Capitolul III

352&(6(7(+12/2*,&(',1,1'8675,$(1(5*(7,&

(QHUJHWLFD HVWH GLVFLSOLQD FDUH VH RFXS  FX VWXGLXO SURGXFHULL WUDQVSRUWXOXL GLVWULEX LHL úL

XWLOL] ULLHQHUJLHL

Energia este capacitatea unui sistem fizic de a efectua un lucru mecanic când trece, printr-o
transformare, dintr-RVWDUHGHUHIHULQ vQDOW VWDUH(QHUJLDDFXPXODW vQQDWXU vQGLYHUúLSXUW WRUL
GHHQHUJLHVHQXPHúWHHQHUJLHSULPDU (DSRDWHILFKLPLF QXFOHDU úLKLGUDXOLF 

- HQHUJLD FKLPLF  HVWH HYLGHQ LDW  GH SURFHVXO GH DUGHUH D HOHPHQWXOXL FDUERQ úL D

VXEVWDQ HORU RUJDQLFH VDX GH UHDF LLOH FKLPLFH H[RWHUPH GLQWUH GRX  VDX PDL PXOWH

elemente;
- HQHUJLD QXFOHDU  FDUDFWHUL]HD]  HOHPHQWHOH UDGLRDFWLYH GLQ QDWXU  VDX HVWH RE LQXW  vQ

XUPDUHDF LLORUQXFOHDUHGHIXVLXQHILVL une;

- HQHUJLD KLGUDXOLF  HVWH HQHUJLD SRWHQ LDO  D F GHULORU GH DS  úL HVWH GHSHQGHQW  GH

resursele hidrologice.

/DQ XULGHWUDQVIRUPDUH6XUVHGHHQHUJLH

(QHUJLD UH]XOWDW  vQ XUPD SURFHVXOXL GH PDQLIHVWDUH D HQHUJLHL SULPDUH VH QXPHúWH energie
seFXQGDU  VDX HQHUJLH WUDQVIRUPDW  úL SRDWH IL WHUPLF  PHFDQLF  úL HOHFWULF  $FHVWH IRUPH GH

HQHUJLHVHSRWWUDQVIRUPDUHYHUVLELOXQHOHvQDOWHOHGXS XUP WRDUHOHVFKHPH

HQHUJLHWHUPLF HQHUJLHPHFDQLF FLQHWLF HQHUJLHHOHFWULF

HQHUJLHWHUPLF HQHUJLHHOHFWULF

7UDQVIRUPDUHD HQHUJLHL SULPDUH vQ HQHUJLH VHFXQGDU  HVWH LUHYHUVLELO  úL DUH ORF GXS 

XUP WRDUHOHODQ XULGHWUDQVIRUPDUH

energie
primar  energie energie energie
FKLPLF 
WHUPLF PHFDQLF  HOHFWULF
sau FLQHWLF 
nuclHDU

energie energie
energie
primar  PHFDQLF 
HOHFWULF
hLGUDXOLF FLQHWLF 

5DSRUWXOGLQWUHFDQWLWDWHDGHHQHUJLHRE LQXW GXS W ransformare, QfúLFDQWLWDWHDGHHQHUJLH

FDUH VH WUDQVIRUP  4  VH QXPHúWH UDQGDPHQW GH WUDQVIRUPDUH úL VH QRWHD]  FX
i  Randamentul de

transformare HVWHvQWRWGHDXQDVXEXQLWDUHOVHFDOFXOHD] FXUHOD LD

Qf
η= . (3.1)
Qi
 CantitDWHD GH HQHUJLH RE LQXW  GXS  WUDQVIRUPDUH HVWH PDL PLF  GHFkW FDQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH

FDUH VH WUDQVIRUP  GDWRULW  UH]LVWHQ HL RSXV  GH PHGLX OD WUDQVIRUPDUH &DQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH

FRQVXPDW SHQWUXvQYLQJHUHDUH]LVWHQ HLPHGLXOXLVHQXPHúWHvQHQHUJHWLF  pierdere de energie.

6XEVWDQ D FDUH SULQWU XQ SURFHV IL]LF VDX FKLPLF SURGXFH HQHUJLH VH QXPHúWH VXUV
-  GH

energie sau SXUW WRUXOGHHQHUJLH

6XUVHOHGHHQHUJLHVHFODVLILF GXS PDLPXOWHFULWHULL

a) 'XS QDWXUDORU sursele de energie sunt:

- QDWXUDOH F UEXQHOH L HLXO JD]HOH QDWXUDOH DSD HOHPHQWHOH UDGLRDFWLYH FXUHQ LL

atmosferici, soarele;
- LQGXVWULDOHJD]XOGHIXUQDOJD]XOGHFRFVHULHJD]XOGHVLQWH] EHQ]LQDS FXUD

b) 'XS SRVLELOLWDWHDGHUHIDFHUHvQWLPSVXUVHOHGHHQHUJLHVXQWHSXL]DELOHúLLQ epuizabile.

- 6XUVHOHGHHQHUJLHHSXL]DELOHVXQWDFHOHVXUVHFDUHRGDW VXSXVHSURFHVXOXLGHRE LQHUHD

HQHUJLHLSHFDUHRSRDUW VHFRQVXP I U DVHSXWHDUHIDFHvQWLPS'LQDFHDVW FDWHJRULHIDFSDUWH

F UEXQHOH L HLXO JD]HOH QDWXUDOH HOHPHQWHOH UD dioactive naturale, gazul de furnal, gazul de
FRFVHULHEHQ]LQDS FXUD

- 6XUVHOH GH HQHUJLH LQHSXL]DELOH VXQW DFHOHD FDUH VH UHJHQHUHD]  GXS  RE LQHUHD HQHUJLHL

SHFDUHRSRDUW 'LQWUHDFHVWHDVHSRWHQXPHUDDSDFXUHQ LLDWPRVIHULFLVRDUHOH

c) 'XS  PRPHQ tul istoric al folosirii lor VXUVHOH GH HQHUJLH VXQW FRQYHQ LRQDOH úL

QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH

- 6XUVHOHGHHQHUJLHFRQYHQ LRQDOHVDXFODVLFHVXQWVXUVHOHFDUHVXQWIRORVLWHFXIUHFYHQ 

PDUHGHR SHULRDG OXQJ GHWLPS'LQ DFHDVW  FDWHJRULHIDFSDUWHF UEXQLL L HLXOJD]HOHQDWXUDOH

apa.
- 6XUVHOHGHHQHUJLHQHFRQYHQ LRQDOHDXIUHFYHQ PLF GHXWLOL]DUHúLVXQWIRORVLWHGHVFXUW

WLPS(OHDXUROXOGHDFRPSOHWDúLXQHRULGHDvQORFXLVXUVHOHFRQYHQ LRQDOH'LQWUHDFHVWHDIDFSDUWH

soarele, mareele, biomasa, apele geotermale.

d) 'XS DSDUL LHVXUVHOHGHHQHUJLHSRWILSULPDUHúLVHFXQGDUH
- Sursele de energie primare sunt cele naturale.
- Sursele de energie secundare sunt rezultate într-un proces industrial dintr-RVXUV SULPDU 

de energie. Dintre acestea se pot enumera: aburii, gazele rezultate din ardere, aerul cald.
&DQWLWDWHDGHHQHUJLHSHFDUHVXUVDGHHQHUJLHVHFXQGDU RPDLSRVHG GXS FHDIRVWIRORVLW 

