata The children
34. ÝJoMaCeD Decata moi My children
35. ANaCeD Decana Those children
36. AgoB Boga God
37. OmagoB Bogovite Gods
Piktografski znaci (Pictografic signs)
38. AGOB Boga God

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
39. ADOPSOG Gospoda Lord
40. Pokojnik The dead person
41. Zmija Snake (cobra)
Imiwa na predci (vladeteli) na faraonot i nivni soprugi (Names of the pharoh’s ancestors and their wives)
Toj komu
ÝJoT Epiphan
42. bogovite mu se
I JeViD oMagoB (Beloved of Ptah)
voshituvaat
ZÝJaN Nejze bogovite ì
43. Epiphania
oJeViD oMagoB se voshituvaat
Najboèna se
eViDaN @ BjaN
44. voshituva na naj- Arsinoe
ÝJoM JÝVaNagoB
golemiot moj bog

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
Svetol
45. eVeY Adelphoi
(Vidoe)
I Na{iot
46. eVeYe@i[N Philadephoi
svetol
I Na{iot
47. oTI YaNÝJaN e@i[N Philopator
najo~itiot
48. NIeK VoKaNÝJ Junakot ve~en Soteres
Euergetai
49. eMI P uQ @ Dobrodetel
(benefactor)
Najboèna se
eViDaN @ BjaN voshituva na naj-
50. oMI ÝJoM JÝVaNagoB golem moj Bog Arsinoe Philopator
oTI YaNÝJaN e@i[N imo na i na{iot
najo~it

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
Najboèna se vos-
eViDaN @ BjaN
hituva na najgolem
51. ÝJoM JeVaNagoB Arsinoe Philadelhos
moj bog imo na i
VeYe@i[N oMI
na{iot svetol
Na najgolemiot
oM ÝV S agoB JÝVaN bog pobeda moja
52. Berenice Euergetai
eMI P uQ @ oMI J sopruga na
Dobrodetel
Tituli na mladi prislu`ni~ki (Categories of young maids)
oT S oMagoB ZjaN Nejze bogovite
aC(sT)eViD site ì se divat
53. Athlophoroi
oT S oMagoB ZjaN Nejze bogovite
aC(sT)eViD site ì se divat
Se divi (voshitu-
agoB aN aC(sT)eViD va) na bogot Ana-
54. Kanephoroi
aCeNaNA neca (bog na
obnovata)

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
Obra}awe kon gospodarite ‡ ednina/mnoìna i so ~lenuvawe (The ways of Calling the Masters – singular/plural and definite forms)
Po na{e
eV ZaN IoM Our way of calling
55. narekuvan
oTLadopsoG the Master (Lord)
Gospodarot
Po na{e
eV ZaN IoM Our way of calling
56. narekuvani
ILadopsoG the master (Lords)
gospodari
eV @aN IoM Moite na ìvo
My Alive Masters
57. aTLadopsoG gospodari (ìvi
(Lords)
gospodari)
Po na{e gospo-
eV ZaN IoM
darot po na{e We call the master
oTLadopsoG
58. gospodarot of the master
eV ZaN IoM e\I
(vrhoven sve{te- (Sacred)
oTLadopsoG
nik)

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
eV ZaN IoV A A Vie gi vikate
And you call the
LadopsoG Gospodar i gi
59. master and call the
eV ZaN I vikate Gospodar
master (Sacred)
LadopsoG (Sveti)
aN Na mojot gospo--
60. My master’s stone
i[adopsoG MoM dar kamenot
Ligaturi so na (Ligatures with on, at)
61. CiaN Najcenet The most respected
62. eMeSIaN Najsemejstvo The best family
63. ÝV ZaN Nare~en Called

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
64. eV ZaN Nare~e Called
Imiwa na bogovi ‡ egipetski so prevod na anti~ko-makedonski i na anti~ko-gr~ki

(The Gods names – ancient Egyptian with translation in ancient Macedonian and ancient Greek)
eVaCaPÝu\
Na Egip}anite Egyptian God
65. agoB aCeNaNA
Bogot Ananeca Ananetsa (Osiris)
Na{ite go
eV ZaN IoM A Our people call him
narekuvaat Bog
66. iL AgoB the god of forests
na {umata
(renewal)
(obnovata)
Bogot Ananeta
agoB aTeNaNA na L’~ot Goddess Ananeta of
67.
a^L (svetlosniot sunrise ray (Isis)
zrak)

