3 - 12 Specification For Monitoring Control and Protection of SHP Stations

VERSION 2
STANDARDS / MANUALS / GUIDELINES FOR

SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT

SPONSOR:
MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
GUIDELINES FOR
MONITORING CONTROL AND PROTECTION OF SHP
STATIONS
LEAD ORGANISATION:
ALTERNATE HYDRO ENERGY CENTRE
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROORKEE
1

CONTENTS
ITEMS PAGE NO.
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 OBJECTIVE 1
1.2 GENERAL 1
1.3 REFERENCES AND CODES 2
SECTION – I GENERAL TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR 3
PREPARING SPECIFICATIONS
1.0 MONITORING OF SHP 3
1.1 SYSTEMS FOR MONITORING 3
1.2 REQUIREMENTS OF MONITORING SYSTEM 5
1.3 LEVELS OF MONITORING 6
1.4 CONTROL OF UNITS OF SMALL HYDROPOWER 6
PLANT
1.5 PROTECTION OF SHP GENERATING UNITS 17
1.6 GENERATOR CONNECTED IN PARALLEL TO 31
GRID
1.7 GENERATORS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL ON 31
A COMMON BUS
1.8 PROTECTION GROUPS 32
1.9 PROTECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMERS 33
1.10 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 33
SECTION – II TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONTROL, 36
PROTECTION & METERING ( MICRO HYDEL UPTO
100 KW)
2.1 SCOPE 36
2.2 APPLICABLE STANDARDS 36
2.3 DESIGN CRITERIA 36
2.4 PROTECTION AND METERING 37
2.5 TESTS 39
SECTION - III TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 40
CONTROL, PROTECTION AND METERING
(FOR SHP ABOVE 100KW TO 1000KW)
3.1 SCOPE 40
3.2 CONTROL EQUIPMENT 40
3.3 SYNCHRONIZATION 40
3.4 ALARM AND ANNUNCIATION 41
3.5 METERING 41
ITEMS PAGE NO.
3.6 PROTECTION RELAYS 41

3.7 UNIT CONTROL BOARD 41
3.8 COMPLETENESS 41
3.9 SPARE PARTS & TOOLS 41
3.10 DOCUMENTATION 42
3.11 STANDARDS 42
3.12 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS 44
3.13 UNIT CONTROLLERS 44
3.14 PROTECTION AND METERING DETAILS 45
3.15 METERING SYSTEM 47
3.16 UNIT CONTROL BOARD/CONTROL PANEL 48
3.17 SYNCHRONIZING PANEL 48
3.18 ANNUNCIATION SYSTEM 49
3.19 FACTORY TESTING 50
3.20 SITE TESTING 50
3.21 DRAWINGS 51
3.22 SPARE PARTS & TOOLS 51
SECTION -IV TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR CONTROL 52
PROTECTION, METERING, SUPERVISORY
CONTROL AND DATA AQUISITION SYSTEM (SCADA)
4.0 SCOPE 52
4.1 APPLICABLE STANDARD 52
4.2 CONTROL AND MONITORING SYSTEM 52
4.3 CONTROL AND MONITORING OF PLANT 54
EQUIPMENT
4.4 MANUAL CONTROL, METERING AND 75
PROTECTION SYSTEM
4.5 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA 84
ACQUISITION (SCADA) SYSTEM
SECTION -V TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR CONTROL 95
PROTECTION, METERING AND SUPERVISORY CONTROL
AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
(SCADA)
5.0 SCOPE 95
5.1 APPLICABLE STANDARD 95
5.2 CONTROL AND MONITORING SYSTEM 96
5.3 CONTROL AND MONITORING OF PLANT 96
EQUIPMENT
5.4 MANUAL CONTROL, METERING AND 123
PROTECTION SYSTEM
ITEMS PAGE NO.
5.5 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA 138

ACQUISITION (SCADA) SYSTEM
5.6 COMMUNICATION LINK 147
5.7 FACTORY TESTS FOR UNIT CONTROL 150
SWITCHBOARDS
5.8 FIELD TESTS FOR UNIT CONTROL 151
SWITCHBOARDS
5.9 ADDITIONAL FACTORY AND FIELD TESTS 151
FOR DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEMS
5.10 DATA/ DOCUMENT TO BE FURNISHED BY THE 152
BIDDER
GUIDE LINES FOR TECHNICAL SPECIFICTION FOR
MONITORING CONTROL AND PROTECTION OF SHP STATIONS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVES
This guide is intended to assist in preparation of specification for monitoring of

various parameters of various operations, control and protection of main generating
equipment viz turbine, generator, transformer and other associated auxiliaries.
1.2 GENERAL
The generating units of a small hydropower plant may have its shaft vertical,
horizontal or inclined with the type of turbine selected to suit the site’s physical conditions.
Small hydro turbines may be selected as per site conditions, head and discharge available.
Small hydro-generator are of the alternating current type and may be either synchronous or
induction type. Usually small hydro units up to 5 MW are expected to require minimum
amount of field assembly and installation work. While machine having capacity from 5 MW
to 25 MW may have slow speed, large diameter and with split generator stator that require
final winding assembly in the field.
Mini & micro power stations are generally provided system suiting to these being run
unattended or with few attendants while bigger machines up to 5 MW capacity have more
elaborate arrangement of control monitoring and protection. Machine having capacity up to
25 MW and provision of parallel operation with other systems will have more comprehensive
control, monitoring & protection system.
This guide, therefore, describes control, monitoring and protection requirement of

small hydro power plants in following categories:
Section-I General technical considerations for preparing
specifications
Section- II Technical Specification for MHP having capacity
upto100KW,
Section-III Technical Specification for SHP having capacity
above 100KW to1000KW,
Section-IV Technical Specification for SHP having capacity
above 1MW to 5 MW
Section -V Technical Specification for SHP having capacity
above 5MW to 25 MW.
This guide will serve as a reference document along with available national &
international codes standards, guide & books. For the purpose of convenience Section-I of
this guide has been subdivided as follows
• Monitoring
• Control
• Protection
1
1.3 REFERENCES AND CODES
IEEE Std 1020 - IEEE guide for control of small hydro electric power
plants
IEEE Std 1010 - IEEE guide for control of hydro electric power plants
IEEE Std 60545:1976 - Guide for commissioning operation and maintenance of
Hydraulic Turbines
IEC 61116:1992 - Electro mechanical guide for small hydroelectric
installations
IEEE std 1046 - IEEE application guide for distributed digital control
and monitoring for power plants
IEEE std. 1249 - IEEE guide for computer–based control for power
plant automation
IEEE std. C 37101 - IEEE guide for generator ground protection
IEEE std. C 5012 - IEEE standard for salient pole 50 Hz and 60 Hz
synchronous generator and generator / motors for
hydraulic turbine application rated 5 MVA and above
IEEE std 4214 - IEEE guide for preparation of excitation system
specification
ANSI/ IEEE std 242:1996 - IEEE recommended practice for protection and
coordination of industrial and commercial power
systems
ANSI/ IEEE std C 372-1987 - IEEE standard electrical power systems device function
numbers
ANSI/ IEEE std C 37.95 : 1974 - (R1980) IEEE guide for protective relaying of utility
ANSI/ IEEE std C 37.102:1987 - IEEE guide for generator protection
MASON, CR - Art & science of protective relaying 1956
AHEC/PFC/FINAL REPORT 2002
2
SECTION – I
GENERAL TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS

FOR PREPARING SPECIFICATIONS
1.0 MONITORING OF SHP
Monitoring of operating parameters of the generating unit and their auxiliaries is very
important for the life and optimum utilization of available discharge for generation. The
efficient running of unit require regular monitoring. The primary input data and generation
output data are monitored periodically. The details of data required for monitoring
performance of a generating station is as following.
1.1 SYSTEMS FOR MONITORING

1.1.1 Water Conductor System
• Storage level at dam / barrage / weir

• River discharge
• Headrace channel discharge
• Discharge at outlet of disilting basin
• Forebay level
• Discharge of spillway
• Penstock pressure
• Tail water level
1.1.2 Hydro-mechanical Parameters
• Turbine and accessories

o Pressure and levels in oil pressure system
o Bearing temperatures (oil & pads)
o Oil level in bearing sumps (if provided)
o Cooling water pressure and temperatures
o Clean water pressure for shaft gland
o Vibration in shaft for large machines
o Status of inlet and other valves.
• Generator and accessories
o Stator winding temperature
o Rotor winding temperature
o DE/NDE end bearing temperatures
o Cooling water and air temperatures
o Air gap monitoring
• Transformers
o Winding temperature
o Oil temperature
o Oil level
o Cooling water temperature and pressures
3
1.1.3 Electro-mechanical Operating Parameters
• Turbine & accessories

o Speed
o Guide vane opening & limits (precent)
o Runner blade opening in Kaplan Turbine (percent)
o Nozzle opening in impulse turbine (percent)
• Generator & auxiliaries
o Governor actuator balance current (Amp)
o Generated power (kW or MW)
o Generated hour (kWh)
o Kilovolt ampere (kVA)
o Kilovolt ampere reactive (kVAR)
o Power factor (PF)
o Frequency (Hz)
o Excitation voltage (Volts)
o Excitation current (Amp)
o Recorder for kW, Hz, kWh etc
• Transformers
o Tap position
o HV/LV current
o Primary/ secondary voltage
• Grid system & transmission line
o Grid voltage
o Grid frequency
o Power export / import (kW)
o Current (Amp)
o Kilowatt hour (kWh) export / import
• Station auxiliaries
o Voltage and current on LT AC system
o Kilowatt hour (kWh)
o Diesel generator running hour, kWh & other parameters
o Drainage & dewatering system
Running hours of pumps
Water level in sump
o Fire extinguisher – periodical testing
o Battery set- Regular monitoring as per manufacturers recommendations
o Battery chargers & distribution boards – voltage current etc.
o Air compressors – HP /LP pressures and running hours
o OPU system
Running hours of pumps
Level in pressure accumulators
Pressure of oil
4
1.2 REQUIREMENTS OF MONITORING SYSTEM
1.2.1 Instrument Transformers & Sensors
CTs & VTs
Current and voltage transformers of rated voltage and appropriate ratio, class of
accuracy is selected as per the requirement of the system.
Sensors
The sensors for temperatures, pressures, levels speed are installed at the proper
location.
1.2.2 Indicating Meters
Analogue type of meters, separate for each parameter with selector switches etc were
being used earlier installed on control panels. Now a days digital meters are being used for
such parameters. Digital multifunction meters are now in use, only one meter provides
several parameters an selection, as well as provides routine display. Few analogue meters like
power meters (kW), voltmeters, ameters with selector switches are provided for operational
facilities.
1.2.3 Temperature Scanners
Digital temperature scanners indicating the temperatures of stator winding, bearing

pads, oil coolers etc. are provided and installed on the generator control panels. These
scanners get the signals from the sensor installed at specific location preferably through
screened cables.
1.2.4 Indicating Lamps
Indicating lamps of suitable colours as per code and practices should be provided on
control panels for indication status of machine and various auxiliaries, pumps, electrical
equipment like breaker, isolator, AC/DC supply system etc. Lists of such indication and
relays are enclosed as Annexure-I&II.
1.2.5 Alarm & Annunciations
The protection system relays and auxiliary relays also provided signals to alarm and
annunciation system. A set of annunciation windows are provided on control panels for each
fault clearing relay with accept test and reset facility through push buttons. Alarm and trip
annunciation indicate the fault and advise operating personnel of the changed operating
conditions.
1.2.6 PLC Based System
Recently control of machine and auxiliaries is done through PLC based control
system automatically in addition to manual systems with local and remote facilities. The data
5
are acquired through sensors and operation of machine is achieved on present values through
PC Monitors etc.
The PLC will acquire data from generating units, transformers, switchgears auxiliaries
through transducers / sensors/ CTs/ VTs wherever signals are week, noise level is high
shielded cables should be used for carrying data / signals. For sending output signal PLC will
use relays for operating breakers etc and comparators for giving ON/OFF signal.
1.3 LEVELS OF MONITORING
Normally two levels of monitoring is provided in SHP as per recommendation of IEC

1116. The levels are:
• Alarm
• Tripping
In case of manned power plant ‘alarm’ comes first so as to make the operator alert if
no corrective action is possible then tripping command with indication / hooter and
annunciation will be there.
But in case of unattended power plant direct tripping command will be initiated and
shut off the facility to avert possibility of any damage to the plant.
1.4 CONTROL OF UNITS OF SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANT

1.4.1 GENERAL
For small hydro installation simplicity of control system is advised, however, the
sophistication of control should be based on the complexity and size of the installation,
without compromising unit dependability and personal safety. Simplicity of control is
desirable to keep total cost of installed equipment as well as cost of maintenance, repair and
tests at economical level. Moreover a simpler system is more reliable as compared to
complex one.
1.4.2 GENERATOR CONNECTION TO SYSTEMS

1.4.2.1 Synchronous Generator
For conventional method of synchronizing the generator is started, accelerated to near

synchronous speed and excitation is applied. The voltage and the frequency are matched and
unit is synchronized to the system, by closing generator circuit breaker or contactor, when
done perfectly no current surge will occur. Normally both manual and automatic
synchronizing of generator are provided. In addition the speed of some types of turbines
under no load conditions is so sensitive to small adjustments in runner blade angle or inflow
as to make only automatic synchronizing practical.
Small hydropower plants will certainly require unattended automatic synchronizing.

Manual synchronizing necessitates availability of continuous display of voltage, frequency,
phase angle and devices to control voltage and speed on the control panel.
Transducers or signal transmitters are provided either at the control panel or at the
equipment.
6
1.4.2.2 Induction Generator
For conventional method of connecting induction generator to the grid, the generator
is started and accelerated to synchronous speed. In fact, the rotor speed of generator shall be
(1% slip) more than grid frequency. This is done to avoid monitoring action of generator.
Once the generator frequency matches with grid frequency the generator breaker is closed.
Now the generator is connected with the grid and running at no load.
At this stage grid power factor is to be checked and capacitor banks are switched on
as per requirement to provide necessary reactive power and further loading of unit is done
upto full load.
All these functions can be performed manually as well as automatically through PLC,
computer, microprocessor based control system.
For smaller machines which are unattended provision of integrated digital control &
SCADA system is preferred.
1.4.2.3 Status and Alarm Requirements
• Unit ready to start

• Breaker position (no alarm if manual operation only)
• Intrusion alarm
• Fire alarm
• Emergency status alarm (requires immediate attention0
• General status alarm (response can be differed)
• Trash rack differential alarm
• Unit stopped (when not required)
• Unit turning (when not required)
• High bearing temperatures
• Loss of lubrication or cooling or both
• Low hydraulic system pressure
• Incomplete start or stop sequence
• Loss of power
1.4.3 UNIT CONTROL
The control logic system for small hydro start stop sequencing can be provided by
hardwired relay logic, programmable controllers microprocessor based systems or a
combination of these.
The unit control system should be designed to perform following functions:
• Data gathering and monitoring

• Start stop control sequence
• Annunciation & alarm conditions
• Temperature monitoring
• Metering & instrumentation
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• Event recording
• Synchronizing and connecting the unit to grid
• Control of real & reactive power
The unit control system must be able to provide startup and shutdown sequencing
under both normal and abnormal conditions. Under normal conditions, the unit is started and
stopped in manner that produces minimal disturbance to the system. For instance of normal
stop sequence entails a controlled unloading of machine and when completely unloaded, the
generator breakers or contactor is tripped. On the other hand protective relay operation will
initiate immediate tripping of the unit and complete shutdown as quickly as possible.
For certain mechanical troubles the unit is unloaded as quickly as possible before
tripping, in order that the potential damage from over speed is avoided.
The unit control system, in order to control and monitor various control sequences,
must interface with number of plant systems, including the following:
• Auxiliary system – pumps & valves

• Governor load control rollers – setters, solenoids & brake control
• Excitation – setters, contactors and circuit breakers
Typical startup and shutdown sequence are shown in fig. 1-3 for a Francis turbine
unit, which, for the sake of illustration, are shown as including synchronous generator and
governing system.
8
Fig. 1: Typical Start Sequence of Synchronous Generator
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Fig. 2: Typical Normal Shut Down and Mechanical Trouble Stop Sequence of
Synchronous Generator
10
Fig. 3: Typical Electrical Trouble Stop Sequence for Synchronous Generator
1.4.4 CONTROL FUNCTIONS
There are many functions to be controlled in a small hydropower system. For example
turbine governor controls the speed of turbine, plant automation covers operations as auto
start, auto synchronization, remote control startup or water level control and data acquisition
and retrieval covers such operation as relaying plant operating status, instantaneous system
efficiency or monthly plant factor.
1.4.4.1 Turbine Control
This is the speed / load control of turbine in which governor adjusts the flow of water
through turbine to balance the input power with load.
11
In case small plants in the category of micro hydel (100 kW unit size), load
controllers are used, where excess load is diverted to dummy load to maintain constant speed.
With an isolated system, the governor controls the frequency of the system.
In interconnected system, the governor may be used to regulate unit load and may
contribute to the system frequency control. Figure 4 shows the different types of control
applicable to turbines.
Fig. 4: Turbine Control
1.4.4.2 Generator Control
This is the excitation control of synchronous generator. The excitation is an integral

part of synchronous generator which is used to regulate operation of generator. The main
functions of excitation system of a synchronous generator are:
• Voltage control in case of isolated operation and synchronizing

• Reactive power or power factor controls in case of inter connected operation.
The different generator controls are shown in fig. 5.
Fig. 5: Generator Controls
1.4.4.3 Plant Control
Plant control deals with the operation of plant. It includes sequential operation like
startup, excitation control, synchronization, loading unit under specified conditions, normal
shutdown, emergency shutdown etc. The mode of control may be manual or automatic and
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may be controlled locally or from remote location. Plant control usually include monitoring
and display of plant conditions. Different plant controls are given in fig 6.
Fig. 6: Overview of Plant Automatic Control
1.4.5 CONTROL OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

1.4.5.1 Vertical Array of Control System
For hydroelectric power plants the components of the control system can be shown in
vertical array as shown in fig 7.
Fig. 7: Hierarchy of Controls of Hydropower Plants
13
• At lowest level (process level) process which includes, generator exciter, turbines,
switchgears, motors, pumps, valve etc is being controlled.
• At middle level there is control interface equipment which sends signals to the
apparatus from controlling equipment and for apparatus to transmit data back to
controlling equipment. Auxiliary contacts of motor starter, relays instrument
transformer signal conditioner, transducers or other interface devices.
• At top level there is controlling system which initiates control signals and receives the
data transmitted from apparatus control interface equipment. At this level itself
human-machine interface is included.
1.4.5.2 Categorization of Control System
The control system can further be defined by identifying following three categories of
control:
• Location:
a. Local - control is local at the controlled equipment within the sight of
the equipment
b. Centralised - control is at other place, but within the plant
c. Off site - control is at remote place which may be quite far from the
plant (Remote)
• Control mode:
a. Manual - Each operation requires a separate and distinct initiation.
However it may be applicable for any of the three locations
b. Automatic - With single initiation several operations in appropriate
(PLC/ computer/ sequence are done. This system can also be applicable to any
Microprocessor of the above three locations
Controlled)
• Operation (supervision)
a. Attended - Operators are all the time available at the plant to perform
control action either locally or centralized control
b. Unattended - Operating staff is not available at the plant. There may be
occasional visits by operation & maintenance people to ensure
security of plant.
1.4.5.3 Information and Control Signals
Following four types of signals are provided between control board and particular
equipment
• Analog inputs for variable signals from CTs, VTs, RTDs, pressure, flow, level,
vibration etc.
• Digital inputs provides digitalized values of variable quantities from the equipment
• Digital outputs – command signals from control boards to equipment
• Analog outputs – transmit variable signals from control to equipment e.g. governor,
voltage regulator etc.
14
1.4.5.4 Communication Links
a. Communication links with remote control
Following methods are available for implementing control from a remote location:
• Hardwired communication circuits (telephone type line, optical cables etc.)
• Leased telephone lines
• Power line carries communication system
• Point to point radio
• Microwave radio
• Satellite
Metallic circuit in hardwire communication circuits and leased telephone lines,

requires special protection for equipments and personals against ground potential rise (GPR)
due to electric system fault, since the hydro-generator is source of fault current. GPR is also
caused by lightening transmitted through power lines entering the power plant. As such
suitable mitigation has to be provided.
Power line carrier including insulated ground wire system can be used for
communications purposes. This method couples a high frequency signal on the power line or
insulated ground wire and is decoupled at an offsite point.
Space radio can be used, utilizing power frequencies and micro wave radio can be
practical if hydro plant owner has an existing microwave system.
b. Communication with control boards
Data and control signals of following equipments will be required to be transmitted

between control board & equipments.
• Generator neutral and terminal equipment

• Head water and tail water level equipment
• Water passage shut off or bye pass valves gates etc.
• Turbine
• Unit transformer
• Circuits breaker and switches
• Generator
• Intake gates or main inlet valve and draft tube gates
• Turbine governing system
• Generator excitation system
The communication link between control board and equipment should be reliable.
c. Communications with Auxiliaries
Data and control signals of following auxiliaries/ equipments will be required to be

transmitted between control board and equipments.
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• Fire protection
• AC Power supply
• DC Power supply
• Service water
• Service air
• Water level monitoring
• Turbine flow monitoring
1.4.6 MODERN PRACTICE REGARDING GOVERNOR AND PLANT CONTROL

1.4.6.1 Previous Practice
Control of a hydro plant generating unit was typically performed from central control
board located in centralize control room. The control board contained.
• Iron vane meters

• Hardwired control switches
• A large number of auxiliary relays to perform unit start / stop operations
• All the sensors and controls required to operate unit or units were hardwired to control
panels allowing control of power station from cotnralised control room
1.4.6.2 Modern Practice
Modern digital integrated control and protection system including programmable

logistic controller (PLCs), distributed computer control system or personal computer control
system not only provide supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) but also
flexibility in control, alarm, sequencing, remote communication in a cost effective manner
and has been specifically recommended for SHPs in India, under UNDP – GEF projects.
Control functions of small hydro plants are standardized in following US standards
a. IEEE guide for control of small hydro electric plants, “ANSI/IEEE standard 1011,
1990’.
b. IEEE guide for control of hydroelectric power plants “ANSI/IEEE standard 1010,
1991.
Specific hardware or software to be utilized for implementation is not however

addressed in these standards.
Architecture and communication are two potential problem area for computerized
control system.
In 1990, the International Organisation for standardistion developed a model for open
architecture and protocol, know as SI (open system interconnection) – ISO mode.
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) type plant controllers combine with PC based
SCADA systems are used as Governors and for plant control & data acquisition. This makes
the system less costly and reliable and therefore, can be used for small hydropower
generation control.
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Personal computer based dedicated digital control system can perform all functions of
governing, unit control, protection and also data acquisition & storage and are more
economical and reliable. These dedicated systems with back up manual control facility of
turbine control in emergency by dedicated semi automatic digital controllers can be a low
cost option for small hydropower station.
1.5 PROTECTION OF SHP GENERATING UNITS

1.5.1 GENERAL
Small hydro turbine-generators should be protected against mechanical, electrical,

hydraulic and thermal damage that may occur as a result of abnormal conditions in the plant
or in the utility system to which the plant is electrically connected.
The abnormal operating conditions that may arise should be detected automatically
and corrective action taken in a timely fashion to minimize the impact. Relays (utilizing
electrical quantities), temperature sensors, pressure or liquid level sensors, and mechanical
contacts operated by centrifugal force, etc., may be utilized in the detection of abnormal
conditions. These devices in turn operate other electrical and mechanical devices to isolate
the equipment from the system.
Where programmable controllers are provided for unit control, they can also perform
some of the desired protective functions.
Operating problems with the turbine, generator, or associated auxiliary equipment

require an orderly shutdown of the affected unit while the remaining generating units (if more
than one is in the plant) continue to operate. Alarm indicators could be used to advise
operating personnel of the changed operating conditions.
Loss of individual items of auxiliary equipment may or may not be critical to the
overall operation of the small plant, depending upon the extent of redundancy provided in the
auxiliary systems. Many auxiliary equipment problems may necessitate loss of generation
until the abnormal conditions has been determined and corrected by operating or maintenance
staff.
The type and extent of the protection provided will depend upon many considerations,
some of which are: (1) the capacity, number, and type of units in the plant; (2) the type of
power system; (3) interconnecting utility requirements; (4) the owner’s dependence on the
plant for power; (5) manufacturer’s recommendations; (6) equipment capabilities; and (7)
control location and extent of monitoring. Overall, though, the design of the protective
systems and equipment is intended to detect abnormal conditions quickly and isolate the
affected equipment as rapidly as possible, so as to minimize the extent of damage and yet
retain the maximum amount of equipment in service.
Small hydroelectric power plants generally contain less complex systems than large
stations, and therefore tend to require less protective equipment. On the other hand, the very
small stations should be typically unattended and under automatic control, and frequently
have little control and data monitoring at an off-site location. This greater isolation tends to
increase the protection demands of the smaller plants.
17
An inherent part of the power plant protection is the design of the automatic controls
to recognize and act on abnormal conditions or control failures during startup. Close
coordination of the unit controls and other protection is essential.
1.5.2 EQUIPMENT TROUBLE

1.5.2.1 Plant Mechanical Equipment Troubles
1.52.1.1 Turbines
(a) Excessive vibration

(b) Bearing problems
(c) Over speed
(d) Insufficient water flow
(e) Shear pin failure
(f) Grease system failure
1.5.2.1.2 Hydraulic Control System
(a) Low accumulator oil level