într-XQSURFHVLQGXVWULDOVHQXPHúWHHQHUJLHUH]LGXDO 8QH[HPSOXHVWHF OGXUDSHFDUHRDXJD]HOH

evacuaWH OD FRú GXS  FH DX IRVW IRORVLWH OD vQF O]LUHD DSHL GLQWU XQ FD]DQ &X FkW HQHUJLD UH]LGXDO 
-
HVWHPDLPLF FXDWkWUDQGDPHQWXOHQHUJHWLFDOSURFHVXOXLWHKQRORJLFUHVSHFWLYHVWHPDLPDUH

5HSDUWL LD WHULWRULDO  D VXUVHORU GH HQHUJLH SULPDU  FRUHVSXQGH vQ PLF  P VXU  DPSODV ULL

PDULORU FRQVXPDWRUL DWkW OD QRL FkW úL SH SODQ PRQGLDO IDSW FDUH ULGLF  SUREOHPH WHKQRORJLFH úL

HFRQRPLFH'HDFHHD VHSXQHXQ DFFHQW GHRVHELWSHXWLOL]DUHDVXUVHORUGHHQHUJLHQHFRQYHQ LRQDOH

acolo unde este posibil.

ActualmHQWH SRQGHUHD vQ FRQVXPXO HQHUJHWLF PRQGLDO R GH LQ L HLXO úL JD]HOH QDWXUDOH

GHRDUHFHH[LVW ] F PLQWHPDULLDUFRVWXULOHGHH[WUDF LHSUHSDUDUHúLWUDQVSRUWVXQWUHGXVHvQUDSRUW

FXFHOHQHFHVLWDWHGHF UEXQHVDXDPHQDM ULKLGUR -energetice.

Instala LLOHHQHUJHWLFHQHFHVLW LQYHVWL LLPDUL3URGXF LDRULF UXLIHOGHHQHUJLHHVWHGHPDV 

iar procesele tehnologice sunt continue.

 2E LQHUHDHQHUJLHLWHUPLFH

(QHUJLD WHUPLF  VH RE LQH vQ JHQHUDWRUXO GH DEXUL D F UHL FRQVWUXF LH HVWH SUH]HQWDW în
fig.3.1.
DS GHGXUL]DW
DEXUVXSUDvQF O]LW

gaze arse

aer cald aer rece 1

5 4 3 2

Fig.3.1. Cazanul cu aburi

1-SUHvQF O]LWRUGHDHU SUHvQF
- O]LWRUGHDS -cazan; 4-VXSUDvQF O]LWRU -focar

(OVHFRPSXQHGLQIRFDUVDXLQVWDOD LDGHDUGHUHDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLVXUV GHHQHUJLHSULPDU 

FKLPLF  FD]DQXO GH DEXU SUHvQF O]LWRDUH VDX VFKLPE WRDUH GH F OGXU  SHQWUX DSD GH DOLPHQWDUH úL

DHUXOQHFHVDUDUGHULLFRPEXVWLELOXOXLVXSUDvQF O]LWRUXOSHQWUXDEXULFRQGXFWH

 FocarulHVWHSUHY ]XWFX

- JU WDUHFkQGFRPEXVWLELOXOHVWHVROLGF UEXQH

- injectoare, când combustibiOXOHVWHOLFKLGS FXU 

- DU] WRDUHFkQGFRPEXVWLELOXOHVWHJD]RV

 Cazanul JHQHUDWRUXO GH DEXUL VDX ILHUE WRUXO HVWH SDUWHD GLQ LQVWDOD LH vQ FDUH DSD HVWH

WUDQVIRUPDW vQDEXULVXELQIOXHQ DHQHUJLHLFDORULFHUH]XOWDW GLQDUGHUHDFRPEXVWLELOXOXL'LQ punct

GHYHGHUHFRQVWUXFWLYFD]DQHOHVXQWLJQLWXEXODUHúLDFYDWXEXODUH

Cazanul ignitubular HVWH GH IRUP  FLOLQGULF  DYkQG vQ LQWHULRU HYL SULQ FDUH FLUFXO 

JD]HOHDUVH$SDDIODW vQFD]DQRFXS XQYROXPPDUHODSUHVLXQHMRDV DWPúLVHvQF O]HúWH de la

JD]HOH DUVH FH FLUFXO  SULQ HYLOH FD]DQXOXL $FHVW WLS GH FD]DQ HVWH LQGLFDW V  ILH IRORVLW FkQG

FRQGL LLOH GH OXFUX FDUH FHU FD DSD V  ILH PHQ LQXW  WLPS vQGHOXQJDW VXE SUHVLXQH úL FkQG VH SURGXF

PDULYDULD LLvQUH HDXDFRQVXPDWRULORUGHDEXUL

Cazanul acvatubularHVWHWRWGHIRUP FLOLQGULF FX HYLLQWHULRDUHSULQFDUHFLUFXO DSD

FHVHvQF O]HúWHGHODJD]HOHDUVH6XSUDID D GHvQF O]LUHHVWHPDUHvQUDSRUWFXYROXPXOGHDS FDUH

FLUFXO SULQFD]DQ$FHVWWLSGHFD]DQHVWHIRORVLWFXSUHF GHUHvQLQGXVWULDHQHUJHWLF 

6XSUDvQF O]LWRUXODUHUROXOGHDWUDQVIRUPDDEXULLYDSRULLVDWXUD LUH]XOWD LGLQILHUEHUHD

DSHLvQYDSRULVXSUDvQF O]L LFXWHPSHUDWXUDGH -600 o&úLSUHVLXQHDGH-240 atm.

Este format dintr-RFRQGXFW VXEIRUP GHVHUSHQWLQ úLHVWHPRQWDWvQ]RQDFHDPDLILHUELQWH

DLQVWDOD LHL

6FKLPE WRUXO GH F OGXU  HVWH GHQXPLUHD JHQHULF  D XWLODMXOXL SULQ FDUH FLUFXO  GRX 

IOXLGH FX WHPSHUDWXUL GLIHULWH úL vQWUH FDUH DUH ORF XQ WUDQVIHU GH F OGXU  )OXLGXO FX WHPSHUDWXU 

mare, denXPLWSXUW WRU GHF OGXU VDX agent termicFHGHD] F OGXUDIOXLGXOXLFXWHPSHUDWXU PLF 

