Non-edible oils
as
biodiesels
is the right solution
One evening in early 1999, Dr.Udipi Shrinivasa from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore was having teawith some locals in Kagganahalli village. He had for some years been investigating various strategies thatwould sustain continuous economic development of this semi - arid area."Oh there is nothing much here," a villager was saying. "No river, no wells, no electricity; just hundreds of Honge trees and tonnes of seeds. Not much use now. Our grandparents used the uneatable oil for lamps!"Dr.Shrinivasa perked up! Useless? If it can burn in lamps, it can surely run diesel engines. After all Rudolf Diesel used peanut oil to run the first ever diesel engine.
The adventure begins:
Back in the Institute, he quickly extracted some oil, poured it into an engine and started it. Of course it ran! Andran well too."It was a sobering moment," he says. "Here we were,- all scientists- looking at technical solutions likewindmills, gasifiers, solar panels and methane generators for rural India, and we had not made the obviousconnection with the potential of non-edible oils known from Vedic times as fuels."As he excitedly researched this 'bio-diesel' or 'eco-fuel', astonishing facts and scenarios came tumbling out.In the 1930s the British Institute of Standards, Calcutta had examined, over a 10 year period, a series of elevennon edible oils as potential 'diesels', among them the oil from Pongamia Pinnata ['Honge' in Kannada]. In 1942,during those dark war years the prestigious US journal, 'Oil and Power' had in an editorial euologised Honge Oilas technically a fit candidate to generate industrial-strength power.
The Cinderalla oil:
What happened then?War was over, oil fields were secure again, everyone got lazy and the petroleum industry got smart: it pumpedout and flooded the world with fuels, at times cheaper than the cost of water. Honge oil fell from favour andwaited like Cinderalla, for its prince charming. Even the rural Indian was moving away from rememberedtraditions: Kerosene had arrived in Indian villages.And yet a Honge oil economy did survive in India, though once removed from direct contact with people.Dr.Shrinivasa estimates that the size of trade in Honge oil['Karanji' in Hindi and 'Pungai' in Tamil] controlled bythe Bombay commodities market is 1 million tonnes feeding mostly soap making and lubricants industries. InWarrangal, Andhra Pradesh, the Azamshahi Textile Mills, set up by the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1940, generatedall the power needs of the factory using non-edible oils until its recent closure; and it had surplus power leftover for the city's needs!However the Honge is a much ignored tree now. It grows on regardless, waiting for its virtues to be re-discovered. It is a hardy tree that mines water for its needs from 10 metre depths without competing with other crops. It grows all over the country, from the coastline to the hill slopes. It needs very little care and cattle donot browse it. It has a rich leathery evergreen foliage, that is a wonderful manure. From year-3 it yields podsand production is a mature average of 160kG per tree per year from year-10, through to its life of 100 years.
Ten trees can yield 400 litres of oil, 1200 kg of fertiliser grade oil cake and 2500kg of biomass as green manure per year.
Q
uick economics:
Dr.Shrinivasa ran through some quick numbers. A litre of Honge was equivalent in performance to a litre of diesel. If the farmer collected the seeds free from his land, had it milled and sold the oil cake at Rs.3 per kG, thecost of oil to him was Rs.4 per litre. [The cost of diesel is Rs.18 a litre today.] If he bought the seeds at Rs.3.50 per kilo, the cost was Rs.9 per litre and if he bought the ready oil from the market it was Rs.20. The potential todrive the rural economy, make it autonomous and put some cash in its pockets was obvious."We are mindlessly increasing food grain production without caring to see how the poor would buy them. Thatit is why food rots and people go hungry. If the power and fertiliser needs are met by Honge, villages wouldhave cash surpluses," says Dr.Shrinivasa.In fact the opportunity is enormous for the country's macro-economy too. "...30 million hectare equivalent[planted for biodiesels] can completely replace the current use of fossil fuels, both liquid and solid, renewably,at costs India can afford," says Dr. Shrinivasa. Our oil bill is $6 billion a year; we can put a third of that cash inthe hands of rural Indians, have our oil needs met and save the two thirds. Do we have the land? Sure! Currentlyabout 100 million hectares are lying waste in India. Cost? About Rs.1000 crores per year for 20 years and weshould become self-sufficient forever in oil.
