tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv?

2009

tvHawmfopf
trSwf(1) twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
*sme,f

1
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
tvHawmfopf*sme,f
trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
5/ tvHawmfopfumwGef;rsm;
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2/ tvHawmfopft,f'Dwmpum; 3 umwGef;rsm; 24
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- a':atmifqef;pkMunf 6 6/ tvHawmfopf aqmif;yg;
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- rif;xuf 11 -xdyfarmifxl; 46
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2
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

t,f'Dwm pum;
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pepfudk pdrfac:&if; þ tvHawmfopf atmufwGifuREfkyfwdkY pkpnf;rdMuNyD/
t,f'DwmtzGJY

3
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

tvHawmfopf tqdktrdefYrsm;

- AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
- a':atmifqef;pkMunf
- rif;udkEdkif
- udkudkBuD;
- t&Sif*rD Ç&

4
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

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'Drdkua&pDtppf rjzpfEdkifbl;/ twkawGom jzpfw,f/.. }}
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

5
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

taumif;qHk;udkarQmfvifh tqdk;qHk;udk&ifqdkifzdkYjyifqif
atmifqef;pkMunf

6
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

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7
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

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udkudkBuD;
(88 rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm;)

8
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

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9
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

tvHawmfopf uAsmrsm;

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tvHawmfopf*sme,f
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trSefw&m;[m
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rif;aqmif;xm;wJh OD;xkyfav;[m
rif;tar&JU
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. ./
wdkYwawGtwGuf
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trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
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nDav;. . .
tJh'Dvdk pum;oHawGMum;xJ
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trSefw&m; vli,fav;wpfa,muf&JU
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uRefawmf vkyfawmhr,f tpfudk
uRefawmfha½SUutpfudkawGudk vdyfjymrvHkbl;
tpfudk
uRefawmfjzpfatmif vkyfawmhr,f tpfudk
tJh'Dvdk pum;oHawGMum; . . .
wdkYwawG b0[m usD;vefYpmpm;. ./
uRefawmf vkyfawmhr,f tpfudk
uRefawmhfa½SUu tpfudkawGudk
vdyfjymrvHkbl;tpfudk
uRefawmfjzpfatmif vkyfawmhr,f tpfudk
tJh'Dvdk pum;oHawGMum;. . .
wdkYwawGb0[m usD;vefYpmpm;. . ./
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 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
acwfpepfqdk;&JUatmuf om;wkdYwpfEdkifiHyJ½Sdw,ftar. ./
wdkY&JU trSefw&m;[m vlYtcGifhta&;pum;ajym&if
b,fawmhtcgrsm;rSm yJGxGufcGifh&rSmvJ ]]e,fESifcH&wm}}
nDav;. ./ om;wdkYwpfEdkifiHyJ½Sdw,ftar. . ./
wu,fawmh nDav;&m . . .
wdkYb0? wkdYacwfuudku
trSefw&m; om;ysufom;avQmb0BuD;qdkwm
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b'´urÇmrSm. . . qkvmbfjzpfwJh
trSefudk trSeftwdkif;ajym&vQif usnffqHawG
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tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

tara&. . .
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EdkifiHudk wpfpufcsif; 0dkif;ywfxm;w,ftar
zdESdyfolawG ajy;p&majrr½Sdatmif
0dkif;ywfxm;w,ftar
olwdkY aoewfajymif;0rSm
yef;awGyGifhvmwJhtxdaygh. . ./
rif;xuf

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 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

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tqifoifhjzpfcJhNyD/ vufvkyfvufpm;rsm; qif;&Jolqif;&Jom;rsm;
qdkufum;orm;vnf; jynfolvlxkBuD; wpf&yfvHk;[mvnf;
qdkufum;orm;tavQmuf "r®qdkwm bmvJ
b0awGudk b,fauGU&rvm; nmauGU&rvm; t"r®qdkwm bmvJ
cJGjcm;em;vnfcJhNyD i&Jqdkwm bmvJ
ppftpdk;&udk wifac:oGm;&rSmvm; edAÁmefqdkwm bmvJ
jynfolvlxkudk wifac:oGm;&rSmvm; cJGjcm; odjrif
c&D;onf a½G;ovdk pdwf"mwfpGrf;tifawG
cJGjcm;a½G;cs,fwwfcJhNyD tqifoifh jzpfaeMuNyD/
vrf;qdk;udk a½SmifNyD; vrf;aumif;rSm eif;cJhovdkrsKd; {&m0wDjrpfa&vdIif;awG
b0twGuf oufaownf
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tqifoifhjzpfcJhNyD oufaownf vmNyD
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tvkyform;rsm; v,form;rsm; ndKa&mif0dkuf
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tvHawmfopf*sme,f
zdeyfav;awG&JU tem*wf
armiftdk;
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zdeyfawG. . .
zdeyfav;awG. .
upifhuvsm; vTifhpifjyefYBuJ
wcsKdUu. . b,fnmtpHk
wcsKdUu. . b,fwpfzufwnf;
wcsKdUu. . nmwpfzufwnf;
t½G,fpHk. .tBuD;tvwftao;
ta&mifpHk. . tjzLteDtndKtjym
uwå&mvrf;ay:rSm
yvufazmif;awGay:rSm
bkef;BuD;ausmif;0ef;xJrSm
wcsKdUu yufvuf wcsKdUu arSmufvQuf\
wcsKdUu oJBudK;av;awG jywfxGuf
[dkvTifh'DvTifhjyefYMuJ
rdk;a&xJrSm. . .
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tvkd xdwfvefYp&m
aoG;uGufaoG;tkdifxJrSm. . .
[dkrSm
tJh'g trsKd;orD;zdeyfyJ
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tJh'g trsKd;om;zdeyfyJ
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tvkd. .oHCmawmfpD;zdeyfyJ. . .
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trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
&ifeifhaMuuJGp&m jrifuGif;ygyJ
zdeyfawG. . .
zdeyfav;awG. .
upifhuvsm; vTifhpifjyefYBuJ
wcsKdUu. . b,fnmtpHk
wcsKdUu. . b,fwpfzufwnf;
wcsKdUu. . nmwpfzufwnf;
t½G,fpHk. .tBuD;tvwftao;
ta&mifpHk. . tjzLteDtndKtjym
uwå&mvrf;ay:rSm
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bkef;BuD;ausmif;0ef;xJrSm
wcsKdUu yufvuf wcsKdUu arSmufvQuf
wcsKdUu oJBudK;av;awG jywfxGuf
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rdk;a&xJrSm. . .
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tvkd xdwfvefYp&m
aoG;uGufaoG;tkdifxJrSm. . .
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tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
[dkrSm
tJh'g trsKd;orD;zdeyfyJ
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tJh'g trsKd;om;zdeyfyJ
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zdeyfydkif½SifawG. .b,fa&mufoGm;NyDvJ. .
zdeyfydkif½SifawG. .b,fa&mufoGm;NyDvJ. .)
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qJoHqdkoH. .½dkufESufoHawG. . owkdYu tm;vHk;odw,f
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zdeyfav;awG ‘Drdkua&pDa&;udk odw,f
ydkif½SifrJh zdeyfav;awGav jynfolYawmfvSefa&;udk odw,f
tJh’D zdeyfav;awGu atmifjrifr,fh vlawGudk odw,f
tjzpftysuf taMumif;pHkudk usqHk;r,fhvlawGudk odw,f/
ajymjyMuvdrfhr,f/ zdeyfav;awGudk
olwkdYu odw,f av;jrwfMuyg. . .
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olawmfpifrIawGudk odw,f rdpäm’d|dawGudk odw,f zdeyfav;awG
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ausmif;om;tppfudk odw,f ydkif½SifrJh tem*wf&JU zdeyfav;awG/ /
ausmif;om;twkudk odw,f armiftdk;
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tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

EdkifiHawmfopf oHuGif;rsm;

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tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

uvd,k*f nnf;csif;

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tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

usm;&J

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 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

uefYaumfwef;rSmvrf;avQmufol
tJ'Dwkef;....
ZGefrif; [dk;....wbufu
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,nfaus;rIacwfwpfck ]yef;uav;rsm;yGifhawmhrnf
xkqpfjyaeav&JU/ zl;wH0ifhvdkUcsD
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Mum;&avowJU/ igavQmufvSrf;aewmygvm;/
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 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

aoG;om;xJu awmfvSefa&;pdwf
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tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

&efukefrSm &GmwJhrdk;
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aoG;awGudk
b,fawmhrS aq;aMumypfvdkY r&bl;/

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b,fawmhrS aq;aMumypfvdkY r&bl;/

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tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

aeqdkwm 0ifudk0if&r,f

wpfnae. . .
uRefawmfeJY uRefawmfhom;eJY vrf;avQmufaewkef;
om;u ajymw,f
]]azaz. . .aevHk;BuD;u Munfhae&if;eJY
ajrBuD;xJ 0ifoGm;NyD
ae0ifoGm;&if aMumufp&mBuD;aemf
arSmifrnf;aewmyJ. . .}}wJh
uRefawmfu jyefajymw,f
]]ighom;
ae0ifrSmudk raMumufeJY
aer0ifrSmudkom aMumuf
bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh
aer0if&if urÇmysufNyD
tJ’Dawmh urÇmrysufzdkYtwGuf
obm0w&m;udku ae0ifatmifudk vkyfay;xm;w,f
aeqdkwm 0ifudk0if&r,f
ighom;
aeqdkwm 0ifudk0if&r,f. . .}}

arSmifBuD;xJrSm uRefawmfwdkYom;tzESpfa,muf
tawG;udk,fpDeJY
vrf;qufavQmufaeMuw,f/

armif*kPf&nf
sm
uA
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

usaemfwdkY zwfvdkuf&wJh

tifwmeufay:u bD&krm &JY umwGef;rsm;