&D DJHQW WHUPLF vQ VFKLPE WRDUHOH GH F OGXU  SRW IL IRORVLWH DS  FDOG  DEXUL DHU FDOG XOHLXUL

PLQHUDOHILHUELQ LWRSLWXULPHWDOLFHHWF

&RQVWUXFWLY VFKLPE WRDUHOH GH F OGXU  VXQW VXE IRUP  FLOLQGULF  ILJ FX R PDQWD

PHWDOLF ODH[WHULRUúLXQVLVWHPGH HYLYHUWLFDOHVDXVXEIRUP GHVHUSHQWLQ SULQFDUHFLUFXO XQXO

GLQWUHIOXLGH&HOGHDOGRLOHDIOXLGFLUFXO SULQWUH HYL

 )LJ6FKLPE WRDUHGHF OGXU

DFX HYLYHUWLFDOHEFX HDY vQVHUSHQWLQ

1- HDY 
-manta; 3-IODQú

'XS VHQVXOGHFLUFXOD LHDOHFHORUGRX IOXLGHVFKLPE WRDUHOHGHF OGXU VXQW

- în echicurentFkQGFHOHGRX IOXLGHFLUFXO vQDFHODúLVHQVILJD

- în contracurent, ckQGFHOHGRX IOXLGHFLUFXO vQVHQVXULFRQWUDUHILJE
- vQFXUHQWvQFUXFLúDWFkQGGLUHF LLOHGHFLUFXOD LHVXQWSHUSHQGLFXODUHILJF

)LJ&LUFXLWXODJHQ LORUvQVFKLPE WRDUHOHGHF OGXU

a) în echicurent; b) în contracurent; c)în curenWvQFUXFLúDW

&HOHPDL XWLOL]DWHVFKLPE WRDUH GHF OGXU VXQWFHOH WXEXODUH HYLYHUWLFDOHFXFLUFXOD LHvQ

FRQWUDFXUHQW GHRDUHFH vQ HOH VH UHDOL]HD]  XQ WUDQVIHU WHUPLF HILFLHQW ÌQ LQVWDOD LLOH LQGXVWULDOH

VFKLPE WRDUHOH GH F OGXU  DX SULPLW GHQXPLUL GXS  RSHUD LLOH FDUH DX ORF vQ HOH úL DQXPH

SUHvQF O]LWRDUHU FLWRDUHHYDSRUDWRDUHFRQGHQVDWRDUH

 Conductele IDF OHJ WXUD vQWUH S U LOH FRPSRQHQWH DOH LQVWDOD LHL úL SHQWUX FD SLHUGHULOHGH

HQHUJLHWHUPLF SULQSHUH LLORUV ILHPLF HOHVHL]ROHD] WHUPLF

$EXULLRE LQX LvQFD]DQHDXvQWUHEXLQ ULvQGLIHULWHUDPXULLQGXVWULDOHFXPVXQW

- LQGXVWULDHQHUJHWLF SHQWUXRE LQHUHDHQHUJLHLHOHFWULFH

- LQGXVWULDSHWUROLHU ODGLVWLODUHDIUDF LRQDW D L HLXOXL

- LQGXVWULDFKLPLF 

- LQGXVWULDDOLPHQWDU 

3ULQL]RODUHDLQVWDOD LLORUWHUPLFHúLIRORVLUHDVFKLPE WRDUHORUGHF OGXU SHQWUXSUHvQF O]LUHD

DSHLúLDHUXOXLVHRE LQ

- reducerea consumului de combustibil;

- intrarea cazanului în regim de lucru într-un timp mai scurt;
- FUHúWHUHDUDQGDPHQWXOXLWHUPLFDO cazanului.
 3URGXF LD VSHFLILF  GH DEXUL OD WLSXULOH FXUHQWH GH JHQHUDWRDUH GH DEXUL HVWH GH  -100 kg
2
abur/m h.

3.3. Producerea energiei electrice

0DúLQLOHXWLODMHOHDJUHJDWHOHúLLQVWDOD LLOHLQGXVWULDOHVXQWvQFHDPDLPDUHSDUWHDF LRQDWH

electric. De aceea, obiectul principal al energeticii este producerea energiei electrice, potrivit celor
GRX VFKHPH,QVWDOD LLOHvQFDUHVHRE LQHDFHDVW HQHUJLHVHQXPHVFFHQWUDOHHOHFWULFH'XS HQHUJLD

SULPDU IRORVLW FHQWUDOHOHHOHFWULFHVXQW

- termoelHFWLFHFkQGHQHUJLDSULPDU HVWHHQHUJLHFKLPLF 
- nuclearo-HOHFWULFHFkQGHQHUJLDSULPDU HVWHHQHUJLHQXFOHDU 

- KLGURHOHFWULFHFkQGHQHUJLDSULPDU HVWHHQHUJLDSRWHQ LDO DDSHL

ÌQ FHQWUDOHOH HOHFWULFH HQHUJLD PHFDQLF  VH WUDQVIRUP  vQ HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  vQ JHQHUDWRDUH

HOHFWULFH GH FXUHQW DOWHUQDWLY DOWHUQDWRDUH (OH VXQW FRQVWLWXLWH GLQ URWRU LQGXFWRUXO FDUH FUHHD] 

IOX[XO PDJQHWLF úL VWDWRU LQGXVXO IL[DW vQ FDUFDV  XQGH VH SURGXFH FXUHQWXO HOHFWULF DOWHUQDWLY

(fig.3.4.).
Prin rotirea induFWRUXOXL FX DMXWRUXO XQHL WXUELQH vQ VWDWRU VH SURGXF IHQRPHQH GH LQGXF LH
PDJQHWLF FDUHFRQGXFODDSDUL LDXQXLcurent electric

alternativ YDULDELO FD LQWHQVLWDWH úL WHQVLXQH &kQG

VWDWRUXO HVWH DOF WXLW GLQ WUHL ERELQH GHFDODWH vQWUH HOH

cu 120°, cumVHvQWkPSO vQPRGRELúQXLWvQSUDFWLF 

JHQHUDWRUXO SURGXFH WUHL FXUHQ L GLIHUL L GHFDOD L vQWUH

ei cu 120°, deci curent electric trifazat.

)UHFYHQ D FXUHQWXOXL, f, produs de alternator,

GHSLQGHGHQXP UXOGHSHUHFKLGHSROLSúLGHWXUD LD

rotorului,Q>URWPLQ@ILLQGHJDO FX

n⋅p
f = , [ Hz ] (3.2)
60
3HQWUX D RE LQH XQ FXUHQW DOWHUQDWLY GH R DQXPLW 

IUHFYHQ  URWRUXO YD WUHEXL V  DLE  R WXUD LH ELQH

Fig.3.4. Alternatorul GHWHUPLQDW  QXPLW  URWD LH VLQFURQ  FH GHSLQGH GH

QXP UXOGHSROL

Curentul continuu se RE LQH vQ JHQHUDWRUXO GH

curent continuu sau dinam DO F UXL LQGXFWRU HVWH
VWDWRUXO LDU LQGXVXO HVWH URWRUXO FDUH VH URWHúWH vQ

FkPSXO PDJQHWLF DO VWDWRUXOXL &XUHQWXO SURGXV HVWH GH DFHODúL VHQV FX LQWHQVLWDWHD úL DUH WHQVLXQHD

YDULDELO ,QGXVXOSULPHúWHPLúFDUHDGHODXQPRWRUFDUHSRDWHIL'LHVHOVDXWXUELQ 

&XUHQWXO FRQWLQXX HVWH IRORVLW SHQWUX HIHFWXDUHD XQRU SURFHVH HOHFWURFKLPLFH úL SHQWUX

DF LRQDUHDPRWRDUHORUIRORVLWHODWUDF LXQHDHOHFWULF 

3.3.1. Centrale termoelectrice

Centralele termoeOHFWULFHIRORVHVFFDVXUV GHHQHUJLHSULPDU F UEXQHOHJD]HOHQDWXUDOHVDX

S FXUD 'XS  DJHQWXO FDUH SURGXFH WUDQVIRUPDUHD HQHUJLHL WHUPLFH vQ HQHUJLH PHFDQLF  GHQXPLW

agent motor, centralele termoelectrice sunt:

- centrale termoelectrice cu aburi, când aJHQWXOFDUHWUDQVIRUP HQHUJLDWHUPLF vQHQHUJLH

PHFDQLF VXQWDEXULVXSUDvQF O]L L

- centrale termoelectice cu gaze FkQG DJHQWXO FDUH WUDQVIRUP  HQHUJLD WHUPLF  vQ HQHUJLH

PHFDQLF VXQWJD]HOHVXSUDvQF O]LWH

 - centrale termoelectrice cu ciclu mixt, aburi-gaze, când la transformarea energiei termice
vQHQHUJLHPHFDQLF VHIRORVHVFDWkWDEXULLVXSUDvQF O]L LFkWúLJD]HOH

Termodinamica proceselor energetice

&DUDFWHUL]DUHD WHUPRGLQDPLF  D SURFHVHORU VH UHDOL]HD]  FX DMXWRUXO P ULPLORU GH VWDUH

fundamentDO  SUHVLXQHD S WHPSHUDWXUD 7 YROXPXO VSHFLILF 9 VDX JUHXWDWHD VSHFLILF   úL

HQHUJLD LQWHUQ  X úL P ULPLORU YDULD LHL GH VWDUH FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU  4 úL OXFUXO PHFDQLF /

0 ULPLOH YDULD LHL GH VWDUH GHSLQG GH IHOXO FXP VH GHVI úRDU  DFHDVW  YDULD LH 7UDQVIRUP ULOH

WHUPRGLQDPLFH DOH XQXL VLVWHP SRW IL L]REDUH S FRQVWDQW  L]RFRUH Y FRQVWDQW  L]RWHUPH

7 FRQVWDQW DGLDEDWLFHúLSROLWURSH

ÌQ DIDUD P ULPLORU GH VWDUH IXQGDPHQWDO  SULQFLSDOH DOH XQXL VLVWHP WHUPRGLQDPLF DFHVWD

esteFDUDFWHUL]DWúLGHP ULPLGHVWDUHGHULYDW FXPVXQWHQWDOSLDLúLHQWURSLD6

(QWDOSLD HVWH VXPD GLQWUHHQHUJLD LQWHUQ úLOXFUXPHFDQLFFHSRDWH ILHIHFWXDWGHVLVWHP

DGLF 

i = u + Apv , (3.3)
XQGH$HVWHRFRQVWDQW DVLVWHPXOXL

Entropia uneL WUDQVIRUP UL vQWUH GRX  VW UL RDUHFDUH  úL  FDUDFWHUL]HD]  GH]RUGLQHD

VLVWHPXOXLúLVHFDOFXOHD] FXUHOD LD

2
dQ
S= ∫ T
(3.4)
1
$FHDVW  UHOD LH DUDW  F  GDF  vQWU R WUDQVIRUPDUH RDUHFDUH HQWURSLD FRUSXOXL FUHúWH DFHVWD
-
SULPHúWHF OGXU úLUHFLSURF

&DQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU  UHSUH]LQW  FDQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH GDW  FRUSXOXL SULQWU -o transformare
RDUHFDUHvQWUHGRX VW ULúLSRDWHILFDOFXODW FXUHOD LD

2
Q = i 2 − i1 = ∫ Tds (3.5)
1
Într-RWUDQVIRUPDUHIOXLGXOVXIHU RHYROX LHFDUHPRGLILF SDUDPHWULLGHVWDUHúLFDUHSRDWHIL

VWXGLDW GLQIXQF LLOHUHVSHFWLYGLDJUDPHOHFHOHDJ P ULPLOHGHVWDUHDOHVLVWHPXOXL

ÌQ FHQWUDOHOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH VH UHDOL]HD]  R DSOLFD LH D SULQFLSLXOXL DO GRLOHD DO

WHUPRGLQDPLFLL FRQIRUP F UXLD VH RE LQH OXFUX PHFDQLF SULQWU -o transformare a unui fluid ce
HYROXHD] vQWUHRVXUV FDOG úLXQDUHFHúLFDUHVHVXSXQHFLFOXOXL&DUQRWILJ

ÌQ SRU LXQHD $% IOXLGXO SULPHúWH F OGXU  vQ VXUVD FDOG 

FDQWLWDWHDGHF OGXU 41HYROXkQGSHRL]RWHUP 3UL n destinderea

DGLDEDWLF  I U  VFKLPE GH F OGXU  FX H[WHULRUXO SH SRU LXQHD

%& VH IXUQL]HD]  OXFUX PHFDQLF )OXLGXO WUHFH vQ VXUVD UHFH

F UHLD vL WUDQVPLWH FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU  42 SH SRU LXQHD '&

Printr-R FRPSUHVLH DGLDEDWLF  SH SRU LXQHD '$ IOXLGXO vúL

UHFDS W  YDORULOH LQL LDOH DOH SDUDPHWULORU GH VWDUH /XFUXO

mecanic realizat în transformare este egal cu:

L = Q1 − Q 2 (3.6)
Fig.3.5. Ciclu Carnot teoretic úL HVWH SURSRU LRQDO FX DULD $%&' 5HOD LD DUDW  F  I U  VXUVD

UHFH QX H[LVW  OXFUX PHFDQLF FDUH HVWH FX DW ât mai mare cu cât
FDQWLWDWHDGHF OGXU FHGDW DFHVWHLDHVWHPDLPLF úLFXFkWFDQWLWDWHDGHF OGXU DVXUVHLFDOGHHVWH

PDLPDUH&DQWLWDWHDGHF OGXU DVXUVHLFDOGHVHP UHúWHSULQFUHúWHUHDWHPSHUDWXULL71 .

 3HQWUXWUDQVIRUP ULOHFDUHDXORFvQFLUF uitul
WHUPLF DO XQHL FHQWUDOH VH DQDOL]HD]  HYROX LD

fluidului în diagramele procesului de fierbere. În

diagrama T-6 ILJ FX 7 WHPSHUDWXU  6 VWDUH
curbele de fierbere sunt: curba lichidului AK (locul
JHRPHWULF DO SXQFWHORU GH vQFHSXW GH ILHUEHUH úi

FXUED YDSRULORU VDWXUD L .% ORFXO JHRPHWULF DO

SXQFWHORUGHVIkUúLWGHILHUEHUH

3XQFWXO . GH vQWkOQLUH D FHORU GRX  FXUEH

VH QXPHúWH SXQFWXO FULWLF DO WUDQVIRUP ULL úL

corespunde trecerii directe din starea de lichid în

VWDUHD GH YDSRUL XVFD L ,]oterma ce trece tangent

SULQ . VH QXPHúWH L]RWHUP  FULWLF  úL vPSUHXQ  FX

FHOH GRX  FXUEH vPSDUWH GLDJUDPD vQ SDWUX ]RQH ,

Fig.3.6.Diagrama T-S a apei -
zona lichidului, II-zona vaporilor umezi; III-zona
YDSRULORU VXSUDvQF O]L L ,9 ]RQD YDSRULORU XVFD L FDUH QX SRW IL OLFKHILD L úL FDUH VH FRPSRUW 
-
asemenea gazelor perfecte.