(b) Low accumulator pressure
(c) Electrical, electronic or hydraulic malfunctions within the governing or gate
positioning system
1.5.2.1.3 Water Passage Equipment
(a) Failure of head gate or inlet valve

(b) Head gate inoperative
(c) Trash rack blockage
(d) Water level control malfunction
1.5.2.2 Plant Electrical Equipment Troubles

1.5.2.2.1 Generator
(a) Abnormal electrical conditions

(b) Stator winding high temperature
(c) Low frequency
(d) Bearing problems
(e) Motoring
(f) Fire
(g) Excessive vibration
(h) Cooling failure
(i) Over speed
1.5.2.2.2 Main Transformer
(a) Insulation failure

(b) High temperature
(c) Abnormal oil level
(d) Fire
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1.5.2.2.3 Generator Switchgear and Bus
(a) Electrical fault

(b) Mechanical failure
(c) Loss of control power
1.5.2.3 General Plant Troubles

1.5.2.3.1 Station Service
(a) Transformer failure

(b) Unbalanced current
(c) DC System Trouble
(d) Station Air System Trouble
(e) Service Water System Trouble
(f) Flooding
(g) Fire
(h) Unauthorized Entry
(i) Protection or Control Logic System Malfunction
(j) Water level Monitoring System Malfunction
1.5.2.4 Utility System Troubles
Utility line faults and other abnormal utility system conditions should be detected and
the plant be disconnected from the utility system. Abnormal utility system conditions include
the following situations:
a. Ground or phase faults

b. Single phasing
c. Abnormal voltage
d. System separation (islanding)
Coordination with the utility is needed in selecting specific protective equipment,

particularly for line fault detection.
1.5.3 DEVICES USED IN A TYPICAL PROTECTION SYSTEM
There are numerous ways of providing the functional protective requirements of the
plant. While standard devices are generally available that can provide the protective functions
required, however each station should have specific design suitable for protection
requirements of the power plant equipment as well as the interconnection.
The following section describes components of a typical protection system that might
be applied to a small hydro plant. Discussions and diagrams are included to illustrate location
and arrangement of relays.
1.5.3.1 Protective Devices

1.5.3.1.1 Temperature
A temperature device, possibly incorporating display and contacts for alarm

annunciation and tripping to monitor bearing stator and transformer winding temperatures.
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Resistance temperature devices operating relays can also be used to detect generator stator
overheating.
1.5.3.1.2 Pressure and Level
Pressure and level switches installed in the turbine air and oil systems, to alarm, block
startup, or trip, as necessary.
1.5.3.1.3 Over and under speed
Direct-connected or electrically driven speed switches for alarm, control, and tripping.
1.5.3.1.4 Vibration
Vibration detectors monitoring turbine or generator shaft sections, with alarm and trip
contacts.
1.5.3.1.5 Water level
A measuring system incorporating level sensors and monitoring equipment, to alarm,

trip, or control turbine output on limiting values of headwater or tail water level, or head.
1.5.3.1.6 Fire
Sensors located in areas where fire can occur and connected to a central fire monitor
for alarm. Small generators usually do not have fire sensors or suppression equipment, since
they are not usually enclosed.
1.5.3.1.7 Miscellaneous mechanical
Sensing devices are integral to the protected systems, such as automatic greasing
system, wicket gate shear pins, transformer, cooling and station sump drainage system.
1.5.3.2 Protective Relay and Protection System
1.5.3.2.1 Features of relays
The protective relays stand watch and in the event of failures short circuits or
abnormal operating conditions help de-energize the unhealthy section of power system and
restrain interference with rest of it and limit damage to equipment and ensure safety of
personals. The protective relays should possess following features:
• Reliability – To ensure correct action even after long period of inactivity and also to
offer repeated operation under sever condition.
• Selectivity – To ensure that only the unhealthy part of system is disconnected
• Sensitivity – Detection of short circuit or abnormal operating condition.
• Speed – To prevent and minimize damage and risk to instability of rotating plant.
20
• Stability – The ability to operate only under those conditions that calls for its
operation and to remain either passive or biased against operation under all other
conditions.
1.5.3.2.2 Type of relays
There are several types of relays being used for protection systems
- Electromagnetic relays
- Static relays
- Numerical relays
The old conventional electromagnetic relays are now being replaced with static relays
with are much faster and maintenance free. These relays are more reliable and sensitive.
These microprocessor based relays have different protections elements and therefore a
separate relay for each protection is not required. A list of protections generally available in
these microprocessor based relays is enclosed as Annexure-II. The numerical relays are
having LED indications for power ON, trip status for different protection elements, time /
current characteristics selected and contacts for trip signals. However, some individual
electromagnetic conventional / static relays for few important protections are recommended
to be provided as standby relays.
• Advantages of numerical relays
It has been a practice to use electro-mechanical / solid state relays for all above
protections. The present trend is to use numerical relays which offer many advantages as
follows, over the earlier technology.
PARAMETER NUMERIC CONVENTIONAL

Accuracy 1% 5%/7.5%
Burden <0.5 VA >5 VA
Setting Ranges Wide Limited
Multi Functionality Yes No
Size Small Large
Field Programmability Yes No
Parameter Display Yes No
System Flexibility Yes No
Co-ordination Tools Many Two
Communication Yes No
Remote Control Yes No
Special Algorithms Many Limited
Special Protections Yes No
Self Diagnostics Yes No
The user’s worry that numerical relays are very expensive is now removed due to
continuous production, improvement in techniques which have made numerical relays above
all, with features listed as above. Numerical relays are more user friendly and are gaining
popularity everywhere.
Following annexure are enclosed for ready reference
21
• Annexure-I - List of SHP Generator panel indications & relays
• Annexure-II - List of protection elements in Microprocessor based relays
1.5.3.2.3 Criteria of selection of protection system
The designer must balance the expense of applying a particular relay against the
consequences of losing a generator. The total loss of generator may not be catastrophic if it
represents a small percentage of the investment in an installation. However, the impact on
service reliability and upset to loads supplied must be considered. Damage to equipment and
loss of product in continuous processes can be dominating concern rather than generating
unit. Accordingly there is no standard solution based on MW-rating. However, it is rather
expected that a 500 kW, 415 V hydro machine will have less protection as compared to 25
MW base load hydro electric machine.
With increasing complications in power system, utility regulation, stress on cost

reduction and trends towards automation, generating unit protection has become a high focus
area. State of the art, micro controller based protection schemes offer a range of economical,
efficient and reliable solution to address the basic protection and control requirements
depending upon the size and specific requirement of the plant.
1.5.3.3 Requirements of Protection of Turbine
Two level protection is recommended as per IEC 1116. Elements to be considered

are:
(a) Speed rotation

(b) Oil levels in bearing
(c) Circulation of lubricants
(d) Oil level of the governing system
(e) Oil level of speed increaser (if provided)
(f) Bearing temperatures
(g) Oil temperature of governing system
(h) Oil temperatures of speed increasers
(i) Oil pressure of governing system
(j) Pressure of cooling water
Immediate tripping is required for a, c, i, and j. While for item b, d, e, f, g and h only
alarm and annunciation is required to alert the operator and take corrective action, but in case
corrective action is not taken, tripping will eventually follow. Applying brakes at a particular
speed (30% of full speed) is done to reduce time to achieve stand still position of machine.
It is recommended two independent devices must be provided for over speed shut
down on larger machines. One for alarm mostly at 110% and other for tripping at 140%,
specially for machines which are not designed for continuous run away speed.
1.5.3.4 Requirements of Protection of Generator
Elements to be considered normally are
22
a. Stator temperature
b. Over current (stator and rotor)
c. Earth fault with current limits (stators & rotor)
d. Maximum and minimum voltage
e. Power reversal
f. Over/ under frequency
g. Oil level in bearing sumps
h. Pad & oil temperature of bearings
i. Cooling air temperature
Immediate tripping is required for items b, c, d, e & f while for items a, g, h and i first
alarm and annunciation is required for taking correcting measure and then tripping if
correcting measure is not taken within permissible time.
It is advisable to provide heating arrangement to prevent condensation in generator.
1.5.3.5 Generator Protection System and Relay Selection

1.5.3.5.1 Categorisation
In view of the economy and plant requirements generator protection for small
hydropower stations is categorized a follows:
• Generator size less than 300 kVA

• Generator size 300 to 1000 kVA
• Generator size 1 MVA to 10 MVA
• Generator size above 10 MVA
1.5.3.5.2 Transient overvoltage and surge protection
Transient over-voltages and lightning surges are controlled by lightning arrestors.

Surge capacitors are provided to restrict rate of rise of surge voltages and their magnitudes.
Every generator is provided with a set of lightening arrestors / surge diverter of appropriate
rating and generated voltage.
1.5.3.5.3 Minimum protection for a small machine with low resistance grounding are
proposed as follows:
Device No. Description

Basic Package
51V Voltage-restrained time over current relay
51GN Neutral ground over current relay
Options
27 Under voltage relay
32 Reverse power relay
40 Loss of excitation relay
46 Negative phase sequence relay
49R Stator over temperature relay
50GS Ground sensor over current relay
51VC Voltage controlled over current relay
23
64B Generator ground over voltage relay (in place of 51GN
where generator is ungrounded)
81 L/H Under / over frequency relay
86G Lockout auxiliary relay
87G Self-balancing current differential relay
12 Over speed relay
7.3.5.4 Minimum protection for a large machine with high resistance grounding
Basic Package
21 Distance
24 Over excitation
27 Under voltage
27TN Third harmonic under voltage
32 Reverse power
40 Loss-of-excitation
46 Current unbalance (negative sequence)
51GN Ground over current (backup to 64G)
51V Voltage-restrained over current
59 Over voltage
60V VT fuse failure detection
64G Stator ground
64F Ground (field)-I
81L/H Under/ Over frequency
24
87G Percentage differential
50/27 Accidental energisation protection
95 Trip circuit monitoring
86G Lockout auxiliary relay
12 Over speed relay
Options
21G System backup distance relay (in place of 51V)
49R Stator over temperature relay (RTD)
60V2 Voltage ground relay-II
78 Out-off step relay
1.5.3.5.5 Typical schemes
With increasing complications in the power system, utility regulations, stress on cost
reduction and trend towards automation, generator protection has become a high focus area.
State of the art, microcontroller based protection schemes from various manufactures offer a
range of solutions to customers to address the basic protection and control requirements
depending upon the size and plant requirements.
25
1.5.3.5.6 Generators-size less than 300 kVA
Normally these generators are controlled by MCCBs, which offer O/C and short
circuit protections. It is advisable to have following protections in addition to MCCB.
E/F protection (51 N): This will protect the generator from hazardous leakages and
ensure operator safety. Many organizations have already made E/F protection as mandatory.
Since these units are very remotely located and less manpower is available for operation and
maintenance, the system needs more automation and fool proof protections. Therefore,
recently several optional protections are also being used for micro/mini units including over
speed (12) protections.
1.5.3.5.7 Generators – size 300 to 1000 kVA
There are two major differences when compared with the small machines considered
above.
• IDMT over current + E/F relay will be required in addition to normal MCCB or ACB
releases – since the generator may need shorter trip time for faults in the range 100%
to 400% level.
26
• By virtue or larger power level, any faults inside the stator or fault between the neutral
of the machine and the breaker terminals can reach very high intensity.
Such internal faults must be cleared instantaneously. Normal IDMT over current E/F
relays are not adequate to monitor this internal fault status-otherwise the machine can
circulate very high fault currents resulting in severe damage.
A high impedance differential relay scheme, is the best suited for this purpose. If the
neutral is formed inside the machine, the differential relay scheme will not be
possible. In this case a restricted E/F scheme is the solution. Care should be taken to
provide adequate number of CTs.
• Machine of this size are likely to have external controls for frequency and excitation –
so that they can be run in parallel with other power sources (other generators on the
same bus or the local grid). This necessitates voltage and frequency related
protections as well.
1.5.3.5.8 Generators – size 1 MVA to 10 MVA
• Stator side protections

o Voltage restrained over current protection (50V/51V)
Normal IDMT O/C will not work here-when an over current fault occurs, due
to higher current levels, there would be a drop in terminal voltage. For the
same fault impedance, the fault current will reduce (with respect to terminal
voltage) to a level below the pickup setting. Consequently normal IDMT may
not pick up. It is necessary to have a relay whose pick up setting will
automatically reduce in proportion to terminal voltage. Hence the over current
protection must be voltage restrained. Two levels of over current protection
are required – low set and high set (for short circuit protection).
o Thermal overload (49)

This protection is a must – it monitors the thermal status of machine for
currents between 105% to the low set O/C level (Normally 150%)
o Current unbalance (46)

Generators are expected to feed unbalanced loads-whose level has to be
monitored. If the unbalance exceeds 20%, it may cause over heating of the
windings. This heating will not be detected by the thermal overload relay-
since the phase currents will be well within limits. A two level monitoring for
unbalance is preferred-first level for alarm and the second level for trip.
o Loss of excitation (40)

When excitation is lost in a running generator, it will draw reactive power
from the bus and get over heated. This condition is detected from the stator
side CT inputs – by monitoring the internal impedance level & position of the
generator.
o Reverse Power (32)

Generators for this size may operate in parallel with other sources, which may
cause reverse power flow at certain times.
- During synchronization
- PF change due to load/ grid fluctuations
- Prime mover failure
27
When reverse power happens, the generator along with prime mover will
undergo violent mechanical shock – hence reverse power protection is
necessary.
o Under Power (37)

It may not be economical to run generators below a certain load level. This
protection will monitor the forward power delivered by the machine and give
alarm when the level goes below a set point. This may however be optional.
o Under/ over voltage (27/59)

This will protect the machine from abnormal voltage levels, particularly
during synchronization and load throw off conditions.
o Under/ over frequency (81)

This will protect the machine from abnormal frequency levels, particularly
during synchronization and load throw off conditions. This will also help in
load shedding schemes for the generator.
o Breaker failure protection

This protection detects the failure of breaker to open after receipt of trip
signal. Another trip contact is generated under breaker fail conditions, with
which more drastic measures can be taken, like opening of bus coupler or
feeder breaker etc.
o Stator earth fault (64F)

This element tuned to the fundamental frequency can be used for the
protection of stator winding from earth fault.
o PT Fuse failure protection

This relay will detect any blowing of PT secondary fuse and give a contact
which can be used to lock the under voltage trip.
This protection is very impartment since the machines of this size have to be
protected for severe damages that may occur due to internal faults.
Considering the large power levels, it is necessary to have a percentage biased,
low impedance differential relay. These relays generally have following
advantages.
- Percentage biased differential protection with dual slope characteristics

- REF protection element (87 N), which will monitor the generator for
internal earth faults
- Over current protection, as a back up
28
• Rotor side protections
Generators of this size will need rotor side protections listed below:
o Diode failure relay

Brushless excitation systems will have rotor mounted diodes, which can
become short or open during operation. Diode failure relay will monitor the
condition of these diodes, for both open circuit and short, and give alarm
o Rotor excitation current

This is a DC current relay which will monitor the excitation current.
o Rotor excitation voltage

This is a DC voltage relay which will monitor rotor voltage
The above three protections are normally part of the excitation system of the
generator.
o Rotor earth fault

Relay for this protection will monitor the rotor winding status for the earth
fault, it will detect the first earth fault occurred in the winding and provide an
alarm. The relay employs proven DC rejection method for the detection of
E/F. there are other two methods as shown in the diagram for field ground
detection.
29

FIELD
EXCITER
FIELD
BREAKER
BRUSH
C1 C2
AC
64F
R
R
Fig. 13 Field ground detection using pilot brushes
1.5.3.5.9 Generator above 10 MVA
For large generators above 10 MVA size, the philosophy of main protection and back
up protection has to be followed. In addition to the protections listed above following extra
protections are to be considered.
30
o 100% earth fault protection
This will help in sensing earth faults close to neutral. Third harmonic content
in the zero sequence voltage will be detected by the replay for the above
protection.
o Inadvertent breaker closure

This will avoid closing of generator to bus during process to stop, or when
stand still or before synchronism.
o Under impedance
This will be required as a backup protection for the whole system including
the generator transformer and the associated transmission line. If the distance
relay fails to pick for some reason, this under impedance function will pick up
and save the generator.
o Over excitation
This will protection the generator from over fluxing conditions
1.6 GENERATOR CONNECTED IN PARALLEL TO GRID
Whenever generators are running parallel to grid, a comprehensive auto

synchronizing & Grid islanding scheme will be required. This scheme will help in
synchronizing the generator to the bus and opening the incomer breaker of the plant
whenever there is a severe grid disturbance, thus protecting the generator from ill effects of
disturbed grid.
• Grid disturbances
9 Under-voltage / Over-voltages
9 Under-frequency/Over-frequency
9 Rapid fall/ rise of frequency (df / dt),
9 Grid failure or other faults
Generator may not be able to operate below a certain power-factor. At low power-
factor, reverse reactive power flow may damage the generator.
• Grid fault detection

9 Over current and directional earth fault,
9 Rapid fall/ rise of frequency (df/dt),
9 Vector surge relay,
1.7 GENERATORS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL ON A COMMON BUS
Whenever more than one generator is operating in parallel, it is necessary to see that
the plant load is equally shared by the generators in parallel. If there is unequal sharing, there
would be sever hunting amongst the generators and eventually this will lead to cascaded
tripping of all generators, causing a total black out. Specific load sharing relays are available
in the market which provide the most effective, online load sharing system for generators in
parallel.
31
1.8 PROTECTION GROUPS
The protective relays and devices of generator and turbine are proposed to be grouped
into following four categories for an orderly shutdown of the affected unit with the remaining
generating units and auxiliaries continue to operate.
1.8.1 CONTROLLED ACTION SHUT DOWN
Controlled action shutdown will be initiated by any of the following conditions
• Generator thrust bearing pads temperature very high

• Generator guide bearing pads temperature very high
• Turbine guide bearing pads temperature very high
• Governor OPU oil level low stage-II
• Governor OPU oil pressure low stage-II
1.8.2 EMERGENCY SHUT DOWN
Emergency shutdown will be initiated by any of the following conditions.

• Sped 115% and deflector/ guide vanes/ runner blades apparatus not moved to closing
• Deflector etc. fails to close in preset time
• Unit over speed (electrical) > 140%
• Unit over speed (mechanical)>150%
• Stop push button on control panel in control room is pressed
Emergency shutdown system will perform following functions:
• Trip generator breaker

• Stop turbine by governor action
• Trip generator field circuit breaker
• Operate trip alarm in control room
• Energizes emergency solenoid valve in governor cubicle to stop the turbine by
bypassing governor
• Close main inlet valve
1.8.3 IMMEDIATE ACTION SHUT DOWN
Immediate action shut down will be initiated by any of the following conditions
• Generator differential protection operates

• Generator stator earth fault protection operates
• Generator field failure protection operates
• Generator transformer stand by earth fault protection operates
• Over current in stator
• Over current instantaneous protection in the excitation circuit
The immediate action shut down perform following function
32
¾ Trip generator breaker
¾ Trip field breaker
¾ Initiates controlled action shut down stop turbine by governor action
¾ Trip annunciation in control room
1.8.4 ELECTRICAL SHUT DOWN
Electrical shutdown system will be initiated by any of the following conditions
• Over current in the excitation circuit

• Generator back up protection operates
• Generator over voltage protection operates
• Excitation failure protection operates
• Reverse power protection operates
• Generator T/F IDMT over current, over current instantaneous & earth fault protection
operates
Electrical shut down system will perform following functions
• Trip generator breaker

• Trip field breaker
• Governor brings the unit to spin at no load
1.9 PROTECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMERS
Following protections are generally provided on transformers
I. Fuses
II. Sudden pressure protection (Buchholtz Relay)
III. Oil temperature high
IV. Winding temperature high
V. Over current/ earth fault
VI. Over frequency
VII. Differential protection
VIII. Restricted earth fault protection
IX. Over flux protection (in large grid)
X. Over all differential protection (Gen. Trans. Both in large machines)
XI. Fire protection system
9 Fire extinguishers
9 Mulsyfire protection
9 Fire buckets-sand filled
1.10 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
For large generators, fire protections system will use CO2 as the quenching medium
which will operate automatically. Hot spot/ smoke detectors are provided all around the
periphery of generator winding. Bank of CO2 cylinders with control panel etc. are provided
common for all the generators. The individual pipes let the CO2 enter in the faulty generator
and quench the fire. Generator is isolator from the bus bar and machine stopped. The system
is more effective in closed cycle cooling systems of generators.
33
ANNEXURE-I
LIST OF GENERATOR PANEL INDICATION AND RELAYS
Sl. Designation Inscription Colours

No.
1 L1 DC Supply on Yellow
2 L2 AC Supply on Red
3 L3 Generator Circuit Breaker Close Red
4 L4 Generator Circuit Breaker Open Green
5 L5 Generator Circuit Breaker Trip Amber
6 L6 Generator Circuit Spring Charge Blue
7 L7 Trip Coil Healthy Yellow
8 L8 DC Supply Failed Red
9 L9 Spare Red
10 R R Phase Bus Healthy Red
11 Y Y Phase Bus Healthy Yellow
12 B B Phase Bus Healthy Blue
13 IPB Immediate Action Trip Push Button Red
14 PB1 Controlled Action Shut Down Push Button Green
15 PB2 Spare Push Button Red
16 TS Temperature Scanner
17 DMF Digital Multi Function Meter
18 H Hooter Black
19 ANN Annunciator Black
20 T Test Push Button Black
21 A Accept Push Button Yellow
22 R Reset Push Button
23 BAPB Bell Accepted Push Button
24 27 Under Voltage Relay
25 32P Reverse Power Relay
26 51V Voltage Controlled Over Current Relay
27 59 Over Voltage Relay
28 60 PT Fuse Failure Relay
29 64S Stator Earth Fault Relay
30 46 Negative Phase Sequence Relay
31 40 Loss of Field Relay
32 95 Trip coil Supervision relay
33 87G Generator Differential Relay
34 52G Generator Circuit Breaker
35 KWTR Kilowatt Transducer
36 BL Electrical Bell
37 86G1 Master Trip Relay
41 Aux Relays As Required
34
ANNEXURE-II
LIST OF PROTECTION ELEMENTS IN MICRO PROCESSOR BASED RELAYS
Symbol Description
21 Under Impedance
24 Over Fluxing
26 Field Winding Temp
27 Under Voltage
27NT 100% Stator E/F
32 Reverse Power
38 Bearing Temp
40 Loss of Field
46 Negative Phase Sequence
49 Stator Winding Temp
50BF Breaker Failure
50P Instantaneous Phase Over Current
50N Instantaneous Neutral Over Current
50/27 Unintentional Energisation at Stand Still
51P Time Delayed Phase Over Current
51N Time Delayed Neutral Over Current
51N Voltage Controlled Over Current
59 Over Voltage
59N Residual Over Voltage
64R Restricted E/F
78 Pole Slipping Protection
81 Over/ Under Frequency
87G Generator Differential
CTS Current Transformer Supervision
VTS Voltage Transformer Supervision
35
SECTION II
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR
CONTROL, PROTECTION & METERING
( MICRO HYDEL UPTO 100 KW)
2.1. Scope
The scope includes design, manufacture, shop testing, delivery erection, testing,
commissioning and training of purchaser personnel for PLC/ computer based
automation system with manual control facility for the operation of power plant from
power house. The scope also includes protection, annunciation, synchronization,
metering and other components for making the system complete and to ensure a
trouble free and safe operation on turnkey basis.
Manual control and manual synchronization shall be provided in addition to

PLC/computer based auto control and auto synchronization
.
For Turbine –Generator unit one Panel shall be provided. The Panel shall incorporate
components for generator protection, indication & alarm devises and meters for
metering various parameters. The requisite functions for ELC can also be
incorporated in this control panel. The Air Circuit Breaker for generator may also be
incorporated in this panel.
2.2.Applicable Standards
(i ) ANSI / IEEE 1010-1987- IEEE Guide for Control of Hydroelectric Power
Plants
(ii) IS/IEC/ISO Standards mentioned in the text
2.3. Design Criteria

The control will have provision for start, stop, manual and auto synchronizing,
protection, metering and emergency stop as per enclosed drawing (to be enclosed by
Purchaser).
Standard control scheme of turbine suitable for micro hydro plants will be adopted.
PLC/computer based controller system will have a dual power unit. The main power
unit will work on 24 V DC and the hot standby power unit will take power from a
UPS at 240 V AC.
Automation system shall have capability to provided diagnostic information in the
event something fails to operation during the start sequence/running.
All the protective equipment will be housed in the Power Plant main control room.
The details of C.T.’s for all the units protection and metering shall be subject to
approval by purchaser.
36
2.4. PROTECTION AND METERING
Electrical control, protection and metering system will be based on state of art
technologies. PLC based automation systems for the operation of power plant will be
adopted. The complete metering and protection scheme is shown in Drawing (to be
enclosed by Purchaser0. This protection scheme is tentative and is for the general
guidance of the tenderer and does not restrict the tender to give offer for better
scheme.
A. Generator Protections
• Voltage restraint over current (51V)
• Stator earth fault relay (64 S)
• Over speed electrical/Mech. (12)
• Over Voltage Protection (59)
• Under voltage protection (27)
Following Mechanical Protections will be provided on Generator

