Problems

Section 14-2: Laplace Transform

P14.2-1
L ⎡⎣ A f1 ( t ) ⎤⎦ = A F1 ( s ) ⎫
⎪ As
s ⎬ ⇒ F ( s ) = s2 + ω 2
f1 ( t ) = cos (ω t ) ⇒ F1 ( s ) = 2 2 ⎪
s +ω ⎭

P14.2-2
n! 1! 1
L ⎡⎣t n ⎤⎦ = F ( s ) = L ⎡⎣t1 ⎤⎦ = = 2
s n +1 s1+1
s

P14.2-3
Linearity: L ⎡⎣ a1 f1 ( t ) + a2 f 2 ( t ) ⎤⎦ = a1 F1 ( s ) + a2 F2 ( s )
Here a1 = a2 = 1
1
L ⎡⎣ f1 ( t ) ⎤⎦ = L ⎡⎣ e −3t ⎤⎦ = = F1 ( s )
s+3
1
L ⎡⎣ f 2 ( t ) ⎤⎦ = L[t ] = = F2 ( s )
s2
1 1
so F ( s ) = + 2
s +3 s

P14.2-4
f ( t ) = A (1− e − bt ) u ( t ) = A f1 (t )
f1 ( t ) = (1− e − bt ) u ( t ) = 1u ( t ) − e − bt u ( t ) = f 2 ( t ) + f 3 ( t )
1 −1
F2 ( s ) = , F3 ( s ) =
s s +b
⎡1 1 ⎤ Ab
∴ F ( s ) = AF1 ( s ) = A ⎡⎣ F2 ( s ) + F3 ( s ) ⎤⎦ = A ⎢ − ⎥ =
⎣ s s +b ⎦ s ( s +b )

1
Section 14-3: Impulse Function and Time Shift Property

P14.3-1
f ( t ) = A ⎡⎣u ( t ) − u ( t −T ) ⎤⎦

A Ae − sT
F ( s ) = AL ⎡⎣u ( t ) ⎤⎦ − AL ⎡⎣u ( t −T ) ⎤⎦ = − =A
(1−e − sT
)
s s s

P14.3-2
f ( t ) = ⎡⎣u ( t ) −u ( t −T ) ⎤⎦ e at ⇒ F ( s ) = L ⎡⎣ eat ⎡⎣u ( t ) −u ( t −T ) ⎤⎦ ⎤⎦
1− e − sT ⎫
L ⎣⎡u ( t ) −u ( t −T ) ⎤⎦ = ⎪ 1− e( s − a )T
s ⎬ ⇒ F ( )
s =
L ⎡⎣e g ( t ) ⎤⎦ =G ( s − a )
at ⎪ ( s −a )
⎭

P14.3-3
(a) 2
F (s) =
( s +3)
3

(b) f ( t ) = δ ( t −T ) ⇒ F ( s ) = e − sT L ⎡⎣δ ( t ) ⎤⎦ = e− sT

(c) 5 5 5
F (s) = = = 2
( s + 4 ) +( 5 )
2 2
( s + 8 s + 16 ) + 25 s + 8 s + 41
2

P14.3-4
g ( t ) = e − t u ( t − 0.5 ) = e − ( t + (0.5− 0.5) )u ( t − 0.5 ) = e −0.5 e − (t −0.5)u ( t − 0.5 )

e0.5 e−0.5 s e0.5 − 0.5 s

L ⎡⎣e −0.5 e − (t − 0.5)u ( t − 0.5 ) ⎤⎦ = e−0.5 L ⎡⎣e − (t −0.5)u ( t − 0.5 ) ⎤⎦ = e−0.5 e−0.5 s L ⎡⎣ e− t u ( t ) ⎤⎦ = =
s +1 s +1

P14.3-5
− sT
⎡ t −T ⎤ ⎡ t ⎤ e e − sT
L ⎢− u ( t − T ) ⎥ = e− sT L ⎢ − u ( t ) ⎥ = L ⎡⎣ − t u ( t ) ⎤⎦ = − 2
⎣ T ⎦ ⎣ T ⎦ T Ts

1
P14.3-6
⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞
f ( t ) = ⎜ − t + 5 ⎟ u ( t ) − ⎜ − ( t − 4.2 ) ⎟ u ( t − 4.2 )
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠

⎛ 5 5 ⎞ −4.2 s ⎛ 5 ⎞ 15 s + 5 ( e − 1)
−4.2 s

F (s) = ⎜ − 2 + ⎟ − e ⎜ − 2 ⎟
=
⎝ 3s s⎠ ⎝ 3s ⎠ 3 s2

P14.3-7

2
∞ 3 e − st 3(1−e −2 s )
F (s) = ∫0 f (t ) e dt = ∫ 0 3 e dt =
− st 2 − st
=
−s 0
s

P14.3-8

⎧5 2 t 0<t < 2
f (t ) = ⎨
⎩0 otherwise

5 5 5 5
f (t ) = t ⎣⎡u ( t ) −u ( t − 2 ) ⎦⎤ = t u ( t ) − t u ( t − 2 ) = ⎡⎣t u ( t ) −( t − 2 )u ( t − 2 )− 2u (t − 2) ⎤⎦
2 2 2 2
5⎡ 1 e −2 s
2e ⎤ 5 1
−2 s
∴F ( s ) = L ⎡⎣ f ( t ) ⎤⎦ = ⎢ 2 − 2 − ⎥ = ⎡1− e−2 s − 2se−2 s ⎤⎦
2 ⎣
2⎣s s s ⎦ 2 s

2
Section 14-4: Inverse Laplace Transform

P14.4-1
s +3 s +3 A Bs + C
F (s) = = = + 2
s + 3s + 6s + 4 ( s +1) ⎡( s +1) + 3⎤ s +1 s + 2 s + 4
3 2 2
⎣ ⎦
where
s +3 2
A= =
( s +1) +3
2
s =−1 3
Then
2
( s + 3) = 3 + 2
Bs +C 2 ⎛4 ⎞ 8
⇒ ( s +3) = ( + B) s 2 + ⎜ + B + C ⎟ s + + C
( s +1) ( s + 2s + 4 ) s +1 s + 2s + 4
2
3 ⎝3 ⎠ 3

Equating coefficient yields

2 2
s2 : 0 = + B ⇒ B= −
3 3
4 2 1
s : 1= − + C ⇒ C =
3 3 3

Then
2 2 1 2 2 1
− s+ − ( s +1) 3
F (s) = 3 + 3 3 = 3 + 3 + 3
s +1 ( s +1)2 + 3 s +1 ( s +1)2 + 3 ( s +1)2 + 3

Taking the inverse Laplace transform yields

2 −t 2 −t 1 −t
f (t ) = e − e cos 3t + e sin 3 t , t ≥ 0
3 3 3

1
P14.4-2
s 2 −2s + 1 s 2 − 2s + 1 a a* b
F ( s) = = = + +
s + 3s + 4s + 2 ( s +1) ( s +1− j )( s +1+ j ) s +1− j s +1+ j s +1
3 2

where
s 2 − 2 s +1
b= =4
( s +1) +1 s =−1
2

s 2 − 2s +1 3− j 4 3
a= = =− + j 2
( s +1) ( s +1+ j ) s =−1+ j −2 2
3
a* = − − j 2
2
Then
3 3
− + j2 − − j2
4
F (s) = 2 + 2 +
s +1− j s +1+ j s +1
Next
⎛ ⎞
5 ⎜ 2 ⎟
m= ( −3 2 )2 + ( 2 ) = and θ = tan −1 ⎜ = 126.9°
2

2 3⎟
⎜− ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
From Equation 14.5-8
f ( t ) = ⎡⎣5 e− t cos ( t + 127° ) + 4 e −t ⎤⎦ u ( t )

P14.4-3
5 s −1 A B C
F ( s) = = + +
( s +1) ( s − 2 ) s +1 ( s +1) s −2
2 2

5 s −1 5 s −1
where B= = 2 and C = =1
s −2 ( s +1)
2
s =−1 s=2

d ⎡ −9
A= ( s +1) F ( s ) ⎤ = = −1
2
Then
ds ⎣ ⎦ s =−1
( s −2)
2
s =−1

−1 2 1
Finally F (s) = + + ⇒ f ( t ) = ⎡⎣ −e − t + 2 t e −t + e 2t ⎤⎦ u ( t )
s +1 ( s +1) 2
s−2

2
P14.4-4
1 1 A Bs +C
Y (s) = = = +
( s +1) ( s + 2s + 2 ) ( s +1) ⎡⎣( s +1) + 1⎤⎦ s +1 ( s +1)2 +1
2 2

1
where A= =1
s + 2s + 2
2
s =−1

Next
1 1 Bs +C
= + 2 ⇒ 1 = s 2 + 2s + 2 + ( Bs + C ) ( s + 1)
( )(
s +1 s +
2
2 s + 2 ) s + 1 s + 2 s + 2
⇒ 1 = ( B +1) s 2 + ( B + C + 2 ) s + C + 2
Equating coefficients:
s 2 : 0 = B + 1 ⇒ B = −1
s : 0 = B + C + 2 ⇒ C =−1

1 s +1
Finally Y (s) = − ⇒ y ( t ) = ⎡⎣e − t − e− t cos t ⎤⎦ u ( t )
s +1 ( s +1)2 +1

P14.4-5
2( s + 3) 1 −( s +1) 2
F (s) = = + +
( s +1) ( s 2
+ 2 s +5) s +1 ( s +1) + 4 ( s +1)2 + 4
2

f ( t ) = ⎡⎣e −t − e− t cos ( 2t ) + e− t sin ( 2t ) ⎤⎦ u ( t )

P14.4-6
2( s+3) A B C
F (s) = = + +
s( s+1) ( s + 2 ) s s +1 s + 2
where
2( s + 3 ) 2( s + 3)
A = sF ( s ) s =0 = = 3, B = ( s +1) F ( s ) s =−1 = =−4
( s +1) ( s + 2 ) s =0 s( s + 2 ) s =−1

and
2( s + 3)
( s + 2 ) F ( s ) s = −2 = = C =1
s ( s +1) s =−2

Finally
3 −4
f ( t ) = ( 3 − 4e− t + e−2t ) u ( t )
1
F (s) = + + ⇒
s s +1 s + 2

3
P14.4-7
cs + ( ca −ω d ) 1 ⎡ c + jd c − jd ⎤
F (s) = = +
( s + a ) +ω 2
2
2 ⎣ s + a − jω s + a + jω ⎥⎦
⎢

1 ⎡ me jθ me − jθ ⎤
= ⎢ + ⎥ where m = c 2 + d 2 , θ = tan −1 d
2⎣ + − ω
s a j s + + ω⎦
a j c

∴ f ( t ) = e− at [ c cos ωt − d sin ωt ] u ( t ) = e− at ⎡ c 2 + d 2 cos(ωt +θ ) ⎤ u ( t ) = m e− at cos(ωt +θ ) u ( t )

⎣ ⎦

P14.4-8
(a) 8s −3 1 2( 8s −3)
F (s) = = ×
s 2 + 4 s +13 2 ( s + 2 )2 + 9
−3−( 8 )( 2 )
∴ a = 2, c =8, ω =3 & ca −ω d =−3 ⇒ d = = 7.33
−3
⎛ 6.33 ⎞
∴ θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ =38.4 , m = ( 8 ) +( 6.33) =10.85
° 2 2