)XQF LRQDUHDFHQWUDOHORUWHUPRHOHFWULFH

Ciclul prezentat în fig.3.5. este ideal. Fluidele au

SDUWLFXODULW L WHUPRGLQDPLFH FDUH vL PRGLILF  IRUPD

$PHVWHFXO DS -abur folosit în centralele termoelectrice

are WUDQVIRUP ULOH OHJDWH GH FXUEHOH GH ILHUEHUH FH

PRGLILF  IRUPD FLFOXOXL ILJ FLFOX +\UQH -Rankine

AA1BCC1A). Punctul C1 VH DIO  vQ GRPHQLXO

DPHVWHFXOXLDS -DEXUúL FXFkWVHJ VHúWHPDLGHSDUWHGH

FXUED YDSRULORU VDWXUD L FX DWkW FUHúWH FDQWLWDWHD GH DS 

GLQ DPHVWHF GXS  GHVWLQGHUH FHHD FH DFFHOHUHD] 

GLVWUXJHUHD PDúLQLL WHUPLFH vQ FDUH VH SURGXFH

)LJ&LFOXOUHDOGHIXQF LRQDUHDOXQHL

termocentrale destinderea.
Pentru deplasarea spre dreapta a punctului C1 pe
izoterma T2 úL FUHúWHUHD OXFUXOXL PHFDQLF YDSRULL VDWXUD L VH VXSUDvQF O]HVF vQDLQWH GH GHstindere,
SkQ  OD SXQFWXO ' GH XQGH VH GHVWLQG SkQ  OD (1. Ciclul termic al centralei este reprezentat de

conturul închis AA1BCDE1A. Puctul A1 FRUHVSXQGH VW ULL DSHL OD LQWUDUHD vQ FD]DQ FDUDFWHUL]DW 
prin etalpia i3úLSUHVLXQHDS1. Pe curba A1B, apa prLPHúWHF OGXU GHODVXUVDFDOG úLWHPSHUDWXUDVD
FUHúWH ÌQ SXQFWXO % vQFHSH YDSRUL]DUHD SURFHV FH VH WHUPLQ  vQ & 3H L]REDUD &' YDSRULL VH

VXSUDvQF O]H]FúLYRUDYHDHQWDOSLDL1.
Pe traseul A1%&' SUHVLXQHD HVWH FRQVWDQW  3H GUHDSWD '(1 vaporii se deVWLQG vQ WXUELQ 

SkQ ODSUHVLXQHDS2. Pe Dreapta E1$YDSRULLWUDQVPLWVXUVHLUHFLFDQWLWDWHDGHF OGXU 42.

&RQVWUXF LDFHQWUDOHORUWHUPRHOHFWULFH

2FHQWUDO WHUPLF DUHvQFRPSRQHQ DVDXWLODMHSHQWUXILHFDUHVWDUHDIOXLGXOXLILJ

ÌQF O]LUHDDSHLúLWUDQVIRUPDUHDVDvQYDSRULVDWXUD LDUHORFvQFD]DQXQGHSULPHúWHGHOD

VXUVDFDOG IRFDUXOFDQWLWDWHDGHF OGXU 4

1.
6XSUDvQF O]LUHDYDSRULORUVDWXUD LVHUHDOL]HD] vQVXSUDvQF O]LWRUXQGHYDSRULLSULPHVFUH stul de
F OGXU SkQ OD41'HVWLQGHUHDYDSRULORUVXSUDvQF O]L LVHSURGXFHvQWXUELQ LDUU FLUHDSkQ OD

FRQGHQVDUHD YDSRULORU GHVWLQúL HVWH GHWHUPLQDW  GH VXUVD UHFH DSD GH U FLUH vQ FRQGHQVDWRU 

F UHLD L VH FHGHD]  FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU  42  $SD GH U FLUH HVWH YHKLFXODW  GH SRPSD  &UHúWHUHD
.
presiunii apei la valoarea p1 HVWH RE LQXW  FX DMXWRUXO SRPSHL GH DOLPHQWDUH D FD]DQXOXL SULQWU -o
FRPSULPDUH DGLDEDWLF  7XUELQD ILJ DUH UROXO GH D WUDQVIRUPD HQHUJLD SRWHQ LDO  D DEXUXOXL

înmaJD]LQW  VXE IRUP  GH F OGXU  vQ HQHUJLH FLQHWLF  úL DSRL vQ OXFUX PHFDQLF ÌQ DMXWDMHOH IL[H FX

VHF LXQHYDULDELO DEXUXOGHVWLQ]kQGX VHvúLWUDQVIRUP HQHUJLDSRWHQ LDO vQHQHUJLHFLQHWLF úLSULQ

-
ORYLUHD SDOHWHORU SXQH vQ PLúFDUH URWRUXO WXUELQHL RE
inându-se lucru mecanic. Rotorul turbinei este
coaxial cu rotorul generatorului electric (6) cu care este asamblat printr-XQFXSODM9LWH]DPLúF ULLGH
URWD LHDURWRUXOXLSRDWHDWLQJHYDORULGHPV

)LJ&RQVWUXF LDXQHLWHUPRFHQWUDOH
)LJ7XUELQ

1-rotor; 2-palete
Puterea care apare la bornele generatorului se poate determina cu formula:
P = D ⋅ Q m ⋅ η td ⋅ η m ⋅ η g , (3.7)
unde: D - debitul de abur;
Qm -F OGXUDWUDQVIRUPDW vQOXFUXPHFDQLFvQWXUELQ 
td - randamentul termodinamic al turbinei (70-90%);
m - randamentul mecanic al turbinei (98-99%);
g - randamentul generatorului (94-98%).

5DQGDPHQWXO LQWHUQ DO WXUELQHL GHSLQGH SULQWUH DOWHOH GH F GHUHD GH SUHVLXQH GLQ WXUELQ  úL

VROX LD FRQVWUXFWLY  5DQGDPHQWXO PHFDQLF VH GDWRUHD]  IUHF ULORU GLQ ODJ UH 5DQGDPHQWXO

JHQHUDWRUXOXLHVWHLQIOXHQ DWGHPRGXOGHU FLUH

$JUHJDWXO WXUELQ -JHQHUDWRU VH DPSODVHD]  vQ FDGUXO FHQWUDOHL vQ DSURSLHUHD FD]DQXOXL

SHQWUX PLFúRUDUHD SLHUGHULORU GH F OGXU  SH WUDVHX úL D FRVWXULORUFRQGXFWHORU5DQGDPHQWXOJHQHUDO

al unei centrale termice este:

100
ηgct = ηc . ηcd . ηt . ηtd . ηm . ηg . ηtr , [%] (3.8)
100 + Csi
unde: η c - randamentul cazanului (75-90%);
η cd - randamentul conductelor (98-99%);
η t - randamentul ciclului termic (~50%);
η tr - randamentul transformatorului (98-99%);
C si - consumul serviciilor interne (12-15%).
ComSRQHQHWD FDUH PLFúRUHD]  UDQGDPHQWXO JHQHUDO DO XQHL FHQWUDOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH HVWH