• RTD (PT-100) in stator core and bearing for indication, alarm,
recording and shutdown of the unit for stator & bearing temp control
• Over speed for normal and emergency shutdown.
B. Metering System
The power generated shall be metered at generator terminal through metering CT and PT.
Following metering instruments shall be provided on relevant panels.
1. kW Meter
2. kWH Meter
3. kV Meter
4. Ampere Meter
5. PF Meter
6. Frequency/Speed Meter
7. Temperature Meter for (To be provided only on generator panel)
a. Stator
b. Turbine bearing
c. Generator bearing
C. Annunciation System
37
A multipoint microprocessor based annunciator with suitable number of ways for projecting
visual signals and audible alarm in case of fault shall be provided on the control panels
suitably. The annunciator shall be back connected flush mounting, dust tight and tropicalised
and shall be complete with audible warning device, and apparatus as required to complete the
annunciator system. It shall be suitable for operation on 24 V.D.C. supply.
D. Indication System
The control panel shall incorporate the visual indication such as Breaker on, Breaker off,
Breaker Trip, B/F Valve open, B/F Valve close, D.C on, D.C. off etc. The indication lamps
should be 24 V D.C. operated, interchangeable and replaceable from the front of the panel.
E. Potential Transformers
The potential transformers to be used for metering & protection circuits shall be epoxy cast
resin, class ‘F’ insulation dry type units. The potential transformers shall be protected on
primary and secondary side by current limiting fuses. The potential transformers shall
confirm to the latest Indian standard. IS-3156 (1992)
F. Current Transformers
The current transformers should be suitable for metering & protection circuits shall be epoxy
cast resin, class ‘F’ insulation dry type units. The current transformer will be wound primary
or bar primary as the case may be. The current transformers shall confirm to the latest Indian
standard. IS–2705 (1992)
G. Surge Arrestors
The L.T surge arrestors shall be provided in the control panel. The L.T. surge arrestors shall
confirm to the latest Indian standard.
H. Unit control Board
Following components shall be provided on UCB (the list is tentative). Bidder shall have to
provide additional component, if required for proper operation of unit.
i 415 V --- A Circuit Breaker for generator (MCCB with shunt trip may 1 No.
be used.)
ii Voltmeter 0 – 500V & Voltmeter S/S 1 No.
iii Relays
Voltage restraint over current (51V) 1 No. Each
Stator earth fault relay (64 S)
Over speed electrical/Mech. (12)
Over Voltage Protection (59)
Under voltage protection (27)
iv Other meters, switches and alarms
38
Ammeter (0-50 A) & Ammeter Selector Switch 1 No.
Kilo-Wattmeter ( 0-30 kW) 1 No.
Energy Meter (kWH meter), 1 No.
Indication Lamps Generator Breaker OFF/ON/TRIP 3 No.
Indication Lamps D.C.ON / OFF ( if provided) 2 Nos.
Indication Lamps for B/F Valve open/close 2 Nos.
Potential Transformer for protection, metering and AVR 3 Nos.
Current Transformers for Protection & Metering 7 Nos.
Frequency meter 45-50-45 HZ 1 No.
Auto manual change over switch
Power Factor meter 1 No.
Emergency Push Button 1 No.
Annunciation Window for faults & Buzzer/alarm 1 No.
Electronic load controller. 1No.
2.5 Tests
Routine and type test certificate of CTs, PTs, LAs, Relays, Metering instruments as per
IS shall be submitted for approval of the purchaser.
39
SECTION - III
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
CONTROL, PROTECTION AND METERING
(FOR SHP ABOVE 100KW TO 1000KW)
3.1 SCOPE
The scope includes design, manufacture, shop testing, delivery, erection, testing,
commissioning and training of purchasers’ personnel for computer based automation systems
for the operation of power plant from powerhouse. The scope also includes protection,
annunciation and synchronization, metering and other components for making the system
complete and to ensure a trouble free and safe operation on turn key basis. The power
station will comprise the following major components:
i. –x--- kW Synchronous Generating units, Francis Turbine being the

prime mover and synchronized at 415 V, Static excitation and governing
systems being digital.
ii. -- Nos. --- kVA 0.415/11 kV Ynd11 50 Hz 3 phase transformers.
iii. -- Nos. 11 kV feeders controlled by 11 kV vacuum circuit breakers.
iv. 1 No. --- kVA 11KV/0.415 kV Station Transformer and --- kW Diesel
set for station supplies
Following drawings show tentatively the main scheme (to be supplied by the
Purchaser) :
Single Line Diagram
Metering and Protection System
3.2 CONTROL EQUIPMENT
The control equipment shall comprise of the following:

Generating Units Control
i. Local/Manual control of generating units from hard wired control panels.

ii. Automatic control of generating units from unit control boards by PLC based
unit controllers.
3.3 SYNCHRONIZATION
Manual synchronization shall be provided in addition to computer based auto-

synchronization with an appropriate change-over switch on the control panel. A check
synchronizing relay will be provided.
40
3.4 ALARM AND ANNUNCIATION
Window annunciation shall be provided on the unit control board and the same shall
be complete with audio and video alarm system. The system shall be designed to have low
DC power consumption.
3.5 METERING
i. All panel meters shall be digital with at least 2 cm digit size, at least three-and-
a-half digit LED display and accuracy class of 1.0 or better.
ii. Energy metering shall be provided on the 11 kV feeders and generators with
electronic energy meter of an accuracy class of 1.0 or better.
iii. Digital Multi-functions Meter alongwith analogue type three ammeter and
voltmeter with selector switch shall be required for each generator circuit.
3.6 PROTECTION RELAYS
i. Each generator shall be provided with static digital numeric type of relays for
the protection system.
ii. Digital relays shall be provided for the protection of 11 kV feeders and ---
kVA 415 V/11 kV Generator Transformers.
3.7 UNIT CONTROL BOARD

The Unit control board for each unit fitted with necessary devices and appropriately
wired using standard accessories shall be provided. Instruments required for turbine control,
monitoring and protections shall be provided by turbine manufacturer for which close liason
shall be required between different manufactures.
3.8 COMPLETENESS
All such systems/equipment/components/works which are necessary for the

completeness of the system but not mentioned explicitly shall also be a part of the scope of
the contractor.
3.9 SPARE PARTS & TOOLS
The contractor shall ensure supply of the spares for all the offered
equipment/components (at least one module of every type) for use for 5 years and any special
tools & plants, spanners etc. required for site assembly, erection, testing, commissioning,
operation & maintenance of the equipment.
41
3.10 DOCUMENTATION
The contractor shall provide all necessary drawings, diagrams and documentation of
equipment and software. The documentation in original shall also include six hard copies and
one soft copy of the following:
a. Hardware:
The necessary user, reference and service manuals along with the technical
specifications for all the hardware systems/sub-systems shall be supplied by the contractor.
The extent of documentation to be furnished shall be to the satisfaction of the Purchaser.
b. Software:
User and reference manuals related to complete software shall be supplied by the
contractor. The extent of the documentation to be furnished shall be to the satisfaction of the
Purchaser.
3.11 STANDARDS
Standard and codes to which the equipment must conform are given below.

IEEE Std 1249 – 1996 Guide for computer based control of

hydroelectric plant automation
IEEE Std 1020 – 1988 Guide for control of small hydro plant
IEEE Std1010 – 1987 Guide for Control of Hydro Electric
Power Plant
IEEE 2519 Power Quality
IEC 687 Alternating current static watt-hour
meters for active energy
IEC 225 Electric relays
42
IEC 68 Environmental testing
IEC 60255-21-1 Vibration

IEC 60255-21-2 National Electrical Code
IEC 60255-1-3 Earthquake
IEC 801-2/4 Static discharge test
IEC 801-3/3 Electromagnetic fields
IEC 801-4/4 Transient fast burst test
IEC 801-5 Surge withstand test
IEC 801-3 Dielectric tests
EN 5501/COSPR11 Emission, terminal disturbance
EN 55011/CISPR11 Emission, radiation disturbance
IEC 62000-4-6 Electromagnetic fields

IEC 61000-4-3
IEC 61000-4-4 Fast transients/Bursts
IEC 61000-4-5 Surge voltage
IEC 61000-4-11 Voltage dips
IEC 60255-22-1 1MHz Burst disturbance
IEC 68-2-1 & 68-2-2 Temperature

IEC 68-2-30 Humidity
IEC 68-2-6 Vibration of Unpackaged Products
IEC 68-2-27 Shock of Unpackaged Products
ASTM D999-75 Vibration of Packaged products
ASTM D775-80 Shock of Packaged products
IEC 1000-4-2 Electrostatic Discharge Immunity
IEC 1000-4-3 Radiated Electromagnetic Immunity
IEC 1000-4-5 Surge Transient Immunity
IEC 1000-4-4 Electrical Fast Transient/Burst Immunity
IEC 1000-4-6 Conducted Electromagnetic Immunity
CISPR 11 (EN55011) Radiated Emissions
UL94V Flammability and Resistance to
Electrical Ignition
43

3.12 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
3.12.1 Automation System and Control Options
Computer-based automation systems shall permit operation of the power plant from
local (Machine hall). Local manual control shall also be provided in the equipment as a
backup.
3.13 UNIT CONTROLLERS
For each generating unit, there will be an independent PLC based unit controller.
Back up manual control shall also be provided for each unit.
Each PLC/computer based controller system will have a dual power unit. The main
power unit will work on 24 V d.c. and the hot-standby power unit will take power from a
UPS at 240 V a.c.
3.13.1 Unit Control
3.13.1.1 Control Functions

The unit controllers will control the generating units individually and shall perform
following functions:
i. Automatic start and synchronization

ii. Automatic stop
iii. Control action shut down
iv. Emergency shut down
v. Governor control
vi. Excitation control (AVR and APFC)
vii. Sequence control
viii. Alarm and annunciation
ix. Input from transducers & sensors
x. Active power control
44

3.13.1.2 Auto Start/Stop
The equipment controlled and monitored during the start/stop sequence will generally
include the following:
a. Main inlet valve;
b. Governor hydraulic oil system; (If provided)
c. Guide Vane limit positions;
d. Guide Vane positions;
e. Cooling water system; (If provided)
f. Excitation equipment;
g. Unit speed;
h. Protective relaying status;
i. Unit alarms;
j. Unit breaker status;
3.13.1.3 Diagnostic Information
Automation system shall have capability to provide diagnostic information in the

event something fails to operate during the start sequence/running.
3.13.1.4 Control Scheme Of Turbine
Standard control scheme of turbine suitable for mini hydro plants will be adopted.
3.13.1.5 Back up Control
Back up control including black start should be provided as per IEEE-1249. The black
start shall be accomplished by providing manual pumping of the oil pressure system.
3.13.1.7 Auxiliary Power
The auxiliary power at 415 V shall be taken from the 415 V generator bus and
15 KW 3 φ diesel generating set as shown in drawing No. -----.
3.13.1.7 D.C. Supply
The D.C. power at 24 V for all controls, circuit breakers, relays and meters etc. shall
be obtained from one set of station battery. The battery bank shall have 200 AH capacity
tentatively and shall be float and boost charged from rectifier units. Calculations for the
capacity of batteries shall be submitted by the bidder for the consideration of the purchaser.
3.14 PROTECTION AND METERING DETAILS
3.14.1 Protection and Metering Scheme
Requirements of metering and protection/scheme and the function performed by

various relays is indicated in tentative drawing for Protection and Metering System:
All the protective relays will be housed on the unit control board.
45
The final drawings for the protection & metering shall be submitted by the contractor
and will be subject to the approval by the Purchaser.
3.14.2 CTs/VTs
All current and voltage transformers required for protection system of the unit shall
have adequate VA burdens, knee point voltage, saturation factor and characteristics suitable
for the application, and shall be subject to approval of the Owner.
3.14.3 Special Features of Proposed Protection System

i. The protection system shall be built on latest technology and the bidder has to
guarantee for supply of spares for at least 5 years. Moreover, the bidder should
have full range of manufacture of the system offered.
ii. Wide setting ranges with fine setting steps for each protection shall be
available.
iii. The offered system shall have proven record of satisfactory performance for
at least 2 years and in two power stations. Necessary certificates to this effect
shall be a part of the offer.
iv. The protective relays shall preferably be housed in draw out type of cases with
tropical finish.
v. Common tripping relays (each for similar functions) will be provided with
lock-out facilities. All these relays shall have potential free contacts for trip and
alarm purposes and externally hand reset type of flag indicators.
vi. The relays shall be static/digital/numeric type.
3.14.4 Generator Protection(electrical)
3.14.4.1 Following generator protection relays shall be provided for each generator:
i. Differential Relays (87)

ii. IDMT over current and instanteous over current in stator (50/51)
iii. Stator earth fault protection (64G)
iv. Phase unbalance Relay (46)
v. Field Failure Relay (40)
vi. Reverse Power Relay (32)
vii. Over voltage protection (59)
viii. Under voltage (27)
ix. Over Speed (12)
46
3.14.5 Generator Protection(mechanical)
3.14.5.1 Following mechanical protections shall be provided for each unit.
a. Resistance temperature detectors (Pt-100) in stator core and in the

bearings for indication, alarm and recording. RTD’s are to be provided
by Generator Suppliers (optional, if available in standard generator).
b. Turbine and generator bearing, metal and oil temperatures –
alarm/shutdown (optional, if available in standard generator).
c. Governor oil pressure low to block starting and very low for emergency
tripping (If Governor oil pressure unit is provided for governing system)
d. Over speed for normal and emergency shutdown depending upon its
extent.
3.14.6 Generator Transformer
Following static relays shall be provided for Generator Transformer Protection.

i. Over current protection with high set instantaneous on 11 kV side
(50/51).
ii. Stand by earth fault protection (64S) on 11 kV side.
iii. Oil temperature high – alarm/trip (OT).
iv. Winding temperature high- alarm/trip (WT)
v. Bucholz relay – alarm/trip (B).
3.14.7 11 kV Feeder Protection
Static over current and earth fault relay with high set unit shall be provided (50/51,64)
alongwith over/under frequency relay (81) for feeders protection.
3.14.7 Station Transformer
Over current/earth fault protection for this transformer shall be provided on generator
bus side. It is presumed that diesel generator protection shall be provided on control panel of
the set.
3.15 METERING SYSTEM
The power generated shall be metered at generator terminal through metering CTs and
PT. The power transferred to 11 kV feeder shall also be metered through CTs and PT.
Following metering instruments shall be provided on generator control panel and 11

kV vacuum circuit breaker panel for feeders. Digital Multi-functions Meters alongwith
analogue type ammeters and voltmeter shall be provided.
3.15.1 Generator Control Panels

1. kW meter
2. kWh meter
3. Voltmeter with selector switch
4. Ampere meters separate for each phase
5. Power factor meter
6. Frequency meter
7. Temperature meter with selector switch
47
3.15.2 11 kV Feeder Panels
1. kW meter
2. kWh meter
4. Ampere meters with selector switch
5. Power factor meter
6. Frequency meter
3.15.3 Generator Transformer Panel

3.15.4 Station Transformer Panel
1. kWh meter
3.16 UNIT CONTROL BOARD/CONTROL PANEL
3.16.1 Constructional Features
i. All panels shall be of standard construction, dimensions, materials and sheet

thickness of not less than 2.50 mm.
ii. Panels shall be of simplex types (devices mounted on the front panel and
double door on the back side).
iii. Panels shall be painted by dry electro-static powder coating process.
iv. All accessories mounted on the front panel shall be flush mounting type.
v. Each panel will have mimic diagram painted or embossed on its front.
vi. Each panel will have arrangements for internal lighting and heating.
vii. The wires and wiring accessories, terminations etc. shall be as per relevant
Indian Standards.
The unit control board for each generating unit shall accommodate necessary relays,
measuring instruments, indicators, control unit, control switches, annunciator, temperature
scanner etc. for the operation of the generating units. The generating units shall be controlled
from this control panel during starting, stopping and normal running in manual and auto
modes.
3.17 SYNCHRONIZING PANEL
Synchronizing equipment with check feature shall be provided for synchronization of

the generating units at the 415 V bus bars and shall comprise of a centrally positioned panel.
All the indicating meters with associated switches and fuses should be mounted on the upper
half of Central panel so that it is easily visible to the operator.
48
Synchronising switch shall be mounted near each generator circuit breaker control
switch on the respective unit control panel. Contacts provided in each switch shall be
connected in the closing circuit of the respective breaker so that the breaker can not be closed
until the switch is turned to the “Synchronising” position. Switches shall be arranged so that
the handle will be locked only in the ‘OFF’ position and check synchronizing relay shall be
provided, so that the breaker could be closed only when voltage, frequency and phases are
properly matched.
Provision for closing the breaker without synchronising check should also be made
with the check synchronising switch in OFF position.
All necessary interlocks, auxiliary potential transformers, auxiliary relays, wiring of

the synchronizing bus inside the control panel, fuses, clamps and other accessories for
satisfactory synchronizing operation shall be provided by the contractor. The synchronizing
scheme is subject to purchaser’s approval.
Computer based auto synchronization shall also be provided in addition to manual

synchronization with an appropriate change over switch on the control panel.
3.18 ANNUNCIATION SYSTEM
A multipoint microprocessor based annunciator with suitable number of ways for

projecting visual signals and audible alarm in case of fault shall be provided on the control
panels suitably. The annunciator shall be back connected flush mounting, dust tight and
tropicalised and shall be complete with audible warning device, and apparatus as required to
complete the annunciator system. It shall be suitable for operation on 24 V.D.C. supply.
The operation of the annunciator system shall be as follows: -
(i) When an external initiating contact is closed, the audible warning shall sound
continuously and the appropriate facia shall be illuminated by flashing light.
(ii) An “acknowledge” push button shall be provided on the annunciator unit
which when pressed shall stop the audible signal and cause the facia to remain
illuminated steadily.
(iii) The annunciator facia illumination shall normally be designed to retain the
indication after the re-opening of the initiating contact. A “reset” push buttom
shall restore the annunciator to the normal condition.
(iv) A “test” button shall be provided close to the “acknowledge” and “reset”
buttons to illuminate all the facias on the associated display unit for as long as
the test button is held in pressed condition.
(v) In case there is a second fault on a system when the first is already being
shown by the facia, the annunicator shall show the second fault also even
when the first is existing on facia.
The following facility shall be provided with each of the annunciator points: -
It shall be possible to use “Normally open” type contacts as initiating contacts for the
annunciator. It shall also be possible to use a few “Normally closed” type of initiating
contacts, if required.
49
It will be the responsibility of the contractor to provide all the alarms and
annunciations required for the safe and efficient operation of the power station.
An A.C. operated relay with A.C. buzzer and A.C. indicating lamp with reset push
button shall be supplied for annunication of D.C. supply failure.
Alarm horns, flicker light relays, necessary hardware and any other auxiliary
equipment required to complete the annunciation system shall be provided.
3.19 FACTORY TESTING
3.19.1 Equipment Tests
Each individual equipment shall be routine tested as per IEC/IS at the work’s of
supplier in presence of Owner.
3.19.2 System Tests
The contractor shall organize and execute a complete factory test of the system. The
system shall be erected in his workshop in the engineered configuration and shall be tested
for the following:
i. Operation requirements
ii. Operating characteristics
iii. Response times
iv. Software functions used in PLC based unit controller.
v. Deficiencies
Various process signals shall be simulated for carrying out above system tests. The
Supplier shall submit routine test reports of each equipment and the total system.
3.20 SITE TESTING
The contractor shall carryout tests at site as per relevant IEC/IS standards as follows
in the presence of and to the entire satisfaction of the owner:
i. Calibration checks (on sample basis) on all factory calibrated meters and
transducers.
ii. Acceptance tests on all other devices fitted on the unit control boards and earlier
tested in factory.
iii. IR tests on panels.
iv. Continuing and IR tests on external cablings.
v. Calibration checks/acceptance tests on all devices and equipment connected to the
unit control boards.
vi. Functional checks on each equipment/object controlled from unit controllers with
control circuits de-energised.
vii. Functional checks on unit controllers with power circuits de-energised.
viii. Verification of all manual control functions from unit control board.
ix. Verification of all control sequences from unit controllers with power and control
circuits energised.
x. Watch up each generating unit and perform all start/stop sequences on it.
50
3.21 DRAWINGS
(i) The tenderer shall submit three sets of drawings of the equipment offered
along with illustrated and descriptive literature for scrutiny and record.
(ii) Certified copies of type test certificates.
(iii) Detailed dimensions drawings along with mounting details.
3.22 SPARE PARTS & TOOLS
The tenderer shall supply spares required for maintenance for a period of five years
and special tools required for site assembly, erection, testing and commissioning,
operation and maintenance.
51
SECTION -IV
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR

CONTROL PROTECTION, METERING, SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA
AQUISITION SYSTEM (SCADA)
(FOR SHP ABOVE 1 MW TO 5 MW CAPACITY)
4.0 SCOPE
The Contractor shall design, fabricate, assemble, test at manufacturers works, supply,
deliver, erect, test at site, Commission and train owner’s operating personnel for the
Control, Protection and Metering Equipment and System for power generation,
transformation and transmission and comprising of following.
A Manual (conventional) Control and Protection System.
(i) Unit control, metering and protection relay panels (For units 1 & 2).
(ii) 33 kV Feeders and bus sectionaliser C.B. control, metering and protective
relay panels.
B Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System
4.1 APPLICABLE STANDARD
1. ANS/IEEE 1020 – 1987 – IEEE Guide for Control of Small Hydroelectric

Power Plants
2. IS/IEC/ISO Standard Mentioned in Text
4.2 CONTROL AND MONITORING SYSTEM
General Considerations
Considerations involved in providing control and monitoring systems for the power plant
and the switchyard are as follows:

a) Main Single Line Diagram is shown in drawing (to be supplied by Purchaser);

Metering and Relaying as proposed is shown in drawings(to be supplied by
Purchaser).
b) The power house is proposed to be controlled supervisory control from
centralised control room Accordingly provision is to be made for manual and
automatic control for unit starting, unit stopping and running control and data
acquisition at the power house in centralized control room.
c) Control of unit operation is detailed in para 1.2.1.
d) Dependable digital controls for system control with conventional manual
control as backup are proposed.
52
e) The turbines, generators, transformer and other equipment proposed for the
unit will be provided with necessary sensors and actuators. Control shall meet
the operational requirement of Butterfly valve which is closed by weight under
emergency.
f) The generators are proposed to be provided with static excitation system.
g) Two number 3.3/33 kV unit transformers of -- MVA capacity each are
proposed to step up the generated power to 33 kV.
j) A single 33 kV bus is proposed.
The scheme will be designed in accordance with ANS/IEEE – 1020 and will be
subject to approval by owner.
4.2.1 CONTROL OF UNIT OPERATION
The generation units of power plant are proposed to be controlled by push button
from the main centralized control Board in the power Station with provision of
control from SCADA system in the control room. Suitable interlocks shall be
provided to safe guard the machine against inadvertant faulty operations and to ensure
correct operation of all sequences when starting the machine from the power stations
or from remote station.
Normal Starting
The normal starting and stopping of each unit is proposed effected through local
remote switches to energize a sequence controller installed on the control panel of
each unit.
The master controller switch in the first step of its sequence, shall open-turbine inlet
valve and start unit auxiliaries.
In the second step of the sequence the turbine shall be started and field breaker is
closed.
Synchronization shall be by auto-synchronization as part of SCADA after second

step. Provision of standby manual synchronization in the third step is also required.
Loading of generating unit shall be in the fourth by remote control of the limiter
motor and speed level motor.
Normal stopping of the unit is similarly achieved in steps.
Unit Stopping on Emergency
53
Automatic protective devices shall be provided to detect failures in normal operating
conditions of the various equipments and secure an emergency stop of the unit
whenever necessary and actuate alarms.
It is tentatively proposed that emergency stopping of the units should occur in the
following cases:-
a). Electrical protection operation

b). Mechanical protection operation.
c). Turbine speed 115%
d). Turbine over speed 130% (tentative figure)
Emergency closing of turbine inlet valves is proposed in the following case:
a). Turbine speed 140% (tentative figure)
Hydraulic Control
It is proposed to provide a system of water level controls based the for transmission of
storage reservoir laves to the power plant and actuate alarms/shutdown whenever the
levels goes beyond abnormal values and trail-race level by means of sensor installed
in tailrace well for actuating runner blade angle.
4.3 CONTROL AND MONITORING OF PLANT EQUIPMENT
4.3.1 General
The control system shall receive input signals from main equipment such as the
turbine or the generator, and from various other equipment, such as the governor,
exciter, etc. Status inputs shall be obtained from control switches, level and function
switches indicative of pressure, position etc, throughout the plant. The proper
combination of these inputs to the control system logic will provide outputs to the
governor, the exciter, and other equipment to start or shutdown the unit. Any
abnormalities in the inputs must prevent the unit’s startup, or if already on-line,
provide an alarm or initiate its shutdown, depending upon the magnitude of
abnormality.
The unit control boards should be designed to perform the following functions:
(i) Information receipt and monitoring

(ii) Start/stop sequencing control
(iii) Annunciation of alarm conditions
54
(iv) Temperature information monitoring
(v) Metering and instrumentation signals display
(vi) Event recording, when required
(vii) Synchronizing and connecting the unit to the system
The unit control board is the central control means and communicates with the main
and associated equipment through hard wire or multiplexing.
4.3.1.1 33 kV line Control
Manual remote control of the 33 kV Vaccum/ SF6 breaker is proposed in the powerhouse
in the centralized control room.
4.3.1.2 Station Service System
The unit auxiliaries are proposed to be provided automatic control to suit the unit control
as proposed for manual/supervisory control room centralized control room.
4.3.1.3 Annunciation
Annunciation system is proposed to be designed for control of the unit from the
powerhouse in centralized control. The normal annunciators consisting of indicating
lamp and relay assembly is proposed to be provided on the unit control boards in the
powerhouse.
Data logging – Data will be stored in hard disc and printed every half an hour for which
printer will be provide at centralized control room.
4.3.1.4 Auxiliaries Control
Centralized controls of the power distribution and control boards is proposed for attended
automatic operation. Automatic switching of selected standby and emergency auxiliaries
on failure of running auxiliaries is proposed. Automatic change over of entire unit
auxiliaries to alternate source of supply is also proposed.
4.3.1.5 Switchgear and Motors
Air break switchgear is proposed to reduce fire hazard. The opening/closing time of
switchgear may not exceed 8 cycles so that stalling of motors on change over does not
take place. All motors will be direct on line starting and are therefore high starting
torque.
55

4.3.2 Control and Status Data
Control and status data to be transmitted from various equipment to Unit Control
Board and from Unit Control Board to the equipment etc is detailed below. This is
tentative and may be increased or decreased as required with owner’s approval.
Information and control signals will be needed between the control board and each of the
following:
1 Turbine Table – 1.1 to 1.3
2 Turbine speed governor Table – 2.1 to 2.3
3 Generator Table – 3.1 to 3.4
4 Generator excitation system Table – 4.1 to 4.3
5 Unit transformer Table – 5.1 to 5.2
6 Circuit breaker and switches Table – 6.1 to 6.2
7 Intake valve and draft tube gate Table - 6.3
8 U/S and D/S water level
Additionally, control signal shall also be from Auxiliary equipment, Fire Protection,
Auxiliary AC Power Supply, DC Power supply, Service Water, Service Air shall be
provided as per IEEE – 1020.
These equipment blocks represent auxiliary service equipment needed for the proper
operation of the generating plant. Abnormal conditions of this equipment will be alarmed.