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
Najsvetloto
aCNeMI YaNÝJaN Pharaoh, the
na{e ime, naj-
brightest, our people
68. I YÝJaN eV ZaN IoM svetliot, moite
call him the God of
ioTL agoB go narekuvaat
the Summers
bog na letata
69. ajimZ agoB oTuT Tuto bogot zmija Thoth god cobra
Bogot zmija na God Seth (snake) of

70. agoB ZU aN O ajimZ
ustieto the Delta of the Nile
71. NuSAaN E agoB Bogot e na Asuan The God of Asuan
72. NI [aN agoB Bogot na{ion The God of ours

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
Imiwa na bogovi ‡ anti~ko-gr~ki so prevod na anti~ko-makedonski

(The God’s names in ancient Greek with translation in ancient Macedonian)
Bogot na
S agoB aN
73. svetlinata God Hefest
eT [ @aNeY N
è{ka
Imiwa na bogovi ‡ anti~ko-makedonski

(The names of ancient Macedonians Gods)
Bogot na
74. eY agoB The God Zeus
svetlinata
Na{iov bog na
75. eY agoB oV [aN Our God Zeus
svetlinata
Bogot Sa The God of
76. aS agoB
(na lozjata) wineyards
77. oH agoB Bogot Ho The God of war

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
78. X agoB Bogot Xo The God [Dzho]
79. iV agoB Bogot Vi The God [Vi]
The God [Vo] of the

80. oV agoB Bogot Vo (Voda)
water
The God [Ve] of the
81. eV agoB Bogot Ve
builders
82. aK agoB Bogot Ka The God [Ka]
83. eD agoB Bogot De The God [De]
84. ajimZ agoB Bogot Zmija The God Snake
Bogot Lâ
The God [Ltcha] of
85. a^L agoB (na svetlosniot
the sunrise
zrak)

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
The God [Li] of the
86. iL agoB Bogot Li
renewal
Sve{teni~ki klasi (Categories of priests)

Decata na bogot
87. I Y agoB oMaCeD High priests
na svetlinata
Deca na
88. IoMe[ oM aCeD Prophets
sve{tenicite
They are God’s
89. aCeD S AGOB aN Na boga se deca
children
Decata na Dea The children of Dea
90. AeDaNoMaCeD (Boìca majka) ‡ (Mother of Gods) –
Makedonci Macedonians
Decana na bogot The children of the
91. HagoB aN aNaCeD
Ho God of war

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
I AeDaNoMaCeD Decata na Dea i The children of the
92.
X agoB aN na Bogot Xo God [Dzho]
Poimi so Ye (svetlo) (Terms with [Dze] – Bright)
93. I Y Svetli Bright
94. VeY Svetlina Light (brightness)
95. AeY Svetla Bright
96. A Ý[ aN VeY Svetlina na{a Our light
NajNaniza The most neckless

97. AeY ZnaNjaN
Svetla of necklesses bright

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
Poim za kamen ‡ (ancient Macedonian term for the stone)
98. i[ [i Stone
Poimi so kamen ({i) (Terms based on the term stone)
99. oTaCi[ Tvrd kamen Hard Stone
Na kamen
100. ÝJeV i[ aN Built on stone
izgraden
101. eV Ý[ aN Kamena gradba Temple
102. IeV Ý[ aN Kameni gradbi Temples
Kameni gradbi
103. I YIeV Ý[ aN Bright temples
svetli

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
104. V IeV Ý[ aN Kamenive gradbi These temples
Vgraden vo
105. N V IeV Ý[ aN Built into temples
kameni gradbi
Da se naveze
V IeV Ý[aN To be embroidered
106. (zapi{e) vo
eZeV (written) in temples
kameni gradbi
Na kamen
107. NeV aN Ý[ aN On stone made
napraven
Na kamen On stone
108. eNeZeVaNi[aN
navezeni embroidered
109. A Ý[ aN Na{a Our
110. AeLaN Statua Statue

