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P13.2-1
1 R2
R 2 || =
jω C 1 + jω C R 2
R2
Vo (ω ) 1 + jω C R 2
H (ω ) = =
Vi (ω ) R2
R1 +
1 + jω C R 2
R2
R1 + R 2
=
1 + jω C R p
where Rp = R1 || R2.
When R1 = 40 Ω, R2 = 10 Ω and C = 0.5 F
0.2
H (ω ) =
1 + j 4ω
(checked using ELab on 8/6/02)
P13.2-2
1
R2 +
Vo (ω ) jω C
H (ω ) = =
Vi (ω ) R + R + 1
jω C
1 2
1 + jω C R 2
=
(
1 + jω C R1 + R 2 )
1 + j ( 0.004 ) ω
H (ω ) =
1 + j ( 0.005) ω
13-1
P13.2-3
Vo (ω ) R2
H (ω ) = =
Vi (ω ) R1 + R 2 + jω L
R2
R1 + R 2
=
L
1 + jω
R1 + R 2
When R1 = 4 Ω, R2 = 6 Ω and L = 8 H
0.6
H (ω ) =
1 + j ( 0.8 ) ω
(checked using ELab on 8/6/02)
P13.2-4
Vo (ω ) R 2 + jω L
H (ω ) = =
Vi (ω ) R + R 2 + jω L
⎛ L ⎞
⎜ 1 + jω ⎟
⎛ R2 ⎞ R2
=⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎜ R + R2 ⎟⎜ L ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ 1 + jω ⎟
⎝ R + R2 ⎠
⎧ R2
⎪ = 0.6
⎛ L ⎞ ω ⎪ R + R2
⎜ 1 + jω ⎟ 1+ ⎪ R
⎛ R2 ⎞ R2 j
⎪
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ( 0.6 ) 12 ⇒ ⎨
2
= 12
⎜ R + R2 ⎟⎜ L ⎟ ω L
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ 1 + jω 1+ j ⎪
R + R2 ⎟ 20 ⎪ R + R2
⎝ ⎠ = 20
⎪
⎪⎩ L
60
Since R2 = 60 Ω, we have L = = 5 H , then R = ( 20 )( 5 ) − 60 = 40 Ω .
12
(checked using ELab on 8/6/02)
13-2
P13.2-5
1 R2
R 2 || =
jω C 1 + jω C R 2
R2
Vo (ω ) 1 + jω C R 2
H (ω ) = =
Vi (ω ) R2
R+
1 + jω C R 2
R2
R + R2
=
1 + jω C R p
where Rp = R || R2.
R2
⎧ R2
R + R2 0.2 ⎪ = 0.2
= ⇒ ⎨ R + R2
1 + jω C R p 1 + j 4 ω ⎪ CR =4
⎩ p
Since R2 = 2 Ω, we have
2
= 0.2 ⇒ R = 8 Ω . Then R p =
( 2 )( 8 ) = 1.6 Ω .
R+2 2+8
4
Finally, C = = 2.5 F .
1.6
(checked using ELab on 8/6/02)
P13.2-6
Vi (ω ) ⎫
I a (ω ) =
A
⎪ Vo (ω )
R + jω L ⎪ CR
⎬ ⇒ =
Vi (ω )
( j ω ) ⎛⎜1 + j ω ⎞⎟
L
Vo (ω ) =
1
jω C
( A I a (ω ) ) ⎪
⎪⎭ ⎝ R⎠
13-3
When R = 20 Ω, L = 4 H, A = 3 A/A and C = 0.25 F
0.6
H (ω ) =
( j ω ) (1 + j ( 0.2 ) ω )
P13.2-7
In the frequency domain, use voltage division on the left side of the circuit to get:
1
jω C 1
VC (ω ) = Vi (ω ) = Vi (ω )
R1 +
1 1 + jω C R 1
jω C
Next, use voltage division on the right side of the circuit to get:
2
R3 A
2
V o (ω ) = A VC (ω ) = A VC (ω ) = 3 Vi (ω )
R 2 + R3 3 1 + jω C R1
2 2
A A
4 3 3 2 1
= = ⇒ 4 = A and = 2000 C
ω 1 + jω C R1 1 + jω C 2000 3 100
1+ j
100
13-4
P13.2-8
1
R2
Vo (ω ) jω C
H (ω ) = =−
Vi (ω ) R1
⎛ R2 ⎞
−⎜
⎜ R1 ⎟⎟
= ⎝ ⎠
1+ jω C R2
P13.2-9
1
R2
Vo (ω ) j ω C2
H (ω ) = =−
Vi (ω ) 1
R1
j ω C1
R2
1 + jω C2 R2
= −
R1
1 + jω C1R1
⎛ R ⎞ ⎛ 1 + jω C1R1 ⎞
H (ω ) = − ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ R1 ⎠ ⎝ 1 + jω C2 R2 ⎠
13-5
ω2
1+
gain = H (ω ) = ( 5 ) 625
ω2
1+
100
⎛ω⎞ ⎛ω ⎞
phase shift = ∠Η(ω ) = 180 + tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ − tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 25 ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
P13.2-10
1
R3
1 jωC R3
R3 = =
jωC R3 +
1 1 + jωC R 3
jωC
R3
R2 +
1+ jω C R3 R + R + jω R2 R3C
H (ω ) = − =− 2 3
R1 R1 + jω R1 R3C
R2 + R3
5 = lim H (ω ) =
ω →0 R1
R2
2 = lim H (ω ) = ⇒ R2 = 2 R1 = 20 kΩ
ω →∞ R1
then R3 = 5R1 − R2 = 30 kΩ
P13.2-11
1
R2 +
jω C 1 + jω C R 2
H (ω ) = − =−
R1 jω C R1
∠H (ω ) = 180° + tan −1 (ω C R 2 ) − 90°
∠H (ω ) = 135° ⇒ tan −1 (ωCR2 ) = 45° ⇒ ω C R 2 = 1
1
⇒ R2 = = 10 kΩ
10 ×10−7
3
R2 R
10 = lim H (ω ) = ⇒ R1 = 2 = 1 kΩ
ω →∞ R1 10
13-6
P13.2-12
1 R2
R 2 ||
jω C2 1+ j ω C 2 R2
H (ω ) = − =−
1 j ω C 1 R1 + 1
R1 +
j ω C1 j ω C1
=
( −C 1 R2 ) j ω
(1 + j ω C R )(1 + j ω C
1 1 2 R2 )
⎧
⎪ −C R = −0.1
⎪
( −C1 R 2 ) j ω
1 2
=
( )
−0.1 jω ⎪
⇒ ⎨ C1 R1 =
1
or
1
(1 + j ω C1 R1 )(1 + j ω C 2 R 2 ) ⎜⎛1 + j ω ⎟⎞ ⎜⎛1 + j ω ⎟⎞ ⎪ p 125
⎝ p⎠⎝ 125 ⎠ ⎪ 1 1
⎪C 2 R 2 = or
⎩ 125 p
Since C1 = 5 μF, R1 = 8 kΩ and R 2 = 20 kΩ
C1 R1 = ( 5 ×10−6 )( 8 ×103 ) =
40 1 1
= ≠ ⇒ p = 25 rad/s
1000 25 125
1 1 1
= C 2 R2 ⇒ C2 = = = 0.4 ×10−6 = 0.4 μF
125 125 R 2 125 ( 20 ×10 )
3
P13.2-13
1
R2
V (ω ) jω C2
H (ω ) = o =−
Vs (ω ) R1 +
1
jω C1
=
( −C1R2 ) jω
(1 + jω R1C1 ) (1 + jω R2C2 )
When R1 = 5 kΩ, C1 = 1 μ F,
R2 = 10 kΩ and C2 = 0.1 μ F,
then
H (ω ) =
( −0.01) jω
⎛ ω ⎞ ⎛ ω ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 200 ⎠ ⎝ 1000 ⎠
13-7
so
ω H(ω ) ∠H (ω )
0 0 −90°
500 1.66 175°
2500 0.74 116°
Then
jω
H (ω )= − 0.01
⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞
⎜ 1+ j ⎟ ⎜ 1+ j
⎝ 200 ⎠ ⎝ 10,000 ⎟⎠
So
ω H (ω ) ∠H (ω )
0 0 −90°
500 1.855 −161°
2500 1.934 170°
Then
13-8
P13.2-14
a) ⎛2 V⎞
(8 div) ⎜ ⎟
Vs = ⎝ div ⎠ = 8 V
2
⎛2 V⎞
(6.2 div) ⎜ ⎟
Vo = ⎝ div ⎠ = 6.2 V
2
V 6.2
gain = o = = 0.775
Vs 8
b) 1
Vo (ω ) jω C 1
H (ω ) = = =
Vs (ω ) R+
1 1 + jω C R
jω C
2
1 1 ⎛1⎞
Let g = H (ω ) = then C = ⎜ ⎟ −1
1 + ω 2C 2 R 2 ωR ⎝g⎠
c) tan( −∠ H (ω ))
∠ H (ω )= − tan −1 (ω R C ) so ω =
RC
Recalling that R = 1000 Ω and C=0.26µF, we calculate
ω H (ω ) ∠H (ω )
2π (200) 0.95 −18°
2π (2000) 0.26 −73°
∠ H (ω )= − 45° requires ω =
tan ⎛⎜ − −45° ⎞⎟
⎝ ( )
⎠ = 3846 rad s
(
1000 .26×10 6 −
) ( )
tan ( −(−135°))
∠ Η (ω ) = −135° requires ω = = − 3846 rad s
−
(1000)(0.26×10 ) 6
13-9
d) ⎧ tan (−60°)
⎪ C= = 0.55μ F
tan (−∠H(ω )) ⎪ (2π ⋅ 500) (1000)
C= ⇒ ⎨
ωR ⎪C = tan (−(−300°)) = −0.55μ F
⎪⎩ (2π ⋅ 500 ) (1000)
e) tan( − ( −120° ))
C = = −0.55 μ F
(2π ⋅ 500)(1000)
This circuit cannot be designed to produce a phase shift of −120° at 500 Hz.