Table- 1.1 - Control and Status Dat a Transmit t ed f orm Turbine t o

U n it C ont rol Sw it chboard

DESCRIPTION TYPE NOTES

SIGNAL
38TG Turbine guide bearing T,A,P,I Temperature detectors, Provision
temperature for mounting two sensors in
bearing shell.
38QTG Turbine guide bearing oil T,A,P,I Temperature detector in bearing oil
temperature reservoir.
71QTGH Turbine guide bearing oil A Sensor in bearing oil reservoir,
level high with direct reading visual indicator
71QTGL Turbine guide bearing oil A Sensor in bearing oil reservoir,
level low with direct reading visual indicator
56
33SP Wicked gate shear pin A Shear pin failure while closing
failure wicket gates due to obstruction
80WB Bearing cooling water low A Pump failure, obstructed piping or

flow pipe rupture.
71WTH Turbine pit water high level A, C Senses excessive water level in
turbine pit due to plugged drains or
major seal failure. One contact
operates submersible pump.
SCWP Water pressure in Intake P, I Direct reading on transducer

operated gauge.
Unit startup interlock, shutdown if
loss of pressure in running unit
DTWP Draft tube water pressure- I Direct reading on transducer
vaccum operated gauge
48TG Turbine greasing system A Alarm if lubrication cycle not

failure ( if greasing system completed
provided )
74TG Turbine greasing system low A Detects failure of power supply to

voltage( if greasing system solenoid valve used to control
provided ) greasing cycle.
Wicket Gate Servomotor C Feedback to the governor control

Position system.
Runner Blade Servomotor C Feedback to the governor control

Position system.
TYPE C = Control
P = Protection Trip
A = Annunciation/Event Recording
T = Temperature Monitoring
I = Indication (analog, digital, status lamps)
57
Table- 1.2 - Control and Status D a t a T r a n s m i t t e d f ro m U n i t
Control Sw itchboard to Turbine
SIGNAL DESCRIPTION TYPE NOTES
1GS Turbine grease system C Enables grease system

Start/Stop (if greasing when unit is r unning.
system provided)
1TL Turbine lube oil C Enable turbine

system start/stop lubricatio n prior to unit
run.
Type
C = Control
P = Protection Trip
A = Annunc iation/Ev ent Recording
58
Table‐1.3 ‐ Operating Power, Air and Water from Service Equipment to Turbine

Power supply for control and protection DC

devices
Power supply for turbine pit water pump AC
Air supply for shaft maintenance seal. A
Water supply for bearing oil coolers and W

turbines seals
Power supply for Lubricating oil system AC May be alternately fed from
for bearing DC.
Type
AC = AC Power
DC = DC Power
A = Air
W = Water
Table 2.1 – Control and Status Data Transmitted from Governor to Unit Control
Switchboard
Signal Description Type Notes
N Speed indication I Methods of developing the speed signal include

the following :
- Hall-effect, eddy current, magnetic

sensors operated in conjunction with
toothed wheels or other devices directly
connected to the generator shaft (speed
signal generator – SSG)
- Voltage transformers connected to the
generator output leads must be capable of
operating at very low residual voltages in
absence of field excitation
59
12-X Over-speed C, P Over-Speed Switch should be actuated
mechanically by means of a centrifugal device
mounted on the turbine shaft.
12-X1 Over-speed, C, P Electrically actuated speed relays by comparing
13-X Synchronous the speed signal to a reference signal
14-X speed and under
speed switches
65SF Speed signal A,C,P Loss of speed signal may initiate control action
failure i.e. shutdown of the unit and annunciation.
39C Creep detector A,C Control action upon detection of shaft movement
operation after shutdown may include any or all of the
following :
- Start thrust/guide bearing HP oil pump
- Release brakes
- Drop intake gates
- Alarm
- Start turbine guide bearing oil pump
65Ss Start/stop solenoid C,I Provides information of starting /stopping

auxiliary contacts process.
or gate limiter
limit switches
65SNL Speed-no-load C,I Provides confirmation of 65SNL operation. Used

solenoid aux. to seal in remote controls and provide remote
contacts or gate indication.
position
WG Wicket gate C, I Typically derived from potentiometer or LVDT

position indication coupled to restoring connection from wicket gate
servomotor.
33WG Wicket gate C,P,I Typical uses of gate position switches for control
position switches and indication:
- Generator brake application (that is, apply
brakes at low speed if gates at 0%)
- Turbine gate lock (apply at 0% gate
position)
- Trip generator breaker as gates pass
through speed-no-load position (auto-stop,
protective shutdowns without overspeed)
- Incomplete stop detection
- Unit running detection
- Initiate time delay for stopping auxiliaries
- Reenergize starting relays to provide
restart after momentary loss of power
60
71 QP Governor Oil A, P Alarms for high, low and extreme low levels.
Pressure Unit – oil Shutdown for extreme low level, air admission
level switches in for high level.
Pressure Vessel
63Q Governor Oil A, P Pump control, alarms for low and extreme low
Pressure Unit - pressures, shutdown for extreme low pressure.
pressure switches
on Pressure Vessel
71 QS Governor Oil A Alarms for high and low oil levels.

Pressure Unit –
level switches for
oil level in sump
tank
26QS Governor Oil A Indicative of excessive governor action.

Pressure Unit –
sump tank oil
temperature high
6Q Governor Oil A Indicative of excessive governor action or pump

Pressure Unit – failure
standby pump
operation
27PS Governor power A,C,P Indicates failure of input AC or DC power or

supply failure failure of regulated DC power supplies. May
result in unit shutdown depending upon level of
power supply redundancy.
63AB Generator air C,I Indication and auto-start interlock.

brakes applied
63ABS Generator air A

brake supply
pressure low
33WGL Wicket gate C, I Indicates status of the gate lock (applied on

automatic lock shutdown when gates at 0%)
applied/released
65WGLF Wicket gate A Indicates that the gate lock has not been fully
automatic lock applied on shutdown
failure
65M/LS Manual control I Provides remote indication that the governor is in

indication manual control at the governor cubicle
61
C = Control
P = Protection trip
Table 2.2 – Control and Status Data Transmitted from Unit Control Switchboard to Governor
39 Creep detector C Enables rotor creep detector after a fixed time

enable following application of brakes on shutdown
15FR, Speed reference C Typically relay or switch contact closures. If power

15FL raise /lower reference also provided, speed raise/lower operable
commands only off-line. Some installations may utilize input
reference analog or digital signal rather than raise /
lower commands
65PR, Power C Typically relay contact closures when unit on –line.

65PL reference raise Some installations may utilize input reference
/lower analog or digital signal rather than raise/ lower
commands commands
65GLR, Gate limit C Typically relay contact closures, route to reversing

raise/lower drive motor. Primary function of the gate limit (GL)
commands is to limit the maximum opening of the wicket gates
under operator control to prevent overloading the
unit at the prevailing head. Other control and
protection applications include:
- Pre- positioning GL to 0%prior to starting to
permit controlled opening of the gates upon
energization of the start / stop solenoid
65SS
- Raising GL to turbine breakaway gate
position after energization of 65SS
- Rapid unloading of the machine during
certain stop and protection shutdown
sequences
62
3SS On-off C,P The start/stop solenoid 65SS typically operates as
command to follows :
start/stop - Energized to allow wicket gates to open and
solenoid 65SS close under control of the electric governor,
or gate limiter gate limit or manual gate control, that is,
motor “energized to start and run”
- De-energized to initiate complete closure of
the wicket gates at maximum rate and block
subsequent opening of the gates, i.e. “de-
energized to stop”
Typical functions that will block start and/or initiate

stop are
- Unit protection operation (includes all
electrical and mechanical fault detectors that
initiate shutdown of the unit)
- Operator-initiated stop
- Generator thrust bearing high pressure oil
pump failed to achieve full pressure
- Turbine shaft maintenance seal on or low
gland water flow
- Generator brake shoes not cleared or brake
air pressure not off, or both
- Intake gate not fully open
- Generator and turbine bearing cooling water
not available
- Wicket gate lock not released
3SNL On/off C,P The partial shutdown solenoid 65SNL (if used) is
command to typically de-energized to limit the opening of the
partial wicket gates, or return them, to a position slightly
shutdown above the speed-no-load position and is controlled
(speed-no-load) as follows :
solenoid - Energized when unit circuit breaker closes to
allow generator to be loaded
- De-energized whenever unit circuit breaker
trips to restore unit to near rated speed;
provides backup to the electric governor
- De-energized to unload the unit for certain
protection operations (that is over speed to
112% during opening of unit circuit breaker)
V, I Generator C Inputs to power transducer (for governors utilizing

voltage and power feedback rather than gate feedback)
current
52 Unit on-line C Generator circuit breaker auxiliary contact. Used to

switch between on-line and off-line gains in
compensation circuits (PID) and to switch between
63
speed and power references
3AB Generator air C Air brakes automatically applied on shutdown if

brakes on/off wicket gates close and speed below a predetermined
command level
71NH Level C Used for optimum turbine blade positioning and

difference optimum gate position/ power generation.
between
headwater and
tailwater
Type
C = Control
P = Protection Trip
I = Indication analog, digital, status lamps)
Table 2.3 – Operating Power, Air and Water from Service Equipment to Governor
Description Type
Notes
Power supply for DC control DC One or more separate supplies depending on

power distribution arrangement
Power supply for Oil Pressure AC One or more separate supplies depending on
Unit pumps number of pumps and required redundancy.
Alternate supply for governor AC

power supplies
Air supply for generator air A

brakes
Air supply for Oil Pressure Unit A
Cooling water for Oil Pressure W (Optional)

Unit oil sump
Type
AC = AC Power
DC = DC Power
A = Air
W = Water
64
Table 3.1 – Control and status data Transmitted from Generator to
unit control
Switchboard
26GS Stator winding T, A, P Temperature detectors (typically 12)

temperature embedded in stator winding accordance
with ANSI C50. 10-1977 (1). Two hottest
RTDs connected to thermal overload relay
49G.
38THT Thrust bearing T, A, P Temperature detectors embedded in wells in

temperature the shoes or segments with provision for
interchanging sensors between segments.
38GT Guide bearing T, A, P Temperature detectors. Provision for
temperature. mounting sensors in all segments.
38QB Bearing oil T, A, P Temperature detectors in bearing oil
26GF Generator field T, A, P Temperature monitoring system for
temperature. continuously monitoring field temperature.
71QBH Bearing oil level high A One sensor for oil reservoir, equipped with
direct reading visual indicator
71QBL Bearing oil level low A One sensor for each separate oil reservoir,
equipped with direct reading visual
indicator.
33AB Air brake position C, I Start interlock indicating all brake shoes
indication have cleared runner plate.
CT-G Neutral end and P, I Furnished in quantities and ratings

terminal end current compatible with the metering and
transformers primary/standby protection requirements.
TYPE
C = Control
P = Protection trip
65
Table 3.2 – Control and st atus dat a Transmit t ed f rom Generat or

to unit control
Switchboard
SIGNAL TYPE NOTES

DESCRIPTION
2THS Thrust bearing high C Start pump prior to starting unit.

pressure oil pump start/ Confirmation of pump starting via63QTH
stop command. (Table 3A-1)
1GL Generator lube oil system C Enables generator lubrication prior to unit
start/stop command. run.
When forced air cooling is used for the

generator.
Turned off when unit is on-line.
TYPE
C = Control
P = Protection trip
T a b l e 3 . 3 – O p e r a t i n g P o we r , A i r a n d W a t e r f r o m S e r v i c e E q u i p m e n t
t o G e n e rat o r
Air supply for brakes and rotor jacking A Control valve may be located in governor
system cubicle/ generator brake panel.
Water supply for fire extinguishing W May also be atomized.

system
Power supply for generator housing AC Thermostatically controlled, for reducing

space heaters. condensation on windings when generator is
AC shut down.
Power supply for generator lube oil May be fed alternatively from DC source.
system.
TYPE
C = Control
66
P = Protection trip
Table 3.4 – Control and Status Data Transmitted from Generator Terminal
Equipment to Unit Control Switchboard
Signal Type Notes

Description
CT Current signal for relaying and
metering
VT Voltage signal for relaying and
metering
A Current indication I
F Frequency indication I
V Voltage indication I
W/VAR Metering I,A Analog signals for

indication and/or recording.
AVR Voltage signal for automatic voltage C Analog signal from a VT.
regulator (AVR)
N Governor speed sensing C
XDCR Power transducer C Unit power input to electric

governor.
TYPE
C = Control
P = Protection Trip
I = Indication, analog, digital, status
lamps)
67
Table 4.1 – C o n t r o l a n d S t a t u s D a t a T r a n s m i t t e d f r o m e xc i t a t i o n s y st e m
t o u n i t c on t r o l s wi t c h b o a r d

51ET Exciter transformer o/c P
protection
49 GF Field overload 1 Set to coordinate with field winding thermal
characteristic
If Field voltage indication 1 Transuded from DCCT ( satiable reactor )
Vf Field voltage indication 1
64 F Field ground detection P or
A
27 FF Failure of preferred field A Provision of this alarm assumes 2 sources
flashing source provided AC and DC. AC should be
preferred source to minimize chance of back
feeding field voltage onto battery if blocking
diode fails. Automatic transfer to alternate
source on failure of preferred source
41/a,41/ Field breaker position C,I
b
31/1,31/ Field flashing contactor position I
b
48E Exciter start sequence P,A Set to operate after normal time required for
incomplete field flash source to build terminal voltage to
level sufficient for exciter gating to
commence.
63F-1 Cooling fan failure A/P Failure of redundant fan (s).
27PS DC power supply failure P or Trip or alarm depending on level of power
A supply redundancy.
26ET-I Exciter transformer over A Indicating unit with dial contacts typical.
temperature –Stage I
26ET-2 Exciter transformer temperature P
–Stage 2
68
58-1 Rectier transformer temperature A Thyristor fuse, conduction, or gating failure.
-
58-2 Rectifer failure –Stage 2 P
49 HE Heat exchanger failure A Various heat exchanger arrangements are
possible Once-through, closed system, etc
26RTD Exciter transformer temperature I Temperature detectors . Quantity variable
indication depending on number of secondary winding
and whether transformer is 3 phase or 3 x 1
phase.
70V Manual voltage adjuster with I Signal generated by potentiometer coupled to
70V motor drive.
70V/LSI, 70V End-of travel indication I Signal generated by limit switches coupled to
2 70V motor drive
90V Auto voltage adujster with I Same as 70V.
position
90V/LSI, 90 V End-of –travel indication I Same as 70V/LSI,2.
2
70V/LS3 70V preset position C Interlock in start sequence
90V/LS3 90V preset position C Interlock in start sequence.
89LS Station service A.C test supply I Optional
switch position
MAN Indication mismatch between I To ensure bumpless transfer from AUTO to
auto & manual Manual
AUTO Voltage regulator output and I MAN and MAN to AUTO
manual
Balanc e Voltage setpoint
TYPE
C = Control
P = Protection Trip
A = Annunciation /Event recording
T= temperature Monitoring
69
I = indication (analog, digital, status lamps)
Table 4.2 – Control and Status Data transmitted from unit control Switchboard
to excitation

41 Field tripping from generator P
protective
trips
41 control Field breaker tripping from C
manual control and unit
shutdown sequence logic
41 close Field breaker closing from C
manual control and unit start
sequence logic
IE Exciter de-excite C Close contact to initiate field
flashing at 95% speed during
auto start or under manual
control
IE Exciter de-excite C Open contact to initiate phase
back below 95% speed, unit
separated form system
83VT Voltage transformer potential C Transfer exciter from auto
voltage control to manual
control
43AM Close contact transfer exciter C
to manual voltage regulator
control
43VA Close contact to transfer C
exciter to auto voltage
regulator control
70V Rum. Run 70V to preset position C
preparation for unit starting
Back logic
Back logic
70 V raise Raise manual voltage C
adjuster
70 V lower Lower manual voltage C
adjuster
90 V raise Raise auto voltage adjuster C
70
90 V lower Lower auto voltage adjuster C
52G/a Generator CB Auxiliary C De- excite control, disable
switch power system stabilizer of-line.
Wicket Analog signal representing C Used to develop accelerating
gate wicket power input to PSS if required
position
TYPE
C = Control
P = Protection Trip
T = temperature Monitoring
Table 4.3– Operating Power, Air and Water from Service Equipment to
Excitation system
Battery-fed field flashing DC
Station service field flashing AC AC preferred source. Auto transfer to dc if ac

source not available
TYPE
C = Control
P = Protection Trip
T a b l e 5.1 – C on trol and St at us Da t a T r a n s m i t t e d f r o m S t e p u p

T r a n s f o r m e r t o U n i t C o n t r o l S wi t c h b o a r d
Signal Description Type

Notes
CT Current signal for relaying and A, P, I
metering
71
71G Gas accumulation detection A Event recording (optional).
63G Gas pressure device A, P Event recording
63Q Main tank sudden pressure relief A, P Hand reset contact (local). Event
recording
device
63T Main tank over pressure switch A, P Trip generator breaker
49-1W Transformer winding temperature A, T, P Temperature detectors embedded
49-2W thermal device in each separate in each separate winding for first
winding stage temperature control. RTD
are in each winding because of
the possibility of unbalanced
loading.
26Q Top oil temperature indicator A, T Dial type oil temperature
indicator at the transformer. First
stage annunciation, tripping
optional. Second stage tripping
71QC Conservator tank oil level indicator A Dial type indicator with
maximum and minimum
indicating levels. Tripping
optional.
T a b l e 5 . 2 – O p e r a t i n g P o we r , A i r a n d W a t e r f r o m S e r v i c e
Equipment to transformer
Description Type
Notes
Power supply for DC control DC For uninterruptible systems.
circuits
Power supply for fans, pumps, AC For FA, FOA transformers. If an FOW
ac control circuits transformer is used, additional
information and control signals may be
needed, such as monitoring of the
pressure difference between the oil and
water systems.
Water supply for fire W
extinguishing system
Type
AC =AC Power
DC =DC Power
A =Air
Ta b l e 6.1 – Sign als T ransmit t e d f r om Plant Equipm e nt t o Ge ne r at or

Breaker

Notes
4 Unit control C Normal shutdown
72
1XJ Breaker control switch, trip/close C
12G Generator overspeed P
25 Synchronizing equipment C
33 Wicket gate position switch C Permissive switch
38GB Generator bearing temperature P
38TB Turbine bearing temperature P
43XJ Breaker test switch C
49T Step-up transformer over temperature P
63T Step-up transformer sudden pressure P
71K Kaplan low oil P
80TBQ Turbine bearing oil P
38G Generator winding temperature P
43S Unit synchronizing selector switch C Permissive switch
Table 6.2 – Signals Transmitted from generator Breaker to Unit

C o n t r o l S wi t c h b o a r d
Notes
52a, b Breaker open-close C, I
27CB Generator breaker loss of dc control A
power
61 Generator breaker pole failure P, A Trip is isolate breaker.
63a Breaker air pressure switch C Permissive switch.
63A Generator breaker low air pressure P, A
Type
C =Control
P =Protection Trip
A =Annunciation/Event Recording
T =Temperature Monitoring
I =Indication (analog, digital, status lamps)
73
Table 6.3 – Inlet Valve and Draft Gate
Controls for automatic operation of the Inlet Valve shall as follows:
1 Unit Control Board • Indicating lights for fully open/fully

• Position indication showing actual position
of the gate
2 Local • Open/Close control switch
3 Annunciation • Failure of valve to open or close in response
to an automatic signal
• Hydraulic system trouble
74
4.4 MANUAL CONTROL, METERING AND PROTECTION SYSTEM
4.4.1 Scope of Supply and Design Criteria
Design, manufacture, testing, commissioning of manual control, metering and protection

system which includes Electrical protection by conventional relay; manual control and
metering of the Power House.
4.4.2 Standards
All materials and equipments shall comply in every respect with the requirements of the
latest edition of the relevant Indian, British equivalent N.E. M.A. I.E.C. Standards or any
other recognized International standards, except in so far as modified by this
specification. Where standards offered are other than the Indian or British standards,
copies of the relevant standard specification in English language must be attached.
4.4.3 Design Criteria
The control will have provision for start, stop,, manual synchronizing and emergency
stop. Sequencing will be as per control of unit operation as given below: -

various relays are explained in following drawings(to be enclosed by Purchaser).
i. Main Single Line Diagram

ii. Interconnection with Grid
iii. Protection & Metering Single Line Diagram
iv. Auxiliary Power Single Diagram
v. Unit Metering and Relaying Single Line Diagram
Common tripping relays for similar functions have been provided with lockout
facilities. All these relays shall have potential free contacts for trip and alarm purposes
and externally hand reset type of flag indicators. They should preferable be housed in
drawout type of cases with tropical finish.
The details of C.T.’s for all the unit protection and metering are given in Drawings
No-----. The secondary current of C.T.’s located in switchyard is proposed as 1 amp.
because of long leads so as to ensure efficient and accurate operation of their
protective scheme.
3.3 kV C.T.s and P.T. may be mounted on 3.3 kV switchgear panels’ alongwith
relays.
75
4.4.5 Protective Relays
A brief description of protective relay proposed is given below:
4.4.5.1 Generator Protection
i) Generator Differential Protection (87G)
The generator primary protection is proposed by high impedance type of

circulating current relays having proper setting range. The relays will be of
high speed type and shall be immune to A.C. transients. Necessary provision
shall be made in the relay to ensure that the relays do not operate for faults
external to the protected zone. The relays shall not maloperate due to
harmonics in spill current produced by through faults or due to saturation on
one set of current transformers during an external fault. Provision shall also be
made for alarm /indication in case of current transformt fault.
The relay operation actuates lockout relay for complete shutdown of the unit
Drawing No. -----.
ii) Generator ground fault protection (64G)
The generator neutral will be earthed through the primary winding of a

distribution transformer of proper capacity and ratio. The secondary will be
loaded by a suitable resistor rated for 60 seconds. A suitable voltage relay with
continuous coil rating with proper setting is proposed to be provided. The
relay shall be insensitive to voltage at third harmonic frequencies.
The relay operation actuates lockout relay for complete shutdown of the unit.
iii) Neutral Grounding Transformer and Loading Resistor
Neutral Grounding Transformer

a. Type Dry type, Natural air cooled,
single phase.
b. Connection Between generator neutral
and ground
Loading Resistor
a. Construction Non-ageing, corrosion
resistant, punched stainless
steel grid elements provided
with necessary installations,
and temperature rise not
exceeding 300 deg. C.
b. Housing Enclosure with IP:22 degree
of protection. However,
76
transformer and resistor can
be housed in same container
with metallic partition.
iv) Generator over-voltage protection (59)
A set of single phase relays is proposed with suitable time delay setting so that
operation of relay under transient conditions is avoided. The relay setting
range is proposed from 110% to 150%. The relays shall be immune to
frequency variation. Provision of instantaneous tripping element at some
suitable setting is also proposed.
The relay is set to operate lockout relay for partial shutdown to speed no load
position.
v) Negative phase sequence current protection (46)
Protection will detect unbalance in the outgoing lines which will be detected
and operate the relay. The current transformer for this protection is proposed
to be located on the generator neutral side.
The relay is set to operate the lockout relay for partial shutdown to speed no
load position.
vi) Voltage restraint over current protection (51V)
This backup protection for the generator operates for over current which are
accompanied by dip in voltage so that false tripping due to through faults are
avoided. The relay is set to trip lockout relay for partial shutdown to speed no
load position.
vii) Reverse power relay (32)
This relay is proposed because of grid connection. The relay is proposed to be

set to trip lockout relay to speed no load position.
viii) Check Synchronising relay (25)
Check synchronising relay is provided to ensure the closing of the circuit

breakers on synchronising at a phase angle not greater than about 7 degrees so
as to prevent damage to circuit breaker especially in case of auto
synchronising.
ix) Potential transformer fuse failure protection (60)
Suitable voltage balance relays are proposed to monitor the fuse failure of 3
sets of potential transformers and to block the relays (50/51 V or 40) or other
devices that may operate incorrectly on the voltage due to fuse failure of
potential transformers. The relay is set to give an alarm only.
77
x) Mechanical Protections
Following mechanical protections are proposed for the generator:
e. Resistance temperature detectors in stator core (12 no.) and in the

by Generator Suppliers.
f. Turbine and generator bearing, metal and oil temperatures –
alarm/shutdown.
g. Governor oil pressure low to block starting and low-low for emergency
tripping.
h. Over speed for normal and emergency shutdown depending upon its
extent.
i. Contractor will co-ordinate with Generator and Turbine supplier for
mechanical protection.
4.4.5.2 Exciter Protection
i) Generator field failure protection (40)
The tripping of the relay is set to open the excitation breaker main generator
C.B., 33 kV trans. C.B. & UAT breaker and shut down the turbine on
immediate shut down mode.
ii) Generator rotor earth-fault protection (64F)
The protection shall consist of two stages. The first stage with a lower range
shall be arranged to give alarm and annunciation. The second stage with a
higher range shall carry out tripping of the gen. C.B., UAT breaker, field
breaker and shut down the turbine on immediate shut down mode.
iii) Over current relay (51 EX)
This over current instantaneous relay in the excitation circuit before the
excitation transformer will cater to rectifier transformer faults and other
excitation system faults. This relay is set to trip excitation circuit breaker and
bring the unit to rated speed at no load.
iv) Over excitation relay (OER) in the DC circuit and excitation relay (31) in the
field flashing circuit are other relays proposed in the excitation system.
i) Over Current Protection (51)
78
Suitable relays are proposed to be provided for unit auxiliary transformers
over load protections. The relay will operate from the three current
transformers on the Low Voltage side of the transformer and will be arranged
to trip the Low Voltage breaker.
An instantaneous time over current relay is proposed from the CT’s on the 3.3
kV side of the auxiliary transformer. This relay at a higher setting will cater to
transformer faults and the tripping of the relay is set to bring the unit to rated
speed at no load.
ii) Phase sequence relay (47)
This relay on the station service system trips the LV circuit breaker so as to
prevent operation of the three phase motors in the reverse direction
.
iii) Under voltage relay (27)
These relays have been provided to trip the LV circuit breaker