24
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

tifwmeufay:u bD&krm &JY umwGef;rsm;

25
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

tifwmeufay:u bD&krm &JY umwGef;rsm;

26
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

tifwmeufay:u bD&krm &JY umwGef;rsm;

27
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

tifwmeufay:u bD&krm &JY umwGef;rsm;

28
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

tvHawmfopfaqmif;yg; ;

cifAsm;wdkY etz ppfacgif;aqmifawGudk ,Hkvm;

udkBuD;awm

29
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

cifAsm;wdkY etz ppfacgif;aqmifawG udk,Hkvm;

ajymp&m½Sdwm awGudk 'Jh'dk;ajymwwfw,f/
ar;p&m½Sdwm awGudkvJ 'Jh'dk;yJ ar;wwfw,f/
tckvJ usKyfajymcsifar;csifwJh
tcsufav;awGudk vdk&if;wdk½Sif;yJ ajymrSm
ar;rSmyg/
b,favmuftxd
aumufuspf
vSnfhzsm;vdrfnmcJhMuovJ
qdkwmudk
jyefMunfhMuzdkY vdkr,f/
1/
t&ifqHk; usKyfbmrS rajymcif cifAsm;wdkYudk

usKyfwkdYEkdifiH&JY vuf½SdEdkifiHa&;
taMumif;udk usKyfenf;enf;ajymcsifw,f/
usKyfu ½Sif;½Sif;bGif;bGif;yJajymwwf
w,f/ pum;vHk;vSvSav;awGeJY
wefqmqifNyD;awmhvJ
rajymwwf bl;/ oHcif;wrHcif; pum;awGvdk
oG,fum0dkufumvJ rajymwwfbl;/
30
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f
ar;cGef;wpfck BudKar;r,f/ cifAsm;wdkY
pdwfxJrSm½SdwJh twdkif; vdk&if;wdk½Sif;yJ
trSeftwdkif;ajz. . ./
]]cifAsm;wdkY
etz ppfacgif;aqmifawGudk ,Hkvm;. .}}
tmPmodrf;NyD;aemufrSm
Adkvfapmarmifu
]]tmPmudk
jynfolYvufxJ jyeftyfrSmyg}}
]]uRefawmfwdkY u ppfwef;vsm;udk
jyefrSmyg}} vdkY ajymcJhw,f/
2/
vuf½Sd etz ppfacgif;aqmifawG&JU
vkyf&yfordkif;aMumif;udk jyefMunfhzdkYvdkr,f/
olwdkY b,favmuf xd rdkuf½dkif;,kwfrm
&ufpufcJhMuovJqdkwmeJY b,favmuftxd
aumufuspf vSnfhzsm;vdrfnmcJhMuovJ
31
trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
qdkwmudk jyefMunfhMuzdkY vdkr,f/
]] 88}} vlxktHk<urI ta&;tcif;BuD;rSm
&[ef;oHCmausmif;olausmif;om;jynfol
vlxkBuD; udk &uf&ufpufpuf
ypfowfcJhMuw,f/ ½dkufESufzrf;qD;NyD;
axmifoGif; tusOf;cs cJhMuw,f/ 'gayr,fh.
vlxkBuD;&JU awmfvSeftHk<urIBuD;u
ydkNyD; BuD;xGm;vmw,f/ wpfEdkifiHvHk;
twkdif;twmeJY BuD;rm;us,f jyefYvmw,f/
olwdkY vHk;0 rxdef;csKyfEdkifawmhbl;/ tJh'DrSm
olwdkYbmvkyfcJhMuovJ/ xHk;pHtwdkif;. . .
]]wdkif; jynfBuD; acsmufxJusawmhrSm jzpfwJh
twGufaMumifh rvJTra½SmifomvdkY
tmPmudk ,lvdkuf&wmyg. .}} vdkY
qifajcay; ajymqkdvdkY&atmif
vkyf,lawmhwmyJ/ olwdkY tmPmodrf;,lvdkY
aumif;zdkYtwGuf wdkif;jynfBuD;
ydkNyD; ½IwfaxG;ysufpD;atmif
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f
olwdkYyJ zefwD;jyKvkyfcJhwmyJ/ t½Sif;qHk;eJY
txif½Sm;qHk; tcsuf(2)csufudkyJ ajymr,f/
wpfcsufu. .qef*dkaxmifawG
puf½Hktvkyf½HkawG ½Hk;awGxJudk
olwdkY ppfom;awGuyJ t&ifqHk; 0ifw,f/
olwdkYvdkcsifwJh qefawG? ypönf;awGudk olwdkY
ppfom;awGuyJ o,fxkwfoGm;w,f/ NyD;awmh
'Dtwdkif; [mvm[if;vif;xm;cJhw,f/
tJh'DtcsdefrSm qif;&JiwfjywfaewJh
jynfolawGu 0if,lw,f/
jynfolawG0if,lawmh olwkdYu ypfowfw,f/
(tJh'guawmh r,Hkr½SdeJY? usKyfudk,fwdkif
rsufjrifudk,fawGU) NyD;awmh olwdkYu b,fvdk
aMujimovJ/ rif;rJhp½dkufawG jzpfaeNyDvdkY
olwdkYuyJ pwifaMujimawmhwmyJ/
32
trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
aemufwpfcsufu
acgif;jzwfowfMuwJh udpö/ tJh'gvJ ol-
wdkYyJ tJ'DvdkrsKd;jzpfatmif zefwD;cJhMuwmyJ/
qE´jy csDwufaeMuwJh vltkyfBuD;udk
axmufvSrf;a&;awGu tqdyfcwfae
MuNyDvdkY olwdkYuyJ owif;jzefY w,f/ NyD;awmh
olwdkY zefwD;jyKvkyfxm;wJh "m;pmcHawGudk
vufñId;xdk;jyNyD; ]]tJh'g axmufvSrf;a&;awG}}
]]tJh'g tqdyfcyfwJhaumifawG}}
vkdYolwkdYukd,fwkdif vufnSKd;xkd;jyw,f/
tJh'DrSm
rauseyfcsufawGeJY a'goxGufaeMuwJh
jynfolawGu pdwfrxdef;EdkifMuawmhbJ
acgif;jzwfowfypfMuw,f/ NyD;awmh. .
]]rif; rJhp½dkufawG jzpfaeukefMuNyD}}
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f
]]acgif;jzwfowfaeMuNyD}}vdkY ol-
wdkYuyJ aMujimw,f/ usKyfqdkvdkcsif-
wmu. .rif;rJhp½dkufawGjzpfNyD; olwkdY
tmPmodrf;,lvdkY&atmif olwdkYudk,fwdkifu
uvdefuuspf zefwD;jyKvkyfcJhMuwmyJ/
]] 1990 ckESpf a½G;aumufyJG&v'f
[m tusKH;r0ifawmhygbl;/}} vdkY
ajymvdkY&atmif. . .
vkd&if;tcsufawGudkyJ
usKyfqufajymr,f/
trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
Adkvfapmarmifwpfa,mufawmh wpfaeY
'ku©vSvS awGUvdrhfr,fvdkY/ xifwJhtwdkif;yJ
]] uRefawmfwdkYu ppfwef;vsm;udk
jyefoGm;rSmyg}} vdkY ajymcJh uwday;cJhwJh
Adkvfapmarmifwpfa,muf pnf;0dkif;xJuae
r½IrvS uefxkwfcHvkduf&w,f/ vuf½Sd
ppfacgif;aqmifawGu tmPmudk
jynfolYvufxJ jyefay;csifwmrS r[kwfwm/
ppfwef;vsm;udk jyefrSmrS r[kwfwm/
Adkvfapmarmif uefxkwfcH&wmaygh/