Proving grounds:
The idea had to move from paper to the ground.Two breaks came his way.The first was from the industry, always quick to spot an opportunity. Dandeli Ferroalloys [Dandeli Town-581325, Karnataka] established in 1955,is a heavy consumer of electricity. Power forms 60% of their variable costs.P.V.Jose of the company read an early press release about Dr.Shrinivasa's findings on Honge oil and got intouch with him. Coordinating with Dr.Shrinivasa, Dandeli converted all five of their 1 megaWatt diesel enginesto run on biodiesel. [Jose reported in Feb., 2001 that they had generated 760,000 kWH of energy entirely fromHonge oil. And they are continuing the usage.]The second break came from Karnataka's Rural Development and Panchayat Raj department. A sanctioned fundof Rs. 278 lakhs was allowed to run a Honge oil programme in seven villages around Kagganahalli.Dr.Shrinivasa prepared a master plan and has been executing it at Kagganahalli. The full weight of currentscientific arts was brought to bear on India's rural development. Rs.200,000 was spent on sourcing satelliteimages to identify fracture lines and from them, deep water sources were identified using electrical sensitivitymeasurements. 20 bore wells of depths varying from 200' to 300' were drilled in the project area spread over 40sq.kM. Submersible pumps were let into the wells and a project-level 440 volt grid was created to power the pumps. At the power station two 63 kVA generators stood waiting for Honge oil. A 20kM network of 3" pipelines was buried underground with outlets at various farm-heads.Honge seeds were collected from the project area, taken to a miller at a nearby town. The only processing doneon the oil was to filter the detritus that could clog the fuel pump. Ramanna, a local mechanic recruited for the project poured the oil into the engine and pressed a button.
Energy flowed through the project grid, charged the pumps and water sprayed out of a rain gun. For the firsttime ever in history Kagganahalli witnessed a source of water other than rain. Brought that too, by the produceof that very land!
Two visions:
Right from the start Dr.Shrinivasa was adamant that water had to be paid for. "Pamper them and you ruinthem," he believes. Water was priced competitively at Rs2.50 per kLitre. And the farmers, albeit with sometheatrical moans, began to buy. In the last 18 months the fields of Kagganahalli have produced watermelons,mulberry bushes, sugar cane and grains with a confidence that water was assured. So far 40,000 kLitres of water has been sold. Not a single litre of diesel was bought!Dr.Shrinivasa has his visions fixed wide and far.For Kagganahalli, he asked himself how the growing demand for water was going to be met. Thus began thescheme to manage the watershed. Already a stream has become perennial, charged by check-dams.Afforestation of the Huliyurdurga hill nearby has seen small game arrive. Tree plantation programme growsapace. Cash incomes from seed collection and wage work opportunities are beginning to increase.An information centre will soon be ready at Huliyurdurga to impart training to groups from other parts of India.[contact details follow]For the country as whole, he grows misty with his vision. "Sir, the economics are compelling," he says. "We getgreen cover, environmental rewards, local incomes and nation level independence. I have not drilled through thefiner details. We could easily put the oil cake through digesters that would yield a rich fertiliser slurry, methaneand drop costs further. The green cover would induce happy micro-climates and increase water resources. It isall so do-able." Nothing quixotic here. Biodiesel investigation is serious stuff worldwide [read more at this link ]. Only in thewest the accent has been on vegetable oils [which are far too valuable in India's kitchens] to run automobiles.Dr.Shrinivasa's thrust on the other hand, has been to use non-edible oils to ignite a process of rural enrichment.Biodiesels have many advantages. They are cheap and renewable, they disperse profits, are safe to store [due toa high flash point], need nothing new to be invented to run engines, are kinder on the engines, have a long shelf life, are biodegradable, release no more carbon di oxide than the trees originally consumed and have cooler,clearer exhausts. And to the delight of many investigators the exhaust from an engine on biodiesel "smells of pop corn and french fries!"
Why do they bother?:
In N.Viswanath the project has a passionate evangelist. An engineer by training, he is an able media activist.Suparna Diwakar is a bubbly consultant. And Dr.Shrinivasa is the unassuming leader of few words with anunassailable conviction.Yet some 30 years ago he grew up in a modest family of fishermen in a small town called Udipi. It was evensmaller then than now. The first hop out of his town was into the new institute of technology at Chennai. Sincethen, a life in academe. Why should he bother beyond the routine of a withdrawn family centred life? He isobviously not personally affluent and yet he dreams of riches for India. How come this supposedly feeble land produces people like him.He and his team are a part of the little known good news about India. If you suspend your cynicism you willfind them here and there. Not too many but enough.
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