⎝ 8 ⎠
⇒ f ( t ) =10.85 e−2 t cos( 3 t + 42.5 ) u ( t )

(b)
Given F ( s ) =
3e − s
, first consider F1 ( s ) = 2
3 1
= ×
( 2( 3) ) .
s + 2s +17
2
s + 2s +17 2 ( s +1)2 +16
⎛ −3 4 ⎞
Identify a =1, c =0, ω = 4 and −ω d =3 ⇒ d =−3 4. Then m =|d |=3 4, θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟=−90°
⎝ 0 ⎠
So f1 (t ) = (3 4)e −t sin 4t u ( t ) . Next, F ( s ) = e− s F1 ( s ) ⇒ f ( t ) = f1 ( t −1) . Finally

∴ f ( t ) =(3 4)e − (t −1) sin ⎡⎣ 4( t −1) ⎤⎦ u ( t −1)

P14.4-9
(a) s 2 −5 A B C
F (s) = = + +
s ( s +1) s s +1 ( s +1)2
2

where
−5 1−5
A = sF ( s ) |s =0 = = −5 and C = ( s +1) F ( s ) |s = −1 = =4
2

1 −1

Multiply both sides by s ( s + 1)

2

s 2 − 5 = −5 ( s +1) + Bs ( s +1) + 4s ⇒ B = 6
2

4
 Then
−5 6 4
F (s) = + +
s s +1 ( s +1)2

Finally
f ( t ) = ( −5 + 6 e − t + 4 t e − t ) , t≥0

(b) 4s 2 A B C
F (s) = = + +
( s + 3)
3
( s +3) ( s +3) ( s+3)3
2

where
1 d2 ⎡ d ⎡
2 ⎣(
A= s + 3) F ( s ) ⎤ = 4, B = ( s + 3) F ( s ) ⎤ = −24
3 3

2 ds ⎦ s =−3 ds ⎣ ⎦ s =−3
and
C = ( s +3) F ( s ) s =−3 = 36
3

Then
4 −24 36
F (s) = + +
( s + 3 ) ( s + 3 ) ( s + 3 )3
2

Finally
f ( t ) = ( 4 − 24 t + 18t 2 ) e−3t , t≥0

5
Section 14-5: Initial and Final Value Theorems

P14.5-1

(a) 2 s 2 −3s + 4 2s 2
f ( 0 ) = lim sF ( s ) = lim = 2 =2
s →∞ s +3s + 2
2
s →∞ s

(b) 4
f ( ∞ ) = lim sF ( s ) = = 2
s →0 2

P14.5-2
Initial value: s( s +16 ) s 2 + 16 s
v ( 0 ) = lim sV ( s ) = lim = lim =1
s →∞ s →∞ s 2 + 4 s + 12 s →∞ s 2 + 4s + 12

Final value: ⎛ s +16 ⎞ s 2 + 16s

v ( ∞ ) = lim s ⎜ 2 ⎟ = lim =0
⎝ s + 4s + 12 ⎠ s → 0 s + 4 s +12
s→ 0 2

(Check: V(s) is stable because Re { pi } < 0 since pi = − 2 ± 2.828 j . We

expect the final value to exist.)

P14.5-3
Initial value: s 2 +10 s
v(0) = lim sV ( s) = lim = 0
s →∞ s →∞ 3 s3 + 2 s 2 + s

Final value: s ( s +10 )

v ( ∞ ) = lim sV ( s ) = lim = 10
s →0 s →0 s ( 3s 2 + 2s +1)
(Check: V(s) is stable because p = − 0.333 ± 0.471 j . We expect the
i
final value to exist.)

P14.5-4
Initial value: −2 s 2 −14s
f ( 0 ) = lim s F ( s ) = lim = −2
s →∞
s →∞ s 2 − 2s + 10

Final value: F(s) is not stable because Re { pi } > 0 since pi = 1 ± 3 j . No final value of
f ( t ) exists.

14-1
Section 14-6: Solution of Differential Equations Describing a Circuit

P14.6-1

KVL:
di 4
50 i + 0.001 + v = 2 e −2×10 t for t ≥ 0
dt
The capacitor current and voltage are related
by

i = ( 2.5 × 10−6 )
dv 4
v1 = 2 e −2×10 t V , i (0) = 1 A, v (0) = 8 V
dt

Taking the Laplace transforms of these equations yields

2
50 I ( s ) + 0.001 [ s I ( s ) − i (0) ] + V ( s ) =
s + 2×104
I ( s ) = ( 2.5 ×10−6 ) ⎡⎣ sV ( s ) − v( 0 ) ⎤⎦

Solving for I(s) yields

s 2 + 1.4× 104 s − 1.6 × 108 A B C

I (s) = = + +
( s +104 ) ( s + 2 × 104 ) ( s + 4 ×104 ) s +10 4
s + 2× 10 4
s + 4×104
where
s 2 + 1.4× 104 s −1.6× 108 −2×108 −2
A = ( s + 10 ) I ( s )
4
= = =
s = −10
4
( s + 2 × 104 )( s + 4 × 104 ) s = −10
4
3× 108 3

s 2 + 1.4× 104s −1.6 × 108 .4 × 108

B = ( s + 2×104 ) I ( s )
1
4 = = =
s = − 2 ×10 ( s + 104 ) ( s+ 4×104 ) s = − 2 ×10
4
2 × 108
5

s 2 + 1.4× 104s −1.6 × 108 8.8 × 108

C = ( s + 4×104 ) I ( s )
22
= = =
s = − 4 ×10
4
( s +104 ) ( s + 2× 104 ) s = − 4 ×10
4
6 × 108
15

Then

23 15 22 15 1⎡
I (s) = − + + ⇒ i (t ) = −10 e −10 t + 3e −2x10 t + 22 e −4x10 t ⎤ u ( t ) A
4 4 4

s +10 4
s + 2×10 s + 4 × 104
4
15⎣ ⎦

14-1
P14.6-2
We are given v ( t ) = 160 cos 400 t .
The capacitor is initially uncharged, so
v C ( 0 ) = 0 V . Then

160 cos ( 400 × 0 ) − 0

i ( 0) = = 160 A
1
KCL yields
dvC vC
10−3 + =i
dt 100
Apply Ohm’s law to the 1 Ω resistor to get
v −v C
i= ⇒ vC = v− i
1
Solving yields
+ 1010 i = 1600 cos 400t − ( 6.4 × 104 ) sin 400t
di
dt

Taking the Laplace transform yields

s I ( s ) − i (0) + (1010 ) I ( s ) =
1600s
−
( 6.4×10 ) ( 400 )
2

s 2 +( 400 ) s 2 +( 400 )
2 2

so
160 1600s − 2.5×107
I ( s) = +
s + 1010 ( s + 1010 ) ⎡⎣ s 2 + (400) 2 ⎤⎦
Next
1600s − 2.5×107 A B B*
= + +
( s + 1010 ) ⎡⎣ s 2 + (400)2 ⎤⎦ s + 1010 s + j 400 s − j 400
where
1600 s − 2.5×107
A = = − 23.1 ,
s 2 + ( 400 )
2

s = −1010

1600s − 2.5 x 107 2.56 × 107 ∠1.4°

B = = =11.5 − j 27.2 and B* = 11.5 + j 27.2
( s +1010 ) ( s − j 400 ) s = − j 400 8.69 × 10 ∠68.4
5
°

Then
136.9 11.5− j 27.2 11.5 + j 27.2
I (s) = + +
s + 1010 s + j 400 s − j 400
Finally
i ( t ) = 136.9e −1010t + 2 (11.5 ) cos 400t − 2 ( 27.2 ) sin 400t for t > 0
= 136.9e −1010t + 23.0 cos 400t − 54.4sin 400t for t > 0

14-2
P14.6-3

vC (0) = 0
vc +15×103 i = 10 cos 2t ⎫
⎪ d vc
⎛ 1 −3 ⎞ d vc ⎬ ⇒ + 2 vc = 20 cos 2t
i = ⎜ ×10 ⎟ ⎪ dt
⎝ 30 ⎠ dt ⎭

Taking the Laplace Transform yields:

s 20s A B B*
sVC ( s ) − vC ( 0 ) + 2VC ( s ) = 20 ⇒ VC( )
s = = + +
s2+ 4 ( s + 2 )( s 2 + 4 ) s + 2 s + j 2 s − j 2
where
20 s −40 20s 5 5 5 5 5
A= = = −5, B = = = + j and B* = − j
s2 +4 s = −2 8 ( s + 2 )( s − j 2 ) s = − j2
1− j 2 2 2 2
Then
5 5 5 5
+j −j
−5 2 2 2 2
VC ( s ) = + + ⇒ vC ( t ) = −5e−2t + 5 ( cos 2t + sin 2t ) V
s+2 s+ j2 s− j2

P14.6-4
diL d vc
−vc + 12i L + 2 = −8 and i L = −C
dt dt

Taking the Laplace transform yields

8
−Vc ( s ) + 12 I L ( s ) + 2 ⎡⎣ sI L ( s ) −iL ( 0 ) ⎤⎦ = −
s
I L ( s ) = − C ⎡⎣ sVc ( s ) − vc ( 0 ) ⎤⎦
vc (0) = 0, iL (0) = 0

14-3
Solving yields
4C
Vc ( s ) =
⎛ C⎞
s ⎜ s 2 + 6s + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠

1 72 a b c
(a) C = F Vc ( s ) = = + +
s ( s + 3) s s + 3 ( s + 3)2
2
18

8 −8 −24
a = 8, b = −8, and c = −24 ⇒ Vc ( s ) = + +
s s + 3 ( s + 3)2
vc ( t ) = 8 − 8 e−3t − 24 t e−3t V, t ≥ 0

1 40 a b c
(b) C = F Vc ( s ) = = + +
10 s ( s +1) ( s +5 ) s s +1 s + 5

8 −10 2
a = 8, b = −10, and c = 2 ⇒ VC ( s ) = + +
s s +1 s + 5

vc ( t ) = 8 − 10 e−t + 2 e−5t V, t ≥ 0

P14.6-5
vc (0− ) = 10 V, i L ( 0− ) = 0 A

i = ( 5 × 10−6 )
d vc di
and 400 i + 1 + vc = 0
dt dt

Taking Laplace transforms yields

⎛ 1 ⎞
I ( s ) = ( 5 ×10−6 ) ( sVc ( s ) − 10 ) ⎫⎪ −10 ⎜ − ⎟ 400
= ⎝
40 ⎠
⎬ ⇒ I (s) = 2
400 I ( s ) + ( s I ( s ) − 0 ) + Vc ( s ) = 0 ⎪⎭ s + 400 s + 2 ×10 ( s + 200 ) + 4002
5 2

so
1 −200t
i (t ) = − e sin ( 400t ) u ( t ) A
40

14-4
P14.6-6
After the switch opens, apply KCL and KVL to
get
⎛ d ⎞
R1 ⎜ i ( t ) + C v ( t ) ⎟ + v ( t ) = Vs
⎝ dt ⎠

Apply KVL to get

d
v (t ) = L i (t ) + R 2 i (t )
dt

Substituting v ( t ) into the first equation gives

⎛ d⎛ d ⎞⎞ d
R1 ⎜ i ( t ) + C ⎜ L i ( t ) + R 2 i ( t ) ⎟ ⎟ + L i ( t ) + R 2 i ( t ) = Vs
⎝ dt ⎝ dt ⎠⎠ dt
d2
then R 1 C L 2 i ( t ) + R1 C R 2 + L
dt
( d
dt
) (
i ( t ) + R1 + R 2 i ( t ) = Vs )
Dividing by R1 C L :

d2 ⎛ R1 C R 2 + L ⎞ d ⎛ R1 + R 2 ⎞ Vs
i ( t ) + ⎜
⎜ R1 C L ⎟ dt
⎟ i ( t ) + ⎜
⎜ R1 C L ⎟
⎟ i ( t ) =
dt 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ R1 C L

d2 d
With the given values: 2
i ( t ) + 25 i ( t ) + 156.25 i ( t ) = 125
dt dt

Taking the Laplace transform:

⎡ 2 ⎛d ⎞⎤ 125
⎢ s I ( s ) − ⎜ dt i ( 0 + ) + s i ( 0 + ) ⎟ ⎥ + 25 ⎡⎣ s I ( s ) − i ( 0 + ) ⎤⎦ + 156.25 I ( s ) = s
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦

We need the initial conditions. For t < 0, the switch is

closed and the circuit is at steady state. At steady state,
the capacitor acts like an open circuit and the inductor
acts like a short circuit. Using voltage division

9
v (0 −) = 20 = 14.754 V
9 + (16 || 4 )

Then, using current division

 ⎛ 4 ⎞ v (0 −)
i (0 −) = ⎜ ⎟ = 0.328 A
⎝ 16 + 4 ⎠ 9

The capacitor voltage and inductor current are continuous so v ( 0 + ) = v ( 0 − ) and i ( 0 + ) = i ( 0 − ) .