4.4.5.4 Step up 3.3/33 kV Transformer Protection
i) Generator Transformer Differential Protection (87 GT)
A sensitive percentage biased differential relay is proposed to be provided for

each step up transformer protection with proper operating and bias setting. It
shall have harmonic restraint feature to prevent its mal-operation due to
magnetising in-rush surges encountered in normal power system operation.
Provision shall also be made for alarm/indication in case of current
transformer secondary circuits faults.
The C.T.’s on 3.3 kV side are proposed be located in the Generator neutral
side and on 33 kV side in the switchyard. The auxiliary/interposing current
transformers as required for the protection shall also be provided.
The relay is set to operate lockout relay for shutdown.
ii) Standby earth fault protection (64T)
For this protection Inverse Definite Minimum Time Lag type relay having
suitable setting range and operating time is proposed. This relay is proposed to
trip the unit circuit breaker and bring the unit to speed no load. The relay will
be co-ordinated with line earth fault protection.
iii) Bucholz gas pressure relay for first stage alarm and second stage trip.
iv) Transformer oil level and temperature for alarm & trip
v) Winding temperature for alarm & trip
79
4.4.5.4 Bus Bar Protection
Bus Zone Differential Protection (87 B1, and 87 B2)
A high speed, high impedance type bus-bar differential protections proposed to be

provided for each 33 kV bus zone. The scheme shall have separate and independent
check and supervision features incorporated in it.
Necessary separate C.T. cores shall be provided at the incoming and outgoing circuits
for check features. The main zonal relay and check relay scheme will have their
contacts connected in series in the trip circuit.
The protection will be capable of detecting all type of faults on the bus-bar. The
sensitivity of protection shall be such that it does not operate for faults on the C.T.
secondary wiring of the most heavily loaded circuit. C.T.’s on one side of the bus
coupler/section breaker are proposed and inter-locked overcurrent relay will be
provided.
The supervision relay will be capable of detecting open: Cross or broken C.T.
secondary and pilots by employing sensitive alarm relay, which shall be connected
across the bus wires of each protected zone. It shall be capable of taking the
protection of the effected zone out of service by shorting the appropriate bus-wires.
`No volt’ relays to indicate failure of D.C. alarm and trip supply to the bus-bar
protection scheme is also proposed to be provided.
High speed tripping relays shall be provided to trip the connected circuit breakers
connected to the faulty bus bar.
4.4.5.5 33 kV Line Protection
Protective relay design for the 33 kV line is important because of high fault power
from 33 kV grid sub-stations. Main features of fast acting protection system is
tentatively proposed as follows:
Directional overcurrent and ground fault (51 D)
4.4.5.6 Over under voltage relay/Over under frequency relay
This relay shall be provided on the line and the bus to indicate grid failure conditions.
The protection requirement with respect to characteristics operating principle, tripping

schedule and type of relays shall be discussed during detailed engineering stage, and
Bidder shall provide the same to the satisfaction and approval of the Owner.
4.4.6 Metering
Meters as shown in Schematic drawing(to be enclosed by Purchaser shall be provided

on unit control boards. These are summarised below:
4.4.6.1 Generator (Unit Control Board)
80
i. 3 ammeters (each phase)
ii. Power factor and kW meter
iii. kVAR
iv. Voltmeter with voltmeter switch
v. kWH meter
vi. Frequency Meter
4.4.6.2 Auxiliary Transformer
i. kWh meter
ii. Ammeters (3 No.)
4.4.6.2 33 kV Feeder Panel
i. Voltmeter with voltmeter switch

ii. Ammeters (each phase).
iii. Recording kVAR
iv. k.W.
v. Power Factor meter
vi. kWh import / export meter.
4.4.7 Annunciation
Conventional 16 window annunciator for each generator turbine faults; 12 window each for
feeder faults and Bus Coupler is proposed for important faults. Schedule for these windows may
be proposed for approval by purchaser. All other annunciation will be on SCADA system.
4.4.8 Recorder
All recording will be done on SCADA disk.
4.4.9 CTs/PTs and General Surge Protection Equipment
4.4.9.1 All current and voltage transformers required for protection system of the unit are
detailed in generator specifications shall have adequate VA burdens, knee point
voltage, instrument safety factor and characteristics suitable for the application, and
shall be subject to approval of the Owner. 33 kV CTs are detailed in separate
section.9.1.1.
CTs/PTs used for different applications shall have following accuracy class:
a) Differential protection CTs Class PS

b) Protection CTs other than differential protection Class 5P10
c) Generator AVR/metering CTS for generator circuit Class 0.5
d) Metering CTs for 33 kV; 3.3 kV and 415 V switchgear Class 0.5
e) CTs for performance testing and low forward power Relay Class 0.2
f) Core balance CTs Class PS
g) Protection PTs Class 3P
h) PTs for generator metering, AVR synchronisation Class 0.5
81
i) PTs for performance testing and low forward power relays Class 0.2
CTs and PTs details proposed will be submitted for approval by purchaser.
4.4.9.2 Generator Line Terminal and Neutral Grounding Cubicles
These shall be provided as per detailed given in generator specifications.
4.4.9.3 33 kV Current Transformers and Potential Transformers
The technical requirement and location of the CTs are given in the unit metering
and relaying drawing (enclosed). The generator suppliers shall supply suitable
current transformers for the protection scheme and these shall be in the neutral
grounding cubicles.
The potential transformers should be suitable for metering and protection scheme
enclosed.
4.4.10 Control and Relay Panels
Floor mounted, sheet steel simplex type control and relay panels with the following
equipment mounted on them shall be as follows. The details of the panel and
equipment will be supplied for approval by purchaser.
1) Generator transformer control and relay panel - -- Sets.

2) 33 kV feeder control and relay panel - -- Sets.
3) Synchronising panel - 1 no.
4.4.11 Test Blocks
Test blocks shall be provided on switchboards where test facilities are required but are
not provided by use of drawout type meters or relays. The test blocks shall be of the
back connected semi-flush mounted switchboard type with removable covers. All test
blocks shall be provided with suitable circuit identification. The cases shall be dust
tight. Test blocks shall be rated not less than 250V at 10 amps and shall be capable of
withstanding a di-electric test of 1500 V, 50c/s for one minute. All test blocks shall be
arranged to isolate completely the instruments or relays from the instrument
transformers and other external circuits so that no other device will be affected and
provide means for testing either from an external source of energy or from the
instrument transformers by means of multiple test plugs. The test blocks and plugs
shall be arranged so that the C.T. secondary circuits cannot be open circuited in any
position, while the test plugs are being inserted removed.
4.4.12 Factory Tests for Unit Control Switchboards
1. Review front and rear elevations versus the final approved drawings. Check each
item of equipment for proper location and verify the instrument/catalog number is
correct per the specification.
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2. Review the interior of the UCS in the same manner as the elevations. In addition,
verify the lighting is adequate and grounding connections are provided.
3. Check anchor channels and cable entrances. Confirm they are in accordance with
the drawings.
4. Review test certificate or witness the insulation resistance test of all wiring,
current transformers, and potential transformers.
5. Check approximately 5 to 10 percent of the internal cabling. Verify that the
following items conform to the drawings :
• Cable numbers;
• Terminal block designations;
• Terminal designations on individual components such as control switches
and lockout relay;
• Raceway layouts; and
• Equipment identification nameplates.
6. Activate all protective relays. Confirm that the appropriate lockout relay is
energized and the correct annunciation and/or printout occur.
7. Confirm that settings of all protective relays are in accordance with approved
documents.
8. Check all annunciation points.
9. Check factory calibration of all devices possible, including electronic speed
relays, current and potential transformers, and vibration monitors.
10. PLC checks:
• Check the I/O racks for type and number of analog and digital I/O cards;
• Check for future expansion capabilities on the I/O racks;
• Check for surge protection provided on the I/O rack and I/O cards;
• Identify grounding connections for the PLC and the I/O rack; determine
whether chassis and logic grounds are the same or separate (this will affect
the type and quantity of external surge protection required);
• Review the PLC ladder diagram viewed on the video display terminal
versus the final approved PLC software coding documentation; and
• Verify that modem connections are provided and functional.
11. Perform the function checks listed below with the final approved schematics, PLC
software coding, and control block logic diagrams in front of you. All premissives
and interlocks should be provided by using the “dummy” toggle switchboard to
provide these inputs.
• Manual start/stop sequence (does not apply to redundant PLC control
schemes);
• Auto start/stop sequence;
• Manual emergency stop sequence;
• Automatic emergency stop sequence (usually performed by activating one
of the lockout relays while in the “normal running” mode );
• Change position of all control switches as follows (typically done while in
the normal running mode);
- Local control to remote control

- Remote control to local control
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- Manual control to automatic control
- Headwater level control “OFF” to “ON”
- Headwater level control “ON” to “OFF”
- Excitation manual control to excitation automatic control
- Excitation automatic control to excitation manual control; and
• Verify the performance of the automatic synchronizing circuit and the
manual sync-check relay (if provided).
4.4.13 Field Tests for Unit Control Switchboards
1. Verify tags on all factory-calibrated instrumentation devices.

2. Check all external interconnection wiring against the approved power
house/equipment drawings, verifying the following items :
• Cable numbers and type;

• Terminal block designations; and
• Raceway layouts
3. Perform point-to-point continuity and megger tests on all external cabling.

4. Calibrate all remaining instrumentation devices.
5. “Bench test” all protective relays to ensure proper settings.
6. Perform functional checks tests on all unit and station auxiliary equipment
controlled from the UCS to verify proper operation.
7. Perform functional checks on unit start/stop sequences, duplicating the factory
sequences. These check should be performed first with the associated power
circuits de-energized, and then with both power and control circuits energized.
8. Methodically document steps 1 through 7 to ensure that no cables, instrumentation
devices, protective relays, or control systems have been overlooked.
9. Water-up the unit and perform all start/stop sequences.
4.5 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA) SYSTEM
Design, manufacture, testing, commissioning of the Supervisory Control and Data

Acquisition (SCADA) system which includes all equipments required for
measurement, control, metering protection data logging data recording, annunciation
and sequence of event recorder, main computer, display unit with keyboard.
The SCADA system required should provide monitoring of parameters listed in
section 7.0 and control in grid mode and isolated mode operation of the Hydel Power
station centralized control room.
♦ Reliable safe control of the unit with very high availability
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♦ Automatic startup, on-load control and shutdown of the units by the control
system
♦ Control of auxiliary equipment
♦ Remote monitoring of all plant status and alarm information
♦ Remote normal startup, on-load control and shutdown of units by operators.
SCADA system should have following controllers
♦ Unit Controller.
♦ Common Plant Controller/Supervisory Controller at Power House control
room
The SCADA system where it is proposed to be set up in this specifications shall be

designed for safe, reliable, efficient and easy operation of Hydro Turbine Generator
and its associated auxiliaries and transmission lines.
The SCADA system shall consist of a microprocessor based computer system, a

dedicated sequence of events recording system, a health/condition monitoring and
analysis system, system cabinets, local panels, sensors, local instruments, erection
hardwares, interposing relays etc.
The SCADA to be supplied shall be of proven design; operation in at least four power
house for more than 3 years and will be subject to approval by purchaser and will
consist of following.
(a) Main microprocessor based computer system.

(b) Data logger/sequence of events recorder.
(c) 19” Colour graphic monitors with key boards
(d) System console
(e) Hard copy plotter/printer
(f) Complete field instruments like transmitter/transducers, sensors, interposing
relays, erection hardwares all interconnecting cables etc.
(g) Bidder shall supply all necessary software required for the SCADA system
including operating system, compiler, application software etc.
(h) The transducers required for the measurement of electrical parameters. The
output of transducers will be 4-20 mA.
The SCADA system shall be capable of performing the following functions in real
time.
a) Acquire data from primary sensors.

b) Process and retain data for each primary sensor.
c) Perform detailed thermal and vibration analysis.
d) Report machine performance in tabular and graphical format.
e) Sequence of event logging.
f) Supervisory control of auxiliaries, governing system, excitation system, circuit
breakers, including synchronising.
g) Display software including system monitoring alarm processing and display of
data, fault, and status of devices.
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h) Application software including state estimation, bad data detection, and on
line power flow.
i) Data logging and report generation.
j) Report alarms.
k) Predict need for shut down and maintenance of equipment.
l) Software shall be such that the monitoring system will take care of the
transient parameters during system run-up and shut down.
m) Software shall be modular and upgradable.
n) The SCADA software shall run in co-ordination with SCADA software for
gate control operation. It can receive data of Gate positions etc. from it and
send generation etc. data to it.
4.5.2 Response Time
Fast response time of computer system is required. Bidder will intimate following:
(a) Time duration required to update a graphical display from the instant a field
contact changes state.
(b) Time duration from the instant a control is activated at the operator station
until the command is implemented at the field device.
(c) Overall time duration to process and lag an alarm once it is received at the
computer.
Methodology by which these “times” were verified must be given.
Acceptable time shall be verified at the factory acceptance test.
4.5.3 Equipment Architecture and Protocol
Open architecture system shall be followed. Interface or operating standards for the
following shall be intimated and should comply with ISO/IEC 12119.
• Communications
• Operating system
• User Interface
• Data base
Each of these elements should be capable of being replaced by or communicate with

system elements provided by other vendors.
4.5.4 Plant Operation Philosophy
The normal, start-up, shut down and emergency operations of the hydro turbine
generator, auxiliaries and feeders shall be performed in three different ways as
follows:
(i) PLC based governor control panel for unit and plant control
(ii) Control from Power House control room
(iii) Manual control panel
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The Control Engineer shall be able to perform the following operations from the CRT
through keyboards.
a) Call up mimic, alarm, data display.

b) Call up control display to carry out control operations for hydro turbine
generators and its associated auxiliaries and main & electrical power supply
systems controlled from CRT/key board.
c) Demand, logs, report including performance calculation reports, sumaries,
trends and plots for hydro-turbine generator and its auxiliaries and main &
auxiliary electrical power supply system.
d) The control engineer shall be able to set up all pre-start check of devices from
the CRT/keyboard for unit starting such as :
1) The wicket gate control

2) The control of generator brakes
3) Power supply to the governor
4) Load/frequency device selection on speed setting mode.
5) The selection of speed droop equal zero.
6) The blades at fully open position etc.
e) The control engineer shall be able to set the interlocks to start the unit from the
CRT/key board and once the start command is given following sequence shall
take place through the SCADA system.
1) The governor pump shall start.

2) When the oil pressure is established in the governor circuit, blades shall set at
the starting position.
3) Release generator brakes.
4) After having ensured that the bakes are released and blades are in starting
position command shall be given to open the wicket gates.
5) With opening of wicket gate unit speed shall rise.
6) At 90% unit speed, generator shall be excited, wicket gate shall be stopped
and its position maintained by energizing governor relays speed adjustment,
blades/movements shall be achieved.
7) When unit frequency and phase voltage is matched to that of existing power
system, unit circuit breaker shall be closed.
8) After unit breaker is connected to the system, governor parameters shall be
set to automatic mode.
f) The control engineer shall be able to shut down the unit during normal condition in
the following sequence.
1) Level control on governor shall put off

2) Blades shall close
3) When blades are closed, wicket gate shall be allowed to close.
4) When no output power is sensed unit breaker shall be tripped.
5) After unit breaker is open, blades shall open again.
6) When downstream gate is closed and unit speed is 30%, brakes, shall be
applied.
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g) The control engineer shall also be able to trip the unit during emergency condition
with the following sequence.
1) Unit breaker shall be tripped.

2) Wicket gate shall be closed.
3) Other sequence of operation as per the normal shut down.
4.5.5 Parameter to be monitored from SCADA
The SCADA system shall be complete with all primary sensors, cables, analyzers/
transmitters, monitors, system hardware/ software and peripherals etc. to monitor/ control
the parameters for control, protection, annunciation, event recording etc different equipments
including.
• Generator stator and rotor winding temperatures.

• Lube oil temperature
• Radio frequency interference
• Generator air gap monitoring.
• Acoustic levels
• Level measurement
• Turbine blade tip clearance
• Governor control monitoring of turbine speed.
• Generator terminal voltage, current, KW, KVAR, KVA, KWH,
Frequency, power factor, field voltage and field current.
• Annunciation for violation of permissible limits of the above
parameters.
• Turbine bearing temperature.
• Guide bearing temperature.
• Guide bearing oil level.
• Guide vane bearing oil temperature.
• Generator bearing temperature.
• Generator winding temperature.
• Turbine speed.
• Generator speed.
• Governor oil pumps, oil pressure indicator and low pressure switch.
• Inlet pressure gauge at inlet of turbine.
• Vacuum gauge for draft tube pressure.
• Level indicator for level in the fore bay/Tailrace.
• Annunciation
Bidder shall provide suggestions relating to measurement points and sensors. If in his
opinion, an enhancement in condition monitoring capability can be attained by use of
additional sensors these should be provided and details to be indicated in the bid.
4.5.6 Hardware Requirement
The key hardware features of the controller should be as follows:
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♦ Standardized hardware technology
♦ Highly modular design
♦ Expandable
♦ Operation over a wide voltage range
♦ Intelligent I/O modules
♦ Central and distributed I/O
♦ Communication with other controllers and computers
♦ Remote fault diagnostics
It should include all transient suppression, filtering and optical isolation necessary to
operate in a power plant environment. The type of controllers to be used in the
SCADA system should be selected to meet specific plant requirements described
below including availability, number of plant I/O, cycle time and type of
communications link. The modular design of the controllers should be such that they
are easily integrated into the control system requiring the minimum of engineering.
4.5.6.1 Unit Controller
Redundant microprocessor based/PLC based governor system control should be

interfaced with SCADA powerful enough to perform all the required functions
mentioned above. It should have capability to implement closed loop PID function for
governing. The scan time of the complete sequence for each process should be less
than 100 msec. It should have lock to prevent unauthorized modification and be
capable of detecting hardware and software failures. It may also have digital relays for
over current, over-voltage and differential generator protection. It should have
following hardware features. It should have a console and keyboard to program the
controller as well as communicate with Supervisory controller. Unit controller should
support remote management and remote programming for supervisory controller.
4.5.6.2 Shut down Hardware
The controller should have a conventional relay logic shutdown circuit. This circuit
should include start and stop relays for controlling the turbine. The start relay
circuitry should provide for auto and manual control capability. A controller fail relay
should drop out the start relay when the auto relay is on. All shutdown hardware
should be powered by the station battery. The stop relay should drop the start relay
whenever a contact input which is strapped for shutdown on a digital input module is
closed.
4.5.6.3 Digital Status And Alarm Inputs
The controller should be capable of connecting to at least 60 contact type inputs

representing digital status and alarms. All contact inputs should be sensed through
optical couplers with an isolation voltage of at least 1500 Volts. The controller
should accept station battery voltage level inputs. Controller input modules should be
strappable for 24 Volt station batteries. Controller digital input modules should also
have straps to allow any contact input to cause a hardware shutdown directly to the
stop relay.
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4.5.6.4 DC Analog Inputs
The controller should accept 0-1ma, 0-5V, 4-20ma or 1-5V DC analog signals. The
controller should be able to measure DC analog signals with as much as 5 volts
common mode signal with differential inputs. The controller should provide ground
straps that can be inserted on the negative lead of any input signal that should be
grounded at the controller. The controller should also provide selective terminating
resistors for 1ma and 20ma signals. The DC analog signals should be converted to
digital signals using at minimum 12 bit analog to digital converter in the controller
with all conversion errors considered the controller should maintain an accuracy of
0.1% or better of full scale and a resolution of 1 part or less in 2000. All DC analog
inputs should be protected from transient spikes and voltages with circuitry that meets
the IEEE surge withstand test.
4.5.6.5 AC current inputs
The controller should connect directly to current transformers. The controller should
accurately measure all current inputs from 0-6.25 amps. It should withstand 10 amps
continuously and 50 amps for 1 second. The controller should be able to measure
magnitude of the current with a true RMS to DC converter and its phase shift with
respect voltage. The current measuring accuracy should be to .1% and the phase shift
accuracy should be to .1 degree. The controller should induce a burden of less than
.5VA on each current transformer it connects to.
4.5.6.6 AC voltage inputs
The controller should connect directly to the potential transformers. The controller
should accurately measure voltage inputs from 80 to 150V AC. It should withstand
up to 200V AC continuously. The controller should be able to measure the magnitude
of the voltage with a true RMS to DC converter and measure the phase shift of the
voltage with respect to current. The voltage measuring accuracy should be to .1% and
the phase shift accuracy should be to .1 degree. The controller should induce a
burden of less than 1 VA in each potential transformer that it connects to.
4.5.6.7 Control outputs
The controller should provide control relays to operate the circuit breaker, voltage
regulator, and other equipment. The contacts should be DPDT rated 125 VDC at
0.5 A. Two contacts should be available from the DPDT relay and either should be
strappable as normally closed or normally open. An optional high-powered relay
should be available that provides one normally open contact rate 150 VDC at 10A.
Each relay should have an LED indicator mounted on a manual control panel to
indicate the status of the relay, on or off. Next to the indicating LED should be a
switch to operate the relay manually. Each switch/LED should be clearly marked as
to its function.
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4.5.6.8 RTD inputs
The controller should have provisions to connect directly to RTDs. RTD readings
should be corrected for nonlinearly and readings should be accurate to + 0.25oC. The
temperature range should be 0-160oC. The controller must have a 10, 100 and 120
ohms 8 input RTD module. The correct linearizing curve should be selected by
configuring. The controller should be capable of reading temperatures from eight
RTDs. If eight RTDs are not required, any of the RTD inputs should be able to be
used as a 4-20 mA analog input. Each of the eight inputs should be assigned three
alarm set points; two high alarm set points and one low alarm set point.

4.5.6.9 Analog outputs
The controller should output 4-20ma signals for calculated signals such as kW,
kVARS, power factor, frequency, voltage, and current. The signals should be isolated
outputs with 1000 common mode voltage capability. The accuracy of these outputs
should be better than .25%.
4.5.6.10 Alarm outputs (option)
The controller should be capable of outputting contacts for alarms that it generates
internally. The contact rating for these alarms should be 1 Amp. at 24 VDC.
All digital inputs should be capable of meeting the surge withstand capability in
accordance with ANSI/IEEE C37.90.
4.5.6.11 Electrical transducers
The controller should connect directly to current transformers (CTs) and potential
transformers (PTs). The controller should be capable of deriving the generator voltage
(line to line and line to neutral), generator amps, generator WATTS, generator VARS,
generator Power factor, generator kVA, generator frequency and bus frequency from
the CTs and PTs: The controller should be configurable for open delta (line to line)
or star (line to neutral) connected CTs and PTs.
4.5.7 Supervisory Controller
Standard Desktop Personal Computer having fast speed should be used as

Supervisory Controller and should at minimum have following configuration:
4.5.8 Speed Sensor
A speed sensor to be mounted on generator unit shaft giving output as 4 to 20 mA / 0-

5 V DC is to be provided.
4.5.9 Wicket gate position transducer
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It should comprise of LVDT mounted on hydraulic cylinder for actuating wicket gate.
It should convert linear movement of cylinder into 4-20 mA signal. 4 mA should
correspond to 0% and 20 mA to 100% stroke of the servomotor.
4.5.10 Head water/Tail water level transducer
Two level sensors, one for Headwater and one for Tail water should be provided.
4.5.11 Speed switches
Speed switches should be provided for application of brake, overspeed tripping and
creep at 30%, 112% and 5% of the rated speed respectively.
4.5.12 Printers
Printer/Hard copy units must be provided with supervisory and unit controllers.
4.5.13 Recorders
The plant control system should include video recording system of selected parameters i.e.
Generator temperature etc.
the drawings.
• Cable numbers;
and lockout relay;
energized and the correct annunciation and/or printout occur.
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documents.
10. PLC checks:

schemes);


• Raceway layouts
93
sequences. These checks should be performed first with the associated power
4.5.16 Additional Factory and Field Tests for Distributed Control Systems
1. Point-by-point database check.