P 13.3-15
1 R2
R 2 ||
jω C2 1+ j ω C 2 R2
H (ω ) = − =−
1 j ω C 1 R1 + 1
R1 +
j ω C1 j ω C1
=
( −C 1 R2 ) j ω
(1 + j ω C R )(1 + j ω C
1 1 2 R2 )
⎧
⎪ −C R = −0.1
⎪
( 1 2)
1 2
− C R j ω
=
( −0.1) jω ⎪
⇒ ⎨ C1 R1 =
1
or
1
(1 + j ω C1 R1 )(1 + j ω C 2 R 2 ) ⎛⎜1 + j ω ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜1 + j ω ⎞⎟ ⎪ p 125
⎝ p⎠⎝ 125 ⎠ ⎪ 1 1
⎪C 2 R 2 = or
⎩ 125 p
Since C1 = 5 μF, R1 = 8 kΩ and R 2 = 20 kΩ
C1 R1 = ( 5 ×10−6 )( 8 ×103 ) =
40 1 1
= ≠ ⇒ p = 25 rad/s
1000 25 125
1 1 1
= C 2 R2 ⇒ C2 = = = 0.4 × 10−6 = 0.4 μF
125 125 R 2 125 ( 20 ×10 )
3
13-10
P13.2-16
V s (ω )
I 1 (ω ) = 2
⎛ N1 ⎞
R1 + ⎜ ⎟
⎜ N2 ⎟ ( R2 + j ω L)
⎝ ⎠
⎛ N1 ⎞
( ) (
V o (ω ) = − R 2 + j ω L I 2 ( ω ) = − R 2 + j ω L ⎜ −
⎜ N2
I 1 (ω ) ⎟
⎟ )
⎝ ⎠
⎛ N1 ⎞
⎜ (
⎟ R + j ω L V s (ω )
⎜ N2 ⎟ 2 )
= ⎝ ⎠
2
⎛ N1 ⎞
R1 + ⎜ ⎟
⎜ N2 ⎟ ( R2 + jω L)
⎝ ⎠
⎛ N1 ⎞ ⎛ N2 ⎞
Vo (ω )
⎜
⎜ N2 ⎟ 2 (
⎟ R + jω L ) ⎜ ⎟R
⎜ N1 ⎟ 2 1+ jω
L
R2
H (ω ) = = ⎝ ⎠ = ⎝ ⎠
Vs (ω ) ⎛ N1 ⎞
2
⎛ N2 ⎞
2
1+ jω
L
R1 + ⎜ ⎟
⎜ N2 ⎟ ( R2 + j ω L) ⎜ ⎟ R1 + R 2
⎜ N1 ⎟ ⎛ N2 ⎞
2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟ R + R2
⎜ N1 ⎟ 1
⎝ ⎠
Comparing to the given network function:
2
⎛ N2 ⎞ ⎛ N2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟R ⎜ ⎟ R + R2
⎜ N1 ⎟ 2 R2 ⎜ N1 ⎟ 1
k= ⎝ ⎠ , z= and p = ⎝ ⎠ .
2
⎛ N2 ⎞ L L
⎜ ⎟ R + R2
⎜ N1 ⎟ 1
⎝ ⎠
13-11
P13.2-17
Mesh equations:
( )
V s (ω ) = R1 + j ω L1 I 1 (ω ) + j ω M I 2 (ω )
0 = ( R 2 + j ω L 2 ) I 2 (ω ) + j ω M I 1 ( ω )
Solving the mesh equations
R2 + jω L2
I 1 (ω ) = − I 2 (ω )
jω M
⎡ R2 + jω L2 ⎤
(
V s ( ω ) = ⎢ − R 1 + j ω L1 ) jω M
+ j ω M ⎥ I 2 (ω )
⎣ ⎦
− jω M
I 2 (ω ) = V s (ω )
( R1 + j ω L1 )( R 2 + j ω L 2 ) + ω 2 M 2
jω M R2
V o ( ω ) = − R 2 I 2 (ω ) = V s (ω )
( R1 + j ω L1 )( R 2 + j ω L 2 ) + ω 2 M 2
jω M R2
= V s (ω )
( ) (
R1 R 2 + ω 2 M 2 − L1 L 2 + j ω R1 L 2 + L1 R 2 )
V o (ω ) M R2 jω
H (ω ) = =
V s (ω ) R1 R 2 + ω 2
(M 2
)
− L1 L 2 1 + j ω R1 L 2 + L1 R 2
(
R1 R 2 + ω 2 M 2 − L1 L 2 )
Comparing to the given network function:
k=
M R2
and p =
(
R1 R 2 + ω 2 M 2 − L1 L 2 )
(
R1 R 2 + ω 2 M 2 − L1 L 2 ) R1 L 2 + L1 R 2
13-12
P13.2-18
Using voltage division twice gives:
R2 A R2
A V2 (ω ) 1 + jω C R 2 A R2 R1 + R 2
= A= =
Vi (ω ) R2 R1 + R 2 + jω C R1 R 2 C R1 R 2
R1 + 1 + jω
1 + jω C R 2 R1 + R 2
and
jω L R 4
Vo (ω ) R 4 + jω L jω L R 4 L jω
= = =
A V2 (ω ) jω L R 4 R 3 R 4 + jω L ( R 3 + R 4 ) R 3 L ( R3 + R 4 )
R3 + 1 + jω
R 4 + jω L RR 3 4
Vo (ω ) ALR 2 jω
H (ω ) = =
Vi (ω ) R 3 ( R1 + R 2 ) ⎛ L ( R3 + R 4 ) ⎞ ⎛ C R1 R 2 ⎞
⎜1 + jω ⎟ ⎜1 + jω ⎟
⎜ R3 R 4 ⎟ ⎝⎜ R1 + R 2 ⎠⎟
⎝ ⎠
ALR 2
Comparing to the given network function gives k = and either
R 3 R1 + R 2 ( )
R 3R 4 R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2 R 3R 4
p1 = and p 2 = or p 1 = and p 2 = .