After the switch opens

d d v ( 0 + ) 9 i ( 0 + ) 14.754 9 ( 0.328 )
v (t ) = L i (t ) + R2 i (t ) ⇒ i (0 +) = + = + = 29.508
dt dt 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Substituting these initial conditions into the Laplace transformed differential equation gives

⎡ s 2 I ( s ) − ( 29.508 + 0.328 s ) ⎤ + 25 ⎡ s I ( s ) − 0.328⎤ + 156.25 I ( s ) = 125

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ s

( s 2 + 25 s + 156.25) I ( s ) = 125s + ( 29.508 + 0.328 s ) + 25 ( 0.328)

so
0.328 s 2 + ( 29.508 + 25 ( 0.328 ) ) + 125
I (s) =
(
s s 2 + 25 s + 156.25 )
0.328 s 2 + ( 29.508 + 25 ( 0.328 ) ) + 125 −0.471 23.6 0.8
= = + +
s ( s + 12.5 ) s + 12.5 ( s + 12.5 )2
2 s

Taking the inverse Laplace transform

i ( t ) = 0.8 + e−12.5 t ( 23.6 t − 0.471) A for t ≥ 0

so
⎧0.328 A for t ≤ 0
i (t ) = ⎨
⎩ 0.8 + e
−12.5 t
( 23.6 t − 0.471) A for t ≥ 0

(checked using LNAP 10/11/04)

P14.6-7
v1
KCL: + i = 7 e −6 t
5
di di
KVL: 4 + 3 i − v1 = 0 ⇒ v1 = 4 + 3 i
dt dt
di
4 + 3i
di 35
Then dt + i = 7 e−6 t ⇒ + 2 i = e −6 t
5 dt 4

Taking the Laplace transform of the differential equation:

35 1 35 1
s I ( s ) − i(0) + 2 I ( s) = ⇒ I ( s) =
4 s +6 4 ( s + 2)( s + 6)

Where we have used i (0) = 0 . Next, we perform partial fraction expansion.

1 A B 1 1 1 1
= + where A = = and B = =−
( s + 2) ( s + 6) s + 2 s + 6 s+6 s =−2 4 s + 2 s = −6 4
Then
35 1 35 1 35 35
I (s) = − ⇒ i (t ) = e −2t − e −6 t A, t ≥ 0
16 s + 2 16 s + 6 16 16

P14.6-8

Apply KCL at node a to get

1 d v1 v 2 − v1 d v1
= ⇒ 2 v1 + = 2 v2
48 dt 24 dt

Apply KCL at node b to get

v 2 − 50 cos 2 t v 2 − v1 v2 1 d v2 d v2
+ + + = 0 ⇒ − v1 + 3 v 2 + = 60 cos 2t
20 24 30 24 dt dt

Take the Laplace transforms of these equations, using v1 (0) = 10 V and v2 (0) = 25 V , to get

25s 2 + 60s +100

( 2+ s ) V1 (s) − 2V2 (s) = 10 and − V1 ( s) + ( 3+ s ) V2 ( s ) =
s2 + 4

Solve these equations using Cramer’s rule to get

 ⎛ 25s 2 + 60s +100 ⎞
( 2+ s ) ⎜ ⎟ +10 ( 2+ s ) ( 25s 2 + 60 s +100 ) +10 ( s 2 + 4 )
⎝ s2 +4 ⎠
V2 ( s ) = =
( 2+ s ) (3+ s)− 2 ( s 2 + 4) ( s +1)( s + 4)
25s 3 +120s 2 + 220 s + 240
=
( s 2 + 4 ) ( s +1)( s + 4 )
Next, partial fraction expansion gives

A A* B C
V2 ( s ) = + + +
s + j 2 s − j 2 s +1 s + 4
where
25s 3 +120 s 2 + 220 s + 240 −240 − j 240
A = = = 6 + j6
( s +1) ( s + 4 ) ( s − j 2 ) s =− j 2 −40

A* = 6 − j 6
25s 3 +120 s 2 + 220 s + 240 115 23
B = = =
( s2 +4) ( s +4) s =−1 15 3
25s 3 +120 s 2 + 220 s + 240 −320 16
C = = =
( s 2 + 4 ) ( s +1) s =−4 −60 3
Then
6+ j 6 6− j 6 23 3 16 3
V2 ( s ) = + + +
s + j 2 s − j 2 s +1 s + 4
Finally
23 − t 16 −4t
v2 (t ) = 12 cos 2 t + 12sin 2 t + e + e V t≥0
3 3
Section 14-7: Circuit Analysis Using Impedance and Initial Conditions

P14.7-1

6
− 0.010
1.2 − 0.002 s .003 .005
I L (s) = s = = −
5s + 2000 s( s + 400) s s + 400

⎧−2 mA t <0
iL (t ) = ⎨ −400 t
⎩ 3−5e mA t >0

P14.7-2

10 8
VL ( s ) −
0=
V
s + VL ( s ) + L ( s ) − ( − .015 ) ⇒ V ( s) = 3
L
2000 4000 5s 800
s+
3
8
V ( s ) + 0.15 15 0.003 0.005 0.002
I L (s) = L = + = −
5s ⎛ 800 ⎞ s s s+
800
s ⎜ s+ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
800
− t
iL (t ) = 5 − 2e 3
mA, t > 0

14-1
P14.7-3

8
Vc ( s ) −
0.006 Vc ( s ) s =0
− + +
s 2000 106
.5s
6000 ⎛ 8⎞
− + 500Vc ( s ) + 0.5s ⎜ Vc ( s ) − ⎟ = 0
s ⎝ s⎠
8 s + 12000 12 4
Vc ( s ) = = −
s ( s +1000) s s +1000

Vc (t ) = 12 − 4e −1000t V, t > 0

P14.7-4

6
Vc ( s ) −
s + Vc ( s ) + ⎛ 0.5s ⎞ ⎛ V ( s ) − 8 ⎞ = 0
⎜ ⎟⎜ c ⎟
2000 4000 ⎝ 106 ⎠ ⎝ s⎠

⎛ 6⎞ ⎛ 8⎞
500 ⎜ Vc ( s) − ⎟ + 250Vc ( s ) + 0.5s ⎜ Vc ( s ) − ⎟ = 0
⎝ s⎠ ⎝ s⎠
6000 + 8s 4 4
Vc ( s ) = = +
s ( s + 1500 ) s s + 1500

vc (t ) = 4 + 4e−1500t V, t > 0

14-2
P14.7-5

Node equations:

Va ( s ) − VC ( s ) Va ( s ) 1 6 6
+ = ⇒ Va ( s ) = VC ( s ) +
s 6 s s+6 s+6
⎛ 6 6 ⎞
VC ( s ) −
6 VC ( s ) − ⎜ VC ( s ) + ⎟
s+3 + ⎝ s+6 s+6⎠ 1 s 3
+ + VC ( s ) − = 0
4 s s 4 2

After quite a bite of algebra:

6 s 2 + 56 s + 132
VC ( s ) =
( s + 2 )( s + 3)( s + 5)
Partial fraction expansion:
44 1
6 s + 56 s + 132
2
9
V (s) = = 3 − + 3
c ( s +3)( s + 2 )( s +5 ) s + 2 s +3 s +5
Inverse Laplace transform:
44 −2t 1
v (t ) = e − 9e −3t + e −5t V, t ≥ 0
c 3 3

14-3
P14.7–6

Write a node equation in the frequency domain:

10 ⎡ R2 R2 ⎤
10 +5s ⎢10 5 − 10 ⎥
s + Vo ( s ) − 5 C + Vo ( s ) = 0 ⇒ V ( s ) = − R1C =− ⎢ R1
+
R1 ⎥
R1 R2 1 o
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎢ s 1 ⎥
⎢ s+
Cs s ⎜
⎜
s + ⎟
⎟ ⎢ R 2C ⎥⎥
⎝ R 2 C ⎠ ⎣ ⎦
Inverse Laplace transform:
⎡ R2 ⎛ R 2 ⎞ −t R 2 C ⎤
vo ( t ) = − ⎢10 + ⎜ 5 − 10 ⎟e ⎥ = − ⎡10 − 5 e−1000t ⎤ V for t > 0
⎢⎣ R1 ⎝ ⎜ R1 ⎠⎟ ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦

14-4
P14.7-7
Here are the equations describing the coupled coils:

di1 di
v1 (t ) = L1 +M 2 ⇒ V1 ( s ) = 3 ( s I1 ( s) − 2 ) + ( sI 2 ( s) − 3) = 3s I1 ( s) + sI 2 ( s) − 9
dt dt
di di
v2 (t ) = L2 2 + M 1 ⇒ V2 ( s ) = s( I1 ( s ) − 2 ) + 2( sI 2 ( s) −3) = sI1 ( s) + 2sI 2 ( s ) − 8
dt dt

Writing mesh equations:

5 5
= 2 ( I1 ( s ) + I 2 ( s ) ) + V1 = 2 ( I1 ( s ) + I 2 ( s ) ) + 3s I1 ( s ) + sI 2 ( s ) − 9 ⇒ ( 3s + 2 ) I1 + ( s + 2 ) I 2 = 9 +
s s
V1 ( s ) = V2 ( s ) + 1I 2 ( s ) ⇒ 3s I1 ( s ) + sI 2 ( s ) − 9 = sI1 ( s ) + 2 sI 2 ( s ) − 8+ I 2 ( s ) ⇒ 2 s I1 − ( s +1) I 2 =1

Solving the mesh equations for I2(s):

15s + 8 3s + 1.6 0.64 2.36

I2 ( s ) = = = +
5s 2 + 9s + 2 ( s + 0.26 )( s +1.54 ) s + 0.26 s + 1.54

Taking the inverse Laplace transform:

i2 (t ) = 0.64e−0.26t + 2.36e−1.54t A for t > 0

P14.7-8

t<0

time domain frequency domain

Mesh equations in the frequency domain:

6 I 1 ( s ) + 6 ( I 1 ( s ) − I 2 ( s )) + 6 I 1 ( s ) +
12 2 2
=0 ⇒ I1 (s) = I 2 (s) −
s 3 3s

14-5
 ⎛ 2⎞
I 2 ( s ) − − 6 ( I 1 ( s ) − I 2 ( s )) = 0 ⇒ ⎜ 6 + ⎟ I 2 ( s ) − 6 I 1 ( s ) =
2 6 6
s s ⎝ s⎠ s

Solving for I2(s):

1
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛2 2 ⎞ 6
⎜ 6 + ⎟ I 2 (s) − 6⎜ I 2 (s) − ⎟ = ⇒ I 2 (s) = 2
⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ 3 3 s ⎠ s s+
1
2
Calculate for Vo(s):
⎛ 1 ⎞
1 6 1⎜ 2 ⎟ 6 −2 4
Vo ( s ) = I 2 ( s ) − = ⎜ ⎟ − = −
2 s 2⎜ s+ 1 ⎟ s s+ 1 s
⎝ 2⎠ 2
Take the Inverse Laplace transform:

vo ( t ) = − ( 4 + 2 e − t / 2 ) V for t > 0

(Checked using LNAP, 12/29/02)

P14.7-9

t<0

frequency domain
time domain

Writing a mesh equation:

⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ ⎞
−6 ⎜ s + ⎟
⎜ ⎟
( 4 + 5 s ) I ( s ) + 30 + = 0 ⇒ I ( s ) = ⎝ 4 ⎠ = − ⎜ + 4 ⎟
12 5 3 3
s ⎛ ⎞ ⎜⎜ s s + ⎟⎟
s⎜s + ⎟
⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠
Take the Inverse Laplace transform:

i ( t ) = −3 (1 + e −0.8 t ) A for t > 0

(Checked using LNAP, 12/29/02)

14-6
P14.7-10
Steady-state for t<0:

From the equation for vo(t):

Steady-state for t>0:
− 2 (∞)
vo ( ∞ ) = 6 + 12 e =6 V

From the circuit:

3
vo ( ∞ ) = (18 )
R+3
Therefore:
3
6= (18) ⇒ R = 6 Ω
R+3

⎛ 1 ⎞ 18 6 −6
I (s)⎜ 2 + ⎟ + − = 0 ⇒ I (s) =
⎝ Cs⎠ s s 1
s+
2C
⎛ ⎞
1 18 1 ⎜ −6 ⎟ 18 −12 12 18 12 6
Vo ( s ) = I (s) + = ⎜ ⎟ + = + + = +
Cs s Cs ⎜ s + 1 ⎟ s s s+
1 s s+ 1 s
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2C ⎠ 2C 2C

Taking the inverse Laplace transform:

vo ( t ) = 6 + 12 e− t / 2C V for t > 0
1
Comparing this to the given equation for vo(t), we see that 2 = ⇒ C = 0.25 F .
2C

(Checked using LNAP, 12/29/02)

14-7
P14.7-11
We will determine Vo ( s ) , the Laplace transform of the output, twice, once from the given
equation and once from the circuit. From the given equation for the output, we have

10 5
Vo ( s ) = +
s s + 100

Next, we determine Vo ( s ) from the circuit. For t ≥ 0 , we represent the circuit in the frequency
domain using the Laplace transform. To do so we need to determine the initial condition for the
capacitor.

When t < 0 and the circuit is at steady state,

the capacitor acts like an open circuit. Apply
KCL at the noninverting input of the op amp to
get
3 − v (0 −)
= 0 ⇒ v (0 −) = 3 V
R1
The initial condition is

v (0 +) = v (0 −) = 3 V
Now we can represent the circuit in the frequency domain, using Laplace transforms.

Apply KCL at the noninverting input of the op

am to get
2 3
−V ( s) V ( s) −
s = s
R1 106
s
Solving gives
106
3s + 2
R1 2 1
V (s) = = +
⎛ 106 ⎞ s ⎛ 106 ⎞
s ⎜s+ ⎟ ⎜s+ ⎟
⎜ R1 ⎟⎠ ⎜ R1 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎝

Apply KCL at the inverting input of the op amp to get

 ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
Vo ( s) −V ( s) V ( s) ⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ R2 ⎞⎜ 2 1 ⎟
= ⇒ V o ( s ) = ⎜1 + ⎟V ( s ) = ⎜1 + ⎟⎜ + ⎟
R2 1000 ⎝ 1000 ⎠ ⎝ 1000 ⎠ ⎜ s ⎛ 106 ⎞ ⎟
⎜ ⎜s+ ⎟
⎜
⎝ R1 ⎟⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
The expressions for Vo(s) must be equal, so
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
10 5 ⎛ R2 ⎞⎜ 2 1 ⎟
+ = ⎜1 + ⎟⎜ + ⎟
s s + 100 ⎝ 1000 ⎠ ⎜ s ⎛ 106 ⎞ ⎟
⎜ ⎜s+ ⎟⎟
⎜ R ⎟
⎝ ⎝ 1 ⎠⎠
Equating coefficients gives

R2 106
1+ = 5 ⇒ R 2 = 4 kΩ and = 100 ⇒ R1 = 10 kΩ
1000 R1

(checked using LNAPTR 7/31/04)

P14.7-12
For t < 0, The input is constant. At steady state,
the capacitor acts like an open circuit and the
inductor acts like a short circuit.

The circuit is at steady state at time t = 0 − so

vC ( 0 − ) = 0 and i L ( 0 − ) = B

The capacitor voltage and inductor current are continuous so vC ( 0 + ) = vC ( 0 − ) and

iL ( 0 + ) = iL ( 0 −) .

For t < 0, represent the circuit in the

frequency domain using the Laplace
transform as shown. V C ( s ) is the node
voltage at the top node of the circuit.
Writing a node equation gives

A + B VC ( s ) B VC ( s )
= + + + C sV C ( s )
s R s Ls
so
 A L s + R + R L C s2
= VC ( s )
s RLs
Then
A
AR L
VC ( s ) = = C
R L C s + L s + R s2 +
2
1
s+
1
RC LC
and
A
VC ( s ) B LC B
I L (s) = + = +
Ls s ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ s
s ⎜ s2 + s+ ⎟
⎝ RC LC ⎠
1
a.) When R = 2 Ω, L = 4.5 H, C = F, A = 5 mA and B = −2 mA , then
9
5 40
10 −2 3
I L (s) = + = + 7 − 7
s ( s + 4.5 s + 2 ) s
2
s s+4 s+ 1
2
Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives

5 5
i L ( t ) = 3 + e − 4 t − e − 0.5 t mA for t ≥ 0
7 7

b.) When R = 1 Ω, L = 0.4 H, C = 0.1 F, A = 1 mA and B = −2 mA , then

25 −2 25 −2 ⎛1 5 1 ⎞
I L (s) = + = + = − ⎜ + + ⎟
s ( s 2 + 10 s + 25 ) s s ( s + 5) ⎜ s ( s + 5)2 s + 5 ⎟
2
s ⎝ ⎠

Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives

i L ( t ) = − (1 + 5 t e − 5 t − e − 5 t ) mA for t ≥ 0

c.) When R = 1 Ω, L = 0.08 H, C = 0.1 F, A = 0.2 mA and B = −2 mA , then

25 −2 −1.8 −0.2 s − 2 −1.8 s+5 10

I L (s) = + = + = − 0.2 − 0.1
s ( s + 10 s + 125 ) s ( s + 5 ) + 10 ( s + 5 ) + 10 ( s + 5) + 102
2 2 2 2 2 2
s s

Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives

i L ( t ) = −1.8 − e− 5t ( 0.2 cos (10 t ) + 0.1sin (10 t ) ) mA for t ≥ 0

P14.7-13
For t < 0, the switch is open and the circuit is at
steady state. and the circuit is at steady state. At
steady state, the capacitor acts like an open
circuit.
A A
i (t ) = and vC ( t ) =
2R 2
Consequently,
A A
i (0 −) = and vC ( 0 − ) =
2R 2
Also
iC (0 −) = 0

The capacitor voltage and inductor current are continuous so vC ( 0 + ) = vC ( 0 − ) and

iL (0 + ) = iL ( 0 −) .

For t > 0, the voltage source voltage is

12 V. Represent the circuit in the
frequency domain using the Laplace
transform as shown.

I L ( s ) and I C ( s ) are mesh currents.

Writing a mesh equations gives

+ R ( I L ( s ) − I C ( s )) − = 0
AL A
L s I L (s) −
2R s

+ R ( I L ( s ) − I C ( s )) = 0
1 A
I C (s) −
Cs 2s
Or, in matrix form
⎛ AL A⎞
⎛Ls+ R −R ⎞ ⎜ + ⎟
⎜ ⎟⎛ I L (s)⎞ = ⎜ 2 R s ⎟
1 ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎜ −R
⎜ R+ ⎟ ⎝ I C ( s ) ⎟⎠ ⎜ A ⎟
⎝ Cs⎠ ⎜ − 2s ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ A⎞ ⎛ AL A⎞
( L s + R)⎜ − ⎟ + R⎜ + ⎟
A
I C (s) = ⎝ 2s ⎠ ⎝ 2R s ⎠ = 2L
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1
( L s + R ) ⎜ R + ⎟ − R2 s2 +
RC
s+
LC
⎝ Cs⎠
 1
a.) When R = 3 Ω, L = 2 H, C = F and A = 12 V ,
24
3 3
3 2
I C (s) = 2 = = 4 − 4 .
s + 8 s + 12 ( s + 2 )( s + 6 ) s + 2 s + 8

Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives

⎛3 3 ⎞
i C ( t ) = ⎜ e− 2t − e− 6t ⎟ u ( t ) A
⎝4 4 ⎠

1
b.) R = 2 Ω, L = 2 H, C = F and A = 12 V ,
8
3 3
I C (s) = 2 =
s + 4 s + 4 ( s + 2 )2

Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives

i C (t ) = 3 t e− 2t u ( t ) A

1
c.) R = 10 Ω, L = 2 H, C = F and A = 12 V
40

3 3 3 4
I C (s) = = = ×
s + 4 s + 20 ( s + 2 ) + 16 4 ( s + 2 )2 + 16
2 2

Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives

3 − 2t
iC (t ) = e sin ( 4 t ) u ( t ) A
4

(checked using LNAP 4/11/01)

P14.7-14
For t < 0, The input is 12 V. At steady state, the
capacitor acts like an open circuit.

Notice that v(t) is a node voltage. Express the

controlling voltage of the dependent source as a
function of the node voltage:

va = −v(t)

Writing a node equation:

⎛ 12 − v ( t ) ⎞ v ( t ) ⎛ 3 ⎞
−⎜ ⎟+ + ⎜ − v (t ) ⎟ = 0
⎝ 8 ⎠ 4 ⎝ 4 ⎠ v ( 0 + ) = v ( 0 − ) = −4 V

−12 + v ( t ) + 2 v ( t ) − 6 v ( t ) = 0 ⇒ v ( t ) = −4 V

For t < 0, represent the circuit in the frequency

domain using the Laplace transform as shown.

V ( s ) is a node voltage. Express the controlling

voltage of the dependent source in terms of the
node voltages
V a ( s ) = −V ( s )

Writing a node equation gives

6
V (s) −
s + V ( s ) + 3 s ⎛ V ( s ) + 4 ⎞ = 0.75 V ( s )
⎜ ⎟
8 4 40 ⎝ s⎠

Solving gives
10 10 4 −2 2 4 ⎛1 1 ⎞
( s − 5)V ( s ) = − 4 ⇒ V (s) = − = + − = −2 ⎜ + ⎟
s s ( s − 5) s − 5 s s − 5 s − 5 ⎝ s s−5⎠

Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives

v ( t ) = −2 (1 + e5 t ) V for t ≥ 0

This voltage becomes very large as time goes on.

