Design Problems

DP 1-1
The voltage may be as large as 20(1.25) = 25 V and the current may be as large as (0.008)(1.25)
= 0.01 A. The element needs to be able to absorb (25 V)(0.01 A) = 0.25 W continuously. A
Grade B element is adequate, but without margin for error. Specify a Grade B device if you trust
the estimates of the maximum voltage and current and a Grade A device otherwise.

DP 1-2
( ) ( )
p ( t ) = 20 1 − e−8t × 0.03 e−8t = 0.6 1 − e−8t e−8t W

Here is a MATLAB program to plot p(t): Here is the plot:

clear

t0=0; % initial time

tf=1; % final time
dt=0.02; % time increment
t=t0:dt:tf; % time

v=20*(1-exp(-8*t)); % device voltage

i=.030*exp(-8*t); % device current

for k=1:length(t)
p(k)=v(k)*i(k); % power
end

plot(t,p)
xlabel('time, s');
ylabel('power, W')

The circuit element must be able to absorb 0.15 W.

1-9
Problems
Section 1-2 Electric Circuits and Current Flow

P1.2-1
i (t ) =
d
dt
( )
4 1 − e−5t = 20 e−5t A

P1.2-2
( ) 4 4
q ( t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ + q ( 0 ) = ∫ 4 1 − e −5τ dτ + 0 = ∫ 4 dτ − ∫ 4 e −5τ dτ = 4 t + e −5t − C
t t t t

0 0 0 0 5 5

P1.2-3
4 4 4
q ( t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ + q ( 0 ) = ∫ 4sin 3τ dτ + 0 = −
t t
cos 3τ 0 = − cos 3 t + C
t
0 0 3 3 3

P1.2-4
q ( t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ = ∫ 0 dτ = 0 C for t ≤ 2 so q(2) = 0.
t t

−∞ −∞

q ( t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ + q ( 2 ) = ∫ 2 dτ = 2τ
t t
= 2t−4 C for 2 ≤ t ≤ 4. In particular, q(4) = 4 C.
t
2 2 2

q ( t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ + q ( 4 ) = ∫ −1 dτ + 4 = − τ
t t
+ 4 = 8−t C for 4 ≤ t ≤ 8. In particular, q(8) = 0 C.
t
4 4 4

q ( t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ + q ( 8 ) = ∫ 0 dτ + 0 = 0 C for 8 ≤ t .
t t

8 8

P1.2-5

⎧0 t <0
dq( t ) ⎪
i (t ) = i(t ) = ⎨2 0<t < 2
dt ⎪ −2( t − 2 )
⎩−2e t >2

P1.2-6
C
i = 600 A = 600
s
C s mg
Silver deposited = 600 ×20 min×60 ×1.118 = 8.05×105 mg=805 g
s min C

1-2
Section 1-3 Systems of Units

P1.3-1
Δq = i Δt = ( 4000 A )( 0.001 s ) = 4C

P1.3-2
Δ q 45 ×10−9
i= = −3
= 9 ×10−6 = 9 μA
Δt 5 ×10

P1.3-3
⎡ electron ⎤ ⎡ −19 C ⎤ ⎡ 9 electron ⎤ ⎡ −19 C ⎤
i = ⎢10 billion ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1.602 × 10 = 10×10 1.602 × 10
⎣ s electron ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ s ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ electron ⎥⎦
electron C
= 1010 × 1.602 ×10−19
s electron
C
= 1.602 × 10−9 = 1.602 nA
s

Section 1-5 Power and Energy

P1.5-1
a.) q = ∫ i dt = iΔt = (10 A )( 2 hrs )( 3600s/hr ) = 7.2×10
4
C
b.) P = v i = (110 V )(10 A ) = 1100 W
0.06$
c.) Cost = ×1.1kW × 2 hrs = 0.132 $
kWhr

P1.5-2
P = ( 6 V )(10 mA ) = 0.06 W
Δw 200 W⋅s
Δt = = = 3.33×103 s
P 0.06 W

1-3
Section 1-3 Systems of Units

P1.3-1
Δq = i Δt = ( 4000 A )( 0.001 s ) = 4C

P1.3-2
Δ q 45 ×10−9
i= = −3
= 9 ×10−6 = 9 μA
Δt 5 ×10

P1.3-3
⎡ electron ⎤ ⎡ −19 C ⎤ ⎡ 9 electron ⎤ ⎡ −19 C ⎤
i = ⎢10 billion ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1.602 × 10 = 10×10 1.602 × 10
⎣ s electron ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ s ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ electron ⎥⎦
electron C
= 1010 × 1.602 ×10−19
s electron
C
= 1.602 × 10−9 = 1.602 nA
s