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
111. ZoLaN Slika (narez) Image (picture)
112. oTeV @ ZoLaN @iva slika The living image
113. eV @ @ivo Alive
Slika (narez) vo
114. oTaCi[VV ZoLaN Image on hard stone
stena tvrda
Recki vo tvrd Scribes on hard

115. oTaCi[VVaCÝJeRaN
kamen stone
Egyptian Scribe
116. eNaPÝ\aN ÝJeRaN Recki Na \upane
(Hieroglyphs)
117. aCÝJeRaN Recki Scribes

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
118. INIeRN Na{ite recki Our scribes
119. oMIeRN Moi recki My scribes
120. oMaS Samo Only
Samo recki Only the Egyption

121. IeRN YoMaSaPÝ\aN
Egipetski scribes
122. AioRaN Ku}a House
Vrhovna
123. eV Ý[ aN NoR Supreme office
kancelarija
Ku}a na Inner shrine
CIaN AIoRaN
124. ku}ata na srceto (House of the ‘house
AioRaN
(teloto) of the heart’ – body)

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
AIoRaN Ku}a na
125. Pharaoh’s House
aCNeMI YaNÝJaN faraonot
Na sobir na
126. aC @ iS aN Prophets assembly
prorocite
127. @eDaN Nade` Hope
Svrznici (Conjunctions)
128. I I And
129. A A But
As well as (also,
130. L Z Kako i
too)

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
131. ÝjaPaNI I pa And
132. e\I Negoviot His
133. VV Vo In, On
Imiwa na dràvi i narodi (Names of territories and peoples)
134. oTPÝu\AaN Egipet Egypt
135. eVI SÝJaNiSaN Na Sinaj site Sinai
The greatest god

Najgolemiot Bog
136. INaNÝTaN JeVaNagoB [Cho] of Tnani
ô na Tnani
(Netanya)

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
137. VaCaPÝu\ \upcive These Egyptians
138. oM aPÝu\aN Na \upamo To the egyptians
139. eNaPÝ\aN Na \upane The Egyptians
140. VÝJaNaD aN Na Danajcive Danai’s
141. VÝJaNaD Danajci Danai
Na festivalot
142. XNaNaP aN At the festival (fair)
(pana|urot)
At the festival (fair)

XNaNaP aN Na pana|urot na
143. of the assumption
@eDaN nade`ta
(hope)

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
144. uJa^N ZaN Se nazna~uvaat Being appointed
Drugi (Other)
145. ÝjoT Toj He
Embroide (writes
146. eZeV Veze
beautifully)
147. LoToPÝ Od gradot From the town
148. N VeZaN Nare~en Called
149. ZNaN Naniza Neckless
150. ÝJoM Moj My (mine)

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
151. oM Jas I
152. IoM Moi My (mine)
153. I V Vie You
154. IVÝJ Javi Decreed
155. oMVÝJ Nareduvame We ordered
156. aN Na To (on, onto)
157. eDÝB Da bide To be

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
158. AGOB aN AGOB Boga na Boga God of God
159. aC RaN Taì (narica) Lament
160. NÝJ Mladen~e (sin) Offspring
161. N J Rodenden Birthday
Na{ite
162. NIaK oMI [aN Our enemies
neprijateli
Construction of the
Gradba na Bogot
163. NeV oV agoB god of waters (water
na vodite (kanal)
canal)
164. oTaTAaN Na tato Father’s

Prilog ‡ Appendix
Tolkuvawe
Wiring for sound
Macedonian
Ovoj izraz e izveden od
165. prethodniot (go nema na aTA Tatko Father
kamenot)
166. eNIN SaN Naslednik Successor
Pa e i mladen~e
NÝJ ÝJ I aP Offspring of his
167. (sin) na negoviot
AuS oVLadopsoG master (lord)
gospodar

The Roseta Stone - Boshevski &amp; Tentov

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Prilozi, Odd. mat. teh. nauki, MANU, XXVI, 2 (2005), s.