P14.7-15
For t < 0, the voltage source voltage is 2 V
and the circuit is at steady state. At steady
state, the capacitor acts like an open circuit.

2−0
i (0 −) = = 0.04 mA
10 × 103 + 40 × 103
and

vC ( 0 − ) = ( 40 × 103 )( 0.04 × 10−3 ) = 1.6 V

The capacitor voltage is continuous so vC ( 0 + ) = vC ( 0 − ) .

For t > 0, the voltage source voltage is

12 V. Represent the circuit in the
frequency domain using the Laplace
transform as shown.

V C ( s ) and V o ( s ) are node voltages.

Writing a node equation gives

12 1.6
VC ( s ) − VC ( s ) −
s + s + V C ( s ) = 0 ⇒ 4 ⎛ V ( s ) − 12 ⎞ + 0.08 s ⎛ V ( s ) − 1.6 ⎞ + V ( s ) = 0
0.5 × 10 ⎜ C ⎟ ⎜ C ⎟ C
10 × 10 3 6
40 × 103 ⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ s ⎠
s
48 80 s + 48 1.6 s + 600 9.6 −8
V C ( s )( 0.08 s + 5 ) = + 0.128 ⇒ V C ( s ) = = = +
s s ( 0.08 s + 5 ) s ( s + 62.5 ) s s + 62.5

Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives

v C ( t ) = 9.6 − 8 e − 62.5 t V for t ≥ 0

The 40 kΩ resistor, 50 kΩ resistor and op amp comprise an inverting amplifier so

v C ( t ) = − ( 9.6 − 8 e − 62.5 t ) = −12 + 10 e − 62.5 t V for t ≥ 0

50 50
v o (t ) = −
40 40
so
⎧ −2 V for t ≤ 0
v o (t ) = ⎨ − 62.5 t
⎩ −12 + 10 e V for t ≥ 0

(checked using LNAP 10/11/04)

P14.7-16
For t < 0, the voltage source voltage is 5 V and the
circuit is at steady state. At steady state, the capacitor
acts like an open circuit. Using voltage division twice

32 30
v (0 −) = 5− 5 = 0.25 V
32 + 96 120 + 30
and
v ( 0 + ) = v ( 0 − ) = 0.25 V

For t > 0, the voltage source voltage is 20 V.

Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using
the Laplace transform as shown.

We could write mesh or node equations, but finding a

Thevenin equivalent of the part of the circuit to the left
of terminals a-b seems promising.

Using voltage division twice

⎛ 32 ⎞ 20 ⎛ 30 ⎞ 20 5 − 4 1
V oc ( s ) = ⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟ = = V
⎝ 32 + 96 ⎠ s ⎝ 120 + 30 ⎠ s s s
 Z t = ( 96 || 32 ) + (120 || 30 ) = 24 + 24 = 48 Ω

After replacing the part of the circuit to the left of

terminals a-b by its Thevenin equivalent circuit as shown

1 0.25
−
I (s) = s s = 0.75
80 48 s + 80
48 +
s

80 0.25 ⎛ 80 ⎞ 0.75 0.25

V (s) = I (s) + =⎜ ⎟ +
s s ⎝ s ⎠ 48 s + 80 s

60 0.25 1.25 0.25 0.75 −0.75 0.25 1 −0.75

V (s) = + = + = + + = +
s ( 48 s + 80 ) s s ( s + 1.67 ) s s s + 1.67 s s s + 1.67

Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives

v ( t ) = 1 − 0.75e −1.67 t V for t ≥ 0

Then
⎧0.25 V for t ≤ 0
v (t ) = ⎨ −1.67 t
⎩ 1 − 0.75e V for t ≥ 0

(checked using LNAP 7/1/04)

P14.7-17

Mesh Equations:
4 ⎛ 1 ⎞
− − I C ( s ) − 6 ( I ( s ) + I C ( s )) = 0 ⇒ − = ⎜ 6 + ⎟ I C ( s ) + 6 I ( s )
4 1
s 2s s ⎝ 2s ⎠
6 ( I ( s ) − I C ( s )) + 3 I ( s ) + 4 I C ( s ) = 0 ⇒ I ( s ) = − I C ( s )
10
9
Solving for I C(s):
4 ⎛ 2 1 ⎞ 6
− = ⎜ − + ⎟ I C (s) ⇒ I C (s) =
s ⎝ 3 2s ⎠ s−
3
4

24
So Vo(s) is Vo ( s ) = 4 I C ( s ) =
3
s−
4
Back in the time domain:
v o ( t ) = 24 e0.75t u (t ) V for t ≥ 0

P14.7-18

KVL:
8 ⎛ 20 ⎞
+ 4 = ⎜ + 8 + 4s ⎟ I L ( s )
s ⎝ s ⎠
so
I L (s) =
2+ s
=
( s + 1) + 1
s + 2 s + 5 ( s + 1) 2 + 4
2

Taking the inverse Laplace transform:

⎛ 1 ⎞
i L ( t ) = ⎜ e − t cos 2 t + e − t sin 2 t ⎟ u ( t ) A
⎝ 2 ⎠
Section 14-8: Transfer Function and Impedance

P14.8-1
R1
Z2 C1s R1 R2
H (s) = where Z1 = = and Z 2 =
Z1 + Z 2 R1 +
1 R1C1s + 1 R2C2 s +1
C1s
R2(τ 1 s + 1)
Let τ 1 = R1C1 and τ 2 = R2C2 then H ( s ) =
R1 (τ 2 s + 1) + (τ 1 s + 1) R2
R2(τ s + 1) R2
When τ 2 = τ 2 = τ ⇒ H ( s ) = = = constant, as required.
( R1 + R2 ) (τ s + 1) R1 + R2
∴ we require R1C 1 = R2C2

P14.8-2
1
Let Z1 = R + and Z 2 = R + Ls then the input impedance is
Cs
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ L⎞ ⎞
⎜ R + ⎟( R + Ls ) ⎜ LCs 2 + ⎜ RC + ⎟ s +1 ⎟
Z (s) = 1 2 = ⎝
ZZ Cs ⎠ ⎝ R⎠
= R⎜ ⎟
Z1 + Z 2 1
R + + R + Ls ⎜ LCs 2
+ 2 RCs +1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
Cs ⎝ ⎠
L
Now require : RC + = 2 RC ⇒ L = R 2C then Z = R
R

P14.8-3
The transfer function is
R2 1
R 2 C s +1 R1 C
H (s) = =
R2 R1 + R 2
R1 + s+
R 2 C s +1 R1 R 2 C
Using R1 = 2 Ω, R 2 = 8 Ω and C = 5 F
gives
0.1
H (s) =
s + 0.125

The impulse response is h (t ) = L -1 ⎡⎣ H ( s )⎤⎦ = 0.1 e−0.125 t u (t ) V .

The step response is

1
 ⎡ H ( s)⎤ ⎡ ⎤
L -1 ⎢ ⎥ = L -1 ⎢ 0.1 ⎥ = L -1 ⎢⎡ 0.8 − 0.8 ⎥⎤ = 0.8 1− e−0.125 t u (t ) V ( )
⎢ s ⎥ ⎢ s ( s + 0.125)⎥ ⎢⎣ s s + 0.125 ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥

(Checked using LNAP, 12/29/02)

P14.8-4
The transfer function is:

12 12
H ( s ) = L ⎡⎣12 t e −4 t u ( t ) ⎤⎦ = =
( s + 4) s + 8s + 16
2 2

The Laplace transform of the step response is:

3
H (s) 12 −3 k
= =4+ +
s s ( s + 4)
2
s ( s + 4)2
s+4
The constant k is evaluated by multiplying both sides of the last equation by s ( s + 4) .
2

3 ⎛3 ⎞ 3
12 = ( s + 4) − 3s + ks ( s + 4) = ⎜⎜ + k ⎟⎟⎟ s 2 + (3 + 4k ) s + 12 ⇒ k = −
2

4 ⎜⎝ 4 ⎠ 4
The step response is
⎡ H ( s ) ⎤ ⎛ 3 −4 t ⎛ ⎞⎞
L −1 ⎢ ⎥ = ⎜⎜ − e ⎜⎜3 t + 3 ⎟⎟⎟⎟ u (t ) V
⎢ s ⎥ ⎜⎝ 4
⎣ ⎦
⎜⎝ 4 ⎠⎟⎟⎠

P14.8-5
The transfer function can also be calculated form the circuit itself. The circuit can be represented
in the frequency domain as

We can save ourselves some work be noticing that the 10000 ohm resistor, the resistor labeled R
and the op amp comprise a non-inverting amplifier. Thus

⎛ R ⎞⎟
Va ( s ) = ⎜⎜1 +
⎜⎝ 10000 ⎠⎟⎟ c ( )
V s

Now, writing node equations,

2
 Vc ( s ) −Vi ( s ) Vo ( s ) −Va ( s ) Vo ( s )
+ CsVc ( s ) = 0 and + =0
1000 Ls 5000

Solving these node equations gives

1 ⎛⎜ R ⎞⎟ 5000
⎜⎜⎝1 + ⎟
1000 C 10000 ⎠⎟ L
H (s) =
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜ s + 1 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ s + 5000 ⎟⎟
⎝⎜ 1000C ⎠⎝ ⎟⎜ L ⎠⎟

Comparing these two equations for the transfer function gives

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜ s + 1 ⎟⎟ = ( s + 2000) or ⎜⎜ s + 1 ⎟⎟ = ( s + 5000)
⎟
⎝⎜ 1000C ⎠ ⎝⎜ 1000C ⎠⎟

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜ s + 5000 ⎟⎟ = ( s + 2000) or ⎜⎜ s + 5000 ⎟⎟ = ( s + 5000)
⎜⎝ L ⎠ ⎟ ⎜
⎝ L ⎠⎟

1 ⎛ R ⎞ 5000
⎜1 + ⎟ = 15 × 10 6
1000C ⎝ 10000 ⎠ L

The solution isn’t unique, but there are only two possibilities. One of these possibilities is

⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜ s + 1 ⎟⎟ = ( s + 2000) ⇒ C = 0.5 μ F
⎜⎝ 1000C ⎠⎟

⎛ 5000 ⎞
⎜s + ⎟ = ( s + 5000) ⇒ L =1H
⎝ L ⎠

⎛ ⎞
1 ⎜⎜1 + R ⎟⎟ 5000 = 15×106 ⇒ R = 5 kΩ
⎟
( )
1000 0.5×106 ⎜⎝ 10000 ⎠ 1
(Checked using LNAP, 12/29/02)

3
P14.8-6
The transfer function of the circuit is
R2 1
1+ R2 C s R1 C
H (s) = − =−
R1 1
s+
R2 C
The give step response is vo ( t ) = −4 (1 − e−250 t ) u ( t ) V . The correspond transfer function is
calculated as

H (s) −1000 −1000

s
{ } ⎛4
= L −4 (1 − e − 250 t ) u ( t ) = − ⎜ −
4 ⎞
⎟=
⎝ s s + 250 ⎠ s ( s + 250 )
⇒ H (s) =
s + 250