tmPmodrf;NyD;aemufrSm Akdvfapmarmifu]]tm
PmukdjynfolYvufxJjyeftyfrSmyg}}
]]uRefawmfwkdYuppfwef;vsm;ukdjyefrSmyg}} vkdY
ajymcJhw,f/
(Adkvfapmarmifu pdwf&if;trSeftwdkif;yJ
ajymcJhajymcJh/ vSnfhzsm;zdkYtwGuf
vdrfnmNyD;awmhyJ ajymcJhajymcJh/ tJh'gu
wpfydkif;yJ/ ) bmyJjzpfjzpf olajymcJhwmu
w&m;0ifpum;yJ/ jrefrmwifr[kwfbl;?
urÇmuyg odwJhpum;yJ/ tJh'D
pum;ajymvdkufuwnf;u
usKyfwdkYu BudKNyD; wGufNyD;om;? jrifNyD;om;/
33
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f
tJh'Dtcsufu wkdif;jynfeJY jynfolawGtay:rSm
opömazmufvdkufwJh tcsufyJ/
aemuf. .AdkvfcifnGefYudpö/
AdkvfcifnGefYu a':atmifqef;pkMunfudk
]]nDrav;wpfa,mufvdk oabm xm;yg
w,f}}vdkY ajymcJhzl;w,faemf/ tJh'Dpum;av;u
awmfawmfta&;ygwJh pum;av;yg/
aemufNyD;. .
AdkvfcifnGefYu olYvufaxmuft&m½SdBuD;
ESpfOD;oHk;OD;ukd wrefawmf
tjzpfcefYNyD; a':atmifqef;pkMunfeJY
vQKdY0SufawGUqHkaqG;aEG;a&;vkyfw,f/
tJh'DrSmjyóemu pawmhwmygyJ/
usKyf AdkvfcifnGefYudk trTef;wifaewm
34
trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
r[kwfbl;aemf/ AdkvfcifnGefY&JU
vkyf&yf[m usKyfwdkYjynfolawGtwGuf
aumif;usKd;vJ jzpfcsifvJjzpfr,f/
qdk;usKd;vJ jzpfcsifjzpfr,f/ tJh'g
oD;oefYudp ö /bmyJjzpfjzpf AkdvfcifnGefY&JY
vkyf&yf[m tedrfhqkH;tqifhtaeeJY
&[ef;oHCmawmfawGudk
aoewfeJY ypfowfMuw,f/
0g;&if;wkwfeJY½dkufNyD;
zrf;qD;axmifcs cJhMuw,f/
NyD;awmh. .
'Drkdua&pDvrf;aMumif;zufukd rsufESmr-
lwJh vkyf&yfvkdY ,lqvkdY&w,f/tJh'DrSm. .
jynfolawG&JU 'Drdkua&pD vrf;aMumif;zufudk
rsufESmrlwmav;awmifrBudKufwJh
vuf½Sdetzppfacgif;aqmifawGu Adkvfcif-
nGefYudk uefxkwf ypfvkdufawmhwmyJ/
aemuf. .trsKd;om;
'Drdkua&pDtzJGUcsKyfudpö/ 1990 ckESpfrSm
jynfolu w&m;0if a½G;cs,fwifa`r§muf
vdkufwJh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJGUcsKyf
udpö/ tJh'D trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pD tzJGUcsKyf
&iffqdkifMuHKawGUae&wJh 'ku©aygif;pHkuawmh
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f
pMu0Vmtod urÇmod cifAsm;wdkYvJ
todyJ/ etz ppfacgif;aqmifawGu
trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pD tzJGUcsKyfay:rSm
yHko@meftrsKd;rsKd;eJY rdkuf½dkif;,kwfrm
trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
qHk;rSmr[kwfbl;/ ukefrSmawmif r[kwfbl;/
1990 ckESpfuae tckxd tESpf (20) vHk;vHk;
]] 1990 ckESpf a½G;aumufyJG&v'f [m
tusKH;r0ifawmhygbl;}} vdkY ajymvdkY&atmif

em*pfrkefwdkif; 'PfcH
vdkuf&wJh ½GmawGrSmqdkvQif
qE´cH,lyJGusif;yw,fqkdwm
udkawmif
rodvdkufMubl; . . olwdkYawGtm;vHk;u
axmufcHrJawGjzpfukefw,f/
&ufpufcJhyHkawGudka&m? yHko@meftrsKd;rsKd;eJY yHko@mef trsKd;rsKd;eJY vdrfnm
aumufuspfvSnfhzsm;vdrfnmcJhykHawGudka&m aumufuspfNyD; tcsdefqJGcJh
wpfckcsif; wef;pDNyD; ajymjy&r,fqdk&ifawmh w,f/ tJh'D tESpf(20) vHk;vHk;
a':atmifqef;pkMunfupNyD; tzJGUcsKyf
A[kdvlBuD;awG? ygwD0if
trwfawG? ygwD0ifvlBuD;awG? ygwD0if
vli,fawGtay:rSm
yHko@meftrsKd;rsKd;eJY rdkuf½dkif;,kwfrm
&ufpufcJhMuw,f/
usKyfujyefajymjyzdkYawmifrvdkbl;/ cifAsm;wdkY
taotcsm jyefpOf;pm;MunfhNyD; rsufvHk;xJu
jyefjrifMunfh/ cifAsm;wdkY rsufvHk;xJrSm
35
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
etzppfacgif;aqmifawG&JU &ufpuf,kwfrm
vdrfnmaumufuspfyHkawG wpfuGuf csif;
wpfuGufcsif; wpfckcsif;
wpfckcsif; tukefvHk; pkNyHKNyD;
jyef0ifvmvdrfhr,f/ jyefjrifvmvdrfhr,f/
jynfolu
tem*wf acgif;aqmifawG/ a[m. . .ol-
cspfwJhjynfolY acgif;aqmif
wdkYtmPm vufvTwf&rSmaMumufawmh.
a':atmifqef;pkMunfudk
.tJh'Dausmif;om;vli,ftkyfpkudk yHko@mef
tmPmvJTay;&rSmaMumufawmh
trsKd;rsKd; eJY 'ku©ay;? aESmifh,Suf[efYwm;?
a':atmifqef;pkMunftay:rSm
tjypfwiftykwfcs? Ncdrf;ajcmufwdkufcdkuf?
aumufuspf&ufpufcJhyHkawG[m
yk'frtrsKd;rsKd;wyf axmifcs vkyfawmhwmyJ/
Mocsavmufw,f/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDt
tck aemufqHk; yk'frtBuD;BuD;awGwwfNyD;
zJGUcsKyftaMumif;eJY ywfouf vdkYuawmh.
axmif'PfESpf½SnftBuD;BuD;awG csvdkufawmh
.'DavmufeJYyJ &yfxm;vdkufr,f/
wmyJ/
aemuf. .rif;udkEdkif? udkudkBuD;.
tJh'DvdkyJ. . OD;cGefxGef;OD; tp½SdwJh
.tp½SdwJh ]]88}} rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm;udpö/
wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmiftawmfrsm;rs
wdkif;jynfBuD;wkd;wuf aumif;rGefzdkYtwGuf
m;udkvnf; yk'fr tBuD;BuD; awG wyfNyD;
wdkif;jynfBuD; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmfBuD;jzpfzdkY
axmif'PfESpf½SnftBuD;BuD;awG
twGuf udk,fusKd;pGefYtepfemcHNyD; BudK;BudK;
csvdkufawmhwmyJ/
pm;pm; tvkyfvkyfaeMuwJh vli,fawG/
aemuf. .2007ckESpf ..
vufeufqdkvdkY tyfwdkwpfacsmif;awmif
a½T0ga&mifoHCmta&;awmfyHkudpö/
rudkifbJ ½dk;½dk;om;om;
usKyfwdkYEdkifiH[m urÇmrSm Ak'¨bmom
Nidrf;Nidrf;csrf;csrf; wdkif;jynftwGuf
txGef;um;qHk;EdkifiHaemf/ Ak'¨bmomEdkifiHaemf/
tvkyfvkyfaeMuwJhvli,fawG/ wdkif;jynf&JU
&[ef;oHCmawmfawGqdkwmvnf;
36
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f
Ak'¨&JUom;awmfawGaemf/ tJh'D Ak'¨&JU
om;awmf&[ef;oHCmawmfawGu.
.'ku©trsKd;rsKd;eJY qif;&JiwfjywfaewJh
jynfolawG
zufuae &yfwnfNyD; Nidrf;Nidrf;csrf;csrf;eJY
jynfolawG&JU qE´udk awmif;qdkay;cJhwmaemf/
&[ef;oHCmawmfawGu aoewf
udkifqJGNyD; ykefuefwdkufcdkufaewmr[kwfbl;/
AHk;axmifazmufcJGzsufqD;a&;
vkyfaewmr[kwfbl;/ arwåmokwf½GwfqdkNyD; em*pfrkefwdkif;
Nidrf;Nidrf;csrf;csrf;eJY qE´jyawmif;qdkaeMuwm/ rdvdkY jynfolawG odef;eJYcsDaoNyD; oef;eJYcsD
tJh'gudk . .olwkdYu b,fvdkwkefYjyef cJhMu-
ovJ/ &[ef;oHCmawmfawGudk
aoewfeJY ypfowfMuw,f/
0g;&if;wkwfeJY½dkufNyD; zrf;qD;axmifcs
cJhMuw,f/ NyD;awmh. .
trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
olwdkYu b,fvdkaMujimcJhMuvJ/
tJh'gawG[m &[ef;oHCmtwkawGwJh/ uJ. .
b,fvkdvkyfMurvJ/ b,fvdkpum;vHk;awGeJY
a0zefMurvJ/
aemuf. .qufajymr,f/
zJGUpnf;yHktajccHOya'udpö/
olwdkYtmPmqufNyD; wnfjrJaezdkYtwGuf
olwdkYtvdkawmf&dawGeJY
olwdkY pdwfBudKufa&;qJGxm;wJhtajccHOy
a'/ jynfolYudk,fpm;vS,ftppfawG wpf
a,mufrS ryg0ifbJ a&;qJGxm;wJh tajc-
cHOya'/ tJh'DtajccHOya'udk vlxkqE´cH,lyJG
usif;yowJh/ 92.84%
qdkvm; axmufcHrI&owJh/ tHha&myJ/
ajAmifvdrfwJh urÇmausmf vdrfvnfrIBuD;yJ/
olwkdYajymovdkqdk jynfol tm;vHk;eD;yg;u
axmufcHvdkufw,fqdkwJhoabmyJ/
jyefpOf;pm;MunfhMu/ {&m0wDwdkif;rSm
'ku©yifv,fa0aewJhtcsdefBuD;rSm
oem;Muifem pmemrI vHk;0 r½SdbJ
rdkufrdkuf½dkif;½dkif;udk vkyfcJhwJh qE´cH,lyJGBuD;yJ/
tjzpftysufudk jyefMunfh/ uefYuGufrJxnfh
xnfhrSmqkd;vkdY jynfolawGukdNcdrf;ajcmufNyD;a
37
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f
xmufcHrJxnfhckdif;w,f/uefYuGufrJ xnfh-
cJhwJh rJawGuvnf; axmufcHrJjzpfukefw,f/
pdwfysufvdkY r,HkMunfvdkY rJvmrx-
nfhMuwJh vlawGtrsm;BuD; uvnf;
tukefvHk;axmufcHrJjzpfukefw,f/
wcsKdUqkdbmrSef;awmif rodvkdufbl;..
olwkdYrJawGuaxmufcHrJjzpfukefw,f/
wcsKdY½GmawGrSmqdkvQif. . . txl;ojzifh
em*pfrkefwdkif; 'PfcH vdkuf&wJh
½GmawGrSmqdkvQif qE´cH,lyJGusif;yw,fqkdwm ]]cifAsm;wdkY. . etz
udkawmif
rodvdkufMubl;. .olwdkYawGtm;vHk;u
axmufcHrJawGjzpfukefw,f/t½Sufr½Sd?
*kPfodu©mr½Sd wdkif;jynfudka&m urÇmudka&m
tBuD;tus,f vdrfvdkufwJh vdrfvnfrIBuD;yJ/ tJh'Da½G;aumufyJGqdkwm olwkdYtmPm
uJ. . .usKyf vdk&if;udkyJ
trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
tESpfcsKyfajymawmhr,f/
etz ppfacgif;aqmifawG[m. . .
rpöwm]]yifnJ½dk;}}udk ac:NyD; nmw,f/
rpöwm]]uifwm;em;}}udk ac:NyD;
nmw,f/
urÇmhMuufajceDtzJGUudk ac:NyD;
nmw,f/
rpöwm ]]*rfbm&D}} udk ac:NyD;
nmw,f/
rpöwm ]]brfuDrGef;}} udk ac:NyD;
nmw,f/
urÇmhukvor* ¾ vkHjcHKa&;aumifpDukd
nmw,f/
a[m . .tck. .vmNyD/
vmjyefNyD? a½G;aumufyJGwJh/ 2010rSm
a½G;aumufyJGusif;yay;r,fwJh/ vGwf
vyfNyD; w&m;rQwwJh a½G;aumufyJGwJh/
usKyfMum;jzwfNyD;awmhyJ ar;cGef;xyfar;r,f/
ppfacgif;aqmifawGudk ,Hkvm;..}}
3/
qufvufudkifxm;Edkifa&;twGufudkyJ&nf½G
38
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f
,fNyD; wpfzuf owfa&;qJGxm;wJh zJGUpnf;yHk
tajccHOya'BuD;ay:rSm tajccHNyD;awmh
usif;yrSm/tJh'D a½G;aumufyJGrSm
olwdkY ppfacgif;aqmifawGeJY olwdkY&JU
taygif;yg tzJGUtpnf;awGyJ
tEdkif&atmifvkyfrSm/
olwdkYyJ qufvufNyD; rif;rl
tkyfcsKyfEdkifatmif
vkyfrSm/ vdrfnmenf;trsKd;rsKd;?
aumufuspf,kwfrmenf;trsKd;rsKd;?
Ncdrf;ajcmuf [efYwm;enf;trsKd;rsKd;
raumif;wJhenf;aygif;pHkeJY
olwkdYtuGufcsxm;wJhtwdkif;
39
trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
tEdkif&atmifvkyfrSm/ wpn ygwDqdkwm
ygvmvdrfhr,f/
olwdkYbmvJqdkwm cifAsm;wdkYodw,f/
MuHUzGUHtzJGUawGygvmvdrfhr,f/
olwdkY bmvJqdkwm cifAsm;wdkYodw,f/ ]]88}}
rsKd;quf ausmif;om;rsm;
(jrefrmjynf)vdkY trnfcHxm;wJh at;vGif
wdkYtzJGUygvmvdrfhr,f/
0HomEkqdkvm; bmqdkvm; trnfrSnfhxm;wJh
a'gufwmpdk;vif;wdkYtzJGUygvmvdrf
h r,f/ olwdkYwawGua&m bmvJqdkwm
cifAsm;wdkYodw,f/ olwdkYvufoyfarG;xm;wJh
wjcm;tzJGUtpnf; awGvJ ygvmvdrfhOD;r,f/
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
a[m. . .tck. .'Drdku&ufwpfygwDwJh/ awmh. . .wdkif;jynftwGuf awmfvSefa&;Edk
ay:vmNyD/ olwdkYua&m b,folawGvJ/ ifiHa&;vkyfwJhae&mrSm bmyJvkyfvkyf etz
olwdkYawGu b,fvdk&nf½G,fcsufrsKd;eJY ppfacgif;aqmifawGudk r,HkwJhrsufpdeJY
a½G;aumufyJGrSm 0ifNydKifrSmvJ/ olwdkY- MunfhygvdkY/
wawGu bmvJqdkwmudkvnf; cifAsm;wdkY ed*Hk;csKyftaeeJY usKyf cifAsm;wdkYudk
aoaocsmcsmpOf;pm;MunfhvQif tajzudk ½Sif; ar;cGef;yJ xyfar;vdkufr,fav/pOf;pm;NyD;
½Sif;vif;vif;awGU&vdrfhr,f/ ajzMunfhvdkufyg/
cifAsm;wdkY 'Drdkua&pD ]]cifAsm;wdkY. .
&Jabmf&JbufawGudkawmh usKyf etz ppfacgif;aqmifawGudk ,Hkvm;. .}
&ifxJtoJxJu av;pm;ygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pD udkBuD;awm
vrf;aMumif;ay:rSm
wpdkufrwfrwf &J&J0Hh0Hh jywfjywfom;om;
avQmufvSrf;aeMuwmudkvnf; usKyf
txl;yJ csD;usL;*kPfjyKygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pD
ta&;awmfyHk[m wpfaeYrSm
atmifjrifrSmqdkwmudkvnf; usKyf ,HkMunf
ygw,f/ atmifjrifygapvdkYvnf; usKyf aeYpOf
qkawmif;ay;aeygw,f/
'gayr,fh . .usKyf . .
wpfckawmh owday;csifw,f/
vlwwfBuD;vkyf q&mBuD;vkyfNyD; owday;wm
r[kwfbl;aemf/ cifAsm;wdkYwawGudk atmifjrif
apcsifvdkY &ifxJtonf;xJu apwemrSefeJY
½dk;½dk;om;om; owday;vdkufwmyg/
tJh'gu bmvJqkd
40
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