2. Database linkage to graphical displays.
3. Response times during normal loading and high activity loading scenarios for:
• Graphical display updates;
• Control sequence implementation;
• Alarm processing and logging; and
• Sequence of events recording
4. Communications connectivity/protocols.
5. Man-machine interface (MMI) user capabilities.
6. Application software functionality.
4.5.17 Data/ Document to be furnished by the Bidder
Bidder shall furnish the following data/documents with the Bid.
♦ All technical parameters such as baud rate, frequency, memory capacity

input/output capacity of modules expansion capacity of the SCADA system,
etc.
♦ Input/ Output list.
♦ List of parameters to be monitored from CRT/key board and the details of the
same.
♦ Redundancy provided for any of the equipment.
♦ List of application software.
♦ Bill of material
♦ Price schedule as per the enclosed schedule.
♦ Type of Cables.
♦ List of essential spares.
♦ Experience list.
♦ Manual/ catalogues of every equipment supplied by him.
♦ Plant operation philosophy.
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SECTION -V
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR

CONTROL PROTECTION, METERING AND
SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
(SCADA)
(FOR SHP OF ABOVE 5 MW TO 25 MW CAPACITY)
5.0 SCOPE
The Contractor shall design, fabricate, assemble, test at manufacturers’ works, supply,
deliver, erect, test at site, Commission and train owner’s operating personnel for the
Control, Protection and Monitoring Equipment and System for power generation,
transformation and transmission and comprising of following.
A Manual (conventional) Control and Protection System.
(iii) Unit control, metering and protection relay panels (For each unit).
(iv) --- kV Feeders control, metering and Protective relay panels.
(v) --- kV Bus coupler control and relay panel.
B Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Equipment
(i) Redundant Personal Computer/Mini computer based SCADA for supervisory

control
(ii) Offsite supervisory control and data acquisition. The SCADA equipment will
be provided in the centralized control room of offsite station.
(iii) A programming and training console at centralized control room
.
C. Communication Link
(i) Dedicated communication system between control room to off-site control

centre alongwith terminal equipment for control and local area network for
distributed control and for voice communication.
(ii) Voice communication between control room, interlinking grid substation and
offsite centralized control room.
5.1 APPLICABLE STANDARD
1. ANS/IEEE 1010 – 1987 – IEEE Guide for Control of Hydroelectric

Power Plants
2. IS/IEC/ISO Standard Mentioned in Text
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5.2 CONTROL AND MONITORING SYSTEM
General Considerations
Considerations involved in providing control and monitoring systems for the power plant and the
switchyard are as follows:
h) Main Single Line Diagram is shown in drawing (to be enclosed by Purchaser);

Metering and Relaying as proposed is shown in drawings(to be enclosed by
Purchaser);
i) The power house is proposed to be controlled by supervisory control from
control room of powerhouse as well as from offsite control centre.
Accordingly provision is to be made for manual and automatic control for unit
starting, unit stopping and running control at the power house with provision
for supervisory control and data acquisition at power house as well as in
centralized offsite control room.
j) Dependable digital controls for system control with conventional manual
control as backup are proposed.
k) Power house units operation and loading is proposed to be Canal/HRC water
level controlled
l) The turbines, generators, transformer and other equipment proposed for the
unit will be provided with necessary sensors and actuators. Intake gates/MIV
with capability of gravity closing under emergency shall also be provided on
upstream side.
m) Emergency conditions (power house unit tripping etc.) will be taken care of by
operating regulating Bypass Gates. For this purpose suitable provisions will be
made in the control.
n) The generators are proposed to be provided with static excitation system.
o) ---- number 11/--- kV unit transformers of --- MVA capacity each are
proposed to step up the generated power to --- kV.
p) A single sectionalised --- kV bus is proposed for reliability.
k) Entire power is to be fed into --- kV grid as shown in enclosed drawing.
The scheme will be designed in accordance with ANS/IEEE – 1010 and will be
subject to approval by owner.
5.3CONTROL AND MONITORING OF PLANT EQUIPMENT
5.3.1General
The control system shall receive input signals from main equipment such as the
turbine or the generator, and from various other equipment, such as the governor,
exciter, etc. Status inputs shall be obtained from control switches, level and function
switches indicative of pressure, position etc, throughout the plant. The proper
combination of these inputs to the control system logic will provide outputs to the
governor, the exciter, and other equipment to start or shutdown the unit. Any
abnormalities in the inputs must prevent the unit’s startup, or if already on-line,
96
provide an alarm or initiate its shutdown, depending upon the magnitude of
abnormality.
The unit control boards should be designed to perform the following functions:
(ii) Information receipt and monitoring

(viii) Start/stop sequencing control
(ix) Annunciation of alarm conditions
(x) Temperature information monitoring
(xi) Metering and instrumentation signals display
(xii) Event recording, when required
(xiii) Synchronizing and connecting the unit to the system
The unit control board is the central control means and communicates with the main
and associated equipment through hard wire or multiplexing.
5.3.1.1 Level Controlled Operation of Power Units :
The power units operation is proposed to be level controlled so that in case of variation in
canal/HRC water level due to discharge variation, loading on the power units is
automatically adjusted to available water and energy output is optimised, unnecessary
gate operation avoided and canal water level maintained between permissible limits.
Redundant level monitoring system – one float operated and the other non float operated
shall be provided.
5.3.1.2 --- kV line Control
Manual control of the --- kV SF6 breaker is proposed in the power house and supervisory
control in the centralized control room as well as at offsite control centre.
The unit auxiliaries are proposed to be provided automatic control to suit the unit control
as proposed for manual/supervisory control centralized control room and offsite control.
5.3.1.4 Annunciation
Annunciation system is proposed to be designed for control of the unit from the
powerhouse as well as supervisory control in centralized control and offsite control. The
normal annunciators consisting of indicating lamp and relay assembly is proposed to be
provided on the unit control boards in the power house. The remote annunciation for
supervisory control will be part of digital control system.
Data logging – Data will be stored in hard disc and printed every half an hour for which
printer will be provide at centralized control room as well as off-site.
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5.3.1.5 Auxiliaries Control
Centralized controls of the power distribution and control boards is proposed for
unattended automatic operation and for remote control from power house no. 4.
Automatic switching of selected standby and emergency auxiliaries on failure of running
auxiliaries is proposed. Automatic change over of entire unit auxiliaries to alternate
source of supply is also proposed.
5.3.1.6 Switchgear and Motors
Air break switchgear is proposed to reduce fire hazard. The opening/closing time of
switchgear may not exceed 8 cycles so that stalling of motors on change over does not
take place. All motors are direct on line starting and are therefore high starting torque.
5.3.2 Control and Status Data
Control and status data to be transmitted from various equipment to Unit Control
Board and from Unit Control Board to the equipment etc is detailed below. This is
tentative and may be increased or decreased as required with owner’s approval.
Information and control signals will be needed between the control board and each of the
following:
Canal/HRC water level
Turbine Table – 5.1.1 to 5.1.3
Turbine speed governor Table – 5.2.1 to 5.2.3
Generator Table – 5.3.1 to 5.3.7
Generator excitation system Table – 5.4.1 to 5.4.3
Unit transformer Table – 5.5.1 to 5.5.3
Circuit breaker and switches Table – 5.6.1 to 5.6.2
Intake gate/MIV and draft gate Table - 5.7
Additionally, control signal shall also be from Auxiliary equipment, Fire Protection,
Auxiliary AC Power Supply, DC Power supply, Service Water, Service Air shall be
provided as per IEEE – 1010.
These equipment blocks represent auxiliary service equipment needed for the proper
operation of the generating plant. Abnormal conditions of this equipment will be alarmed.
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Table- 5.1.1 - Control and Status Data Transmitted form Turbine to
U n i t C o n t r o l S wi t c h b o a r d

SIGNAL
38TG Turbine guide bearing T,A,P,I Temperature detectors, Provision
temperature for mounting two sensors in
bearing shell.
38QTG Turbine guide bearing oil T,A,P,I Temperature detector in bearing oil
71QTGH Turbine guide bearing oil A Sensor in bearing oil reservoir,
level high with direct reading visual indicator
.
71QTGL Turbine guide bearing oil A Sensor in bearing oil reservoir,
level low with direct reading visual indicator
39 TV Bearing / shaft vibration A,P Vibration probes installed on guide

detector bearing housing at 90º. to each
other, for detection of excessive
bearing and shaft vibrations. Used
in conjunction with probes on
generator guide bearing.
33SP Wicked gate shear pin A Shear pin failure while closing
failure wicket gates due to obstruction
80WB Bearing cooling water low A Pump failure, obstructed piping or

flow pipe rupture.
71WTH Turbine pit water high level A, C Senses excessive water level in
turbine pit due to plugged drains or
major seal failure. One contact
operates submersible pump.
63AMS Turbine shaft air A, P Contact blocks unit startup and

maintenance seal applied initiates shutdown if seal applied
during running
SCWP Water pressure in Intake P, I Direct reading on transducer

operated gauge.
Unit startup interlock, shutdown if
loss of pressure in running unit
DTWP Draft tube water pressure- I Direct reading on transducer
vaccum operated gauge
48TG Turbine greasing system A Alarm if lubrication cycle not

failure ( if greasing system completed
provided )
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74TG Turbine greasing system low A Detects failure of power supply to
voltage( if greasing system solenoid valve used to control
provided ) greasing cycle.
Wicket Gate Servomotor C Feedback to the governor control

Position system.
Runner Blade Servomotor C Feedback to the governor control

Position system.
TYPE C = Control
P = Protection Trip
NOTE – Wi c k e t g a t e a u t o ma t i c l o c k fu n c t i ons are described in section 3H
T a b l e - 5 . 1 . 2 - C o n t r o l a n d S t a t u s D a t a Tr ansm it t e d f r om Unit Cont r o l

S wi t c h b o a r d t o T u r b i n e
SIGNAL DESCRIP TION TYPE NOTES
1GS Turbine grease system C E n a b l e s gr e a s e s ys t e m

Start/Stop (if greasing w h e n unit is running .
system provided)
1TL Turbine lube oil system C E n a b l e t ur b i n e

s t a rt / st o p l u b r i c a t i on p r i o r t o u n i t
run.
Type
C = Control
P = Protection Trip
A = Annunc ia tion/Eve nt Re c or ding
100
Table-5.1.3 - Operating Power, Air and Water from Service Equipment to Turbine
Power supply for control and protection DC

devices
Power supply for turbine pit water pump AC
Air supply for shaft maintenance seal. A
Water supply for bearing oil coolers and W

turbines seals
Power supply for Lubricating oil system AC May be alternately fed from
for bearing DC.
Type
AC = AC Power
DC = DC Power
A = Air
W = Water
Table 5.2.1 – Control and Status Data Transmitted from Governor to Unit Control
Switchboard
N Speed indication I Methods of developing the speed signal include

the following :
- Hall-effect, eddy current, magnetic

sensors operated in conjunction with
toothed wheels or other devices directly
connected to the generator shaft (speed
signal generator – SSG)
- Voltage transformers connected to the
generator output leads must be capable of
operating at very low residual voltages in
absence of field excitation
12-X Over-speed C, P Over-Speed Switch should be actuated
mechanically by means of a centrifugal device
mounted on the turbine shaft.
12-X1 Over-speed, C, P Electrically actuated speed relays by comparing
101
13-X Synchronous the speed signal to a reference signal
14-X speed and under
speed switches
65SF Speed signal A,C,P Loss of speed signal may initiate control action
failure i.e. shutdown of the unit and annunciation.
39C Creep detector A,C Control action upon detection of shaft movement
operation after shutdown may include any or all of the
following :
- Start thrust/guide bearing HP oil pump
- Release brakes
- Drop intake gates
- Alarm
- Start turbine guide bearing oil pump
65Ss Start/stop solenoid C,I Provides information of starting /stopping

auxiliary contacts process.
or gate limiter
limit switches
65SNL Speed-no-load C,I Provides confirmation of 65SNL operation. Used

solenoid aux. to seal in remote controls and provide remote
contacts or gate indication.
position
WG Wicket gate C, I Typically derived from potentiometer or LVDT

position indication coupled to restoring connection from wicket gate
servomotor.
33WG Wicket gate C,P,I Typical uses of gate position switches for control
position switches and indication:
- Generator brake application (that is, apply
brakes at low speed if gates at 0%)
- Turbine gate lock (apply at 0% gate
position)
- Trip generator breaker as gates pass
through speed-no-load position (auto-stop,
protective shutdowns without overspeed)
- Incomplete stop detection
- Unit running detection
- Initiate time delay for stopping auxiliaries
- Reenergize starting relays to provide
restart after momentary loss of power
71 QP Governor Oil A, P Alarms for high, low and extreme low levels.
Pressure Unit – oil Shutdown for extreme low level, air admission
level switches in for high level.
Pressure Vessel
102
63Q Governor Oil A, P Pump control, alarms for low, and extreme low
Pressure Unit - pressures, shutdown for extreme low pressure.
pressure switches
on Pressure Vessel
71 QS Governor Oil A Alarms for high and low oil levels.

Pressure Unit –
level switches for
oil level in sump
tank
26QS Governor Oil A Indicative of excessive governor action.

Pressure Unit –
sump tank oil
temperature high
6Q Governor Oil A Indicative of excessive governor action or pump

Pressure Unit – failure
standby pump
operation
27PS Governor power A,C,P Indicates failure of input AC or DC power or

supply failure failure of regulated DC power supplies. May
result in unit shutdown depending upon level of
power supply redundancy.
63AB Generator air C,I Indication and auto-start interlock.

brakes applied
63AB Generator air A

S brake supply
pressure low
33WG Wicket gate C, I Indicates status of the gate lock (applied on

L automatic lock shutdown when gates at 0%).
applied/released
65WG Wicket gate A Indicates that the gate lock has not been fully
LF automatic lock applied on shutdown.
failure
65M/L Manual control I Provides remote indication that the governor is in

S indication manual control at the governor cubicle.
63QP Pilot valve strainer A Alarm for attending strainer

V obstruction
49F Fire detection A,P Operation or failure of detection/ extinguishing

system system.
operation/trouble
103
BAL Governor balance I For electric governors, indication of electric-
indication hydraulic transducer input voltage.
Type
C = Control
P = Protection trip
Table 5.2.2 – Control and Status Data Transmitted from Unit Control Switchboard
to Governor
39 Creep detector C Enables rotor creep detector after a fixed time

enable following application of brakes on shutdown.
15FR, Speed reference C Typically relay or switch contact closures. If power

15FL raise /lower reference also provided, speed raise/lower operable
commands only off-line. Some installations may utilize input
reference analog or digital signal rather than raise /
lower commands.
65PR, Power C Typically relay contact closures when unit on –line.

65PL reference raise Some installations may utilize input reference
/lower analog or digital signal rather than raise/ lower
commands commands.
65GLR, Gate limit C Typically relay contact closures, route to reversing

raise/lower drive motor. Primary function of the gate limit (GL)
commands is to limit the maximum opening of the wicket gates
under operator control to prevent overloading the
unit at the prevailing head. Other control and
protection applications include:
- Pre- positioning GL to 0%prior to starting to
permit controlled opening of the gates upon
energization of the start / stop solenoid
65SS
- Raising GL to turbine breakaway gate
position after energization of 65SS
- Rapid unloading of the machine during
certain stop and protection shutdown
sequences
104
3SS On-off C,P The start/stop solenoid 65SS typically operates as
command to follows :
start/stop - Energized to allow wicket gates to open and
solenoid 65SS close under control of the electric governor,
or gate limiter gate limit or manual gate control, that is,
motor “energized to start and run”
- De-energized to initiate complete closure of
the wicket gates at maximum rate and block
subsequent opening of the gates, i.e. “de-
energized to stop”
Typical functions that will block start and/or initiate

stop are
- Unit protection operation (includes all
electrical and mechanical fault detectors that
initiate shutdown of the unit)
- Operator-initiated stop
- Generator thrust bearing high pressure oil
pump failed to achieve full pressure
- Turbine shaft maintenance seal on or low
gland water flow.
- Generator brake shoes not cleared or brake
air pressure not off, or both.
- Intake gate not fully open
- Generator and turbine bearing cooling water
not available.
- Wicket gate lock not released
3SNL On/off C,P The partial shutdown solenoid 65SNL (if used) is
command to typically de-energized to limit the opening of the
partial wicket gates, or return them, to a position slightly
shutdown above the speed-no-load position and is controlled
(speed-no-load) as follows :
solenoid - Energized when unit circuit breaker closes
to allow generator to be loaded.
- De-energized whenever unit circuit breaker
trips to restore unit to near rated speed;
provides backup to the electric governor
- De-energized to unload the unit for certain
protection operations (that is over speed to
112% during opening of unit circuit breaker)
V, I Generator C Inputs to power transducer (for governors utilizing

voltage and power feedback rather than gate feedback).
current
52 Unit on-line C Generator circuit breaker auxiliary contact. Used to

switch between on-line and off-line gains in
compensation circuits (PID) and to switch between
105
speed and power references.
3AB Generator air C Air brakes automatically applied on shutdown if

brakes on/off wicket gates close and speed below a predetermined
command level.
71NH Level C Used for optimum turbine blade positioning and

difference optimum gate position/ power generation.
between
headwater and
tail water
Type
C = Control
P = Protection Trip
Table 5.2.3 – Operating Power, Air and Water from Service Equipment to
Governor
Description Type
Notes
Power supply for DC control DC One or more separate supplies depending on

power distribution arrangement
Power supply for Oil Pressure AC One or more separate supplies depending on
Unit pumps number of pumps and required redundancy.
Alternate supply for governor AC

power supplies
Air supply for generator air A -

brakes
Air supply for Oil Pressure Unit A
Cooling water for Oil Pressure W (Optional)

Unit oil sump
106
Type
AC = AC Power
DC = DC Powe r
A = Air
W = Water
107
Ta b l e 5 . 3.1 – C on trol an d st at us dat a Tr ansm it t e d f r om Ge ne r at or t o
unit control board
26GS Stator winding T,A,P Temperature detectors (typically 12)

temperature embedded in stator winding accordance
with ANSI C50. 10-1977 (1). Two hottest
RTDs connected to thermal overload relay
49G.
38THT Thrust bearing T, A, P Temperature detectors embedded in wells in

temperature the shoes or segments with provision for
interchanging sensors between segments.
38GT Guide bearing T, A, P Temperature detectors. Provision for
temperature. mounting sensors in all segments.
38QB Bearing oil T, A, P Temperature detectors in bearing oil
26AO Air cooler outlet air T, A Temperature detectors. (Quantity dependent
temperature. on number of coolers and desired level of
coverage.)
26AI Air cooler inlet air T, A Temperature detectors. (Quantity dependent
temperature. on number of coolers and desired level of
coverage.)
26GF Generator field T, A, P Temperature monitoring system for
temperature. continuously monitoring field temperature.
71QBH Bearing oil level high A One sensor for oil reservoir, equipped with
direct reading visual indicator.
71QBL Bearing oil level low A One sensor for each separate oil reservoir,
equipped with direct reading visual
indicator.
38QW Bearing water A One sensor for each separate oil reservoir,
contamination for detection of water buildup or emulsified.
detector
39V Bearing/shaft A. P. Eddy current probes installed in guide-

vibration detector bearing segments at 90 degrees to each
other, for detection of equipment defects
and rough zone operation. Used in
108
conjunction with probes on turbine guide
bearing.
63QTH Thrust bearing high C, A, I Pressure switch provides confirmation that
pressure oil system the oil pump motor has established
start interlock/failure sufficient pressure to allow the start
alarm. sequence to proceed. Used also to generate
alarm if pressure fail to establish after pump
is commanded to start.
26G Temperature P, C, A Fixed temperature or rate-of-rise of

detectors for fire temperature or both; detectors mounted in
protection system stator end turn area. Used to initiate fire
extinguishing system in conjunction with
fault detecting equipment.
63FG Fire extinguishing P, A Pressure switches installed downstream of

system operation actuating valve. Back trip generator
protection. May also be used to generate an
extinguishing system failure alarm if system
is initiated but pressure fails to establish
within a fixed time.
33AB Air brake position C, I Start interlock indicating all brake shoes
indication have cleared runner plate.
CT-G Neutral end and P, I Furnished in quantities and ratings

terminal end current compatible with the metering and
transformers primary/standby protection requirements.
33CW or Cooling water valve C, I Start interlock and status indication.

position
80CW Cooling water flow A, P Pump Failure, supply valve closed, pipe
low obstruction, pipe rupture
TYPE
C = Control
P = Protection trip
109
Ta b l e 5 . 3.2 – C on trol an d st at us dat a Tr ansm it t e d f r om Ge ne r at or t o
unit controlbord
SIGNAL TYPE NOTES

DESCRIPTION
2THS Thrust bearing high C Start pump prior to starting unit.

pressure oil pump start/ Confirmation of pump starting via 63QTH
stop command. (Table 3A-1)
20CWS Generator cooling water C Open valve or start pump prior to starting
system start/ stop unit. Confirmation of water flow via 33CW
command. or 80CW (Table 3A-1).
20FGS Fire extinguishing system C, P Open valve upon detection of fault +

operate command. excessive heat. Confirmation of valve
operation via 63Fg (Table 3A-1).
20AL Air louver operate C, P Close discharge and inlet air louvers in
command generator housing in event of a fire.
1GL Generator lube oil system C Enables generator lubrication prior to unit
start/stop command. run.
When forced air cooling is used for the

generator.
Turned off when unit is on-line.
TYPE
C = Control
P = Protection trip
110
T a b l e 5 . 3 . 3 – O p e r a t i n g P o we r , A i r a n d W a t e r f r o m S e r v i c e E q u i p m e n t
t o G e n e ra t o r
Power supply for thrust bearing high- AC 415 volts 3 phase AC.
pressure oil pump.
Power supply for DC control circuits. DC For uninterruptible systems such as air
cooler temperature control system, fire
protection.
Air supply for brakes and rotor jacking A Control valve may be located in governor
system cubicle/ generator brake panel.
Water supply for fire extinguishing W May also be atomized.

system
Power supply for generator housing AC Thermostatically controlled, for reducing

space heaters. condensation on windings when generator is
shut down.
Water supply for generator air coolers W

and bearing oil coolers.
Air supply for operating discharge and A

inlet air louvers
Power supply for CO2 fire extinguishing DC

system.
Power supply for generator lube oil AC May be fed alternatively from DC source.
system.
TYPE
C = Control
P = Protection trip
111
Table 5.3.4 – Control and Status Data Transmitted from Generator Terminal
Equipment to Unit Control Switchboard
Signal Type Notes

Description
CT Current signal for relaying and
metering
VT Voltage signal for relaying and
metering
A Current indication I
F Frequency indication I
V Voltage indication I
W/VAR Metering I,A Analog signals for

indication and/or recording.
AVR Voltage signal for automatic voltage C Analog signal from a VT.
regulator (AVR)
N Governor speed sensing C
XDCR Power transducer C Unit power input to electric

governor.
TYPE
C = Control
P = Protection Trip
I = Indication analog, digital, status
lamps)
112
Table 5.3.5 – Control and Status Data Transmitted from Unit Control Switchboard
to Generator Terminal Equipment
20 Fire extinguishing system C,P Deluge valve upon differential

command operation and high temperature
detection.
TYPE
C = Control
P = Protection Trip
Table 5.3.6 – Operating Power, Air and Water from Service Equipment to
Generator Terminal Equipment
Description Type Notes
Power supply from DC control circuits DC For uninterruptible systems such as

fire protection.
Power supply for forced air bus duct AC
circulation system
Water supply for fire extinguishing W

system and forced air cooling
TYPE
AC = AC Power
DC = DC Power
A = Air
W = Water
113
Table 5.3.7- Control and Status Data Transmitted to and from the Cooling System
and Unit Control System
Description Type Notes
Conventional
Fan failure A.P. Trip occurs on multiple fan failures

resulting in insufficient air flow
Raw water low flow A Trip is accomplished by winding
temperature
Strainer differential pressure A
Type
A = Annunciation
C = Control
P = protective trip
T = temperature monitoring
114
Table 5.4.1 – C ontrol an d S tatus Dat a Tr a n s m i t t e d f r o m e x c i t a t i o n s y s t e m
t o u n i t c o n t r o l s wi t c h b o a r d