Comparing these results gives

1 1 1
= 250 ⇒ R 2 = = = 40 kΩ
R2 C 250 C 250 ( 0.1× 10 − 6 )
1 1 1
= 1000 ⇒ R1 = = = 10 kΩ
R1 C 1000 C 1000 ( 0.1×10 − 6 )

(Checked using LNAP, 12/29/02)

P14.8-7

⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
Va ( s ) = ⎜ ⎟ Vi ( s ) = ⎜ ⎟ Vi ( s )
⎝ 4+ 2s ⎠ ⎝ s+2⎠
⎛ 12 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
Vo ( s ) = ⎜ s ⎟ Vb ( s ) = ⎜ ⎟ Vb ( s ) = ⎜ ⎟ 5 Va ( s ) = ⎜ ⎟5 ⎜ ⎟ Vi ( s )
⎜⎜ 6 +
12
⎟⎟ ⎝ s+2⎠ ⎝ s+2⎠ ⎝ s+2⎠ ⎝ s+2⎠
⎝ s ⎠

The transfer function is:

Vo ( s ) 20
H (s) = =
Vi ( s ) ( s + 2 )2

4
The Laplace transform of the step response is:
20 5 −5 −10
Vo ( s ) = = + +
s ( s + 2) s s + 2 ( s + 2 )2
2

Taking the inverse Laplace transform:

vo ( t ) = ⎡⎣5 − 5 e −2 t (1 + 2t ) ⎤⎦ u ( t ) V
(checked using LNAP 8/15/02)

P 14.9-8

From the circuit:

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎜ Cs ⎟ ⎜ L ⎟ ⎜ 6C ⎟
H (s) = ⎜ ⎟ ( k ) ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ( k ) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 + Ls ⎠ ⎜⎜ 6 +
1
⎟⎟ ⎜ s + ⎟
4 ⎜s+ 1 ⎟
⎝ Cs ⎠ ⎝ L⎠ ⎜ 6 C ⎟⎠
⎝
From the given step response:
H (s)
= L ⎡⎣( 2 + 4 e −3t − 6 e −2 t ) u ( t ) ⎤⎦ = +
2 4 6 12
− =
s s s + 3 s + 2 s ( s + 3)( s + 2 )
so
12
H (s) =
s ( s + 3)( s + 2 )

1 1
Comparing the two representations of the transfer functions let =3 ⇒ C = F,
6C 18
4
= 2 ⇒ L = 2 H and 2 × 3 × k = 12 ⇒ k = 2 V/V .
L

(Checked using LNAP, 12/29/02)

P 14.9.9
From the circuit:

5
 R
V (s) s+
R+ Ls
H (s) = o = = L
Vi ( s ) 12 + R + L s s + 12 + R
L
From the given step response:

H (s) s+2 s+2

= L ⎡⎣ 0.5 (1 + e−4 t ) u ( t ) ⎤⎦ =
0.5 0.5
+ = ⇒ H (s) =
s s s + 4 s ( s + 4) s+4

Comparing these two forms of the transfer function gives:

R ⎫
=2 ⎪
L ⎪ 12 + 2 L
⎬ ⇒ = 4 ⇒ L = 6 H, R = 12 Ω
12 + R ⎪ L
=4
L ⎪⎭
(Checked using LNAP, 12/29/02)

P14.8-10
Mesh equations:

⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1
V ( s ) = ⎜ R1 + + ⎟ I1 ( s ) − I2 ( s )
⎝ Cs Cs ⎠ Cs
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
0 = ⎜ R+ R+ ⎟ I2 ( s ) − I1 ( s )
⎝ Cs ⎠ Cs

⎛ 1 ⎞
V (s) ⎜ ⎟
Solving for I2(s): I2 ( s ) = ⎝ Cs ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
⎜ R1 + ⎟ ⎜ 2 R + ⎟ −
⎝ Cs ⎠ ⎝ Cs ⎠ (Cs ) 2
Then Vo ( s ) = R I 2 ( s ) gives

V0 ( s ) RCs s
H (s) = = =
V (s) [ R1Cs + 2][ 2 RCs +1] − 1 ⎡
4 RC + R1C 1
⎤
⎢
2 R1C s +
2
s+ ⎥
⎢
⎣
2 RR1C 2 ( 2 RR1C ) ⎦
2 2⎥

6
P14.8-11
Let
⎛ 1 ⎞
R⎜ ⎟
Z2 = ⎝ ⎠ =
Cs R
R+
1 RCs + 1
Cs
Z1 = Rx + Lx s
Then
R
V2 Z2 RCs + 1 R
= = =
V1 Z1 + Z 2 Rx + Lx s +
R Lx RCs + ( Lx + Rx RC ) s + Rx + R
2

RCs + 1
1
V2 Lx C
=
V1 ( L + R RC ) s + Rx + R
s2 + x x
Lx RC Lx RC

P14.8-12

Node equations:
V1 − Vout
(V1 − Vin ) sC1 +
R1
=0 ⇒ ( R C s +1)V
1 1 1 = R1C1sVin + Vout

V1 Vout
− − = 0 ⇒ V1 = − R 2C2 sVout
R2 1
sC2
Solving gives:
1
− s
Vout − R1C1s R 2 C2
H (s) = = =
Vin R1 R 2C1C2 s 2 + R 2C2 s +1 s2 +
1
s+
1
R1C1 R1 R 2C1C2

7
P14.8-13
Node equations in the frequency domain:

V1 − Vi V1 V1 − V0
+ + =0
R1 R2 R3

⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞ V V
⇒ V1⎜ + + ⎟− 0 = i
⎝ R1 R2 R3 ⎠ R3 R1

− V1
− sC2V0 = 0 ⇒ V1 = − sC2 R2 V0
R2

After a little algebra:

V0 − R3
H ( s )= =
Vi sC2 R2 R3 + sC2 R1 R3 + sC2 R1 R2 + R1

P14.8-14
1 1
V (s) Cs LC
H (s) = o = =
Vi ( s ) Ls + R + 1 R
s + s+
2 1
Cs L LC

L, H C, F R, Ω H(s)
20 20
=
2 0.025 18 s + 9 s + 20 ( s + 4 )( s + 5 )
2

20 20
=
2 0.025 8 s + 4 s + 20 ( s + 2 )2 + 42
2

2.56 2.56
=
1 0.391 4 s + 4 s + 2.56 ( s + 0.8 )( s + 3.2 )
2

4 4
=
2 0.125 8 s + 4s + 4 ( s + 2 )2
2

8
 ⇒ h ( t ) = ( 20e −4t − 20e −5t ) u (t )
20 20 20
a) H ( s ) = L {h(t )} = H ( s ) = −
( s + 4 )( s + 5) s + 4 s +5
H ( s) 20 1 −5 4
L {step response} = = = + + ⇒
s s ( s + 4) ( s + 5) s s + 4 s +5
step response = (1+ 4e −5t −5e −4t ) u (t )

L {h( t )} = H (s) =
20 5(4)
b) H ( s ) = ⇒ h ( t ) = 5e −2t sin 4t u (t )
( s + 2) +4 ( s + 2) 2 + 42
2 2

H ( s) 20 1 K s + K2
L {step response} = = = + 21
s s ( s + 4s + 20) s s + 4s + 20
2

20 = s 2 + 4s + 20 + s ( K1s + K 2 ) = s 2 (1+ K1 ) + s ( 4+ K 2 ) + 20
⇒ K1 = −1, K 2 = − 4
1
−( s + 2 ) − ( 4)
1
L {step response} = + + 2
s ( s + 2 )2 + 42 ( s + 2 ) + 42
⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
step response = ⎜ 1− e −2t ⎜ cos 4t + sin 4t ⎟ ⎟ u (t )
⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠

L {h( t )} = H ( s ) = ⇒ h ( t ) = 1.07 ( e −.8t − e −3.2t ) u(t)

c) 1.07 1.07
−
H (s) =
2.56 s + .8 s + 3.2
( s + 0.8)( s + 3.2 ) −4 1
H (s) 2.56 1
L {step response} = = = + 3 + 3
s s ( s + .8) ( s + 3.2) s s + .8 s + 3.2
⎛ 1 4 ⎞
step response = ⎜1+ e −3.2t − e −.8t ⎟ u (t )
⎝ 3 3 ⎠

4 h( t ) = 4te −2t u (t )
d) H ( s ) =
( s + 2) step response = (1−(1+ 2t )e −2t ) u (t )
2

9
P14.8-15
For an impulse response, take V1 ( s ) = 1 . Then

3( s + 2 ) A B B*
V0 ( s ) = = + +
s ( s +3− j 2 ) ( s + 3+ j 2 ) s s + 3− j 2 s + 3+ j 2
Where

A = sV0 ( s ) = 0.462, B = (s + 3 − j 2) V0 ( s ) s =−3+ j 2 = 0.47∠ − 119.7° and B* = 0.47 ∠119.7°

s =0

Then
0.462 0.47 ∠−119.7° 0.47 ∠119.7°
V0 ( s ) = + +
s s +3− j 2 s +3+ j 2
The impulse response is

v0 (t ) = ⎡⎣0.462 + 2(0.47)e −3t cos ( 2 t − 119.7 o ) ⎤⎦ u ( t ) V

P14.8-16
a.

A capacitor in a circuit that is at steady state

and has only constant inputs acts like an open
circuit. Then

10
vo ( t ) = − (1.5 ) = −3.75 V
4

b. Here’s the circuit represented in the frequency

domain, using phasors and impedances. Writing a
node equation at the inverting input node of the op
amp gives

4∠30° Vo (ω ) V (ω )
+ + o 3 =0
4 ×10 − j 10 ×10 10 × 10
3 3

or
10∠30° + (1 + j ) Vo (ω ) = 0
10∠30°
Vo (ω ) = − = 7.07∠165°
1+ j
Finally,

10
 vo(t) = 7.07 cos(100t +165°) V.

c. Here’s the circuit represented in the frequency

domain, using The Laplace transform (assuming
zero initial conditions). Writing a node equation at
the inverting input node of the op amp gives
1
s + Vo ( s ) + Vo ( s ) = 0
4 × 103 1 ×106 10 × 103
s
3
10
+ ( s + 100 ) Vo ( s ) = 0
4s
250 −2.5 2.5
Vo ( s ) = = +
s ( s + 100 ) s s + 100
Finally,
vo ( t ) = 2.5 ( e −100 t − 1) u ( t ) V

P14.8-17
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using
the Laplace transform as shown. (Set the initial
conditions to zero to calculate the step response.)