UDQGDPHQWXOWHUPLFDF UXLUHOD LHGHFDOFXOHVWH

Q1 - Q2
ηt = (3.9)
Q1
&UHúWHUHD UDQGDPHQWXOXL WHUPLF VH SRDWH UHDOL]D P ULQG FDQWLWDWHD GH F OGXU  41 , prin
P ULUHD YDORULORU LQL LDOH DOH SDUDPHWULORU GH VWDUH S1 , T1 SUHvQF O]LUHD UHJHQHUDWLY  D DSHL GH

DOLPHQWDUHVXSUDvQF O]LUHDLQWHUPHGLDU DDEXUXOXLúLPLFúRUkQGSH42SULQVF GHUHDYDORULORUILQDOH

DOH SDUDPHWULORU DEXUXOXL FRQGHQVDW SUHvQF O]LUHD DSHL GH DOLPHQWDUH WHUPRILFDUH ÌQ IXQF LH GH

VROX LDDOHDV UH]XOW PDLPXOWHWLSXULGHFHQWUDOHWHUPRHOHFWULFH

 0 ULUHD YDORULORU LQL LDOH DOH SDUDPHWULORU GH VWDUH DL DEXUXOXL SUHVLXQHD OD   DWP úL
-
temperatura 535°-560°& HVWH PXOW PDL HILFLHQW  GHFkW PLFúRUDUHD YDORULORU ILQDOH DOH DEXUXOXL vQ
condensator (0,03-0,04 atm la 15°C sau 0,07 atm la 27°C). Cu
YDORULOH LQL LDOH DOH SDUDPHWULORU PHQ LRQD L XPLGLWDWHD

DEXUXOXL GXS  GHVWLQGHUH HVWH GH   YDORUL FDUH DVLJXU 

-
REXQ IXQF LRQDUHDWXUELQHLúLRVROLFLWDUHPLQLP DSDOHWHORU

Centralele termoelectrice moderne folosesc

SUHvQF O]LUHDUHJHQHUDWLY DDSHLGHDOLPHQWDUH$FHDVWDFRQVW 

vQ H[WUDJHUHD DEXUXOXL GLQ WXUELQ  OD GLIHULWH SUHVLXQL úL

temperaturi prin locuri bine determinate denumiWH SUL]H úL

XWLOL]DUHD OXL OD SUHvQF O]LUHD DSHL vQDLQWHD LQWU ULL VDOH vQ

FD]DQ &UHúWHUHD PD[LP  D UDQGDPHQWXOXL WHUPLF SULQ

SUHvQF O]LUH HVWH GH   LDU QXP UXO PD[LP GH SUL]H 
-
3UL]HOH GLQ FLUFXLWXO UHJHQHUDWLY VXQW IL[H 3UHvQF O]LWRDUHOH

folosiWH VXQW GH VXSUDID  3HQWUX HOLPLQDUHD JD]HORU FDUH DSDU

vQ LQVWDOD LH &22 , O2 VH IRORVHúWH úL XQ SUHvQF O]LWRU GH
)LJ&HQWUDO WHUPRHOHFWULF FX

FRQGHQVD LH
amestec care are rol de degazor plasat înaintea pompei de
1-VWD LHGHHSXUDUH-pompe; 3- alimentare a cazanului în zona presiunilor de 5-10 atm.
condensatoare; 4-SRPS SHQWUX 6FKHPDJHQHUDO DXQHLFHQWUDOHWHUPRHOHFWULFHFXFRQGHQVD LH

VDXSUL]HHVWHSUH]HQWDW vQILJ
alimentarea cazanului;
5-cazan; 6-VXSUDvQF O]LWRU
&kQG P ULPHD FDQWLW LL GH F OGXU  41 VH UHDOL]HD] 
7-WXUELQ -generator electric;
SULQ VXSUDvQF O]LUH LQWHUPHGLDU  WXUELQD DUH GRX  FRUSXUL
9-condensator.
SULPXO GH vQDOW  SUHVLXQH úL DO GRLOHD GH MRDV  SUHVLXQH

DestindeUHD DEXUXOXL vQ SULPXO FRUS DUH ORF SkQ  OD VWDUHD VLWXDW  vQ ]RQD YDSRULORU VXSUDvQF O]L L

ILJ SXQFWXO '

 GXS  FDUH YDSRULL SULPHVF R QRX  FDQWLWDWH GH F OGXU  vQWU XQ VXSUDvQF O]LWRU
-
intermediar, ajungând în starea D''.
Din acest punct, vaporii VH GHVWLQG SkQ  OD SUHVLXQHD GLQ FRQGHQVDWRU 3ULQ DFHDVWD

UDQGDPHQWXO JHQHUDO DO FHQWUDOHL FUHúWH FX  -5%, iar cel termic cu 6- 6FKHPD JHQHUDO  D XQHL

DVWIHO GH FHQWUDOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH HVWH GDW  GH ILJXUD  ÌQ DVWIHO GH FHQWUDOH DX ORF SLHUGHUL GH

YDSRULPDLPDULGHRDUHFHSULPDGHVWLQGHUHVHUHDOL]HD] SkQ ODDWPúL °.

Fig.3.12. Centrale termoelectrice cu

)LJ&LFOXOFHQWUDOHORUFXvQF
LQWHUPHGLDU
O]LUH
vQF O]LUHLQWHUPHGLDU
1-VWD LHGHHSXUDUH-SRPS SHQWUX
alimentare a cazanului; 3-cazan;
4-VXSUDvQF O]LWRU-WXUELQ -generator
electric; 8-condensator.

6XSUDvQF O]LUHD LQWHUPHGLDU ULGLF  WHPSHUDWXUDYDSRULORUSkQ ODYDORDUHDLQL LDO (DSRDWH

fi:
 - GLUHFW  FkQG YDSRULLVXQWGXúLGLQ QRXvQFD]DQXQGH H[LVW  XQDOGRLOHDVXSUDvQF O]LWRU

procedeu foarte folosit;

- LQGLUHFW  FkQG H[LVW  XQ VFKLPE WRU GH F OGXU  SODVDW vQWUH FHOH GRX  FRUSXUL GH WXUELQ 

úL XQGH YDSRULL VXQW VXSUDvQF O]L L GLQ QRX IRORVLQG YDSRULL OXD L vQDLQWHD LQWU ULL ORU vQ

primul corp dHWXUELQ SURFHGHXOHVWHIRORVLWUDUGHRDUHFHPLFúRUHD] SUHVLXQHS1 .