(
L R3 + R 4 ) CR1R 2 CR1R 2 (
L R3 + R 4 )
13-13
P13.2-19
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain.
Apply KCL at the top node of the left capacitor, C1, to get
Va − Vs 1
+ j ω C 1 Va = 0 ⇒ Va = Vs
R1 1 + j ω C 1 R1
The op amp, together with resistors R2 and R3, comprise a noninverting amplifier so
⎛ R3 ⎞
V b = ⎜1 +
⎜ R 2 ⎟⎟ a
V
⎝ ⎠
(Alternately, this equation can be obtained by applying KCL at the inverting input node
of the op amp.) Apply KCL at the top node of the right capacitor, C2, to get
Vo − V b 1
+ j ω C 2 Vo = 0 ⇒ Vo = Vb
R4 1+ j ω C 2 R4
R3
1+
R2 21
=
(1 + j ω C R ) (1 + jω C
1 1 2 R4 ) ⎛ ω ⎞⎛
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜1 + j
ω ⎞
⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 200 ⎠
13-14
The solution is not unique. For example, we can require
R3 1 1
1+ = 21 , C 1 R1 = = 0.2 , C 2 R 4 = = 0.005
R2 5 200
With the given values of capacitance, and choosing R2 = 10 kΩ, we have
P13.2-20
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain. Apply KCL at
the inverting input node of the op amp to get
V o − Vs
+ j ω C1 ( Vo − Vs ) +
Vs
=0
R1 R2
or
(R 1 + R 2 + j ω C1 R1 R 2 ) Vs = ( R 2 + j ω C1 R1 R 2 ) Vo
so
R1 R 2
1 + j ω C1
Vo R1 + R 2 + j ω C 1 R1 R 2 R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2
H= = = ×
Vs R 2 + j ω C 1 R1 R 2 R2 1 + j ω C 1 R1
ω
1+ j
25 + j ω
Vo 25
H= = =5
Vs 5 + jω ω
1+ j
5
(checked using LNAP 7/24/05)
13-15
P13.2-21
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎜⎜ R 2 + ⎟
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ jω C2
⎝ j ω C1 ⎟⎠ 1 + j ω C1 R 2
|| ⎜ R 2 + ⎟ = =
j ω C 2 ⎜⎝ j ω C1 ⎟⎠ R + 1 + 1 j ω ( C1 + C 2 ) − ω 2 R 2 C1 C 2
j ω C1 j ω C 2
2
1 + j ω C1 R 2
Vo j ω ( C1 + C 2 ) − ω 2 R 2 C1 C 2 1 + j ω C1 R 2
H= = =
Vs
R1 +
1 + j ω C1 R 2 R1 ⎡⎣ j ω ( C 1 + C 2 ) − ω 2 R 2 C 1 C 2 ⎤⎦ + 1 + j ω C 1 R 2
j ω ( C1 + C 2 ) − ω 2 R 2 C1 C 2
1 + j ω C1 R 2
=
1 − ω C 1 C 2 R1 R 2 + j ω ( C 1 R1 + C 2 R1 + R 2 C 1 )
2
ω
1+ j
Vo 10 100 + j 10 ω
H= = =
Vs ω 2
3ω 100 − ω 2 + j 30 ω
1− +j
100 10
P13.2-22
Vs
Vs = 8 I a + 4 I a ⇒ Ia =
12
Voltage division gives
13-16
40 1
jω 4 4 ⎛ Vs ⎞ 3 V
Vo = 4I a = I = ⎜ ⎟=
40 jω a jω ⎝ 12 ⎠ 1 + j ω
s
8+ 1+ 1+
jω 5 5 5
1
Ho = and p = 5
3
(checked using LNAP 9/19/04)
P13.2-23
Va R1
Is = + K Va ⇒ Va = Is
R1 1 + K R1
13-17
K R1 1
= 0.8 and C R 2 =
1 + K R1 40
0.2 R1 1
= 0.8 ⇒ R1 = 20 Ω and 0.001 R 2 = ⇒ R 2 = 25 Ω
1 + 0.2 R1 40
P13.2-24
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain.
Apply KVL to the left mesh to get
Vs
V s = j ω L1 I a + K I a ⇒ Ia =
K + j ω L1
Voltage division gives
R R ⎛ Vs ⎞ RK
Vo = K Ia = K⎜ ⎟ = Vs
R + j ω L2 R + j ω L 2 ⎜⎝ K + j ω L1 ⎟⎠ ( R + j ω L 2 )( K + j ω L1 )
Vo 1
H= =
Vs ⎛ L2 ⎞ ⎛ L1 ⎞
⎜1 + j ω ⎟ ⎜1 + j ω ⎟
⎝ R ⎠⎝ K⎠
L2 1 L1 1 L2 1 L1 1
= and = or = and =
R 20 K 50 R 50 K 20
13-18
P13.2-25
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain.
V a − Vs Va Va R2
+ + = 0 ⇒ Va = Vs
R1 1 R2 R1 + R 2 + j ω C R1 R 2
jω C
and
Va Vo R3
+ = 0 ⇒ Vo = − Va
R2 R3 R2
The network function is
R3 R3
− R2 −
Vo R2 R1 + R 2
H= = =
Vs R1 + R 2 + j ω C R1 R 2 R R
1+ jω C 1 2
R1 + R 2
Using the given values for R1 and R2 and letting R3 = R gives
R
Vo −
H= = 4 ×104
V s 1 + j ω C (104 )
C (104 ) =
1 R
⇒ C = 0.4 μF and = 8 ⇒ R = 320 kΩ
250 4 ×104
13-19
Section 13-3: Bode Plots
P13.3-1
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ 20 ω <5
⎪
⎛ ω⎞ ⎪
20 ⎜ 1 + j ⎟ ⎪ 20 ⎛ j ω ⎞
⎪ ⎜ ⎟
H (ω )= ⎝
5⎠
≈⎨ ⎝ 5⎠ 5 < ω < 50
⎛ ω⎞ ⎪
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎪
⎝ 50 ⎠
⎪ ⎛ ω⎞
⎪ 20 ⎜ j 5 ⎟ 50 < ω
⎪ ⎝ ⎠ = 200
⎪ ⎛jω⎞
⎪⎩ ⎜⎝ 50 ⎟⎠
P13.3-2
ω ω
10 ( 5 + j ω ) 1 + j 5 100 ( 5 + j ω ) 1+ j
H1 (ω ) = = and H 2 (ω ) = = 10 5
50 + j ω ω 50 + j ω ω
1+ j 1+ j
50 50
Both H1(ω) and H2(ω) have a pole at ω = 50 rad/s and a zero at ω = 5 rad/s. The slopes
of both magnitude Bode plots increase by 20 dB/decade at ω = 5 rad/s and decrease by 20
dB/decade at ω = 50rad/s. The difference is that for ω < 5rad/s
H1 (ω ) 1 = 0 dB and H 2 (ω ) 10 = 20 dB
13-1
P13.3-3
R2
1+ jω C2 R2 jω
H (ω ) = − = −C1 R2
R1 +
1 (1+ jω R1C1 )(1+ jω R2C2 )
jω C1
1 1
p1 = = 2000 rad s and p2 = = 1000 rad s
R1C1 R2C2
so
⎧
⎪−(C R ) jω ω < p2
⎪ 1 2
⎪ jω R
H (ω ) ⎨−(C1 R2 ) =− 2 =−2 p2 < ω < p1
⎪ jωC1 R1 R1
⎪ jω 1
⎪−(C1 R2 ) =− ω > p1
⎩ ( jωC1 R1 )( jωC2 R2 ) jωC2 R1
13-2
P13.3-4
R2
1+ jω C2 R2 R (1+ jω C1 R1 ) R 1 1
H (ω ) = − =− 2 so K = − 2 , z = and p =