First,
× ( R2 + L s )
1
R2 + L s
|| ( R 2 + L s ) =
1 Cs
=
+ ( R2 + L s ) C L s + C R2 s +1
2
Cs 1
Cs

Next, using voltage division,

11
 R2 + L s
Vo ( s ) C L s2 + C R2 s + 1 R2 + L s
H (s) = = =
Vi ( s ) R2 + L s R 2 + L s + R1 ( C L s 2 + C R 2 s + 1)
+ R1
C L s + C R2 s +1
2

s R2
+
R 1 C R1 L C 2s + 4
= = 2
L + R1 R 2 C R + R 2 s + 4 s + 29
s2 + s+ 1
R1 L C R1 L C
1
Using Vi ( s ) = gives
s
H (s) 2s + 4 0.1379 −0.1379 s + 1.4483
Vo ( s ) = = = +
s s ( s + 4 s + 29 )
2
s s 2 + 4 s + 29
0.1379 −0.1379 s + 1.4483
= +
( s + 2 ) + 52
2
s
0.1379 s+2 5
= − 0.1379 + 0.3449
( s + 2 ) + 52 ( s + 2 ) + 52
2 2
s

Taking the inverse Laplace transform

v o ( t ) = 0.1379 + e − 2 t ( −0.1379 cos ( 5 t ) + 0.3448sin ( 5 t ) )

= 0.1379 + 0.3713 e − 2 t cos ( 5 t − 111.8° ) V

(checked using LNAP 10/15/04)

P14.8-18
First, we determine the transfer function corresponding to the step response. Taking the Laplace
transform of the given step response

H (s) 1 0.667 1.667 ( s + 50 )( s + 20 ) + 0.667 s ( s + 20 ) − 1.667 s ( s + 50 )

= Vo ( s ) = + − =
s s s + 50 s + 20 s ( s + 50 )( s + 20 )
1000
=
s ( s + 50 )( s + 20 )
Consequently,
Vo ( s ) 1000
H (s) = =
Vi ( s ) ( s + 50 )( s + 20 )

12
Next, we determine the transfer function of the
circuit. Represent the circuit in the frequency
domain using the Laplace transform as shown. (Set
the initial conditions to zero to calculate the transfer
function.)

Apply KVL to the left mesh to get

Vi ( s )
Vi ( s ) = L1 s I a ( s ) + K I a ( s ) ⇒ I a ( s ) =
K + L1 s

Next, using voltage division,

R RK
Vo ( s ) = K I a ( s ) ⇒ Vo ( s ) = V (s)
L2 s + R ( L2 s + R )( K + L1 s ) i
Then, the transfer function of the circuit is
RK
Vo ( s ) RK L1 L 2
H (s) = = =
Vi ( s ) ( L 2 s + R )( L1 s + K ) ⎛ R ⎞⎛ K⎞
⎜⎜ s + ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ s + ⎟⎟
⎝ L2 ⎠ ⎝ L1 ⎠
Comparing the two transfer functions gives
RK
1000 L1 L 2
= H (s) =
( s + 50 )( s + 20 ) ⎛ R ⎞⎛ K⎞
⎜⎜ s + ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ s + ⎟⎟
⎝ L2 ⎠ ⎝ L1 ⎠

RK R K R K
We require 1000 = and either 50 = and 20 = or 20 = and 50 = . These
L1 L 2 L2 L1 L2 L1
equations do not have a unique solution. One solution is

L1 = 0.1 H, L2 = 0.1 H, R = 5 Ω and K = 2 V/A

(checked using LNAP 10/15/04)

13
P14.8-19
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using the
Laplace transform as shown. (Set the initial conditions
to zero to calculate the step response.)

First,
⎛ 1 ⎞
R2 × ⎜ L s +
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎝ Cs⎠
⎟ R 2 ( C L s 2 + 1)
R 2 || ⎜ L s + ⎟= =
⎛ 1 ⎞ C L s + C R2 s +1
2
⎝ Cs⎠
R2 + ⎜ L s + ⎟
⎝ Cs⎠

Next, using voltage division twice,

R 2 ( C L s 2 + 1) 1
Vo ( s ) C L s + C R2 s + 1
2
Cs R2
H (s) = = × =
Vi ( s ) R 2 ( C L s + 1)
2

+ R1 Ls+
1 (R 1 + R 2 ) C L s + R1 R 2 C s + R1 + R 2
2

C L s + C R2 s + 1
2 Cs

R2

=
(R
+ R2 ) L C
1
= 2
8
R1 R 2 1 s + 10 s + 16
s2 + s+
( R1 + R 2 ) L L C
1
Using Vi ( s ) = gives
s
1 2 1
H (s) −
8 8
Vo ( s ) = = = =2+ 3 + 6
s s ( s + 10 s + 16 ) s ( s + 2 )( s + 8 ) s s + 2 s + 8
2

Taking the inverse Laplace transform

⎛1 2 1 ⎞
v o ( t ) = ⎜ − e− 2 t + e− 8t ⎟ u ( t ) V
⎝2 3 6 ⎠

(checked using LNAP 10/15/04)

14
P14.8-20
First, we determine the transfer function corresponding to the step response. Taking the Laplace
transform of the given step response

H (s) 3.2 ⎛ 3.2 16 ⎞ 3.2 ( s + 5 ) − 3.2 s ( s + 5 ) + 16 s

2
80
= Io ( s ) = −⎜ + ⎟= =
s s ⎜⎝ s + 5 ( s + 5 ) ⎟⎠
2
s ( s + 5)
2
s ( s + 5)
2

Consequently,
Io ( s ) 80
H (s) = =
Vi ( s ) ( s + 5 )2

Next, we determine the transfer function of the

circuit. Represent the circuit in the frequency
domain using the Laplace transform as shown.
(Set the initial conditions to zero to calculate the
transfer function.)

First
1
R1 ×
1 Cs R1
R1 || = =
Cs R + 1 1 + R1 C s
1
Cs

Next, using voltage division,

R1
1 + R1 C s R1
Va ( s ) = Vi ( s ) = Vi ( s )
R1 R1 + R 2 + R1 R 2 C s
+ R2
1 + R1 C s

K
K Va ( s ) K R1 R2 C L
Io ( s ) = ⇒ Io ( s ) = V (s) = Vi ( s )
L s + R3 ( L s + R3 )( R1 + R 2 + R1 R 2 C s ) i ⎛ R3 ⎞ ⎛ R1 + R 2 ⎞
⎜ s + ⎟ ⎜⎜ s + ⎟
⎝ L ⎠⎝ R1 R 2 C ⎟⎠

Then, the transfer function of the circuit is

15
 K
Io ( s ) R2 C L
H (s) = =
Vi ( s ) ⎛ R3 ⎞ ⎛ R1 + R 2 ⎞
⎜ s + ⎟ ⎜⎜ s + ⎟
⎝ L ⎠⎝ R1 R 2 C ⎟⎠
Comparing the two transfer functions gives
K
80 R2 C L
= H (s) =
( s + 5) R3 ⎞ ⎛ R1 + R 2 ⎞
2
⎛
⎜ s + ⎟ ⎜⎜ s + ⎟
⎝ L ⎠⎝ R1 R 2 C ⎟⎠

We require
R1 + R 2 40 + 10
5= = ⇒ C = 25 mF ,
R1 R 2 C ( 40 ×10 ) C

R3 20
5= = ⇒ L=4 H
L L
and
K K
80 = = ⇒ K = 80 V/V .
R 2 C L 10 ( 0.025 ) 4

(checked using LNAP 10/15/04)

P14.8-21
First,

6.5cos ( 2 t + 22.6° ) = 6.5 ( cos 22.6° ) cos ( 2 t ) − 6.5 ( sin 22.6° ) sin ( 2 t ) = 6 cos ( 2 t ) − 2.5sin ( 2 t )

Consequently, the impulse response can be written as

v o ( t ) = e − 2 t ( 6 cos ( 2 t ) − 2.5sin ( 2 t ) ) u ( t ) V
The transfer function is

s+3 2 6 s + 13 6 s + 13
H (s) = 6 − 2.5 = =
( s + 3) +2 ( s + 3) +2 ( s + 3) +2 s + 6s + 13
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

The Laplace transform of the step response is

H (s) 6s + 13 1 s 1 s 1 s+3 3 2
= = − 2 = − = − + ×
s ( s + 6 s + 13) s s + 6 s + 13 s ( s + 3) + 2 s ( s + 3) + 2 2 ( s + 3) 2 + 22
2 2 2 2 2
s

16
Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives the step response:

( )
v o ( t ) = 1 + e − 2 t (1.5sin ( 2 t ) − cos ( 2 t ) ) u ( t ) = (1 + 1.803 e− 2 t cos ( 2 t − 123.7° ) ) V

P14.8-22
Taking the Laplace transform of the step response,

H (s) 1 ⎡ 3 1 ⎤ 1 s+6 9
= −⎢ + ⎥= − =
s s ⎢⎣ ( s + 3) s + 3 ⎥⎦ s ( s + 3)
2 2
s ( s + 3)
2

The transfer function is

9
H (s) =
( s + 3)
2

Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives the impulse response:

v o ( t ) = 9 t e − 3t u ( t ) V

(checked using LNAP 10/15/04)

P14.8-23
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain
using the Laplace transform as shown. (Set the
initial conditions to zero to calculate the transfer
function.) First,
V (s)
Ia ( s ) = i
L s + R1
The equivalent impedance of the parallel capacitor
and inductor is
1
R2 ×
1 Cs R2
R 2 || = =
Cs R + 1 1+ R2 C s
2
Cs

Next, using voltage division,

R3 R3 + R 2 R3 C s K ( R3 + R 2 R3 C s )
Vo ( s ) = K Ia ( s ) = K Ia ( s ) = Vi ( s )
R2
+ R3
R 2 + R3 + R 2 R3 C s ( L s + R1 )( R 2 + R 3 + R 2 R 3 C s )
1+ R2 C s

17
Then, the transfer function of the circuit is
K⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜⎜ s + ⎟
Vo ( s ) L⎝ R 2 C ⎟⎠ 5 ( s + 0.5 )
H (s) = = =
Vi ( s ) ⎛ R1 ⎞ ⎛ R 2 + R 3 ⎞ ( s + 5 )( s + 2.5 )
⎜ s + ⎟ ⎜ s + ⎟
⎝ L ⎠ ⎜⎝ R 2 R 3 C ⎟⎠
1
Using Vi ( s ) = gives
s
H (s) 5 ( s + 0.5 ) 0.2 −1.8 1.6
Vo ( s ) = = = + +
s s ( s + 5 )( s + 2.5 ) s s + 5 s + 2.5

Taking the inverse Laplace transform

v o ( t ) = ( 0.2 − 1.8 e − 5t + 1.6 e − 2.5 t ) u ( t ) V

(checked using LNAP 10/15/04)

18
Section 14-9: Convolution Theorem

P14.9-1
1 e− s 1 − e− s
f ( t ) = u ( t ) − u ( t − 1) ⇒ F ( s ) = L ⎡⎣u ( t ) − u ( t − 1) ⎤⎦ = − =
s s s
⎡⎛ 1 − e − s ⎞ ⎤
2
−1 ⎡1 − 2 e + e−2 s ⎤
−s
f ( t ) * f ( t ) = L −1⎡⎣ F 2 ( s ) ⎤⎦ = L −1⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = L ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣⎝ s ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎣ s2 ⎦
= t u ( t ) − 2 ( t − 1) u ( t − 1) + ( t − 2 ) u ( t − 2 )

P14.9-2
2 2e −2 s
f ( t ) = 2 ⎡⎣u ( t ) − u ( t − 2 ) ⎤⎦ ⇒ F ( s ) = −
s s
⎡ 4 8e −2 s 4e −4 s ⎤
f ∗ f = L−1 ⎡⎣ F ( s ) F ( s ) ⎤⎦ = L−1 ⎢ 2 − 2 + 2 ⎥ = 4t u ( t ) − 8 ( t − 2 ) u ( t − 2 ) + 4 ( t − 4 ) u ( t − 4 )
⎣s s s ⎦