6XSUDvQF O]LUHD LQWHUPHGLDU  SHUPLWH úL PRGHUQL]DUHD FHQWUDOHORU YHFKL SULQ FRQVWUXLUHD

FLFOXULORUVXSUDSXVH3HOkQJ FLUFXLWXOGHSDUDPHWULPDLFRERUk LH[LVWHQWVHPRQWHD] XQFD] an de

vQDOW SUHVLXQHúLRWXUELQ vQDLQWDú vQFDUHYDSRULLVHGHVWLQGSkQ ODSDUDPHWULLFLFOXOXLYHFKL

Centrale termoelectice cu termoficare sau contrapresiune

3URGXFHUHD FRPELQDW  D HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH úL D F OGXULL VDX WHUPRILFDUHD SOHDF  GH OD ideea
XWLOL] ULL F OGXULL 42 vQ SURFHVHOH LQGXVWULDOH VDX OD vQF O]LW ÌQ DFHVW FD] UDQGDPHQWXO SRDWH DMXQJH

WHRUHWLFSkQ OD6FKHPDJHQHUDO DXQHLDVWIHOGHFHQWUDOHHVWHSUH]HQWDW vQILJ

În varianta aYDSRULLVHGHVWLQGvQWXUELQ SkQ  la o entalpie i2VLWXDW vQ]RQDYDSRULORU

VXSUDvQF O]L L LDU OD LHúLUHD GLQ WXUELQ  VXQW WULPLúL OD FRQVXPDWRUXO GH F OGXU  XQGH VH SURGXFH

FRQGHQVDUHD &RQGHQVDWXO VH vQWRDUFH vQ FLUFXLWXO WHUPLF 7HRUHWLF F OGXUD WUDQVIRUPDW  vQ OXFUX

mecanic în turELQ  4m vPSUHXQ  FX FHD IRORVLW  OD FRQVXPDWRUXO GH F OGXU  42 = Qc IRUPHD] 

F OGXUDSULPLW GHODFRPEXVWLELOvQFD]DQ41 .
ÌQDFHVWFD]UDQGDPHQWXOHVWHXQLWDUGDF VHQHJOLMHD] FUHúWHUHDHQWDOSLHLvQSRPSDGHDOLPHQWDUH

Q m + Qc
η= =1 (3.10)
Q1
7XUELQDIRORVLW QXDUHFRQGHQVDWRUúLVHQXPHúWHWXUELQ FXFRQWUDSUHVLXQH .

)LJ&HQWUDO WHUPRHOHFWULF FXWHUPRILFDUH

a) 1-VWD LH GH HSXUDUH -SRPS  SHQWUX DOLPHQWDUHD FD]DQXOXL -cazan; 4-VXSUDvQF O]LWRU -turbina; 6-
generator electric; 7-termoficare;
b) 1-VWD LH GH HSXUDUH -condensator de amestec; 3-condensator industrial; 4-SRPS  -cazan; 6-
VXSUDvQF O]LWRU -primul etaj al turbinei; 8-al doilea etaj al turbinei; 9-generator electric; 10-

WHUPRILFDUHXUEDQ -condensator.

Turbina FXFRQWUDSUHVLXQHVHUHFRPDQG SHQWUXFRQVXPXULFXGXUDWHPDLPDULGH -6500

KDQ 3HQWUX FRQVXPXUL FX GXUDWH PDL PLFL úL FRQVXPDWRUL GH DS  ILHUELQWH VH IRORVHVF WXUELQH FX

FRQGHQVD LHFXXQDVDXGRX SUL]HUHJODELOH



În varianta b termoficarea se reaOL]HD]  FX R WXUELQ  FX FRQGHQVD LH úL SUL]H UHJODELOH
.
3UL]HOHSHUPLWOXDUHDYDSRULORUODGLIHULWHSUHVLXQL3HQWUXXWLOL]DUHDLQGXVWULDO YDSRULLDX -15 atm.
°
úLSHVWH &LDUSHQWUXWHUPRILFDUHDXUEDQ  DWPúLWHPSHUDWXULvQMXUGH
- °C.
PeQWUX IXQF LRQDUHD FHQWUDOHL HOHFWLFH FX WHUPRILFDUH HVHQ LDOH VXQW FXUEHOH GH VDUFLQ 

WHUPLFH úL HOHFWULFH DOH FRQVXPDWRULORU FDUH DUDW  HYROX LD FRQVXPXOXL GH F OGXU  úLHOHFWULFLWDWHSH

parcursul unei zile. În general, ele nu coincid, dar când se apropLHvQPRGVXILFLHQW HVWHIDYRUDELO 
LQWURGXFHUHD WHUPRILF ULL 3HQWUX DSUHFLHUHD DFHVWRU HOHPHQWH VH IRORVHúWH coeficientul de
termoficare FDUH UHSUH]LQW  UDSRUWXO GLQWUH FRQVXPXO GH F OGXU  vQ WHUPRILFDUH 4t úL FRQVXPXO GH
F OGXU WRWDOvQFHQWUDO 41. Corelat cu acest coeficient este indicele de termoficareFDUHUHSUH]LQW 

UDSRUWXO GLQWUH HQHUJLD HOHFWULF  SURGXV  DQXDO vQ UHJLP GH WHUPRILFDUH úL FRQVXPXO GH F OGXU  vQ

termoficare.

Un alt tip de centrale sunt centralele cu turbine cu gaze. Ele folosesc drept agent motor
vQ WXUELQ ILHJD]HOHUH]XOWDWHGLQDUGHUHD XQXLFRPEXVWLELOILHDOWHJD]HFRPSULPDWH úLvQF O]LWHúL

IXQF LRQHD]  vQ

circuite deschise sau închise ÌQ SULPXO FD] JD]HOH GHVWLQVH vQ WXUELQ  ILJD
VXQWHYDFXDWHvQDWPRVIHU /D centralele cu circuit închis, agentul motor este fie aerul amestecat cu

JD]HOH DUVH ILH DOWH JD]H ÌQ DFHVWH FHQWUDOH HYROX LD IOXLGXOXL HVWH vQFKLV  UHLQWURGXFHUHD OXL vQ

FRPSUHVRU VH IDFH GXS  R U FLUH SUHDODELO  &LFOXO GH WUDQVIRUPDUH DO FHQWUDOHORU cu circuit deschis
HVWH SUH]HQW vQ ILJXUD E &RPSUHVRUXO DEVRDUEH DHUXO vQ SXQFWXO $ úL vO FRPSULP  WHRUHWLF

DGLDEDWLFSHSRU LXQHD$%3H FXUED%& VHSURGXFHDUGHUHD FRPEXVWLELOXOXLODSUHVLXQHDFRQVWDQW 

GHFL SULPLUHD F OGXULL 41 , iar pe segmentul &' DUH ORF GHVWLQGHUHD DGLDEDWLF  vQ WXUELQ  *D]HOH

GHVWLQVHVXQWHYDFXDWHvQDWPRVIHU FHGkQGF OGXUD42ODSUHVLXQHFRQVWDQW SHFXUED'$

)LJ&HQWUDO WHUPRHOHFWULF FXJD]H

FXFLUFXLWGHVFKLVDúLFLFOXOV XGHIXQF LRQDUH

1-motor; 2-compresor; 3-cazan; 4-WXUELQ  -generator electric.