tdkbm;rm; udk umwGef;q&mawGu

tifwmeufay:rSm'DvdkjrifMuw,f

41
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

tdkbm;rm; udk umwGef;q&mawGu

tifwmeufay:rSm'DvdkjrifMuw,f

42
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

tdkbm;rm; udk umwGef;q&mawGu

tifwmeufay:rSm'DvdkjrifMuw,f

43
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

tdkbm;rm; udk umwGef;q&mawGu

tifwmeufay:rSm'DvdkjrifMuw,f

44
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

tdkbm;rm; udk umwGef;q&mawGu

tifwmeufay:rSm'DvdkjrifMuw,f

45
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

tvHawmfopf 0x¦ K

a':a&TMuif a':odef;jrwdkY\ Zmwfvrf;

xdyfarmifxl;

46
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

a':a&TMuif a':odef;jrwdkY\ Zmwfvrf;

xdyfarmifxl; ajymcsifaZmjzifh a':odef;jr\ wJtdrf&Sd&modkY
w&SL;xdk;BuD; oGm;ae\/ a':odef;jr\
wJtdrd a&SUodkYta&mufwGif
]]odef;jra&. . odef;jra&. .
a[h. .odef;jr . .}}
a':a&TMuifonf yg;pyfrSvnf;
atmfac:&if; a':odef;jr\
NrdKUESifhtvSrf;uGma0;aom wJtdrftwGif;odkY iHkY0ifoGm;\/ tdrfxJwGif
awm&Gmav;wpf&Gm\ naecif;tcsdeftcg xrif;tdk;wnfaeaom a':odef;jronf
jzpfygonf/ txdwfwvefYjzpfum a':a&TMuifudk
NrdKYaps;rSm vSnfhMunfhvdkuf\/
[if;oD;[if;&GufoGm;a&mif;NyD; &GmodkYjyefv- ]][Jh. .a&TMuif. .tvefYwMum;. .bmjz-
pfvmwmvJ . .
maom aps;onf
a':a&TMuifonf
]][Jh. .a&TMuif&JU. 'Drkdua&pD ajymprf;ygOD;. .
acgif; ay:rSm &awmhrSmqdkawmh. tJh'D bmjzpfvmwmvJ}}
a':a&TMuifonf
awmif;BuD;udk
&Gufum 'Drdkua&pDukd b,folu a':odef;jr\
tar;udk
&GmxJ
odkY uaomuarsm-
0,fay;rSmwJhwkef;. .}}
BuD; jyef0ifvm\/
olYoli,fcsif; a':odef;jrudk pum;awG csufcsif;jyefrajzEdkifao;bJ acgif;ay:rS
awmif;BuD;udk atmufMurf;jyifay:odkY cs\/
47
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
tarmajyoGm;atmif touf&SLae\/ NyD;rS .ighqdkifab;em;rSm 0ufom;a&mif;wJh
pum;udk pajymvdkuf\/ zdk;wkwfqdkwJhaumifav. .A[kokwuvJ &Sd
]][Jh..odef;jr&JY..igwkdY tajymuvJaumif;wJhaumifav.. tJ'Daumif
'Drkdua&pD&awmhrSm[Jh..}} zkd;wkwfuajymjyvkdufwm.. ighukdaoaocsmcsm
a':a&TMuif\ pum;ukdMum;vkduf&aomtcg ajymjyvkdufwm..}}
a':odef;jr\ rsufvkH;rsm; t0kdif;om; ]]at;yg. .at;yg. .qufajymyg..}}
jzpfoGm;\/ ]]zdk;wkwfu ighudk&Sif;jyw,fath. .
a':a&TMuifudk jyefNyD; ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pD wdkif;jynfBuD;
pl;pdkufMunfhum... wnfaqmufzdkYtwGufwJh? ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pD
]][Jh. .a&TMuif&JU. .'Drkdua&pD&awmhrSmqdkawmh. acgif;aqmifawGudkyJ a&G;xkwfay;r,fh
.tJh'D 'Drdkua&pDukd b,folu a&G;aumufyJGBuD;udk usif;yay;awmhrSmwJh. .}}
ygwDtzGJYawG&JYemrnfudk a&;ay;vdkufr,fwJh?
tdrfa&muf&if tao tcsmzwfwJh ?
tvGwfusufxm;wJh?
0,fay;rSmwJhwkef;. .}} ]]a':a&TMuif\ pum;tqkH;wGif
]][Jhaumifr. .odef;jr. .nOf;. .ighudk rae- a':odef;jrcrsm aMumifpDpDBuD; jzpfoGm;\/
mufeJY . .&GJUajym rajymeJY. .ig twnfajy- NyD;awmh rsufarSmifBuD;vnf; MuKwfoGm;\/
maewm odef;jr}} ]]aeygOD;. .aeygOD;. .a&TMuif. .ig
]]at;. .tJh'Dvdkqdk. .ajymprf;ygOD;at. ajymyg&apOD;. .igar;yg&apOD;. .tck igwdkY
.nOf;bmawGrsm; Mum;cJhvdkYvJ. .ighudk wdkif;jynfBuD;udk ppfwyfu tmPmodrf;NyD;
&Sif;jy. .}} tkyfcsKyfxm;wm r[kwfbl;vm;/ ppfwyfu
]]nOf;odw,fr[kwfvm;. tmPmodrf;NyD; tkyfcsKyfxm;wm

48
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f
qdkawmh . .b,fvdkvkyfNyD; b,folawGu
a&G;aumufyJGBuD;udk usif;yay;rSmwJhwkef;.
.nOf;uvJ pOf;pOf; pm;pm;av;
ajymygqdkygOD;at. .}}
]]at;. .tJ'ghudkyJ iga-
jymjyrvkdath. .zdk;wkwfu ajymjyw,f.
.tJh'DtmPmodrf;xm;wJh ppf-
wyfu acgif;aqmifBuD;awGuyJ
pdwf&if;rSefapwemrSefeJY
usif;yjyKvkyfay;rSmwJh. .}}
]]bm}}
a':odef;jr\ yg;pyfrS ]]bm}}
wpfvHk;wnf;om xGufvm\/
NyD;awmhrSqufNyD;?
]]bm. .bmajymw,f. .bmajymw,f. .qufa-
jymygOD;}}
]]nOf;uvJ. .'Dvdkat.
.tJh'DtmPmodrf;xm;wJh ppfwyfu
acgif;aqmifBuD;awGuyJwJh? olwdkY,lxm;wJh
tmPmudk jynfolawG&JU vufxJudk
jyeftyfwJhtaeeJYwhJ? jynfolawG&JU
tusKd;pD;yGm;udk OD;pm;ay;arQmf udk;
&nf&G,fNyD;awmhwJh? pdwf&if;rSef apwem
rSefeJYwJh? olwkdY udk,fwkdifu
a&G;aumufyJGBuD;udk usif;y
49
trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
jyKvkyfay;oGm;rSmwJh. .}}
a':odef;jrwpfa,muf
bmrSjyefrajym jyefrar;yJ
csufcsif;NidrfusoGm;\/ a':odef;jr\
rsufESmay:wGif pOf;pm;awG;awmaeonfh
t&dyfta,mifu txif;om;ay:vGifae\/
]][Jh odef;jr. .nOf;bmawG
pOf;pm;aewmvJ. .}}
]]pOf;pm;&wmayghat.
.'geJY igwpfckjzwfar;ygOD;r,f.
.tJh'Da&G;aumufyJGBuD;rSm ppfwyfu
acgif;aqmifBuD;awGu ygOD;rSmwJhvm;. .}}
]]rygbl;wJh. .vHk;0rygbl;wJh}}
]][kwfyghrvm;at. .}}
]]tdk. .[kwfygw,fqdkrS.
.zkd;wkwfudk,fwdkifu ajymjyvdkufwm. .pp-
fwyfu acgif;aqmifBuD;awGu tmPmudk
r,lawmhbJ jynfolawGudk vJTay;vdkufrSmwJh .
.olwdkY vHk;0rygawmhbl;whJ. .}}
a':odef;jr cPpOf;pm;\/ qufNyD;
pOf;pm;\/ NyD;awmh qufajym\/
]]Mum;&wJh owif;uawmh
aumif;vdkufwmat. .igqufajymjyr,f
a&TMuif. .'Dvkdqdk&if. .tmPm udk
twif;vk,lxm;wmvdkY tpGyfpJGcHae&wJh
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f
ppfwyfu acgif;aqmifBuD;awGu tmP-
mudk rrufarmygbl;vkdY jyvkdufwm[m
raumif;bl;vm;.. tmP-
mukd jynfolawG&JU vufxJudk jyefNyD;
vJTajymif;ay;vdkufwm[m raumif;bl;vm;.
.'Drdkua&pD acgif;aqmiftppfawGudkyJ
a&G;xkwfay;r,fh a&G;aumufyJGBuD;udk
olwdkYudk,fwkdifu usif;yjyKvkyfay;wm[m
raumif;bl;vm;. . tm;vHk;[m taumif;awG