51ET Exciter transformer o/c P
protection
49 GF Field overload 1 Set to coordinate with field winding thermal
characteristic
If Field voltage indication 1 Transuded from DCCT ( satiable reactor )
Vf Field voltage indication 1
64 F Field ground detection P or
A
27 FF Failure of preferred field A Provision of this alarm assumes 2 sources
flashing source provided AC and DC. AC should be
preferred source to minimize chance of back
feeding field voltage onto battery if blocking
diode fails. Automatic transfer to alternate
source on failure of preferred source
41/a, Field breaker position C,I
41/b
31/1, Field flashing contactor position I
31/b
48E Exciter start sequence P,A Set to operate after normal time required for
incomplete field flash source to build terminal voltage to
level sufficient for exciter getting to
commence.
78 E Pole slip protection P
63F-1 Cooling fan failure –Stage I A Failure of redundant fan (s).
63F-2 Cooling fan failure –Stage 2 P
27PS DC power supply failure P or Trip or alarm depending on level of power
A supply redundancy.
26ET-I Exciter transformer over A Indicating unit with dial contacts typical.
temperature –Stage I
115
26ET-2 Exciter transformer temperature P
–Stage 2
58-1 Rectifier transformer A Thyristor fuse, conduction, or gating failure.
temperature -
58-2 Rectifier failure –Stage 2 P
49 HE Heat exchanger failure A Various heat exchanger arrangements are
possible Once-through, closed system, etc
26RTD Exciter transformer temperature I Temperature detectors. Quantity variable
indication depending on number of secondary winding
and whether transformer is 3 phase or 3 x 1
phase.
70V Manual voltage adjuster with I Signal generated by potentiometer coupled to
70V motor drive.
70V/LSI, 70V End-of travel indication I Signal generated by limit switches coupled to
2 70V motor drive
90V Auto voltage adjuster with I Same as 70V.
position
90V/LSI, 90 V End-of –travel indication I Same as 70V/LSI,2.
2
70V/LS3 70V preset position C Interlock in start sequence
90V/LS3 90V preset position C Interlock in start sequence.
89LS Station service A.C test supply I Optional
switch position
MAN Indication mismatch between I To ensure bumpless transfer from AUTO to
auto
AUTO Voltage regulator output and I MAN and MAN to AUTO
manual
116
TYPE
C = Control
P = Protection Trip
T= temperature Monitoring
Table 5.4.2 – Control and Status Data transmitted from unit control Switchboard
to excitation

41 Field tripping from generator P
protective
trips
41 control Field breaker tripping from C
manual control and unit
shutdown sequence logic
41 close Field breaker closing from C
manual control and unit start
sequence logic
IE Exciter de-excite C Close contact to initate field
flashing at 95% speed during
auto start or under manual
control
IE Exciter de-excite C Open contact to initiate
phaseback below 95% speed,
unit separated form system
83VT Voltage transformer potentil C Transfer exciter from auto
voltage control to manual
control
43AM Close contact transfer exciter C
to manual voltage regulator
control
43VA Close contact to transfer C
exciter to auto voltage
regulator control
Back logic
Back logic
70 V raise Raise manual voltage C
adjuster
117
70 V lower Lower manual voltage C
adjuster
90 V raise Raise auto voltage adjuster C
90 V lower Lower auto voltage adjuster C
52G/a Generator CB Auxiliary C De- excite control, disable
switch power system stabilizer of-line.
Wicket Analog signal representing C Used to develop accelerating
gate wicket power input to PSS if required
position
TYPE
C = Control
P = Protection Trip
T = temperature Monitoring
118
Table 5.4.3– Operating Power, Air and Water from Service Equipment to
Excitation system
Station service as test supply AC Used for exciter testing and emergency
operation if exciter transformer out of service
(optional)
Battery-fed field flashing DC
Station service field flashing AC AC preferred source. Auto transfer to dc if ac

source not available
Cooling water supply for W

heat exchanger
TYPE
C = Control
P = Protection Trip
119
Table 5.5.1 – Control and Status Data Transmitted from
T r a n s f o r m e r t o U n i t C o n t r o l S wi t c h b o a r d

Notes
CT Current signal for relaying and A, P, I
metering
71G Gas accumulation detection A Event recording (optional).
63G Gas pressure device A, P Event recording
63Q Main tank sudden pressure relief A, P Hand reset contact (local). Event
recording
device
63T Main tank over pressure switch A, P Trip generator breaker
49-1W Transformer winding temperature A, T, P Temperature detectors embedded
49-2W thermal device in each separate in each separate winding for first
winding stage temperature control. RTD
are in each winding because of
the possibility of unbalanced
loading.
26Q Top oil temperature indicator A, T Dial type oil temperature
indicator at the transformer. First
stage annunciation, tripping
optional. Second stage tripping
71QC Conservator tank oil level indicator A Dial type indicator with
maximum and minimum
indicating levels. Tripping
optional.
Table 5.5.2 – Control and Status D a t a t r ans m i t t e d f r o m U ni t

Control Sw itchboard to Transformer

Notes
20 Fire extinguishing system C, P Actuated upon differential relay
command operation or sudden pressure relief
device. Fire detection sensors shut off
the transformer fan and pumps
Type
C =Control
P =Protection Trip
120
T a b l e 5 . 5 . 3 – O p e r a t i n g P o we r , A i r a n d W a t e r f r o m S e r v i c e E q u i p m e n t
to transformer
Description Type
Notes
Power supply for DC control DC For uninterruptible systems such as fire
circuits protection.
Power supply for fans, pumps, AC For FA, FOA transformers. If an FOW
ac control circuits transformer is used, additional
information and control signals may be
needed, such as monitoring of the
pressure difference between the oil and
water systems.
Water supply for fire W
extinguishing system
Water supply for cooling W
Type
AC =AC Power
DC =DC Power
A =Air
W =Water
T a b l e 5 . 6 . 1 – S i g n a l s T r a n s m i t t e d f r o m P l a n t E q u i p m e n t t o G e ne r a t o r
Breaker

Notes
4 Unit control C Normal shutdown
1XJ Breaker control switch, trip/close C
12G Generator overspeed P
25 Synchronizing equipment C
33 Wicket gate position switch C Permissive switch
38GB Generator bearing temperature P
38TB Turbine bearing temperature P
43XJ Breaker test switch C
49T Step-up transformer over temperature P
63T Step-up transformer sudden pressure P
71K Kaplan low oil P
80TBQ Turbine bearing oil P
38G Generator winding temperature P
43S Unit synchronizing selector switch C Permissive switch
121
T a b l e 5 . 6 . 2 – S i g n a l s T r a n s m i t t e d f ro m g e n e r a t o r B r e a k e r t o U n i t
C o n t r o l S wi t c h b o a r d
Notes
52a, b Breaker open-close C, I
27CB Generator breaker loss of dc control A
power
61 Generator breaker pole failure P, A Trip is isolate breaker.
63a Breaker air pressure switch C Permissive switch.
63A Generator breaker low air pressure P, A
Type
C =Control
P =Protection Trip
Table 5.7 – Intake Gate/MIV and Draft Gate
Controls for automatic operation of the Intake gate shall as follows:
1 Unit Control Board •

Raise/lower control switch
•
Indicating lights for fully open/fully
•
Position indication showing actual position
of the gate
2 Local • Raise/lower control switch
• Mechanical device showing gate position
3 Annunciation • Failure of gate to open or close in response to
an automatic signal
• Failure of gate to maintain partial closure
position during sluice operation
• Hydraulic system trouble
T a b l e 5 . 8 – C a n a l / H R C W a t e r L e v e l S i g n a l f or G o v e r no r C o n t r o l
S. No. Description Type

Notes
1 Breaker open-close C, I,P
2 Generator breaker loss of dc control C,I
power
122
5.4 MANUAL CONTROL, METERING AND PROTECTION SYSTEM
Design, manufacture, testing, commissioning of manual control, metering and
protection system which includes Electrical protection by conventional relay; manual
control and metering of the Power House.

5.4.2 Standards
All materials and equipments shall comply in every respect with the requirements of the
latest edition of the relevant Indian, British equivalent N.E. M.A. I.E.C. Standards or any
other recognized International standards, except in so far as modified by this
specification. Where standards offered are other than the Indian or British standards,
copies of the relevant standard specification in English language must be attached.
5.4.3 Design Criteria
The control will have provision for start, stop, manual synchronizing and emergency stop.
Sequencing will be as following tentative Drawings (to be enclosed by Purchaser).
• Start Sequence for synchronous generator

• Normal Stop and Mechanical Trouble Stop Sequence for
Synchronous Generator
• Electrical Trouble Stop Sequence for Synchronous Generator
Final drawings will be submitted for approval by the Purchaser

various relays are explained in following tentative drawings (to be enclosed by
Purchaser).
i. Single Line Diagram Main

ii. Metering and Relaying Single Line Diagram (sheet 1 of 2)
iii. Metering and Relaying Single Line Diagram (sheet 2 of 2)
iv Unit tripping and annunciation block diagram
Common tripping relays for similar functions have been provided with lock-out
facilities. All these relays shall have potential free contacts for trip and alarm purposes
and externally hand reset type of flag indicators. They should preferable be housed in
drawout type of cases with tropical finish.
The details of C.T.’s for all the unit protection and metering are given in Drawings
123
No. ----. The secondary current of C.T.’s located in switchyard is proposed as 1 amp.
because of long leads so as to ensure efficient and accurate operation of their
protective scheme.
11 kV C.T.s and P.T. may be mounted on 11 kV switchgear panels alongwith relays.
The drawings for the proposed system will be subject to approval by the Purchaser.
5.4.5 Protective Relays
A brief description of protective relay proposed is given below:
5.4.5.1 Generator Protection
Generator Differential Protection (87G)
The generator primary protection is proposed by high impedance type of

circulating current relays having proper setting range. The relays will be of
high speed type and shall be immune to A.C. transients. Necessary provision
shall be made in the relay to ensure that the relays do not operate for faults
external to the protected zone. The relays shall not maloperate due to
harmonics in spill current produced by through faults or due to saturation on
one set of current transformers during an external fault. Provision shall also be
made for alarm /indication in case of current transformer secondary circuit
fault.
The relay operation actuates lockout relay for complete shutdown of the unit
including release of CO2 as shown in Drawing No. ----.
Generator ground fault protection (64G)
The generator neutral will be earthed through the primary winding of a

distribution transformer of proper capacity and ratio. The secondary will be
loaded by a suitable resistor rated for 60 seconds. A suitable voltage relay with
continuous coil rating with proper setting is proposed to be provided. The
relay shall be insensitive to voltage at third harmonic frequencies.
The relay operation actuates lockout relay for complete shutdown of the unit.
Neutral Grounding Transformer and Loading Resistor
Neutral Grounding Transformer

a. Type Dry type, Natural air cooled,
124
single phase.
b. Connection Between generator neutral
and ground
Loading Resistor
a. Construction Non-ageing, corrosion
resistant, punched stainless
steel grid elements provided
with necessary installations,
and temperature rise not
exceeding 300 deg. C.
b. Housing Enclosure with IP:22 degree
of protection. However,
transformer and resistor can
be housed in same container
with metallic partition.
Generator over-voltage protection (59)
A set of single phase relays is proposed with suitable time delay setting so that
operation of relay under transient conditions is avoided. The relay setting
range is proposed from 110% to 150%. The relays shall be immune to
frequency variation. Provision of instantaneous tripping element at some
suitable setting is also proposed.
The relay is set to operate lockout relay for partial shutdown to speed no load
position.
Negative phase sequence current protection (46)
A two stage protection complete with filter network is proposed for this
purpose. The first stage with a lower suitable range shall be instantaneous and
shall be arranged to give alarm and annunciation and the second stage with
higher range will energise a timer which shall perform the various tripping
functions in two stages at different time settings, as shown in the drawing E-
230-3. The current transformer for this protection is proposed to be located on
the generator line side.
The relay is set to operate the lockout relay for partial shutdown to speed no
load position.
Voltage restraint over current protection (51V)
This backup protection for the generator operates for over current which are
accompanied by dip in voltage so that false tripping due to through faults are
avoided. The relay is set to trip lockout relay for partial shutdown to speed no
load position.
125
Reverse power relay (32)
This relay is proposed because of grid connection. The relay is proposed to be

set to trip lockout relay to speed no load position.
Check Synchronising relay (25)
Check synchronising relay is provided to ensure the closing of the circuit

breakers on synchronising at a phase angle not greater than about 7 degrees so
as to prevent damage to circuit breaker especially in case of auto
synchronising.
Potential transformer fuse failure protection (60)
Suitable voltage balance relays are proposed to monitor the fuse failure of 3
sets of potential transformers and to block the relays (50/51 V or 40) or other
devices that may operate incorrectly on the voltage due to fuse failure of
potential transformers. The relay is set to give an alarm only.
Mechanical Protections
Following mechanical protections are proposed for the generator:
j. Resistance temperature detectors in stator core (12 no.) and in the

by Generator Suppliers.
k. Turbine and generator bearing, metal and oil temperatures –
alarm/shutdown.
l. Governor oil pressure low to block starting and low-low for emergency
tripping.
m. Over speed for normal and emergency shutdown depending upon its
extent.
n. Signal to canal regulating gates to avoid channel overtopping due to
emergency shut down of unit.
o. Contractor will co-ordinate with Generator and Turbine supplier for
mechanical protection.
5.4.5.2 Exciter Protection
Generator field failure protection (40)
An offset mho type of relay having its circular characteristics adjustable both
in offset and diameter, along the X-axis of the R-X plane, is proposed for this
purpose.
126
The protection shall consist of two stages. The first stage with a lower range
shall be arranged to give alarm and annunication. The second stage with a
higher range shall carry out the tripping functions as shown in the Drawing --.
Generator rotor earth-fault protection (64F)
Direct current injection type of protection is proposed for this purpose. The
relay will be suitable for the field system voltage and be capable of detecting
deterioration of insulation level below about 0.2 Mega-ohms. 110 Alternating
current potential transformer auxiliary supply will be available but the relay
will have its own internal rectifiers etc. to drive the D.C. injection supply.
Failure of A.C. auxiliary supply will not totally incapacitate the protection.
The tripping of the relay is set to open the excitation breaker and bring the unit
to speed no load.
Over current relay (51 EX)
This over current instantaneous relay in the excitation circuit before the
excitation transformer will cater to rectifier transformer faults and other
excitation system faults. This relay is set to trip excitation circuit breaker and
bring the unit to speed no load.
Over excitation relay (OER) in the DC circuit and excitation relay (31) in the
field flashing circuit are other relays proposed in the excitation system.
Over Current Protection (51)
Suitable relays are proposed to be provided for unit auxiliary transformers

over load protections. The relay will operate from the three current
transformers on the Low Voltage side of the transformer and will be arranged
to trip the Low Voltage breaker as shown in the Drawing E-230-3.
An instantaneous time over current relay is proposed from the CT’s on the 11
kV side of the auxiliary transformer. This relay at a higher setting will cater to
transformer faults and the tripping of the relay is set to bring the unit to speed
no load as shown in Drawing E-230-5.
Phase sequence relay (47)

This relay on the station service system trips the LV circuit breaker so as to
prevent operation of the three phase motors in the reverse direction (Refer
Drg. -----).
127
Under voltage relay (27)
These relays have been provided to trip the LV circuit breaker (Refer Drg. ----
---).
5.4.5.4 Step up 11/---- kV Transformer Protection
Generator Transformer Differential Protection (87 GT)
A sensitive percentage biased differential relay is proposed to be provided for

each step up transformer protection with proper operating and bias setting. It
shall have harmonic restraint feature to prevent its mal-operation due to
magnetising in-rush surges encountered in normal power system operation.
Provision shall also be made for alarm/indication in case of current
transformer secondary circuits faults.
The C.T.’s on 11 kV side are proposed be located in the Generator neutral side
and on ----- kV side in the switchyard. The auxiliary/interposing current
transformers as required for the protection shall also be provided.
The relay is set to operate lockout relay for shutdown as shown in Drawing
No.-----.
Standby earth fault protection (64T)
For this protection Inverse Definite Minimum Time Lag type relay having
suitable setting range and operating time is proposed. The relay shall be
energized by zero sequence current supplied to it through current transformer
in the power transformer neutral. This relay is proposed to trip the unit circuit
breaker and bring the unit to speed no load. The relay will be co-ordinated
with line earth fault protection.
Bucholz gas pressure relay for first stage alarm and second stage trip.
Transformer oil level and temperature
Winding temperature
5.4.5.5 ----- kV – Bus Bar Protection
Bus zone Differential Protection (87 B1, and 87 B2)
A high speed, high impedance type bus-bar differential protections proposed to be

provided for each ---- kV bus zone. The scheme shall have separate and independent
check and supervision features incorporated in it.
Necessary separate C.T. cores shall be provided at the incoming and outgoing
128
circuits for check features. The main zonal relay and check relay scheme will have
their contacts connected in series in the trip circuit.
The protection will be capable of detecting all type of faults on the bus-bar. The
sensitivity of protection shall be such that it does not operate for faults on the C.T.
secondary wiring of the most heavily loaded circuit. C.T.’s on one side of the bus
coupler/section breaker are proposed and inter-locked overcurrent relay will be
provided.
The supervision relay will be capable of detecting open: Cross or broken C.T.
secondaries and pilots by employing sensitive alarm relay, which shall be connected
across the bus wires of each protected zone. It shall be capable of taking the
protection of the effected zone out of service by shorting the appropriate bus-wires.
`No volt’ relays to indicate failure of D.C. alarm and trip supply to the bus-bar
protection scheme is also proposed to be provided.
High speed tripping relays shall be provided to trip the connected circuit breakers
connected to the faulty bus bar.
5.4.5.6 --- kV Line Protection
Protective relay design for the --- kV line is important because of high fault power
from 66 kV grid sub-stations. Main features of fast acting protection system are
tentatively proposed as follows:
i) Main- Phase comparison static carrier relay (185)

ii) Backup- Directional overcurrent and ground fault (51 D)
iii) Local backup- Backup protection (FPR)
iv) Separate current transformers for two main protections.
v) One potential device per phase has each line with separate secondary winding
(independently fused) for primary and back up relay.
vi) Separately fuse D.C. tripping with separate auxiliary tripping relay.
vii) Provision of local back up protection for failure of Main and back up relay and
on breaker failure. Following Relays are provided.
5.4.5.7 Under voltage relay (27)
Under voltage relay shall be provided on the line and the bus to indicate live line
conditions. Relays with separate flush/semi-flush drawout cases and having individual
in-built testing facilities shall be preferred. But modular drawout construction and
equivalent facilities would also be accepted. The panels shall be complete and all
necessary name plates, device identification, terminals blocks, fuses etc. shall be
provided.
129
The protection requirement with respect to characteristics operating principle, tripping
schedule and type of relays shall be discussed during detailed engineering stage, and
Bidder shall provide the same to the satisfaction of the Owner.
5.4.6 Metering
Meters as shown in Schematic drawing (to be enclosed by Purchaser) shall be

provided on unit control boards. These are summarised below:
5.4.6.1 Generator (Unit Control Board)
vii. 3 ammeters (each phase)

viii. Power factor and kW meter
ix. KVAR
x. Voltmeter with voltmeter switch
xi. KWH meter
5.4.6.2 Auxiliary Transformer
iii. kWH meter

iv. Ammeters (3 No.)
5.4.6.3 Bus Coupler Panel
No Metering is required on this panel .
5.4.6.4 ---- kV Feeder Panel
v. Voltmeter with voltmeter switch

vi. 3 Ammeters (each phase).
vii. Recording kVAR (MVAR)
viii. K.W.
v. Power Factor meter
vi. kWH import / export meter.
5.4.7 Annunciation
Conventional 16 window annunciator for each generator turbine faults; 12 window each for feeder
faults and Bus Coupler is proposed for important faults. Schedule for these windows may be
proposed for approval by purchaser. All other annunciation will be on SCADA system.
5.4.8 Recorder
All recording will be done on SCADA disk.
5.4.9 CTs/VTs and General Surge Protection Equipment
5.4.9.1 All current and voltage transformers required for protection system of the unit are
detailed in generator specifications shall have adequate VA burdens, knee point
130
voltage, instrument safety factor and characteristics suitable for the application, and
shall be subject to approval of the Owner. Details of --- kV(Feeder) CTs are to be
given by the Purchase .
CTs/VTs used for different applications shall have following accuracy class:
a) Differential protection CTs Class PS

b) Protection CTs other than differential protection Class 5P10
c) Generator AVR/metering CTS for generator circuit Class 0.5
d) Metering CTs for --- kV; 11 kV and 415 V switchgear Class 0.5
e) CTs for performance testing and low forward power Relay Class 0.2
f) Core balance CTs Class PS
g) Protection VTs Class 3P
h) VTs for generator metering, AVR synchronisation Class 0.5
i) VTs for performance testing and low forward power relay Class 0.2
List of all CTs and PTs is enclosed in these specifications.
5.4.9.2 Generator Line Terminal and Neutral Grounding Cubicles
These shall be provided as per detailed given in generator specifications.
5.4.9.3 ---- kV (feeder) Current Transformers and Potential Transformers
They will be provided as per detailed specifications of switchyard equipment.
5.4.9.4 The technical requirement and location of the CTs are given in the unit metering and
relaying drawing (enclosed). The generator suppliers shall supply suitable current
transformers for the protection scheme and these shall be in the neutral grounding
cubicles.
The current transformers should be suitable for metering and protection scheme
attached .
11 kV CTs are as detailed below.
11 kV Current Transformers
1 11 kV Current Transformers of ratio 600/5A.
(a)Generator neutral side – Three core -6 Nos.
Core 1 PS class for differential protection relay 87G.
Core 2 5P10 class for General protection relay i.e.

32,40,46,51V.
Core 3 PS Class for Differential Protection relay of
131
Generator Transformer 87GT with three Nos.
interposing CTs
.
(b)Generator Transformer side – Two core -6 Nos.
Core 1 Class 0.5 for AVR.
Core 2 Class 1 for metering.
2 11 kV CT ratio 600/5A in 11 kV cubicle – 6 Nos.
Single core PS class for Differential Protection of Generator 87G relay.
3 11 kV CT 11kV cubicle - 6 Nos.
(Ratio to be decided after capacity of Rectifier Transformer decided)
Single core 5P10 class for over current protection of Rectifier Transformer
circuit 51EX relay
.
4 11 kV CT ratio 30/5A in 11 kV cubicle – 6 Nos.
Single core 5P10 class for over current protection of Unit Aux. T/F
50/51 relay.
5.4.10 Control Panel Layout
Layout of Control panel is shown in enclosed drawings
5.4.11 Details of Control and Relay Panels
5.4.11.1 G e n e r a t or t r a n s f or m e r c o nt r o l a n d r e l a y p a n e l s
equipment mounted on them shall be supplied for Generator Transformer control and
protection.
Control panels
132
S. N o m e n c l at u Quantity Description
No. re
1. - - Mimic diagram of bus –bars and connections.
2. BI 1 set Semphore indicators for isolators.
3. CB 1 set Semphore indicators for circuit breakers.
4. AG 3 Nos. Dial type A.C. ammeters for measuring
generator current in Amperes range 0-800A
5. VG 1No. Dial type A.C. voltmeter for measuring
generator voltage in kV range 0-15 kV
6. VS 1No. Voltmeter selector switch.
7. PF 1No Polyphase indicating power factor meter
range – 0.5 to 0 to +0.5
8. KW 1 No. Polyphase indicating kW meter of range 0 to
15000 kW
9. KVAR 1No. Polyphase indicating KVAR meter of range
0-6000 kVAR
10. FM 1 No. Frequency meter 0-75 Hz
11. AF 1 No. Field current meter 0-200 A
12. VF 1 No. Field voltage meter 0-300 V
13. SI 1 No. Speed indicator 0-1000 rpm
14. SL 1No Gate limit indicator
15 SW 1 no. Remote/ local selector switch
16. A/M 1 No. Auto/manual selector switch
17 S1 1No. C.B. control switch with indicating lamps
including healthy trip supply indication.
18 S2 1 set Bus Isolator control switch with indicating
lamps
19 S4 1No. Gate limiter control switch (Raise/lower )
20 S5 1 No. Speed level control switch (Raise/lower).
21. SS 1No. Synchronising switch with locking key
22. T 1 No. Temp. indicator with selector switch
23 86 G 1 No. High speed tripping relay
24 30 X 1No Emergency stop switch with cover
25 30 Y 1N. Stop reset push Button
26. KWH 1 No. Energy meter with test block
1 Set Annunciation block with 16 windows
complete with alarm cancellation lamps reset
and lamp test push buttons
133
Relay panels
No. re
1 87 G 1 Set Tripple pole generator differential protection
relay including auxiliary relay etc.
2 50/51T 1 No. Overcurrent Earth fault relay for Generator
transformer.
3 51 V 1 No. Backup protection relay ( over current voltage
restraint.
4 64 G 1No. Generator ground protection relay.
5 64T 1No. Transformer ground protection relay
6 59 1No Over voltage relay
7 25 1 No. Check synchronising relay
8 32 1 No, Reverse power relay
9 46 1No. Negative phase sequence relay
10 40 1 No. Field failure relay
11 87 GT 3 Set. Generator Transformer differential protection
relay including auxiliary relay etc.
12 64 F 1No. Rotor earth fault relay
13 12 G 1No. Over speed relay (electrical)
14 27 1No. Under voltage relay
15 47 1No. Phase sequence voltage relay
16 84 1No. Generator trip relay
17 Auxiliary and locking relays
5.4.11.2 --- kV feeders control and relay panels
equipment mounted on each of them shall be supplied for Mukerian stage I and
Dasuya feeders control and protection.
Control panels
S. Nomencl at Quantity Description