R1 R1 (1+ jω C2 R2 ) R1 C1 R1 C2 R2
1+ jω C1 R1
When z < p
When z > p
P13.3-5
jω L R 2
V2 (ω ) R 2 + jω L jω L R 2 L jω
= = =
Vi (ω ) jω L R 2 R1 R 2 + jω L ( R1 + R 2 ) R1 L ( R1 + R 2 )
R1 + 1 + jω
R 2 + jω L R1 R 2
and
R4 A R4
Vo (ω ) 1 + jω C R 4 A R4 R3 + R 4
= A= =
V2 (ω ) R4 R3 + R 4 + jω C R3 R 4 C R3 R 4
R3 + 1 + jω
1 + jω C R 4 R3 + R 4
13-3
Vo (ω ) ALR 4 jω
H (ω ) = =
Vi (ω ) R1 ( R 3 + R 4 ) ⎛ L ( R1 + R 2 ) ⎞ ⎛ CR 3 R 4 ⎞
⎜1 + jω ⎟ ⎜ 1 + jω ⎟
⎜ R1 R 2 ⎟⎝⎜ R 3 + R 4 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠
k jω k jω
H (ω ) = =
⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞ ⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜ 1 + j ⎟ ⎜⎝ 1 + j 200 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 + j 20000 ⎟⎠
⎝ p1 ⎠ ⎝ p2 ⎠
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ k jω
⎪ = k jω ω ≤ p1
1 ⋅1
⎪
⎪ k jω
H (ω ) ≈ ⎨ = k p1 p1 ≤ ω ≤ p2
⎪ jω
⋅1
⎪ p1
⎪ k jω k p1 p2
⎪ = ω ≥ p2
⎪ jω ⋅ jω jω
⎪ p p
⎩ 1 2
This equation indicates that |H(ω)|=k p1 when p1 ≤ ω ≤ p2. The Bode plot indicates that
|H(ω)|=20 dB = 10 when p1 ≤ ω ≤ p2. Consequently
10 10
k= = = 0.05
p1 200
Finally,
0.05 jω
H (ω ) =
⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 200 ⎠ ⎝ 20000 ⎠
Comparing the equation for H(ω) obtained from the circuit to the equation for
H(ω)obtained from the Bode plot gives:
ALR 4 R1 R 2 R3 + R 4
0.05 = , 200 = and 20000 =
R1 ( R 3 + R 4 ) L ( R1 + R 2 ) C R3 R 4
13-4
P13.3-6
From Table 13.3-2:
= k = 32 dB = 40 R 2 = 40 (10 × 103 ) = 400 kΩ
R2
R1
1 1
= p = 400 rad/s ⇒ C 2 = = 6.25 nF
C 2 R2 ( 400 ) ( 400 ×103 )
1 1
= z = 4000 rad/s ⇒ C 1 = = 25 nF
C 1 R1 ( 4000 ) (10 ×103 )
P13.3-7
Vo (ω ) R 2 + jω L
H (ω ) = =
Vi (ω ) R + R 2 + jω L
⎛ L ⎞
⎜ 1 + jω ⎟
⎛ R2 ⎞ R2
=⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎜ R + R2 ⎟⎜ L ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ 1 + jω ⎟
⎝ R + R2 ⎠
⎧
⎪ k = 0.2
⎪
( 0.2 ) (1 + j ( 0.2 ) ω ) ⎪ 1
H (ω ) = ⇒ ⎨ z= =5
1 + j ( 0.04 ) ω ⎪ 0.2
⎪ 1
⎪⎩ p = 0.04 = 25
P13.3-8
• The slope is 40dB/decade for low frequencies, so the numerator will include the
factor (jω)2 .
• The slope decreases by 40 dB/decade at ω = 0.7rad/sec. So there is a second order
pole at ω 0 = 0.7 rad/s. The damping factor of this pole cannot be determined from the
asymptotic Bode plot; call it δ 1. The denominator of the network function will
contain the factor
ω ⎛ ω ⎞
2
1 + 2 δ1 j −⎜ ⎟
0.7 ⎝ 0.7 ⎠
13-5
• The slope decreases by 20 dB/decade at ω = 100 rad/s, indicating a pole at 100 rad/s.
• The slope decreases by 40 dB/decade at ω = 600 rad/s, indicating a second order pole
at ω 0 = 600rad/s. The damping factor of this pole cannot be determined from an
asymptotic Bode plot; call it δ 2. The denominator of the network function will
contain the factor
ω ⎛ ω ⎞
2
1 + 2δ 2 j −⎜ ⎟
600 ⎝ 600 ⎠
ω
K (1+ j )( jω ) 2
H (ω ) = 10
⎛ ω ⎛ ω ⎞ ⎞⎛
2
ω ⎛ ω ⎞ ⎞⎛
2
ω ⎞
⎜⎜1+ 2δ1 j −⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎜ 1+ 2δ 2 j −⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎜ 1+ j ⎟
⎝ 0.7 ⎝ 0.7 ⎠ ⎟⎜
⎠⎝ 600 ⎝ 600 ⎠ ⎟⎠⎝ 100 ⎠
To determine K , notice that H (ω ) = 0 dB=1 when 0.7 < ω < 10. That is
K (1) ω 2
1= = K (0.7) 2 ⇒ K = 2
⎛ ω ⎞
2
−⎜ ⎟ (1)(1)
⎝ 0.7 ⎠
P13.3-9
(a) ⎛ ω⎞
K ⎜1+ j ⎟
H (ω ) = ⎝ z⎠
jω
2
K ⎛ω ⎞
H (ω ) = 1+ ⎜ ⎟
ω ⎝z⎠
2
K ⎛ω ⎞
H(ω ) dB = 20 log10 1+ ⎜ ⎟
ω ⎝z⎠
2
⎛ω ⎞
= 20 log10 K − 20 log10 ω + 20 log10 1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝z⎠
Let H L (ω ) dB = 20 log10 K − 20 log10 ω
K
and H H (ω ) dB = 20 log10
z
⎧⎪ H L (ω ) dB ω << z
Then H(ω ) dB ~_ ⎨
⎪⎩ H H (ω ) dB ω >> z
13-6
The Bode plot will be within 1% of |H(ω)| dB both for ω << z and for ω >> z. The range
when ω << z is characterized by
⎛ω ⎞
2
K
= 20 log10 K − 20 log10 ω − 20 log10 1+⎜ ⎟
ω ⎝z⎠
⎛ω ⎞
2
1
= − 20 log10 1+⎜ ⎟ = 20 log10
⎝z⎠ ⎛ω ⎞
2
1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝z⎠
Therefore
2
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ z
0.99 = ⇒ ω= z ⎜ ⎟ −1 = 0.14 z −
⎛ω ⎞
2
⎝ .99 ⎠ 7
1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝z⎠
13-7
20 log10 0.99 = H H (ω ) dB − H(ω ) dB (gains in dB)
⎛ω ⎞
2
K
= 20 log10 K − 20 log10 z − 20 log10 1+⎜ ⎟
ω ⎝z⎠
⎛ω ⎞
2
z 1
= − 20 log10 1+ ⎜ ⎟ = 20 log10
ω ⎝z⎠ ⎛z⎞
2
⎜ ⎟ +1
⎝ω ⎠
Therefore
2
z ⎛ 1 ⎞ z z
= ⎜ ⎟ −1 ⇒ ω= = − 7 z
ω ⎝ .99 ⎠ ⎛ 1 ⎞
2 0.14
⎜ ⎟ −1
⎝ .99 ⎠
z
The error is less than 1% when ω < and when ω > 7 z.