csnf;yJath tJh'Dawmh igajymcsifwm bm-
vJqdkawmh igwdkYwawGu ppfw-
yf acgif;aqmifBuD;awGudk oGm;ykwfavvTifh
tjypfwif a0zefajymqkdaeMuwmawG[m
olawmfaumif;awGudk apmfum;aeovdkawmif
jzpfraebl;vm;. .}}
]]at;. .[kwfwmaygh. .ighwkdYwawG[m
ppfwyfacgif;aqmifBuD;awGudk
0efcsawmif;yefzdkYawmif vdkaeNyD
xifw,faemf. .}}
]]'geJY. .aeygOD;. .igodcsif
vdkY qufar;ygOD;r,f. .a&G;aumufyJG
0ifNydKifr,fh. .'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmifawGu
b,folawGwJhvJ. .}}
]]at;. .thJ'gawGudkvJ igar;ygw,fat.
.'gayr,fh zdk;wkwfqdkwJhaumifu
50
trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
A[kokwuvJ&Sd tajymuvnf; aumif;
qdkayr,fh *spfuyfuyf&,f. .pdwfuvJ wdkw-
wfygbDoeJY. . igvJ
odcsifvdkY ar;jzpfatmifawmh ar;ygw,f/.
.'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmifawGu
b,folawGvJvdkY. .zdk;wkwfu
pdwfwdkwdkeJY wHk;wdBuD;
jyefajz awmh. .'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmifawGudk
vQKdY0Sufxm;w,fwJh. .igvJ
aMumufaMumufeJYyJ aemufwpfqifh wufNyD;
xyfar;Munfhvdkufw,f. . 0ifNydKifr,fhtzJGUawG
ygwDawGua&m trsm;BuD;vm;vdkY..b,ftzJGU
awG b,fygwDawGygvJvdkY. .tJ'Dvdk
qufar;Munfhvdkufw,f. .tJ'Dawmh
zdk;wkwfu ighudkpdwfwdkwdk
eJY bkMunfhMunfhw,fath. .NyD;awmh
ighudk ajymw,fath. .cifAsm;wkdYuvJ
tawmf t MuwmyJwJh. .A[kokwav;awG
bmav;awG&SdatmifvkyfMuOD;whJ . . .
a&'D,dkav;bmav;vJ em;axmifMuygOD;wJh?
pmav;bmav;vJ zwfMuygOD;wJh?
jyD;awmh ighudkaigufar; ar;ao;w,f?
cifAsm; b,fygwD 0ifa&T;r,fqdkwm
wu,fodcsifvm;wJh? iguvJ odcsifw-
mayghvdkY ajzvdkufw,f? tJ'Dawmh zdk;wkwfu
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f
cifAsm;wu,fodcsifaewmqdkawmh
usKyfuajymjy&rSmayghwJh?
b,folYudkrSajymjywm r[kwfbl;
cifAsm;rdkYvdkYajymjywm wJh?
yg;pyfeJYawmh rajymjyawmhbl;wJh?
ygwDtzGJYawG&JYemrnfudk
pm&GufeJYa&;ay;vdkufr,fwJh? tdrfa&muf&if
tao tcsmzwfwJh ? tvGwfusufxm;wJh?
tJ'Dvdk ajymNyD;awmh pm&GuftvGwf wckrSm
ygwD tzGJYawG&JY trnfudka&;ay;jyD;
ighudkay;vdkufw,fawmh . . .}}
]] a[ [kwfvm; . . . tJ'gqdkighudkjyprf; . . .
ighudkjyprf; }}
a':a&TMuifonf ol\awmif;MuD;xJodkY
vufEdIufvdkuf\/
wdkvDrdkvD ypnf;awGatmufwGif
0Suf,lvmaom pm&Gufacgufav;udk
qGJxkwf,lvdkuf\/ pm&Gufudk jzefYvdkuf\/
]] nnf;udk igzwfjyr,f odef;jr }}
]] at;yg[ . . . zwfjyprf;yg. . .
zwfjyprf;yg }}
]] wpfu EdkifiHawmfygwD wJh? ESpfu
at;csrf;ygwD wJh? oHk;u om,ma&;ygwD wJh?
av;u ESifhygwD wJh }}
]] [Jh a&TMuif aeygOD; bmwJh ESifhygwD wJh ?
51
trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
[kwfvm; b,fvdkemrnfMuD;vJath tJ'D ESifh
u bm t"dy Üg,fvJ }}
]] [Jhodef;jr eifwdkY igwdkYu txH-
kawG t tawG? ynmrJhawG? olwd-
kYu 'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmifMuD;awG?
ynmwwfawG? ynm&SifawG? t"dy
Ü g ,frJh emrnfrSnfhygrvm;? t"dy
Üg,faumif;aumif;av;eJY emrnfvSvS
uav;awG rSnfhxm;wmjzpfrSmaygh}}
]] at; at; [kwfygw,f [kwfygw,f
uJqufzwfygOD; }}
]] ig; u zGHYygwDwJh? ajcmufu jzdK;a&;ygwD
wJh? ckESpfu
aumifpDygwDwJh? tm;vHk;
ckESpfzGJYawmif&Sdw,fath }}
]] at; ckESpfzGJYawmif&Sdw,faemf
emr,fav;awGuvJ vSrS vSyJ nD;ajymovdk
igwdkYOmPfvdkufrrSDvdkYom em;rvnfwm?
olwdkYuawmh emrnfav;awGudk
t"dy Üg,faumif;aumif;av;awGeJY
rSnfhxm;MuwmjzpfrSm? ckESpfzGJYawmifqd-
kawmh tawmfrsm;wmyJ? tm;&p&mMuD;yJ?
tJ'DtzGJYawGxJrSm igwdkYodwJh igwdkYMum;zl;wJh
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifMuD;awG?
'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmifMuD;awG tukefvHk;ygrSm
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f
yJaemf? tzGJYawG&JY emrnfudkvnf;
igtvGwfusufrSwfxm;&r,f? zdk;wkwfu
rsufpdMuD; em;MuD;qdkawmh olajymwm
rSefw,fath olajymovdk
igwdkYEdkifiHMuD; 'Drdkua&pD&awmhrSmqdkwm
'Dtwdkif;wmqdk trSefbJat h tJ'D
tzGJYawGxJu 'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmifMuD;awG
om wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfvdkufr,fqdkvdkYua
wmh igwdkY wdkif;jynfMuD;[m tawmfMuD;ukd
aumif;oGm;rSm aocsmw,fath? vlawGjyn-
folawG twGuf0rf;omp&mMuD; ygyJat?
nnf; aoaocsmcsmpOf;pm;Munfh eifwdkYig-
wdkYtwGufvnf; 0rf;omp&mMuD; ygyJat }}
]] at;..igvJ tJ'gudkyJ pOf;pm;aewm ig-
wdkYwawGvJ tckvdk edrfhuswJh b0awG
uae vGwfajrmufjyD;aumif;aumif; rGefrGef
csrf;csrf;omom eJY aeMu&awmhrSm qdkwmudk
pOf;pm;rdjyD; 0rf;omaewm }}
]] at; [kwfw,f a&TMuif&JY }}
a':a&TMuifESifha':odef;jrwdkY onf
bmpum;rS rajymMuawmhbJ? tawG;udkpDjzifh
jidrfoufoGm;Muav\/ olwdkY\
a&SYa&;rsm;udk pdwful;,Ofum 0rf;omaysmf&Tif
aeMuav\/ awmMudK tkHMum; aw-
molawmifom; b0awGuae vGwfajr-
52
trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
mufjyD; wifhwifhw,fw,f aeMu&awmhr,fh
b0awGudk pdwful;,OfarQmfrSef;um 0rf;om
aysmf&Gif aeMuav\/ qif;qif; &J&J csdKYcsd-
KYiJhiJh aeae&wJhb0awGuae vGwfajrmufjyD;
aumif;aumif; rGefrGef pm;&aomuf&r,fh
b0awGudk pdwful;,OfarQmfrSef;u
0rf;omaysmf&Tif aeMuav\/
xdkuJhodkYESpfa,mufom; 0rf;omaysmf&Tif
aeMuonfh tcsdefwGif a':odef;jr\EIwfrS
tmvkyfoHMuD;jzifh arw Å mydkYo qkawmif;
vdkufonfhtoH xGufay:vmav\/
]] tmPmudkvJ rrufarmyJ pGefYvTwfvdkufjyD;?
udk,fusdKpD;yGm;udkvJ rrufarmbJ pGe-
fYvTwfvdkufjyD;? ppfrSefwJh a&T;aumufyGJMuD;udk
apwem trSefeJY usif;y jyKvkyfay;r,fh
ppfwyfacgif;aqmif armifrif;MuD;om;rsm;
usef;rm csrf;omMuygapawmf . . .}}
xdyfarmifxl;
tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