No. ure
2. BI 1 set Semphore indicator for Bus isolators.
3. LI 1N0. Semphore indicator for line insulator
4. CB 1 set Semphore indicators for circuit breakers.
5. A 3 Nos. Dial type A.C. ammeters for measuring feeder
current in Amperes range 0-200A
6. V 1No. Dial type A.C. voltmeter for measuring
voltage in kV range 0 to------kV
7. VS 1No. Voltmeter selector switch.
8. KW 1 No. Polyphase indicating kW meter of range 0 to
---------kW
134
9. KVAR 1No. Polyphase indicating KVAR meter of range 0
to------ kVAR
10. S1 1No. C.B. control switch with indicating lamps
11. S2 1 set Bus Isolator control switch with indicating
lamps
12. S3 1set Line Isolator control switch with indicating
lamps
13. SS 1No. Synchronising switch with locking key
14. 86 G 1 No. High speed tripping relay
15. KWH 1 No. Export/ Import Energy meter with test block
16. 1 Set Annunciation block with 16 windows
Relay panels
No. re
1. 51D 1 No. Directional overcurrent Earth fault relay
2. 27 1set Under voltage relay
3. 185 1set Phase comparison relay
4. 81H/L 1 set High / Low frequency relay
5. Auxiliary relays as per actual requirement.
Other protections relays as decided by feeder
protection designer .
5.4.11.3 B us Couple r c ont r ol and r e lay pane l
equipment mounted there on shall be supplied for Bus Coupler control and protection.
Control panel
No. re
2. BI 2 sets Semaphore indicators for isolators.
3. CB 1 set Semaphore indicator for circuit breaker.
4. AB 3 Nos. Dial type A.C. ammeters for measuring
current in Amperes range 0-500A
5. S1 1No. C.B. control switch with indicating lamps
6. S2 A/B 2 sets Bus Isolator control switch with indicating
lamps
135
7. 86 G 1 No. High speed tripping relay
8. 1 Set Annunciation block with 16 windows
Relay panel
No. re
1.-- 87 B1/B2 2 Sets Triple pole Bus Bar differential protection relay
including check and auxiliary relays etc.
2. 51 I No. Interlocked overcurrent relay
3. Other Auxiliary relays as per requirement
7.4.11.4 Synchronizing Panel
Sheet steel swinging panel mounted on the side of the switchboard complete with internal
wiring connections equipped as synchronizing panel with the following equipment
mounted there on.
Quantity Description
2 Nos. Dial type A.C. voltmeter of suitable range for measuring
voltage in kV.
2 Nos. Dial type frequency meters of suitable range.
1No. Synchro-scope.
1No. Synchronizing lamps control switch (ON/OFF)
2Nos Synchronizing lamps.
1 No. Synchronization selector switch (Auto / Manual).
5.4.12 Test Blocks
Test blocks shall be provided on switchboards whore test facilities are required but
are not provided by use of drawout type meters or relays. The test blocks shall be of
the back connected semi-flush mounted switchboard type with removable covers. All
test blocks shall be provided with suitable circuit identification. The cases shall be
dust tight. Test blocks shall be rated not less than 250V. at 10 amps and shall be
capable of withstanding a di-electric test of 1500 V, 50c/s for one minute. All test
blocks shall be arranged to isolate completely the instruments or relays from the
instrument transformers and other external circuits so that no other device will be
affected and provide means for testing either from an external source of energy or
from the instrument transformers by means of multiple test plugs. The test blocks and
plugs shall be arranged so that the C.T. secondary circuits cannot be open circuited in
any position , while the test plugs are being inserted removed.
136
the drawings.
• Cable numbers;
and lockout relay;
energized and the correct annunciation and/or printout occurs.
documents.
21. PLC checks:
schemes);
137



• Raceway layouts
5.5 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA) SYSTEM
Design, manufacture, testing, commissioning of the Supervisory Control and Data

Acquisition (SCADA) system which includes all equipments required for
measurement, control, metering protection data logging data recording, annunciation
and sequence of event recorder, main computer, display unit with keyboard.
The SCADA system required should provide monitoring of parameters listed in

section 7.0 and control in grid mode and isolated mode operation of the Hydel Power
138
station centralized control room at EL 246.0 m. It should also provide remote
monitoring and control of the Power House from Mukerian stage I power house 7 km
from this power plant. through dedicated fibre optic cable and redundant power line
carrier communication (PLCC) system. This SCADA system should have following
features:
♦ Reliable safe control of the unit with very high availability

♦ Automatic startup, on-load control and shutdown of the units by the control
system
♦ Control of auxiliary equipment
♦ Remote monitoring of all plant status and alarm information
♦ Remote normal startup, on-load control and shutdown of units by operators.
SCADA system should have following controllers
♦ Unit Controller.
♦ Common Plant Controller/Supervisory Controller at Power House control
room
♦ Remote Supervisory Controller
The SCADA system where it is proposed to be set up in this specification shall be

designed for safe, reliable, efficient and easy operation of Hydro Turbine Generator
and its associated auxiliaries and transmission lines.
The SCADA system shall consist of a redundant microprocessor based computer

system, a dedicated sequence of events recording system, a health/condition
monitoring and analysis system, system cabinets, local panels, sensors, local
instruments, erection hardwares, interposing relays etc.
The SCADA to be supplied shall be of proven design; operation in at least six power
house for more than 5 years and will be subject to approval by purchaser and will
consist of following.
(i) Main microprocessor based computer system.

(j) Modem and Communication system
(k) Data logger/sequence of events recorder.
(l) 19” colour graphic monitors with key boards
(m) System console
(n) Hard copy plotter/printer
(o) Complete field instruments like transmitter/transducers, sensors, interposing
relays, erection hardwares all interconnecting cables etc.
(p) Bidder shall supply all necessary software required for the SCADA system
including operating system, compiler, application software etc.
(q) The transducers required for the measurement of electrical parameters. The
output of transducers will be 4-20 mA.
139
The SCADA system shall be capable of performing the following functions in real
time.
o) Acquire data from primary sensors.

p) Process and retain data for each primary sensor.
q) Perform detailed thermal and vibration analysis.
r) Report machine performance in tabular and graphical format.
s) Trending of turbine and generator efficiencies
t) Sequence of even logging.
u) Supervisory control of auxiliaries, governing system, excitation system, circuit
breakers, including synchronising.
v) Display software including system monitoring alarm processing and display of
data, fault, and status of devices.
w) Application software including state estimation, bad data detection, and on
line power flow.
x) Data logging and report generation.
y) Report alarms.
z) Predict need for shut down and maintenance of equipment.
aa) Software shall be such that the monitoring system will take care of the
transient parameters during system run-up and shut down.
bb) Software shall be modular and upgradable.
cc) The SCADA software shall run in co-ordination with existing/proposed
SCADA software for gate control operation. It can received data of Gate
positions etc. from it and send generation etc. data to it.
5.5.2 Applicable Standards
1. I.E.E.E. - 1010 - 1987

2. I.S.O./I.E.C. - 12119
3. Applicable National and International standards for software & hardware
which will be listed.
All proposals should clearly indicate which of sub-sections of the above

standards is complied with, if any.
5.5.3 Response Time
Fast response time of computer system is required. Bidder will intimate following:
(d) Time duration required to update a graphical display from the instant a field
contact changes state.
(e) Time duration from the instant a control is activated at the operator station
until the command is implemented at the field device.
(f) Overall time duration to process and lag an alarm once it is received at the
computer.
Methodology by which these “times” were verified must be given.
Acceptable time shall be verified at the factory acceptance test.
140
5.5.4 Equipment Architecture and Protocol
Open architecture system shall be followed. Interface or operating standards for the
following shall be intimated and should comply with ISO/IEC 12119.
Communications
Operating system
User Interface
Data base
Each of these elements should be capable of being replaced by or communicate with

system elements provided by other vendors.
5.5.5 Plant Operation Philosophy
The normal, start-up, shut down and emergency operations of the hydro turbine
generator, auxiliaries and feeders shall be performed in three different ways as
follows:
(j) Redundant PLC based governor control panel for unit and plant control
(iv) Remote Control from Power House control room
(v) Manual control panel
The Control Engineer shall be able to perform the following operations from the CRT
through keyboards.
f) Call up mimic, alarm, data display.

g) Call up control display to carry out control operations for hydro turbine
generators and its associated auxiliaries and main & electrical power supply
systems controlled from CRT/key board.
h) Demand, logs, report including performance calculation reports, summaries,
trends and plots for hydro-turbine generator and its auxiliaries and main &
auxiliary electrical power supply system.
i) The control engineer shall be able to set up all pre-start check of devices from
the CRT/keyboard for unit starting such as :
7) The wicket gate control

8) The control of generator brakes
9) Power supply to the governor
10) Load/frequency device selection on speed setting mode.
11) The selection of speed droop equal zero.
12) The blades at fully open position etc.
j) The control engineer shall be able to set the interlocks to start the unit from the
CRT/key board and once the start command is given following sequence shall
take place through the SCADA system.
1) Level control shall be put off.

2) The governor pump shall start.
141
3) When the oil pressure is established in the governor circuit, blades shall set at
the starting position.
4) Release generator brakes.
5) After having ensured that the bakes are released and blades are in starting
position command shall be given to open the wicket gates.
6) With opening of wicket gate unit speed shall rise.
7) At 90% unit speed, generator shall be excited, wicket gate shall be stopped
and its position maintained by energizing governor relays speed adjustment,
blades/movements shall be achieved.
8) When unit frequency and phase voltage is matched to that of existing power
system, unit circuit breaker shall be closed.
9) After unit breaker is connected to the system, governor parameters shall be
set to automatic mode.
f) The control engineer shall be able to shut down the unit during normal condition in
the following sequence. .
1) Level control on governor shall put off

2) Blades shall close
3) When blades are closed, wicket gate shall be allowed to close.
4) When no output power is sensed unit breaker shall be tripped.
5) After unit breaker is open, blades shall open again.
6) When down stream gate is closed and unit speed is 30%, brakes, shall be
applied.
g) The control engineer shall also be able to trip the unit during emergency condition
with the following sequence. .
1) Unit breaker shall be tripped.

2) Wicket gate shall be closed.
3) Other sequence of operation as per the normal shut down.
5.5.6 Parameter to be monitored from SCADA
The SCADA system shall be complete with all primary sensors, cables, analyzers/
transmitters, monitors, system hardware/ software and peripherals etc. to monitor/ control
the parameters for control, protection, annunciation, event recording etc different equipments
detailed in 7.1 and including.
• Generator stator and rotor winding temperatures.

• Lube oil temperature
• Radio frequency interference
• Generator air gap monitoring.
• Status of generator coolant condition.
• Acoustic levels
• Vibrations
• Flow measurement.
• Turbine efficiency.
• Cavitation of turbine blades
• Level measurement
142
• Turbine blade tip clearance
• Governor control monitoring of turbine speed.
• Generator terminal voltage, current, KW, KVAR, KVA, KWH,
Frequency, power factor, field voltage and field current.
• Annunciation for violation of permissible limits of the above
parameters.
• Turbine bearing temperature.
• Guide bearing temperature.
• Guide bearing oil level.
• Guide vane bearing oil temperature.
• Generator bearing temperature.
• Generator winding temperature.
• Turbine speed.
• Generator speed.
• Governor oil pumps, oil pressure indicator and low pressure switch.
• Cooling water pumps, suction and discharge pressure switch/ gauge.
• Inlet pressure gauge at inlet of turbine.
• Vacuum gauge for draft tube pressure.
• Level indicator for level in the forebay.
• Weir type flowmeter for measurement of flow.
• Annunciation
Bidder shall provide suggestions relating to measurement points and sensors. If in his
opinion, an enhancement in condition monitoring capability can be attained by use of
additional sensors these should be provided and details to be indicated in the bid.
5.5.7 Hardware Requirement
The key hardware features of the controller should be as follows:
♦ Standardized hardware technology

♦ Highly modular design
♦ Expandable
♦ Operation over a wide voltage range
♦ Intelligent I/O modules
♦ Central and distributed I/O
♦ Communication with other controllers and computers
♦ Remote fault diagnostics
It should include all transient suppression, filtering and optical isolation necessary to
operate in a power plant environment. The type of controllers to be used in the
SCADA system should be selected to meet specific plant requirements described
below including availability, number of plant I/O, cycle time and type of
communications link. The modular design of the controllers should be such that they
are easily integrated into the control system requiring the minimum of engineering.
5.5.7.1 Unit Controller
143
Redundant microprocessor based/PLC based governor system control should be
interfaced with SCADA powerful enough to perform all the required functions
mentioned above. It should have capability to implement closed loop PID function for
governing. The scan time of the complete sequence for each process should be less
than 100 msec. It should have lock to prevent unauthorised modification and be
capable of detecting hardware and software failures. It may also have digital relays for
over current, over-voltage and differential generator protection. It should have
following hardware features. It should have a console and keyboard to program the
controller as well as communicate with Supervisory controller. Unit controller should
support remote management and remote programming for supervisory controller.
5.5.7.1.1 Shut down Hardware
The controller should have a conventional relay logic shutdown circuit. This circuit
should include start and stop relays for controlling the turbine. The start relay
circuitry should provide for auto and manual control capability. A controller fail relay
should drop out the start relay when the auto relay is on. All shutdown hardware
should be powered by the station battery. The stop relay should drop the start relay
whenever a contact input which is strapped for shutdown on a digital input module is
closed.
5.5.7.1.2 Digital Status And Alarm Inputs
The controller should be capable of connecting to at least 60 contact type inputs

representing digital status and alarms. All contact inputs should be sensed through
optical couplers with an isolation voltage of at least 1500 Volts. The controller
should accept station battery voltage level inputs. Controller input modules should be
strappable for 24, 48 or 110 Volt station batteries. Controller digital input modules
should also have straps to allow any contact input to cause a hardware shutdown
directly to the stop relay.

5.5.7.1.3 DC Analog Inputs
The controller should accept 0-1ma, 0-5V, 4-20ma or 1-5V DC analog signals. The
controller should be able to measure DC analog signals with as much as 5 volts
common mode signal with differential inputs. The controller should provide ground
straps that can be inserted on the negative lead of any input signal that should be
grounded at the controller. The controller should also provide selective terminating
resistors for 1ma and 20ma signals. The DC analog signals should be converted to
digital signals using at minimum 12 bit analog to digital converter in the controller
with all conversion errors considered the controller should maintain an accuracy of
0.1% or better of full scale and a resolution of 1 part or less in 2000. All DC analog
inputs should be protected from transient spikes and voltages with circuitry that meets
the IEEE surge withstand test.
144
5.5.7.1.4 AC current inputs
The controller should connect directly to current transformers. The controller should
accurately measure all current inputs from 0-6.25 amps. It should withstand 10 amps
continuously and 50 amps for 1 second. The controller should be able to measure
magnitude of the current with a true RMS to DC converter and its phase shift with
respect voltage. The current measuring accuracy should be to .1% and the phase shift
accuracy should be to .1 degree. The controller should induce a burden of less than
.5VA on each current transformer it connects to.
5.5.7.1.5 AC voltage inputs
The controller should connect directly to the potential transformers. The controller
should accurately measure voltage inputs from 80 to 150 VAC. It should withstand
up to 200 VAC continuously. The controller should be able to measure the magnitude
of the voltage with a true RMS to DC converter and measure the phase shift of the
voltage with respect to current. The voltage measuring accuracy should be to .1% and
the phase shift accuracy should be to .1 degree. The controller should induce a
burden of less than 1 VA in each potential transformer that it connects to.
5.5.7.1.6 Control outputs
The controller should provide control relays to operate the circuit breaker, voltage
regulator, and other equipment. The contacts should be DPDT rated 125 VDC at
0.5 A. Two contacts should be available from the DPDT relay and either should be
strappable as normally closed or normally open. An optional high-powered relay
should be available that provides one normally open contact rate 150 VDC at 10A.
Each relay should have an LED indicator mounted on a manual control panel to
indicate the status of the relay, on or off. Next to the indicating LED should be a
switch to operate the relay manually. Each switch/LED should be clearly marked as
to its function.
5.5.7.1.7 RTD inputs
The controller should have provisions to connect directly to RTDs. RTD readings
should be corrected for nonlinearly and readings should be accurate to + 0.25oC. The
temperature range should be 0-160oC. The controller must have a 10, 100 and 120
ohms 8 input RTD module. The correct linearizing curve should be selected by
configuring. The controller should be capable of reading temperatures from eight
RTDs. If eight RTDs are not required, any of the RTD inputs should be able to be
used as a 4-20 mA analog input. Each of the eight inputs should be assigned three
alarm set points; two high alarm set points and one low alarm set point.
145

5.5.7.1.8 Analog outputs
The controller should output 4-20ma signals for calculated signals such as KW,
KVARS, power factor, frequency, voltage, and current. The signals should be
isolated outputs with 1000 common mode voltage capability. The accuracy of these
outputs should be better than .25%.
5.5.7.1.9 Alarm outputs (option)
The controller should be capable of outputting contacts for alarms that it generates
internally. The contact rating for these alarms should be 1 Amps. at 120 VDC.
All digital inputs should be capable of meeting the surge withstand capability in
accordance with ANSI/IEEE C37.90.
5.5.7.1.10 Electrical transducers
The controller should connect directly to current transformers (CTs) and potential
transformers (PTs). The controller should be capable of deriving the generator voltage
(line to line and line to neutral), generator amps, generator WATTS, generator
VARS, generator Power factor, generator kVA, generator frequency and bus
frequency from the CTs and PTs: The controller should be configurable for open
delta (line to line) or star (line to neutral) connected CTs and PTs.
5.5.8 Supervisory Controller
Standard Desktop Redundant Computer/Mini computer should be used as Supervisory

Controller and should at minimum have following configuration:
Intel Pentium IV Processor 500 MHz (or more recent) / Desktop Mini computer with
support for running windows 2000.
512 KB second level cache

128 MB SDRAM
1.44 MB FDD
40 GB Ultra ATA HDD
40X CD-ROM drive
AGP integrated graphic controller with 4 MB VRAM
17" Digital Colour Monitor
Keyboard, Mouse
5.5.9 Speed Sensor
A speed sensor to be mounted on generator unit shaft giving output as 4 to 20 mA/0-5

V DC is to be provided.
5.5.10 Wicket gate position transducer
146
It should comprise of LVDT mounted on hydraulic cylinder for actuating wicket gate.
It should convert linear movement of cylinder into 4-20 mA signal. 4 mA should
correspond to 0% and 20 mA to 100% stroke of the servomotor.
5.5.11 Upstream water level transducer
Two level sensors, one float operated and other non-floated should be provided for level
controlled operation of the machine. The level controller should be redundant to each other. One
level transducer may consist of a diaphragm type sensor and internal signal conditioning system
and should be able to provide standard output such as 4 to 20 mA/0-5 V DC.
5.5.12 Speed switches
Speed switches should be provided for application of brake, overspeed tripping and
creep at 30%, 112% and 5% of the rated speed respectively.
5.5.13 Programming & Training Console
The Console should permit software development and operator training while providing
backup hardware for use where the manual operator interface is out of service.
Interlocking should be provided to permit only one console to be in control at a time.
5.5.14 Printers
Printer/Hard copy units must be provided with supervisory and unit controllers.
5.5.15 Recorders
The plant control system should include video recording system of selected parameters
i.e. Generator temperature etc.
5.6 Communication Link
i) Scope
Design, supply, delivery, Site, erection, communication and training of personnel for
communication links between the power house and Mukerian Stage I for off-site
control and communication and between power house and dasuya grid substation
(interlinking points) for voice communication.
147
ii) Code Standards
• ANSI/IEEE 1010 – 1987

• US Army of Engineers Engineering Manual
• Relevant National / International Standards
The contractor shall furnish detailed design and calculation for approval by purchaser.
iii) Regulatory Requirement
Govt. regulatory requirement and sanctions for the communication system shall be
obtained by Contractor. Necessary assistance will be provided by Purchaser.
5.6.1 Dedicated Communication by Fiber Optic System Cable
Dedicated communication system for SCADA, voice communication and code call
paging system from power house to offsite control at Power House IV of stage I shall be
by Fiber optic cable. Code call facility shall be provided for paging key personnel.
Fiber optic cable
A fiber-optic cable system consisting of a terminal with multiplexing equipment, and a

transmitter and receiver coupled to fiber-optic light conductors that are routed to the other
terminal, which also has a receiver, transmitter, and multiplexing equipment shall be
provided. Because the transmission medium is nonmetallic, it offers the advantage of
electrical isolation between terminals and immunity from electromagnetic interference.
The Fiber optic cable shall be laid along the canal bank and no right of way problem is
anticipated.
Repeaters
Repeaters if needed shall be provided. Necessary equipment at sending and receiving and
for interfacing remote supervisory controller at Power House IV with SCADA.
Centralized SCADA system to remote supervisory control in the control room of Power
House No. IV of stage I shall be provided by the dedicated Fiber optic couple. The
148
design will be subject to approval by purchaser and will confirm to latest relevant
standard.
Local area network (LAN)
Local area network if proposed inside the Power House for distributed control otherwise
shall also connected by Fiber optic cable.
5.6.2 PLCC System
Two sets of PLCC system, line matching units and protective device shall also to be
supplied, installed and commissioned for communication and control between Power
House (emergency link) and Grid Substation for voice communication. Coupling
voltage transformer and Wave trap have been covered in switchyard equipment.
The equipment to be supplied should have got the facility of transmission of speech
and data simultaneously. Data transmission speed should be 9600 bps. To design the
PLCC system following line parameters are to be taken for a single circuit ---- kV
line.
a) Conductor - ACSR with a cross sectional area as ----mm2
b) Line impedances
i) L = -------- ohm/km per phase
ii) Inductive Reactive = -------- ohm/km per phase
iii) A.C. Resistance = --------- ohm/km at 20o C
c) Transmission Voltage ---- kV

d) Range of transmission ---- km
e) Distance between switchyard ---- meters
and control room
f) Input voltage to the system 48 V DC
Above parameters are to be worked-out taking configuration of --- kV line as right

angled with Base = ---- m and perpendicular as ---- m. These parameters may please
also be verified at Tenderers end also.
PLCC is to be interfaced with supervisory controller with serial/parallel interfaces.

Interconnection of outdoor equipment with PLCC should be done via shielded coaxial
cable.
149
5.7 Factory Tests for Unit Control Switchboards
the drawings.
• Cable numbers;
and lockout relay;
energized and the correct annunciation and/or printout occurs.
documents.
21. PLC checks:

schemes);
150

5.8 Field Tests for Unit Control Switchboards

• Raceway layouts
5.9 Additional Factory and Field Tests for Distributed Control Systems
7. Point-by-point database check.

8. Database linkage to graphical displays.
9. Response times during normal loading and high activity loading scenarios for:
• Graphical display updates;
• Control sequence implementation;
• Alarm processing and logging; and
• Sequence of events recording
10. Communications connectivity/protocols.
11. Man-machine interface (MMI) user capabilities.
12. Application software functionality.
151
5.10 Data/ Document to be furnished by the Bidder
Bidder shall furnish the following data/documents with the Bid
♦ All technical parameters such as baud rate, frequency, memory capacity

input/output capacity of modules expansion capacity of the SCADA system,
etc.
♦ Input/ Output list.
♦ List of parameters to be monitored from CRT/key board and the details of the
same.
♦ Redundancy provided for any of the equipment.
♦ List of application software.
♦ Bill of material
♦ Price schedule as per the enclosed schedule.
♦ Type of Cables
♦ List of essential spares
♦ Experience list.
♦ Manual/ catalogues of each equipment supplied by him.
♦ Plant operation philosophy.
152
153

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VERSION 2

STANDARDS / MANUALS / GUIDELINES FOR

ITEMS PAGE NO.

3.6 PROTECTION RELAYS 41

5.5 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA 138

This guide is intended to assist in preparation of specification for monitoring of

This guide, therefore, describes control, monitoring and protection requirement of

GENERAL TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS

1.0 MONITORING OF SHP

1.1 SYSTEMS FOR MONITORING

• Storage level at dam / barrage / weir

1.1.2 Hydro-mechanical Parameters

• Turbine and accessories

• Turbine & accessories

CTs & VTs

1.2.2 Indicating Meters

1.2.3 Temperature Scanners

Digital temperature scanners indicating the temperatures of stator winding, bearing

1.2.4 Indicating Lamps

1.2.5 Alarm & Annunciations

1.2.6 PLC Based System

1.3 LEVELS OF MONITORING

Normally two levels of monitoring is provided in SHP as per recommendation of IEC

1.4 CONTROL OF UNITS OF SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANT

1.4.2 GENERATOR CONNECTION TO SYSTEMS

For conventional method of synchronizing the generator is started, accelerated to near

Small hydropower plants will certainly require unattended automatic synchronizing.

1.4.2.3 Status and Alarm Requirements

• Unit ready to start

1.4.3 UNIT CONTROL

The unit control system should be designed to perform following functions:

• Data gathering and monitoring

• Auxiliary system – pumps & valves

1.4.4 CONTROL FUNCTIONS

1.4.4.1 Turbine Control

Fig. 4: Turbine Control

1.4.4.2 Generator Control

This is the excitation control of synchronous generator. The excitation is an integral

• Voltage control in case of isolated operation and synchronizing

The different generator controls are shown in fig. 5.

Fig. 5: Generator Controls

1.4.4.3 Plant Control

Fig. 6: Overview of Plant Automatic Control

1.4.5 CONTROL OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

Fig. 7: Hierarchy of Controls of Hydropower Plants

1.4.5.2 Categorization of Control System

1.4.5.3 Information and Control Signals

a. Communication links with remote control

Metallic circuit in hardwire communication circuits and leased telephone lines,

b. Communication with control boards

Data and control signals of following equipments will be required to be transmitted

• Generator neutral and terminal equipment

c. Communications with Auxiliaries

Data and control signals of following auxiliaries/ equipments will be required to be

1.4.6 MODERN PRACTICE REGARDING GOVERNOR AND PLANT CONTROL

• Iron vane meters

1.4.6.2 Modern Practice

Modern digital integrated control and protection system including programmable

Control functions of small hydro plants are standardized in following US standards

Specific hardware or software to be utilized for implementation is not however

1.5 PROTECTION OF SHP GENERATING UNITS

Small hydro turbine-generators should be protected against mechanical, electrical,