Section 1-5 Power and Energy

P1.5-1
a.) q = ∫ i dt = iΔt = (10 A )( 2 hrs )( 3600s/hr ) = 7.2×10
4
C
b.) P = v i = (110 V )(10 A ) = 1100 W
0.06$
c.) Cost = ×1.1kW × 2 hrs = 0.132 $
kWhr

P1.5-2
P = ( 6 V )(10 mA ) = 0.06 W
Δw 200 W⋅s
Δt = = = 3.33×103 s
P 0.06 W

1-3
P1.5-3
30
for 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 s: v = 30 V and i = t = 2t A ∴ P = 30(2t ) = 60t W
15
25
for 10 ≤ t ≤ 15 s: v ( t ) = − t + b ⇒ v (10 ) = 30 V ⇒ b = 80 V
5
v (t ) = −5t + 80 and i (t ) = 2t A ⇒ P = ( 2t )( −5t + 80 ) = −10t 2 +160t W
30
for 15 ≤ t ≤ 25 s: v = 5 V and i (t ) = − t +b A
10
i (25) = 0 ⇒ b = 75 ⇒ i (t ) = −3t + 75 A
∴ P = ( 5 )( −3t + 75 ) = −15t + 375 W

Energy = ∫ P dt = ∫ 60t dt + ∫10 (160t −10t 2 ) dt + ∫15 ( 375−15t ) dt

10 15 25

0
15 25
2 10
= 30t + 80t 2 − 10 t 3 + 375t − 15 t 2 = 5833.3 J
0 3 10 2 15

1-4
P1.5-4
a.) Assuming no more energy is delivered to the battery after 5 hours (battery is fully
charged).
5( 3600 )
5 ( 3600 ) ⎛ 0.5 τ ⎞ 0.5 2
w = ∫ Pdt = ∫0 vi dτ = ∫0
t
2 ⎜ 11 + ⎟ dτ = 22 t + τ
⎝ 3600 ⎠ 3600 0
= 441× 103 J = 441 kJ

1 hr 10¢
b.) Cost = 441kJ × × = 1.23¢
3600s kWhr

P1.5-5
⎛1 ⎞ 1 1
p ( t ) = v ( t ) i ( t ) = ( 4 cos 3 t ) ⎜ sin 3 t ⎟ = ( sin 0 + sin 6 t ) = sin 6 t W
⎝ 12 ⎠ 6 6
1
p ( 0.5 ) = sin 3 = 0.0235 W
6
1
p (1) = sin 6 = −0.0466 W
6

Here is a MATLAB program to plot p(t):

clear
t0=0; % initial time
tf=2; % final time
dt=0.02; % time increment
t=t0:dt:tf; % time

v=4*cos(3*t); % device voltage

i=(1/12)*sin(3*t); % device current

for k=1:length(t)
p(k)=v(k)*i(k); % power
end

plot(t,p)
xlabel('time, s');
ylabel('power, W')

1-5
P1.5-6
p ( t ) = v ( t ) i ( t ) = ( 8sin 3 t )( 2sin 3 t ) = 8 ( cos 0 − cos 6 t ) = 8 − 8cos 6 t W

Here is a MATLAB program to plot p(t):

clear

t0=0; % initial time

tf=2; % final time
dt=0.02; % time increment
t=t0:dt:tf; % time

v=8*sin(3*t); % device voltage

i=2*sin(3*t); % device current

for k=1:length(t)
p(k)=v(k)*i(k); % power
end

plot(t,p)
xlabel('time, s');
ylabel('power, W')

1-6
P1.5-7
( ) ( )
p ( t ) = v ( t ) i ( t ) = 4 1 − e−2 t × 2 e−2 t = 8 1 − e−2 t e−2 t W

Here is a MATLAB program to plot p(t):

clear

t0=0; % initial time

tf=2; % final time
dt=0.02; % time increment
t=t0:dt:tf; % time

v=4*(1-exp(-2*t)); % device voltage

i=2*exp(-2*t); % device current

for k=1:length(t)
p(k)=v(k)*i(k); % power
end

plot(t,p)
xlabel('time, s');
ylabel('power, W')

P1.5-8
P = V I =3 × 0.2=0.6 W
w = PΔ t = 0.6 × 5 × 60=180 J

1-7