tvHawmfopf aqmif;yg;

igwdkY vufeuf olYvufeuf

Adkvfaumif;cGsef

53
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

igwdkY vufeuf olYvufeuf

a&csKd;&wJhtaMumif;?
wreufcif;wGif tusOf;OD;pD;XmerS aq;0g;&wJhtaMumif;awGudk
nTefMum;a&;rª; yg0ifaom pme,fZif;orm;awG owif;pmq&mawG
axmiftmPmydkiftzJGUonf EdkifiHa&; zdwfNyD;jyr,f. . .}} [k ajymcJhonf/
tusOf;us aqmifbufodkY a&muf½SdvmNyD; ]] rD'D,mudk rD'D,mESifh wkefYrnf[k
cifAsm;wdkY axmifxJu owif;awG? jyóe- ajymcJhMuonfhtwkdif; rD'D,mrsm;?
mawGudk tjyif rxkwfygeJY...vdktyfwm owif;*sme,fESifh toHvTifh |mersm;udk
rajyvnfwm½Sd&if axmifydkifuae wpfqifh wdk;csJUcJhMuonf/ VOA , BBC ,RFA , DVB
uRefawmfhqDwifjyyg. . . ponfh toHvTifh|mersm;u
uRefawmf wwfEdkiforQ vTifhxkwfcsdeftwdkif; olwdkYuvnf; wdk;csJU
n§dEdIif;aqmif½Gufay;r,f. . .rD'D,mawGrSm xkwfvTifhcJhMuonf/ jr0wD MRTV
axmifuowif;awGoGm;&if uRefawmf- jrefrmhtoH? aejynfawmf?
wcsKdYaom wdkuf½dkufawGUqHk aqG;aEG;cef;rsm;?
wcsKdYaom a0zef oHk;oyfcsufrsm;  tifwmAsL;rsm;onf
vuf½Sd EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfrsm;? tajctaersm;? rl0g'rsm;udk
ydkrdk½IyfaxG;? ydkrdk ,drf;,dkifapygonf/