P14.9-3
1
v1 ( t ) = t u ( t ) ⇒ V1 ( s ) =
s2
1 1
V2 ( s )
H (s) = = Cs = RC
V1 ( s ) R + 1 s+
1
Cs RC
v2 ( t ) = h ( t ) ∗ v1 ( t ) = L−1 ⎡⎣V1 ( s ) H ( s ) ⎤⎦
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1
− −
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎜ RC ⎟ 1
V2 ( s ) = V1 ( s ) H ( s ) = ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟=
RC + + RC
⎝ s ⎠ ⎜ s+ 1 ⎟ s s2 s + 1
⎝ RC ⎠ RC
v2 ( t ) = t −
1
RC
(1 − e − t / RC ), t ≥ 0

1
P14.9-4
1 1
h ( t ) ∗ f ( t ) = L−1 ⎡⎣ H ( s ) F ( s ) ⎤⎦ where H ( s ) = 2 and F ( s ) =
s s+a
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ A B C
So H ( s ) F ( s ) = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = + 2 +
⎝ s 2 ⎠ ⎝ s +a⎠ s s s+a
Solving the partial fractions yields: A = −1 a 2 , B = 1 a, C = 1 a 2
−1 t e − ( at )
So h( t ) ∗ f ( t ) = + + 2 , t≥0
a2 a a

2
Section 14-10: Stability

P14.10-1
a. From the given step response:

H ( s) ⎡3 ⎤
= L ⎢ (1 − e−100 t ) u ( t ) ⎥ =
75
s ⎣4 ⎦ s ( s + 100 )
From the circuit:
R
R H (s)
H (s) = ⇒ = L
R + 5 + Ls s ⎛ R+5⎞
s⎜s + ⎟
⎝ L ⎠
Comparing gives
R ⎫
= 75 ⎪
L ⎪ R = 15 Ω
⎬ ⇒
R+5 L = 0.2 H
= 100 ⎪
L ⎪⎭
b. The impulse response is
⎡ 75 ⎤
h ( t ) = L −1 ⎢ ⎥ = 75 e−100 t u ( t )
⎣ s + 100 ⎦
c.
75 3
H (ω ) ω =100 = = ∠ − 45°
j 100 + 100 4 2
⎛ 3 ⎞ 15
Vo (ω ) = ⎜ ∠45° ⎟ ( 5∠0° ) = ∠ − 45° V
⎝4 2 ⎠ 4 2
vo ( t ) = 2.652 cos (100 t − 45° ) V

(Checked using LNAP, 12/29/02)

P14.10-2
The transfer function of this circuit is given by

H (s) 5 −5 −10
= L ⎡⎣( 5 − 5 e −2 t (1 + 2t ) ) u ( t ) ⎤⎦ = +
20 20
+ = ⇒ H (s) =
s s s + 2 ( s + 2) 2
( s + 2)
2
( s + 2)
2

This transfer function is stable so we can determine the network function as

20 20
H (ω ) = H ( s ) s = j ω = =
( s + 2) (2 + jω )
2 2
s= jω

The phasor of the output is

14-1
 20 20
Vo (ω ) = ( 5∠45° ) = ( 5∠45° ) = 12.5∠ − 45° V
( 2 + j 2) ( )
2 2
2 2∠45°

The steady-state response is

vo ( t ) = 12.5cos ( 2 t − 45°) V

(Checked using LNAP, 12/29/02)

P 14.11-3
30
The transfer function of the circuit is H ( s ) = L −1⎡⎣30 t e−5t u (t ) ⎤⎦ = . The circuit is stable
( s + 5)
2

so we can determine the network function as

30 30
H (ω ) = H ( s ) s = j ω = =
( s + 5) (5 + j ω )
2 2
s= jω

The phasor of the output is

30 30
Vo (ω ) = (10∠0° ) = (10∠0° ) = 8.82∠ − 62° V
( 5 + j 3) ( 5.83∠31° )
2 2

The steady-state response is

vo ( t ) = 8.82cos ( 3 t − 62°) V

P14.10-4

H ( s)
= L ⎡⎣( 40 + 1.03 e− 8t − 41 e− 320 t ) u ( t ) ⎤⎦ =
40 1.03 41 102400
+ − =
s s s + 8 s + 320 s ( s + 8)( s + 320 )
so
102400
H (s) =
( s + 8 )( s + 320 )

The poles of the transfer function are s1 = −8 rad/s and s 2 = −320 rad/s , so circuit is stable.
Consequently,
102400 40
H (ω ) = H ( s ) s = j ω = =
( j ω + 8) ( j ω + 320 ) ⎛1 + j ω ⎞ ⎛1 + j ω ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠⎝ 320 ⎠

14-2
The network function has poles at 8 and 320 rad/s and has a low frequency gain equal to 32 dB =
40. Consequently, the asymptotic magnitude Bode plot is

P14.10-5

H (s)
= L ⎡⎣60 ( e− 2 t − e− 6 t ) u ( t ) ⎤⎦ =
60 60 240
− =
s s + 2 s + 6 ( s + 2 )( s + 6 )
so
240 s
H (s) =
( s + 6 )( s + 2 )

The poles of the transfer function are s1 = −2 rad/s and s 2 = −6 rad/s , so circuit is stable.
Consequently,
240 j ω 20 j ω
H (ω ) = H ( s ) s = j ω = =
( j ω + 2 ) ( j ω + 6 ) ⎛1 + ω ⎞⎛ ω⎞
j ⎟ ⎜1 + j ⎟
⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 6⎠

The network function has poles at 2 and 6 rad/s. The asymptotic magnitude Bode plot has a gain
equal to 40 = 32 dB between 2 and 6 rad/s. Consequently, the asymptotic magnitude Bode plot is

14-3
P14.10-6

H (s) 36 s + 360 36 ( s + 10 )
= L ⎡⎣( 4 + 32 e− 90 t ) u ( t ) ⎤⎦ = +
4 32
= =
s s s + 90 s ( s + 90 ) s ( s + 90 )
so

H ( s ) = 36
( s + 10 )
( s + 90 )

The pole of the transfer function s1 = −90 rad/s , so circuit is stable. Consequently,

⎛ ω⎞
( j ω + 10 ) ⎜1 + j ⎟
=4⎝
10 ⎠
H (ω ) = H ( s ) s = j ω = 36
( j ω + 90 ) ⎛1 + ω⎞
⎜ j ⎟
⎝ 90 ⎠

The network function has a zero at 10 rad/s and a pole at 90 rad/s. The low frequency gain is
equal to 4 = 12 dB. Consequently, the asymptotic magnitude Bode plot is

P14.10-7

14-4
 H (s) ⎡5 ⎤ 1.67 1.67
= L ⎢ ( e − 5 t − e − 20 t ) u ( t ) ⎥ =
25
− =
s ⎣3 ⎦ s + 5 s + 20 ( s + 5 )( s + 20 )
so
25 s
H (s) =
( s + 5 )( s + 20 )

The poles of the transfer function are s1 = −5 rad/s and s 2 = −20 rad/s , so the circuit is stable.
Consequently the network function of the circuit is,

25 j ω 0.25 j ω
H (ω ) = H ( s ) s = j ω = =
( j ω + 5) ( j ω + 20 ) ⎛1 + ω ⎞⎛ ω⎞
j ⎟⎜1 + j ⎟
⎜
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 20 ⎠
Using Vo (ω ) = H (ω ) Vs (ω ) at ω = 30 rad/s gives

0.25 ( j 30 ) j 90
Vo (ω ) = (12∠0 ) = = 8.2∠ − 47° V
⎛ 30 ⎞ ⎛ 30 ⎞ (1 + j 6 )(1 + j1.5 )
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 20 ⎠

Back in the time domain, the steady state response is

v o ( t ) = 8.2 cos ( 30 t − 47° ) V

(checked using LNAP 10/12/04)

P14.10-8

10 50 10 ( s + 5 ) − 50 10 s
H ( s ) = L ⎡⎣e − 5 t (10 − 50 t ) u ( t ) ⎤⎦ = − = =
s + 5 ( s + 5) 2
( s + 5)
2
( s + 5)
2

The poles of the transfer function are s1 = −5 rad/s and s 2 = −5 rad/s , so the circuit is stable.
Consequently the network function of the circuit is,

10 j ω 0.4 j ω
H (ω ) = H ( s ) s = j ω = =
( j ω + 5) ω⎞
2 2
⎛
⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 5⎠
Using Vo (ω ) = H (ω ) Vs (ω ) at ω = 10 rad/s gives

14-5
 0.4 ( j 10 ) j 48
Vo (ω ) = (12∠0 ) = = 9.6∠ − 37° V
(1 + j 2 )
2 2
⎛ 10 ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 5⎠

Back in the time domain, the steady state response is

v o ( t ) = 9.6 cos (10 t − 37°) V

(checked using LNAP 10/12/04)

14-6
Section 14.12 How Can We Check…?

P14.12-1

d
v L (t ) = 3 i L ( t ) = −6 e − 2.1t − 2 e −15.9 t
dt

1 d
iC ( t ) = v C ( t ) = −0.092 e − 2.1t − 0.575 e −15.9 t
75 dt

v R1 ( t ) = 12 − v L ( t ) = 12 + 6 e − 2.1t + 2 e −15.9 t

12 − ( v L ( t ) + v C ( t ) )
i R2 (t ) = = 1 + 0.456 e − 2.1t − 0.123 e −15.9 t
6

vC (t )
i R3 (t ) = = 1 + 0.548 e −2.1t + 0.452 e −15.9 t
6
Thus,
−12 + v L ( t ) + v R1 ( t ) = 0 and i R 2 ( t ) = i C ( t ) +i R 3 ( t )

as required. The analysis is correct.

P14.12-2

18 20
I1 ( s) = and I 2 ( s ) =
3 3
s− s−
4 4

1
 ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
12 1 ⎜ 18 ⎟ ⎜ 18 20 ⎟
KVL for left mesh: + ⎜ ⎟ + 6⎜ − ⎟ = 0 (ok)
s 2s ⎜ s − 3 ⎟ ⎜ s − 3 s − 3 ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4 4⎠
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ 18 20 ⎟ ⎜ 20 ⎟ ⎜ 18 ⎟
−6 ⎜ − +3 −4 = 0 (ok)
3⎟ ⎜ 3⎟ ⎜ 3⎟
KVL for right mesh:
3
⎜s− s− ⎟ ⎜s− ⎟ ⎜s− ⎟
⎝ 4 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
The analysis is correct.

P14.12-3
lim s+2
Initial value of IL (s): s = 1 (ok)
s→∞ s +s+5
2

lim s+2
Final value of IL (s): s = 0 (ok)
s→0 s +s+5
2

lim −20 ( s + 2 )
Initial value of VC (s): s = 0 (not ok)
s→∞ s ( s 2 + s + 5)

lim −20 ( s + 2 )
Final value of VC (s): s = −8 (not ok)
s→0 s ( s 2 + s + 5)

Apparently the error occurred as VC (s) was calculated from IL (s). Indeed, it appears that VC (s)

20 20 8
was calculated as − I L ( s ) instead of − I L ( s ) + . After correcting this error
s s s

20 ⎛ s + 2 ⎞ 8
VC ( s ) = − ⎜ ⎟+ .
s ⎝ s2 + s+5⎠ s

lim ⎛ −20 ( s + 2 ) 8 ⎞
Initial value of VC (s): s⎜ + ⎟ = 8 (ok)
s→∞ ⎜ s ( s 2 + s + 5) s ⎟
⎝ ⎠

lim ⎛ −20 ( s + 2 ) 8 ⎞
Final value of VC (s): s⎜ + ⎟ = 0 (ok)
s → 0 ⎜ s ( s 2 + s + 5) s ⎟
⎝ ⎠