TRACING THE SCRIPT AND THE LANGUAGE

Tome Bo{evski, Aristotel Tentov

A b s t r a c t: This study presents the results of research realized

The results of deciphering the middle text of the Rosetta

Key words: ancient Macedonians, script, language

Contributions, Sec. Math. Tech. Sci., MANU, XXVI, 2 (2005), p. 7–122

Fig. 1. Photo of the Rosetta Stone at the British Museum in London

Prilozi, Odd. mat. teh. nauki, XXVI, 2 (2005), s. 7‡122

According to the perceptions of contemporary science, as well as the

Contributions, Sec. Math. Tech. Sci., MANU, XXVI, 2 (2005), p. 7–122

Fig. 2. The appearance of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone

Prilozi, Odd. mat. teh. nauki, XXVI, 2 (2005), s. 7‡122

Contributions, Sec. Math. Tech. Sci., MANU, XXVI, 2 (2005), p. 7–122

Prilozi, Odd. mat. teh. nauki, XXVI, 2 (2005), s. 7‡122

1. BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SCRIPT

Contributions, Sec. Math. Tech. Sci., MANU, XXVI, 2 (2005), p. 7–122

• there is no division of words and use of blank space, it is written in an

1.1. Identification of the Syllabic Signs

1.1.1. Asymmetrical Syllabic Signs

The characteristic of the asymmetrical syllabic signs is it they can be

as the signs for 12 (twelve) consonants.

In this way, with only 12 different asymmetrical signs 12 x 8 = 96 syl-

Prilozi, Odd. mat. teh. nauki, XXVI, 2 (2005), s. 7‡122

tury as signs for writing numbers by the well-known mathematician Cardan, in

Fig. 1.1. System for Writing Numbers

1.1.2. Symmetrical Syllabic Signs

The characteristic of the symmetrical syllabic signs is that 4(four) dif-

Contributions, Sec. Math. Tech. Sci., MANU, XXVI, 2 (2005), p. 7–122

as marks for 6 (six) consonants.

In this way, using 6 different signs 6 x 4 = 24 different syllables of the

1.1.3. Inclined Syllabic Signs

In this way, using 6 different signs 6 x 4 = 24 different syllables of the

1.1.4. Specific Syllabic Sign

It should be specially emphasized that a specific sign occurs in the text,

Prilozi, Odd. mat. teh. nauki, XXVI, 2 (2005), s. 7‡122

1.2. Signs for Isolated Writing of Consonants

Some of the consonants in the text are found to be written separately, in

1.3. Signs for Isolated Writing of Vowels

1.4. Pictographic Signs

Contributions, Sec. Math. Tech. Sci., MANU, XXVI, 2 (2005), p. 7–122

1.5. Writing of Ligatures

2. WIRING FOR SOUND OF THE IDENTIFIED SIGNS

2.1. Wiring for Sound of the Syllabic Signs

Prilozi, Odd. mat. teh. nauki, XXVI, 2 (2005), s. 7‡122

2.1.1. Wiring for Sound of the Asymmetrical Syllabic Signs

Contributions, Sec. Math. Tech. Sci., MANU, XXVI, 2 (2005), p. 7–122

Prilozi, Odd. mat. teh. nauki, XXVI, 2 (2005), s. 7‡122

2.1.2. Wiring for Sound of the Symmetrical Syllabic Signs

Using about 20 words from the contemporary Macedonian language, 6

B[b] V[v] M[m] H[h] G[g] X[dzh]

Contributions, Sec. Math. Tech. Sci., MANU, XXVI, 2 (2005), p. 7–122

2.1.3. Wiring for Sound of the Inclined Syllabic Signs

Unlike the asymmetrical signs, where the vertical line is dominant in

F[f] L[l] Q[lj] N[n] K[k] ][kj]

2.1.4. Wiring for Sound of the Specific Syllabic Signs

Do[do] De[de] Da[da] Di[di]

2.2. Wiring for Sound of the Signs for Isolated Consonants

L[l] (P[r]) B[v] N[n] P[p]

Prilozi, Odd. mat. teh. nauki, XXVI, 2 (2005), s. 7‡122

The pronunciation of the isolated consonant changes into soft P[r],

2.3. Wiring for Sound of the Signs for Isolated Vowels

O[o] [ ] U[u] E[e] A[a] I[i] [

2.4. Wiring for Sound of the Pictographic Signs

The Roseta Stone - Boshevski & Tentov

The Roseta Stone - Boshevski & Tentov