ydawmufajr ponfwdkYu vlBudKufrsm;aom

wdkY ½Sif; &vif;&wmawG tvkyf½Iyfw,f.
. .aemufqdkvQif uRefawmfwdkYu-
vnf; rD'D,mudk rD'D,meJY wkefYrSm
aemf. . . xrif;00pm;&wJhtaMumif;?
54
oDcsif;aumif;rsm;jzifh rQm;,lzdkY
qJGaqmifcJhMuonf/ olwdkYay;csifaom
owif; udk vlxku em;rpdkufcsifae?
vlxkem;xJ BBC, VOA u owif;pum;rsm;
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
ra&mufzdkYu vkd&if;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf olwdkY tvGefrsm;jym;NyD; olwdkY\
rD'D,monf rxda&muf/ rnfolrQ rMunfh/ tvGwfoabmqefaom oHk;oyfcsufrsm;?
em;raxmif/ ynmay;a[majymrIrsm;jzifh nHaeygonf/
pifppf rD'D,mudk rD'D,mESifh wkefYrnf[k 'Drdkua&pDoabmt& uRwfuRwfpDpD  
qkd&mü &efolonf olYrD'D,mudk oHk;NyD; rdrd- jzpfaeMurnfrSm aocsmygonf/ vGwfvyf-
wdkYudk wdkuf cdkufaejcif;r[kwfbJ pGm oabm uJGvJGrIrsm;udk av;pm;Mu&rnfrSm
rdrdwdkY\ rD'D,mudk okH;NyD; rdrdwdkYudk rSefygonf/ odkYaomf &efolonf
wdkufckdufaejcif;jzpfayonf/ ig;Muif;qDESifh vGwfvyfyGifhvif;onfh 'Drdkua&pD usifhpOfudk
ig;Muif;jyefaMumf jcif;jzpfonf/ &efolY &du©m usifhoHk;aeNyDvm;? vrf;zGifhxm;NyDvm;qkdwmudk
igh&du©m? [dk;rm;\ tDvD,uf uAsm&SnfxJrS owdxm;oifhonf/
&efolYvufeuf ]]tmcdvd-zaemifh}} udk EdkifiHa&;twdkuftcHrsm;udk
ighvufeuf owd&oifhonf/ xkdYjyif q&m zrf;qD;acsrIef;jcif;jzifh
vkyfaqmifaejcif; OD;0if;wifa&;aom ]]*Pef;rsufpd}} udk &efolonf 'Drdkua&pD\
jzpfayonf/ jyefvnftrSwf&rdonf/ tajccHtkwfjrpfudk NzdKz-
taMumif;rl sufaeonf r[kwfygvm;/
toHvTifh|mersm;rS wcsKdYaom wdkuf½dkufawGUqHk &efolonf tvGefrwef tiftm;BuD; ygonf/
aqG;aEG;cef;rsm;? wcsKdYaom a0zef tvGefrwef tmCmw BuD;ygonf/
oHk;oyfcsufrsm;  tifwmAsL;rsm;onf tvGefrwef &ufpuf,kwfrmygonf/
vuf½Sd EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfrsm;? tajc- &efolu rdrdwdkYtm; Search Fire
taersm;? rl0g'rsm;udk ydkrdk½IyfaxG;? ydkrdk awmajcmufypfcwfí ]]trma½Smif?
,drf;,dkifapygonf/ uRefawmfwdkYqDrSm trGwdkuf&ef}} tiftm; taysmh trmudk
EdkifiHa&; okcrdefrsm;? scholar rsm;? rdrdtm; prf;onf/ rdrdwdkY\ tawm
axmufcHaom tzJGU rowfaom A&rf;Awm wkefYjyefrIrsm;udk
tpnf; tiftm;½Sdp&mrvdkaom &efolu towf\`r§if;`r§if; ½IvQuf
wpfudk,fawmf Free thinker rsm; NidrfoufpGm? owdBuD;pGm? MumjrifhpGm
55
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f
acsmif;ajrmif;aeonf/ &efolü r[mAsL[m
twdtus&Sdonf/
twdtus vdkufemtaumiftxnf
azmfonf/
]]usnfuG,frsufuG,f? ypfuGif;vG,fí?
a&Smifz,fxif&Sm;?
ypfrSwfrsm;udk? pGrf;tm;tpHk?
vufeufukefjzifh? a&GUwHk qkwfwuf? udkuf&mwGif *Pef;onf rnfokdYrQ rckcHEdkifbJ
tusKd;oufatmif? aqmif&GufMunfh½I?
owdjyK. . }} [laomppfa&;tavhtusifhrsm;udk
&efolu &&Sdxm;ygonf/
rdrdwdkYürl r[mAsL[m? enf;AsL[m\
apmifhxdef;tyfaom vu©Pmrsm; rJhae-
onf/ wpfa,muf wpfoH xGufaeonf/
cH,lcsuftm;aysmhaom tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh
jynfolrsm;onf awmfvSef a&;tay:
,HkMunfrIrJh? tm;udk;rJh?
ajzqnfrIrJhum acgif;aqmifrJhaom
jyóemrsm;yg ay:aygufvmonf/
acgif;aqmif½Sdaom
vlwpfusdyfonf acgif;aqmifrJhaom
vl&maxmifudk acsrIef;EdkifaMumif; rdrdwdkY
oif,l NyD; jzpfonf/
rdrdwdkYtm;vHk; [dk;rm;\ tDvD,uf
uAsm&SnfxJrS
56
trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
]]tmcdvd-zaemifh}} udk owd&oifhonf/
xkdYjyif q&m OD;0if;wifa&;aom
]]*Pef;rsufpd}} udk jyefvnftrSwf&rdonf/
oHcsyfumuJhodkY wpfudk,fvHk; tcGHrmrsm;
zHk;tkyfumuG,fxm;aom *Pef;onf
jcifudkufcH&&HkESifh aoowJh/ jcifu
*Pef;\ tm;enf; csufjzpfaom rsufpdudk
toufqHk;&IH;&onf/
okdYjzpfí rdrdwdkY\ tajc
rcdkifrI? tpnf;ajyaerI? tpDtpOf r&SdrIrsm;udk
BudKwiftxkyfjznf rjy&ef? &efoludk
owif;ray;rd&ef tvGefvdktyfygonf/
&efolu owif;OD;&NyD; jzpfvQifawmifrS
rdrdwdkYu twnf jyKcsufray;rdzdkY owd-
jyKoifhygonf/
Oyrm? ajyma&;qdkcGihf&Sdol OD;0if;wif?
OD;OmPf0if;? OD;odef;nGefYwdkYESifh ukvor*¾wGif
ajyma&; qdkcGifh&Sdol a'gufwmaomif;xGef;?
OD;AdkvfvSwifhwdkYtaejzifh
tcsdeftcgESifh udkufnDpGm aqmif&Gufaeaom
EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;? rl0g'oabmxm;rsm;?
EdkifiHwum axmufcHrI&atmif
jyifqifaerIrsm;? odkYr[kwf tuJr[efyHkrsm;udk
vQKdY0Sufxm;&ef? acwåqdkif;iHhxm;&ef?
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f
tifwmAsL;rvkyf&ef vkdtyfavonf/
xdkYjyif tqHk;tjzwfay;&efvdktyfaom
ta&;BuD; tajctaersm;wGif
wm0efr&Sdolrsm;? rnfonfhtzJGUtpnf;?
rnfonfh tiftm;udkrQ udk,fpm;rjyKolrsm;?
&efolr\ vlrsm;udk yJGrxkwfrdap
zdkYESifh? xdkolwdkYESifh a&maESm NyD; OD;0if;wif?
OD;OmPf0if;? a'gufwmaomif;xGef;wkdYtm;
tajzxkwfoHk;oyfcdkif;jcif;rsm; rjyK
vkyfrdzdkY vdktyfayonf/ tu,fí
awmfvSefa&; tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf
a0zefaxmufjyp&m? tMuHjyKp&mrsm;
&Sdae vQif rD'D,mrS rajymbJ xdkyk*d¾Kvf
xdktzJGUtpnf;vuf0,fokdYta&muf
vQKdU0Sufay;ydkY oifhygonf/
þodkYqdkí &efoljyKwfusEdkifa&;twGuf
pme,fZif;usifh0wf? rD'D,musifh0wfrsm;udk
csKd;azmuf&rnf[k wifjyaejcif; r[kwfyg/
rD'D,mtoD;oD;odkY a&muf&SdaeMuaom rdrd-
wdkY\ awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;onf
rdrdudk,fukd Mum;aetkyfpk[k rxifrSwfrdzdkY
ta&;BuD;ygonf/
rD'D,monf tEkynm
ygaom vlxkqufoG,fa&;yif
jzpfygonf/ rD'D,mwGif Entertainment
57
trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
azsmfajza&;ESifh Education ynmay;a&;[k
yg0ifae&m Propagand a 0g'jzefYcsda&;ESifh
Infromation owif;tcsuftvufay;a&;
oabmrsm;vnf; yg0ifaeayonf/
wdkif;jynfwnfaqmufa&;?
nifompGm ul;ajymif;a&;wGif
rdrdtiftm;pkomru &efoludkvnf;
'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh vlYtcGifhta&;
todynmrsm; ay;&rSm jzpfonf/ rdrdESifhtwl
&efoludkvnf; wdk;wuf ap&rSm jzpfonf/
okdYaomf ynm&atmif? 'DyvdkarpD&atmif?
rD'D,musifh0wfESifhvnf;
nDatmifqdkNyD; t,ltquJGvJGolrsm;udk
pum;ppfxdk;apjcif;rSm. . .pcef;odrf; ppfyJGe,f
ajrpdk;rdk;a&;ppfyJGtwGuf rdrdwdkY&Sd
vufeuf? &du©m? aq;0g;? aiGaMu;?
wyftiftm; pDrHcefYcJGae
onfh tpnf;ta0;wGif &efoltm;
wufa&muf cGifh ay;xm;jcif;ESifh
wlaeonfr[kwfygvm;/
&efolu Psycological - warfare udk
pepfwus vkyfonf/ owif;rsm;udk
yHkzsufjcif;? aumv[v
vTifhjcif;? owif;rSm;ay;jcif;?
tm&HkvTJajymif;jcif;rsm; toHk;jyKí rdrd
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
rD'D,mrsm;rS wpfqifh rdrdwdkYtm; jcif;udk [efYwm;&yfwefYypfEdkifzdkYtwGuf
toHpHkxGufvmatmif? tod[kefoGm;atmif? jrefrmhowif;or*¾ (BMA)
aiGukefoHjymjzpfatmif vkyfaejcif;jzpfonf/ ESifhwuGaom rD'D,mrsm;tm;vHk;u
rdrd wdkYuvnf; &efoludk tem;ray;bJ pOf;pm;oHk;oyfí ukpm;EdkifMuygap[k
ppfyef;atmifvkyfNyD; wdkufcdkufEdkif qkawmif;vdkuf&ygonf/
ygonf/ Oyrm? uav;ppfom; pkaqmif;jcif;? Adkvfaumif;cRef
vkyftm;ay;cdkif;apjcif;? v,f,majrrsm;
todrf;cH&jcif;? vlrsKd;wkef;owfjzwfcH&rIESifh
wdkif; &if;olrsm; t"r®tusifhcHae&jcif;?
'DyJ,if; vkyfMuHrIjzpfjcif;? 2008 zJGUpnf;yHk
uefYuGufjcif; ponfh owif;rsm;udk
xkwfvTifhay;jcif;ESifh Adkvfrª;atmifvif;
xG#fajymMum;onfh xdkif;a&vkyfom;rsm;
towfcH &rIESifh ywfoufí usef&pfol
xdkif;rdom;pkrsm;tm;&SmazGNyD; tifwmAsL;[m
&efoludk awmajcmuf usHK;oGif; jcif;rsm;
jyKvkyfEkdifygonf/
ed*Hk;csKyf&vQif &efolonf rdrdwdkY\
rD'D,mvufeufudk olydkif
uJhodkY toHk;cscGifh&aeonf/ (1) rdrd
wdkY\ owif;rsm;udk &&Sdaeonf/ (2)
t,ltqrwlolrsm;udk qJGxkwf,lEdkifonf/
(3) pdwf"mwfusqif; aeaom jynfol-
wcsKdYudk ydkrdkawGa0apEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh
&efolu xdkodkYaom tcGifhta&;rsKd;rsm; &&Sdae
58
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

tvHawmfopf aqmif;yg;

uGsEfkyfwdkY cH,l ,HkMunfaom EdkifiHa&;