7
P13.3-10
Vo (ω ) Rt Rt
H (ω ) = = =
Vs (ω ) 1 R1
R t + R1 Rt +
jω C 1+ jω C R1
R t (1+ jω C R1 ) ⎛ Rt ⎞ 1+ jω C R1
= =⎜ ⎟⎟
R1 + R t + jω C R1 R t ⎜⎝ R1 + R t ⎠ 1+ jω ⎛ C R1 R t ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ R1 + R t ⎠
When R1 = 1 kΩ, C = 1 μ F and R t = 5 kΩ
⎧5
⎪6 ω <1000
⎛ ω ⎞ ⎪
⎜ 1+ j
5
H (ω ) = ⎜ 1000 ⎟ ⇒ ⎪⎛ 5 ⎞ ω
H (ω ) ≅ ⎨⎜ ⎟ j 1000<ω <1200
⎟
6 ⎜ 1+ j ω ⎟ ⎪⎝ 6 ⎠ 1000
⎝ 1200 ⎠ ⎪1 ω <1200
⎪
⎩
13-8
P13.3-11
Mesh equations:
Vin (ω ) = I (ω ) [ R1 + ( jω L1 − jω M ) + (− jω M + jω L2 ) + R2 ]
Vo (ω ) = I (ω ) [(− jω M + jω L2 ) + R2 ]
Solving yields:
Vo (ω ) R2 + jω ( L2 − M )
H (ω ) = =
Vin (ω ) R1 + R2 + jω ( L1 + L2 − 2 M )
L2 − M R2
K1 = ωlim
→∞ |H (ω )| = = 0.75 and K 2 = lim | H (ω ) | = = 0.2
L1 + L2 − 2 M ω →0 R1 + R2
R2 R1 + R2
z = = 333 rad s and p = =1250 rad s
L2 − M L1 + L2 − 2 M
13-9
P13.3-12
1
jω C2 1+ jω R1 C1 1 (1+ jω R1 C1 )
H (ω ) = − =− =−
1 jω R1 C2 R1 C2 jω
R1
jω C1
⎧ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
⎪− ⎜ ⎟ ω<
⎪ R C jω ⎠
H (ω ) − ⎨ 1 2 ⎝
R1 C1
⎪− 1 ( R C ) = − C1 ω>
1
⎪⎩ R1 C2 1 1 C2 R1 C1
13-10
P13.3-13
Pick the appropriate circuit from Table 13.3-2.
We require
1 1 p C
200 = z = , 500 = p = and 14 dB = 5 = k = 1
C 1 R1 C2 R 2 z C2
Pick C1 = 1 μ F, then C2 = 0.2 μ F, R1 = 5 kΩ and R 2 = 10 kΩ.
P13.3-14
Pick the appropriate circuit from Table 13.3-2.
We require
1 R2
500 = p = and 34 dB = 50 =
C R2 R1
Pick C = 0.1 μ F, then R 2 = 20 kΩ and R1 = 400 Ω.
13-11
P13.3-15
Pick the appropriate circuit from Table 13.3-2.
We require
1 1 p C
500 = z = , 200 = p = and 14 dB = 5 = k = 1
C 1 R1 C2 R 2 z C2
Pick C1 = 0.1 μ F, then C2 = 0.02 μ F, R1 = 20 kΩ and R 2 = 250 kΩ.
13-12
P13.3-16
We require
1 1
200 = p1 = , 500 = p 2 = and 34 dB = 50 = k = C 1 R 2
C 1 R1 C2 R 2
Pick C1 = 1 μ F, then C2 = 40 pF, R1 = 5 kΩ and R 2 = 50 MΩ.
P13.3-17
10(1+ jω 50)
H (ω ) =
(1+ jω 2)(1+ jω 20)(1+ jω 80)
13-13
ϕ = ∠H (ω ) = tan −1 (ω 50 ) − ( tan −1 (ω 2 ) + tan −1 (ω 20 ) + tan −1 (ω 80 ) )
P13.3-18
(a) Vo (ω ) R2 R1
H (ω ) = =−
Vs (ω ) 1+ jω R2C
10
=−
ω
1+ j
10,000
(b) 10 = 20 dB
13-14
P13.3-19
1 ⎫
jω C 2 ⎪
Vo (ω ) = Va (ω ) ⎪
R+
1 ⎪
jω C 2 ⎬ ⇒ Vo (1 + jω C 1 R1 )(1 + jω C 2 R 2 ) = jω C 1 R1Vo + Vs
⎪
Va (ω ) − Vs (ω ) ⎪
0= + jω C 1 (Va (ω ) − Vo (ω )) ⎪
R1 ⎭
Vo (ω ) 1 1
T(ω ) = = =
Vs (ω ) 1+C 2 R 2 jω −ω C 1C 2 R1 R 2
2
−ω + 0.8 jω +1
2
13-15
P13.3-20
15 ⎛ ω⎞
− ⎜ 1+ j ⎟
−3 ( 5 + j ω ) 2⎝ 5⎠
H (ω ) = =
jω (2 + jω ) ⎛ ω⎞
j ω ⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
There is a zero at 5 rad/s and poles at 0 and 2 rad/s. To obtain the asymptotic magnitude
Bode plot, use
⎧ 1 for ω < p
ω ⎪
1 + j = ⎨ω
p ⎪ for ω > p
⎩p
Then
⎧
⎪
⎪ 15 (1)
⎪ 2 7.5
⎪ ω (1) = for ω < 2
ω
⎪
⎪ 15
⎪⎪ 2 (1) 15
H = H =⎨ = 2 for 2 < ω < 5
⎪ ω ⎛⎜ ω ⎞⎟ ω
⎪ ⎝2⎠
⎪
⎪ 15 ⎛⎜ ω ⎞⎟
⎪ 2 ⎝5⎠ 3
⎪ = for ω > 5
⎛ω ⎞ ω
⎪ ω⎜ ⎟
⎩⎪ ⎝2⎠
The slope of the asymptotic magnitude Bode plot is −20 db/decade for ω < 2 and ω > 5
rad/s and is −40 db/decade for 2 < ω < 2 rad/s. Also, at ω = 1 rad/s
⎧ 7.5
⎪ 1 = 7.5 at ω = 1 rad/s
⎪ ⎧ 20 log10 ( 7.5 ) = 17.5 dB at ω = 1 rad/s
⎪ 7.5 ⎪
H =⎨ = 3.75 at ω = 2 rad/s ⇒ 20 log10 H = ⎨ 20 log10 ( 3.75 ) = 11.5 dB at ω = 2 rad/s
⎪ 2 ⎪20 log ( 0.6 ) = −4.44 dB at ω = 5 rad/s
⎪ 3 ⎩ 10
⎪ 5 = 0.6 at ω = 5 rad/s
⎩
13-16
The asymptotic magnitude Bode plot for H is
P13.3-21
1
( jω )
3
( jω )
3
H (ω ) = =4
( 4 + j 2ω ) 1 + j ω
2
There is a pole at 2 rad/s and three zeros at 0 rad/s. To obtain the asymptotic magnitude
Bode plot, use
⎧ 1 for ω < p
ω ⎪
1 + j = ⎨ω
p ⎪ for ω > p
⎩p
Then
⎧1 3
⎪ 4ω 1
⎪ = ω 3 for ω < 2
⎪⎪ (1) 4
H = H = ⎨1 3
⎪ 4ω 1
⎪ = ω 2 for ω > 2
⎪ ⎛⎜ ω ⎞⎟ 2
⎪⎩ ⎝ 2 ⎠
The slope of the asymptotic magnitude Bode plot is 60 db/decade for ω < 2 rad/s and is
40 db/decade for ω > 2 rad/s. Also,
13-17
20 log10 H = 20 log10 ( 0.25 ) + 3 ⎡⎣ 20 log10 (1) ⎤⎦ = −12 dB at ω = 1 rad/s
P13.3-22
5 ⎛⎜ ω ⎞⎟
1+ j
2 ( j 2 ω + 5) 4⎜ 5 ⎟
H (ω ) = = ⎝ 2⎠
( 4 + j 3 ω )( j ω + 2 ) ⎛ ⎞
⎜ 1 + j ω ⎟ ⎛⎜1 + j ω ⎞⎟
⎜ 4 ⎟⎝ 2⎠
⎝ 3⎠
There is a zero at 2.5 rad/s and poles at 1.33 and 2 rad/s. To obtain the asymptotic
magnitude Bode plot, use
⎧ 1 for ω < p
ω ⎪
1 + j = ⎨ω
p ⎪ for ω > p
⎩p
Then
13-18
⎧ 5
⎪ (1)
⎪
4 =5 for ω < 4 rad/s
⎪ ( )( )
1 1 4 3
⎪ 5
⎪ (1) 5
⎪ 4 = 3 for 4 <ω < 2 rad/s
⎪ ⎛ω ⎞ ω 3
⎪ ⎜ ⎟ (1)
⎪ ⎜⎝ 4 3 ⎟⎠
⎪
⎪⎪ 5
H = H = ⎨ 4 (1) 10
⎪⎛ = 23 for 2<ω < 5 rad/s
⎞ ω 2
⎪⎜ ω ⎟ ⎛ ω ⎞
⎪ ⎜ 4 ⎟ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎪⎝ 3 ⎠
⎪
⎪ 5 ⎛⎜ ω ⎞⎟
⎪ 4⎜ 5 ⎟ 4
⎪ ⎝ 2 ⎠ = 3 for ω > 2.5 rad/s
⎪ ⎛ ⎞ ω
⎪ ⎜ ω ⎟⎛ ω ⎞
⎪ ⎜ 4 ⎟ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎪⎩ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎧
⎪
20 log10 5( )
4
for ω < 4
3
⎪
20 log10 H = ⎨
( )
⎪ 20 log10 3 − 20 log10 (ω ) for 3 < ω < 2
5 4
( )
⎪20 log10 10 3 − 40 log10 (ω ) for 2 < ω < 5 2
⎪
( )
⎪ 20 log 4 − 20 log (ω ) for ω > 5
⎪⎩ 10 3 10 2
The slope of the asymptotic magnitude Bode plot is −20 db/decade for 4/3 < ω < 2 rad/s
and ω > 5/2 rad/s and is −40 db/decade for 2 < ω < 5/2 rad/s. Also,
( 4 ) = 1.9 dB
20 log10 H = 20 log10 5 for ω ≤ 4
3
rad/s
( 3 ) − 20 log
20 log10 H = 20 log10 5 10 ( 2 ) = −1.6 dB at ω = 2 rad/s
( 3 ) − 40 log ( 5 2 ) = −5.4 dB
20 log10 H = 20 log10 10 10 at ω = 5
2
rad/s
13-19
P13.3-23
⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞
4 ⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜1 + j
4 ( 20 + j ω ) ( 20, 000 + j ω ) ⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎝ 20, 000 ⎟⎠
H (ω ) = =
( 200 + j ω ) ( 2000 + j ω ) ⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 200 ⎠ ⎝ 2000 ⎠
There are zeros at 20 and 20,000 rad/s and poles at 200 and 2000 rad/s. To obtain the
asymptotic magnitude Bode plot, use
⎧ 1 for ω < p
ω ⎪
1 + j = ⎨ω
p ⎪ for ω > p
⎩p
Then
13-20
⎧ 4 (1)(1)
⎪ =4 for ω < 20 rad/s
⎪ (1)(1 )
⎪ ⎛ω ⎞
⎪ 4 ⎜ ⎟ (1)
⎪ ⎝ 20 ⎠ ω
= for 20 < ω < 200 rad/s
⎪ (1)(1) 5
⎪
⎪ ⎛ω ⎞
⎪ 4 ⎜ ⎟ (1)
⎪ ⎝ 20 ⎠ = 40 for 200 < ω < 2000 rad/s
⎪⎪ ⎛ ω ⎞
H = H =⎨ ⎜ ⎟ (1)
⎝ 200 ⎠
⎪
⎪ 4 ⎛ ω ⎞ (1)
⎪ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 20 ⎠ =
80000
for 2000 < ω < 20, 000 rad/s
⎪ ω
⎪ ⎛⎜ ⎞⎛ ω ⎞ ω
⎟⎜ ⎟
⎪ ⎝ 200 ⎠⎝ 2000 ⎠
⎪
⎪ 4 ⎛⎜ ω ⎞⎟ ⎛ ω ⎞
⎪ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎝ 20, 000 ⎠
⎪ ⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞ = 4 for ω > 2000 rad/s
⎪ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎩⎪ ⎝ 200 ⎠ ⎝ 2000 ⎠
The slope of the asymptotic magnitude Bode plot is 20 db/decade for 20 < ω < 200 rad/s
and is −20 db/decade for 2000 < ω < 20,000 rad/s and is 0 db/decade for ω < 20 and
200 < ω < 2000 rad/s, and ω > 20,000 rad/s. Also,
13-21
P13.3-24
From Figure P13.3-24b, H (ω ) has poles at 8 and 320 rad/s and has a low frequency gain
equal to 32 dB = 40. Consequently, the network function corresponding to the Bode plot
is
±40
H (ω ) =
⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠⎝ 320 ⎠
Next, we find the network function corresponding to the circuit. Represent the circuit in
the frequency domain.
Apply KCL at the top node of the left capacitor, C1, to get
V a − Vs 1
+ j ω C 1 Va = 0 ⇒ Va = Vs
R1 1 + j ω C 1 R1
The op amp, together with resistors R2 and R3, comprise a noninverting amplifier so
13-22
⎛ R3 ⎞
Vb = ⎜1 +
⎜ R 2 ⎟⎟ a
V
⎝ ⎠
(Alternately, this equation can be obtained by applying KCL at the inverting input node
of the op amp.) Apply KCL at the top node of the right capacitor, C2, to get
Vo − Vb 1
+ j ω C 2 Vo = 0 ⇒ Vo = Vb
R4 1 + j ω C 2 R4
R3
1+
R2 ±40
=
(1 + j ω C R ) (1 + jω C
1 1 2 R4 ) ⎛ ω ⎞⎛
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜1 + j
ω ⎞
⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠⎝ 320 ⎠
R3 1 1
1+ = 40 , C 1 R1 = = 0.125 , C 2 R 4 = = 0.00758
R2 8 320
With the given values of capacitance, and choosing R2 = 10 kΩ, we have
13-23
P13.3-25
From Figure P13.3-25b, H (ω ) has a pole at 500 rad/s and a low frequency gain of 18 dB
= 8. Consequently, the network function corresponding to the Bode plot is
±8
H (ω ) =
⎛ ω ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 500 ⎠
Next, we find the network function corresponding to the circuit. Represent the circuit in
the frequency domain.