Zmenfarmiff

59
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
uRefawmfcH,l,HkMunfaom EdkifiHa&; EdkifiHom;taygif;wdkY onf ynmwwf
onfjzpfap rwwfonfjzpfap?
qif;&Jonfjzpfap csrf;omonfjzpfap? rdrd-
uRefawmfwdkY\ jrefrmEkdifiHonf
wdkYEdkifiH\ jynfwGif;a&;udk od&Sdem;vnf&efrSm
vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcJhonfrSm ESpfaygif; (60)
txl;yif vdktyfvSayonf/
ausmfyif MumjrifhcJhayNyD/
uRefawmf cH,l,HkMunfxm;aom
odkYaomfvnf; jynfwGif;ppfrD;uawmh ,ckxd
EdkifiHa&; qdkonfrSm vlwpfa,muf
rNidrf;ao;yg/
xrif;pm;a&aomufjyKvkyfjcif;rS
xdkuJhodkY bmaMumifhjzpfae&ovJqdkvQif
tpjyKí v,form;u pyg;pdkufysKd;jcif;?
rdrdudk,fwkdif rdrdudk,f rdrd umuG,f
apmifha&Smufjcif;onf EdkifiHa&;yif jzpfonf
tmPm&Sifppftpdk;&u wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tay:
ausmif;q&mq&mrrsm;u
tEdkifusifh Adkvfuspdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyf wdkufcdkufae-
pmoifMum;jyojcif;? tEkynm&Sifrsm;u
aomaMumifh wdkif;&if;om;tzJGUtpnf;aygif;pHk
wdkYuvnf; rdrdwdkYvlrsKd; rdrdwdkY e,fajrrsm;udk
umuG,fonhftaejzifh vufeufqJGudkifNyD; jy
efvnfwdkufcdkufaeMu&aomaMumifh jzpfay-
onf/
,cktcg tmPm&Sifppftpdk;&onf
jrefrmEdkifiHol EdkifiHom;rsm;tay:0,f
wpfpxufwpfp tEdkif usifh Adkvfus
zdESdyfrIrsm; ydkíydkíyif qdk;&Gm;í
vmygawmhonf/ xkdYaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHol
60
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
tEkynmvkyfief;rsm; wDxGifzefwD; nHhzsif;aomaMumifhqdkaom tcsufudk
vkyfudkifjcif;? ukefxkwfvkyfom;rsm;u xif&Sm;pGm awGUjrif&ayonf/
ukefxkwfvkyfjcif;. . tp&Sdaom okdYaomf jrefrmEdkifiHol
vlom;tm;vkH;ESifh qufpyfywf ouforQ EdkifiHom;trsm;pkBuD;u rodusKd;uRefjyKí
t&mtm;vHk;udk EkdifiHa&;[kyif a&pkefarQmvdkufaeMuonfudk 0rf;enf;zG,f
uRefawmfu nTef;qdkjycsifygonf/ awGU&Sdae&ayonf/ xdkuJhodkY rodusKd;uRefjyKí
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf a&pkefarQmvdkufaejcif;rsm;aMumifhyif ppfuRef
uRefawmfwdkYtm;vHk;onf ouf ydkrdkMum&SnfcJhjcif;jzpfayonf/
txufygtcsuftvufrsm;ESifh qufpyf EdkifiHa&;qdkonfrSm
ywfoufaeaomaMumifhyif jzpfygonf/
 jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&Sd
jrefrmEdkifiHom; wdkif;&if;om;
jynfoltaygif;wdkYonf
EdkifiHa&;[kqdkvdkufvQif rD;udka&ESifh
Nidrf;vdkufouJhodkY &SJueJjrnfum ta0;odkY
a&Smif&Sm;í oGm;Muygawmh onf/
rdrdwdbmhaMumifh qif;&Jedrfhusae&oenf;?
rdrdwdkY\ om;orD;rsm; bmaMumifh ynm-
roifMum; Edkif jzpfaeoenf;? rdrdwkdYtwGuf
usef;rma&; apmifha&SmufrIrsm; bmhaMumifh
edrfhusae&oenf;/ rdrdwdkY\ vkyftm;crsm;;
xdkufwefpGm bmaMumifh rcHpm;Mu&oenf;.
. . ponfhponfh tcsufrsm;udk tajz&Sm&ef
vdktyfayonf/ xdkodkYjzpfay:ae&jcif;rSm EdkifiHtwGif;wGif rdrdESifhqufoG,f
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf ywfoufaeaomtaMumif;t&mudpö t&mtm;
61
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
vHk;udk cHpm;od&Sdem;vnfum rdrdudk,fwdkif ppfuRefb0rS vTwfajrmufMurSmvnf;
rdrdudk,frdrd umuG,fapmifha&Smufjcif;onf ajrBuD;
EdkifiHa&;yifjzpf onf[k vufcwfrvJGygay/ /
qdkcsifygonf/ Zmenfarmif
xdkYxufydkí nTef;qdk&ygvQif rdrd\
ajymcGifhqdkcGifh? rdrd\ &ydkifcGifh? rdrd\
vGwfvyfcGifh? rdrd\ a&G; cs,fykdifcGifh? rdrd\
touf&Sifaexdkif&yfwnfcGifh. .tp&Sdaom
vlom;wpfa,muf &&SdoifhonfhtcGifhta&;
rsm;ESifh ywfoufvmvQif rdrdudk,fwkdif
rdrdudk,f rdrdumuG,f apmifha&Smufjcif;onf
EdkifiHa&;yif jzpfonf [k qdkcsifygonf/
xdkYtwl jrefrmEdkifiHol
EdkifiHom;taygif;wdkYonfvnf;
xdkuJhodkYyif rdrdudk,f rdrdumuG,f apmifh
a&SmufMu&ef txl;yJ vkdtyfvSayonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHol EkdifiHom;rsm;tm;vHk;
wpfOD;csif; wpfa,mufcsif; udk,fpD udk,fpD
xkduJhodkY rdrdudk,f
wdkif rdrdudk,frdrd umuG,fapmifha&SmufEdkifygu
rdrdudk,frdrd umuG,fapmifha&Smufaejcif;udk
[efYwm; aESmuf,Suf zsufqD;aeaom
&efolrsm;onfvnf; wpfaeYrSm {uefrkcs
usqHk;Mu&onfrSm ajrBuD; vufcwf rvJG
ygay/
62
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009

tvHawmfopf owif; tawGY tMuHK

etz yg;uGufom;rsm; tidkufrdoGm;aomaeY

a,mq&mBuD;

63
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f
owif;tawGYtBuHK
etz tmPmyg;uGufom;rsm;
tikdufrdoGm;wJhaeY
'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf oHCmawmfrsm;&JY
oydwfarSmufuHaqmifyGJukd
64
trSwf(1)? twGJ(1)? Edk0ifbmv? 2009
oDwif;uRwfvjynfhaeY
atmifwkdbm(3)&ufaeYrSm jyKvkyf&ef
wpfEkdifiHvkH;&SdoHCmawmfrsm;udkESKd;aqmfxm;o
nfhtwkdif;
jrefrmjynfwGif;ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm; rSm
q&mawmfoHCmawmfwkdYoydwfarSmuf uHaqm
ifcJhMuw,fvkdYMum;od&ygw,f/
xkdaeYu jrefrmwkdY&JYaeYxl;aeYjrwf
oDwif;uRwfvjynfhaeYjzpfwmeJYtnD
bk&m;ausmif;uefrsm;rSm
vltrsm;pnfum;cJhygw,f/ bkef;BuD;rsm;
vjynfhaeYrSm
b,frSrxGuf&[k ESKwfrdefYjzifhBudKwiftrdefYay;
xm;cJhaomaMumifh bk&m;om;awmfrsm;
jzpfonfh q&mawmfoHCmawmfwkdY bk&
m;ajcawmf&if;okdY0yfqif;cGifhr&cJhwmukd
pdwfraumif;pGm
jrifawGUcGifh&cJhygw,f/
q&mawmfrsm;a&mufvmrnftxifESifh
wefckd;BuD;bk&m;ae&mawmfawmf
rsm;rsm;ae&mtESHrSm etz
tmPmykdifawG&JY tmPmyg;uGufom;rsm;
ae&m,lxm;wmawGY&ygw,f/
 tvHawmfopf*sme,f
wcsKdYu 'kdifemum;ay:rSm wkwf"m;v
ufeuftpkHeJYapmifhaeMuovkd? wcsKdUu
bk&m;&ifjyifae&mtESHrSm
tusDjzLaumfvHuwkH;rsm;0wfcg
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