V a − Vs Va Va R2
+ + = 0 ⇒ Va = Vs
R1 1 R2 R1 + R 2 + j ω C R1 R 2
jω C
and
Va Vo R3
+ = 0 ⇒ Vo = − Va
R2 R3 R2
The network function is
R3 R3
− R2 −
Vo R2 R1 + R 2
H= = =
Vs R1 + R 2 + j ω C R1 R 2 R R
1+ jω C 1 2
R1 + R 2
Comparing to the specified network function gives
R3
−
R1 + R 2 ±8
=
R R ⎛ ω ⎞
1+ jω C 1 2 ⎜1 + j ⎟
R1 + R 2 ⎝ 500 ⎠
We require
13-24
R3 R1 R 2 1
= 8 and C = = 0.002
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2 500
The solution is not unique. With the given values of capacitance, and choosing R1 = R2,
we have
R1 = R2 = 20 kΩ and R3 = 320 kΩ
P13.3-26
From Figure P13.3-26b, H (ω ) has a pole at 20 rad/s and a zero at 500 rad/s.
Consequently, the network function corresponding to the Bode plot is
⎛ ω ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟
H (ω ) = ± K ⎝
500 ⎠
.
⎛ ω⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 20 ⎠
Vo − Vs
+ j ω C 1 ( V o − Vs ) +
Vs
=0
R1 R2
or
(R 1 + R 2 + j ω C 1 R1 R 2 ) Vs = ( R 2 + j ω C 1 R1 R 2 ) V o
so
R1 R 2
1 + j ω C1
Vo R1 + R 2 + j ω C 1 R1 R 2 R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2
H= = = ×
Vs R 2 + j ω C 1 R1 R 2 R2 1 + j ω C 1 R1
R1 R 2
1 + j ω C1 ω
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2 1+ j
× =K 500
R2 1 + j ω C 1 R1 ω
1+ j
20
13-25
We require
1 R1 R 2 1
C 1 R1 = = .05 and C = = 0.002
20 R1 + R 2 500
Notice that
1
R1 + R 2 C 1 R1
K= × = 20 = 25
R2 R1 R 2 1
C1
R1 + R 2 500
R1 = 50 kΩ and R2 = 2.083 kΩ
b. The network function is
⎛ ω ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟
H (ω ) = 25 ⎝
500 ⎠
⎛ ω⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 20 ⎠
so
⎛ 20 ⎞
K 1 = 20 log10 ( 25 ) = 28 dB and K 2 = 20 log10 ⎜ 25 × ⎟ = 0 dB
⎝ 500 ⎠
P13.3-27
From Figure P13.3-27b, H (ω ) has a pole at 250 rad/s and a low frequency gain equal to
−12 dB = 0.25. Consequently, the network function corresponding to the Bode plot is
±0.25
H (ω ) = .
ω
1+ j
250
Vs
Vs = R1 I a + R I a ⇒ Ia =
R1 + R
13-26
Voltage division gives
1 R
jω C R R1 + R
Vo = RIa = Ia = Vs
R2 +
1 1 + j ω C R 2 1 + j ω C R 2
jω C
R
R1 + R ±25
=
1 + j ω C R2 ω
1+ j
250
R 1 1
= and C R 2 = = 0.004
R1 + R 4 250
13-27
P13.3-28
From Figure P13.3-28b, H (ω ) has a pole at 200 rad/s and a low frequency gain equal to
−6 dB = 0. 5. Consequently, the network function corresponding to the Bode plot is
±0.5
H (ω ) = .
ω
1+ j
200
Va R1
Is = + G Va ⇒ Va = Is
R1 1 + G R1
G R1 1
= 0.5 and C R 2 =
1 + G R1 200
The solution is not unique. Choosing G = 0.01 A/V and C = 10 μF gives R1 = 100 Ω and
R2 = 500 Ω
(checked using LNAP 10/2/04)
13-28
P13.3-29
⎛ R ⎞
Vo (ω ) = ⎜1+ 1 ⎟ Vc (ω )
⎝ R2 ⎠
⎛ R ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜1+ 1 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ Vs (ω )
⎝ R2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 + jω C R ⎠
Vo (ω ) ⎛ R1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
H(ω ) = =⎜1+ ⎟⎜ ⎟
Vs (ω ) ⎝ R2 ⎠⎝ 1+ jω C R ⎠
R1
When R C = 0.1 and = 3,
R2
4
then H (ω ) =
ω
1+j
10
P13.3-30
a) 1
Zo = R2 +
jω C
1 ω
R2 + 1+ j
Vo Zo jω C ω1
= = =
Vs R1 + Z o 1 ω
R1 + R2 + 1+j
jω C ω2
1
where ω1 = = 16.7 rad/s
R2 C
1
and ω 2 = = 5.56 rad/s
( R1 + R2 )C
13-29
vs ( t ) = 10 cos 20 t or Vs = 10∠0°
∴
Vo
=
(
1+ j 20
16.7 )
Vs (
1+ j 20
5.56 )
1+ j 1.20
= = 0.417 ∠− 24.3°
1+ j 3.60
b) So
Vo = 4.17 ∠ − 24.3°
P13.3-31
13-30
Section 13-4: Resonant Circuits
P13.4-1
For the parallel resonant RLC circuit with R = 10 kΩ, L = 1/120 H, and C = 1/30 µF we have
1 1
ω0 = = = 60 k rad sec
LC ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 −6 ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ x 10 ⎟
⎝ 120 ⎠ ⎝ 30 ⎠
1
× 10−6
C 30
Q= R = 10, 000 = 20
L 1
120
2 2
ω0 ⎛ω ⎞ ω ⎛ω ⎞
ω1 = − + ⎜ 0 ⎟ +ω 0 = 58.52 k rad s and ω 2 = 0 + ⎜ 0 ⎟ +ω 0 = 61.52 k rad s
2 2
2Q ⎝ 2Q ⎠ 2Q ⎝ 2Q ⎠
1 1
BW = = = 3 krad s
⎛ 1 −6 ⎞
RC
(10000 )⎜ ×10 ⎟
⎝ 30 ⎠
ω0
Notice that BW = ω 2 − ω1 = .
Q
P13.4-2
For the parallel resonant RLC circuit we have
k
H(ω ) =
2
⎛ω ω ⎞
1+ Q ⎜ − 0 ⎟
2
⎝ ω0 ω ⎠
so
8
R = k = H(ω0 ) = = 400 Ω and ω0 = 1000 rad s
20⋅10−3
4
At ω = 897.6 rad s , H(ω ) = = 200, so
20.10−3
400
200 = ⇒ Q=8
2
2 ⎛ 897.6 1000 ⎞
1+Q ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 1000 897.6 ⎠
Then
13-1
1 ⎫
= ω0 = 1000⎪
LC ⎪ C = 20 μ F
⎬ ⇒ L = 50 mH
=Q=8 ⎪
C
400
L ⎪⎭
P13.4-3
For the series resonant RLC circuit with R = 100 Ω, L = 10 mH, and C = 0.01 µF we have
1 1 L R
ω0 = = 105 rad s , Q = = 10, BW = = 104 rad s
LC R C L
P13.4-4
For the series resonant RLC circuit with R = 1 Ω, L = 1 mH, and C = 10 µF we have
1 1 L R
ω0 = = 104 rad s , Q = = 10, BW = = 103 rad s
LC R C L
P13.4-5
For the parallel resonant RLC circuit we have
R = Z (ω 0 ) = 100 Ω
1
= BW = 500 rad/s ⇒ C = 20 μ F
100 C
1
= ω0 = 2500 rad/s ⇒ L = 8 mH
( 20⋅10−6 ) L
P13.4-6
For the series resonant RLC circuit we have
1
R= = 100 Ω
Y (ω 0 )
100
= BW = 500 rad/s ⇒ L = 0.2 H
L
1
= ω 0 = 2500 rad/s ⇒ C = 0.8 μ F
( 0.2 )C
13-2
P13.4-7
C = 600 pF
L = 10 µH
R1 = 1.8 Ω
R 2 = 22 kΩ
1 1
Y (ω ) = jω C + +
R1 + jω L R 2
=
(R +R
1 2 −ω 2C L R 2 ) + jω ( L + C R1 R 2 ) R1 − jω L
×
R 2 ( R1 + jω L ) R1 − jω L
R1 ( R1 + R 2 −ω 2C L R 2 )+ω 2 L( L +C R1 R 2 )+ jω R1 ( L +C R1 R 2 ) − jω L( R1 + R 2 −ω 2C L R 2 )
=
R 2 ( R1 −ω 2 L2 )
L R 2 −C R12 R 2
R1 ( L + C R1 R 2 ) − L ( R1 + R 2 −ω C L R 2 ) = 0
2
0 ⇒ ω0 = = 12.9 M rad sec
C L2 R 2
13-3
P13.4-8
(100 )( − j100 )
(
Vo = 1000∠0° ) (100)(100− j−100j100) + j100
100 − j100
100 105
∠− 45° ∠− 45°
(
= 1000∠0°
100 )2
∠− 45°+ j100
=
50
2
2 ∠ 45°
= 1000∠ − 90° V
∴ |Vo | = 1000 V
This is a resonant circuit with ω 0 = 1 LC = 400 rad/s. Since this also happens to be the
frequency of the input, so this circuit is being operated at resonance. At resonance the
admittances of the capacitor and inductor cancel each other, leaving the impedance of the
resistor. Increasing the resistance by a factor of 10 will increase the voltage Vo by a factor of 10.
This increased voltage will cause increased currents in both the inductance and the capacitance,
causing the sparks and smoke.
13-4
P13.4-9
1
Let G 2 = . Then
R2
1
Z = R1 + jω L +
G 2 + jω C
=
(R G1 2 + 1 − ω 2 L C ) + j (ω LG 2 + ω C R1 )
G 2 + jω C
At resonance, ∠Z = 0° so
ω L G2 +ω C R1 ωC
tan −1 = tan −1
( R1G 2 +1−ω L C )
2
G2
so
ω L G 2 +ω C R1 ωC C − L G 22
= ⇒ ω =
2
and C > G 22 L
( R1 G 2 +1−ω 2 L C ) G 2 LC2
C−L
With R1 = R 2 = 1 Ω and ω0 = 100 rad s , ω0 = 104 =
2
. Then choose C and calculate L:
L C2
C = 10 mF ⇒ L = 5 mH
Since C > G L , we are done.
2
2
13-5
P13.4-10
(a)
R
Z in = jω L +
jω C
=
( R −ω 2 R L C ) + jω L
R+
1 1+ jω R C
jω C
Consequently,
( R −ω R L C ) +(ω L )
2 2 2
| Z in | =
1+ (ω R C )
2
(b) (c)
1 1
ω= ⇒ | Zin | =
LC C ⎛ R2 C ⎞
⎜1 + ⎟
L ⎝ L ⎠
P13.4-11
V (ω ) − V2 (ω )
I (ω ) A − B∠θ A − B cos θ − j B sin θ
Y (ω ) = = R = =
V (ω ) V (ω ) AR AR
( A − B cosθ ) + ( B sin θ )
2 2
| Y (ω ) | =
AR
13-6
Section 13-6: Plotting Bode Plots Using MATLAB
P13.6-1
Using voltage division twice gives
1
jω C jω L
V o (ω ) = V s (ω ) − V s (ω )
R2 +
1 R1 + j ω L
jω C
so
V o (ω ) 1 jω L
H (ω ) = = −
Vs (ω ) 1 + j ω C R 2 R1 + j ω L
%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Create a list of logarithmically spaced frequencies.
%---------------------------------------------------------------
w = logspace(log10(wmin),log10(wmax));
%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Enter values of the parameters that describe the circuit.
%---------------------------------------------------------------
R1 = 10; % Ohms
R2 = 20; % Ohms
C = 0.001; % Farads
L = 0.5; % Henries
%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Calculate the value of the network function at each frequency.
% Calculate the magnitude and angle of the network function.
%---------------------------------------------------------------
for k=1:length(w)
H(k) = 1/(1+j*R2*C*w(k)) - j*L*w(k)/(R1+j*L*w(k));
gain(k) = abs(H(k));
phase(k) = angle(H(k))*180/pi;
end
%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Plot the frequency response.
%---------------------------------------------------------------
1
title('Frequency Response Plots')
subplot(2,1,2), semilogx(w, phase)
xlabel('Frequency, rad/s'), ylabel('Phase, deg')
P13.6-2
Let
1 R1 Z s
Z s = R2 + and Z p =
jω C R1 + Z s
2
V o (ω ) Zp
H (ω ) = =
V s (ω ) ( j ω L + Z ) (1 + j ω C R )
p 2
w = logspace(log10(wmin),log10(wmax));
%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Enter values of the parameters that describe the circuit.
%---------------------------------------------------------------
R1 = 10; % Ohms
R2 = 20; % Ohms
C = 0.001; % Farads
L = 0.5; % Henries
%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Calculate the value of the network function at each frequency.
% Calculate the magnitude and angle of the network function.
%---------------------------------------------------------------
for k=1:length(w)
Zs(k) = R2+1/(j*w(k)*C);
Zp(k) = R1*Zs(k)/(R1+Zs(k));
H(k) = Zp(k)/((j*w(k)*L+Zp(k))*(1+j*w(k)*C*R2));
gain(k) = abs(H(k));
phase(k) = angle(H(k))*180/pi;
end
%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Plot the frequency response.
%---------------------------------------------------------------
3
P13.6-3
Let
R1
Z1 = R2 + and Z 2 = R 3 + j ω L
j ω C R1
4
% P13_7_3.m - plot the gain and phase shift of a circuit
pi = 3.14159;
%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Create a list of logarithmically spaced frequencies.
%---------------------------------------------------------------
w = logspace(log10(wmin),log10(wmax));
%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Enter values of the parameters that describe the circuit.
%---------------------------------------------------------------
R1 = 40; % Ohms
R2 = 20; % Ohms
R3 = 25; % Ohms
C = 0.025; % Farads
L = 0.2; % Henries
%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Calculate the value of the network function at each frequency.
% Calculate the magnitude and angle of the network function.
%---------------------------------------------------------------
for k=1:length(w)
Z1(k) = R2+R1/(j*w(k)*C*R1);
Z2(k) = R3+j*w(k)*L;
H(k) = Z2(k)/(Z1(k)+Z2(k));
gain(k) = abs(H(k));
phase(k) = angle(H(k))*180/pi;
end
%---------------------------------------------------------------
% Plot the frequency response.
%---------------------------------------------------------------
5
6
7
Section 13.7 How Can We Check…?
P13.7-1
When ω < 6300 rad/s, H(ω) ≅ 0.1, which agrees with the tabulated values of | H(ω)|
corresponding to ω = 200 and 400 rad/s.
When ω > 6300 rad/s, H(ω) ≅ 0.1, which agrees with the tabulated values of | H(ω)|
corresponding to ω = 12600, 25000, 50000 and 100000 rad/s.
At ω = 6300 rad/s, we expect | H(ω)| = −3 dB = 0.707. This agrees with the tabulated value of |
H(ω)| corresponding to ω = 6310 rad/s.
At ω = 630 rad/s, we expect | H(ω)| = −20 dB = 0.14. This agrees with the tabulated values of |
H(ω)| corresponding to ω = 400 and 795 rad/s.
P13.7-2
ω0 10,000
BW = = = 143 ≠ 71.4 rad s . Consequently, this report is not correct.
Q 70
P13.7-3
1 1 L R
ω0 = = 10 k rad s = 1.59 kHz, Q = = 20 and BW = = 500 rad s = 79.6 Hz
LC R C L
The reported results are correct.
P13.7-4
The network function indicates a zero at 200 rad/s and a pole at 800 rad/s. In contrast, the Bode
plot indicates a pole at 200 rad/s and a zero at 800 rad/s. Consequently, the Bode plot and
network function don’t correspond to each other.