&HQWUDOHOH FX WXUELQH FX JD]H VXQW VLPSOH RFXS  VSD LX UHGXV DX UDQGDPHQW EXQ FKLDU OD

VDUFLQL SDU LDOH úL FHHD FH HVWH IRDUWH LPSRUWDQW DX R PDUH HODVWLFLWDWH vQ IXQF LRQDUH XUP ULQG

foarte bine sarFLQDDMXQJkQGvQPD[LPPLQXWHODVDUFLQDQRUPDO 

2 XWLOL]DUH SDUWLFXODU  D WXUELQHORU FX JD]H HVWH vQ LQVWDOD LL FX FLFOX VXSUDSXV JD]H -abur. O
SDUWHGLQF OGXUDJD]HORUGHVWLQVHvQFLFOXOJD]HVWHUHFXSHUDW vQFD]DQXOXQHLLQVWDOD LLFODVLFHúLvQ

pUHvQF O]LWRUXODSHLGHDOLPHQWDUHvQDLQWHGHDILHYDFXDWHvQDWPRVIHU ÌQFD]DQDSDVHYDSRUL]HD] 

úLXUPHD] FLFOXOXQHLWHUPRFHQWUDOHRELúQXLWH

3.3.2. Centrale nuclearo-electrice

(VWHúWLXWF DWRPLLHOHPHQWHORUFKLPLFHVXQWFRPSXúLGLQWU -o parteFHQWUDO GHQXPLW QXFOHX

úL HOHFWURQL FDUH JUDYLWHD]  vQ MXUXO OXL SH RUELWH ELQH GHWHUPLQDWH 1XFOHXO HVWH DOF WXLW GLQ GRX 

WLSXULGHSDUWLFXOHGHQXPLWHQXFOHRQL$FHúWLDVXQWSURWRQLLFXVDUFLQ HOHFWULF SR]LWLY úLQHXWURQLL

neutri din punct de vederHHOHFWULF1XP UXOSURWRQLORUHVWHHJDOFXFHODOHOHFWURQLORU

 3HQWUX FD QXFOHXO V  ILH XQ WRW vQWUH SDUWLFXOHOH FRPSRQHQWH VH H[HUFLW  IRU H GH DWUDF LH úL

IRU H GH UHVSLQJHUH GHQXPLWH IRU H QXFOHDUH ÌQ IXQF LH GH HFKLOLEUXO FDUH H[LVW  vQWUH IRU HO e
QXFOHDUH QXFOHHOHVXQWVWDELOHúLFYDVLVWDELOH(OHPHQWHOHDOF URUQXFOHXHVWHFYDVLVWDELOVHQXPHVF

elemente radioactive. Ele sunt elemente grele.

Elementele radioactive sunt:
- naturale 235 238
92 U , 92 U ;
233 239 241 254
- artificiale 92 U, 94 Pu , 94 Pu , 98 Cf .
6FRDWHUHD XQXL QXFOHRQ VDX D XQXL QXP U GH QXFOHRQL GLQ QXFOHX QHFHVLW  WUDQVPLWHUHD GLQ

H[WHULRU DXQHLDQXPLWHHQHUJLLQXPLW  energie de activareSHQWUXvQYLQJHUHDIRU HORU FH-O LQOHJDW

în nucleu. Transmiterea energiei de activare nucleelor se face prin bombardarea lor cu particule.
Particulele utilizate în acest scop sunt neutroniiFDUHSRWILOHQ LVDXWHUPLFLFDUDFWHUL]D LSULQYLWH] 
PLF  VDX UDSL]L6XE DF LXQHDORUVHSURGXFH IUDJPHQWDUHDQXFOHHORUERPEDUGDWHvQGRX S U L care

UHSUH]LQW  HOHPHQWH FKLPLFH QRL $FHVW SURFHV VH QXPHúWH UHDF LH GH ILVLXQH QXFOHDU . Fisiunii

nucleare sunt supuse elementele radioactive. Fisiunea uraniului se produce astfel:

42 Mo → 43 Tc → 44 Ru
104 104 104

235
92 U+ 1
0n → 236
92 U → 5 1
0n
127
50 Sn → 127
51 Sb → 127
52 Te → 127
53 Ir
'LQ ILVLXQHD QXFOHDU  UH]XOW  QHXWURQL FDUH YRU ORYL DOWH QXFOHH SURYRFkQGX -le fisiunea. În
DFHVWIHOVHDMXQJHODRUHDF LHvQODQ FDUHVHGHVI úRDU FXYLWH]HIRDUWHPDULúLGHJDMDUHDHQHUJLHL

GHOHJ WXU VXEIRUP GHHQHUJLHFDORULF 

Pentru producerea UHDF LHL vQ ODQ  DXWRvQWUH LQXWH WUHEXLH FD PDWHULDOXO ILVLRQDELO V  DLE  R

PDV  PLQLP  GHQXPLW  PDV  FULWLF  úL V  FUHDVF  QXP UXO QHXWURQLORU FDUH SDUWLFLS  OD UHDF LH

&UHúWHUHD QXP UXOXL QHXWURQLORU SDUWLFLSDQ L OD UHDF LH VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ vQFHWLQLUHD YLWH]HL ORU

folosind fie un moderator ILH R VXEVWDQ  UHIOHFWRDUH GH QHXWURQL FDUH UHIOHFW  SH FHL FH S U VHVF

PDWHULDOXOILVLRQDELOF WUHDFHVWDSHQWUXDSDUWLFLSDODUHDF LDGHILVLXQH

5HDF LDGHILVLXQHHVWHvQVR LW úLGHHPLVLLGHUDGLD LL

&DQWLWDWHD GH HQHUJLH HOLEHUDW  SULQ ILVLXQH QXFOHDU  HVWH IRDUWH PDUH /D ILVLRQDUHD XQXL

QXFOHX VH HOLEHUHD]  R FDQWLWDWH GH 3,6 ⋅ 10 −11 J, iar la fisionarea unui kilogram de 235
92 U care
6 . 10 35
FRQ LQH  DWRPL VH HOLEHUHD]  
16
J ( 2 ⋅ 1015 FDO $FHHDúL FDQWLWDWH GH F OGXU  VH RE LQHSULQ
0,235
DUGHUHD D  W GH F UEXQL FX F OGXU  VSHFLILF  GH  NFDONJ 'H DLFL UH]XOW  DYDQWDMHOH

XWLOL] ULLILVLXQ ii nucleare la producerea energiei.

Reactoare nucleare
,QVWDOD LD vQ FDUH VH UHDOL]HD]  ILVLXQHD QXFOHDU  FRQWURODW  VH QXPHúWH reactor nuclear.
5HDFWRDUHOHVHSRWFODVLILFDGXS PDLPXOWHFULWHULL

a) 'XS GHVWLQD LHUHDFWRDUHOHVXQWSHQWUXFHUFHWDUHúL pentru

putere;
b) 'XS  IHOXO QHXWURQLORU IRORVL L OD SURGXFHUHD ILVLXQLL VXQW

UHDFWRDUHWHUPLFHúLUHDFWRDUHUDSLGH

c) 'XS  QDWXUD FRPEXVWLELOXOXL FDUH ILVLRQHD]  VXQW

UHDFWRDUHFXFRPEXVWLELOQDWXUDOúLUHDFWRDUHFXFRPEXVWLELODUWLILFLDO

vPERJ L  $FHVWHD GLQ XUP  VXQW UHDFWRDUH FX XUDQLX úL UHDFWRDUH

cu plutoniu.
8Q UHDFWRU QXFOHDU ILJ HVWH DOF WXLW GLQ ]RQD DFWLY 

SHUHWHOH vQFRQMXU WRU SHQWUX SURWHF LH ELRORJLF  VFKLPE WRUXO GH

F OGXU DSDUDWXUDGHP VXU úLFRQWURO

Fig. 3.15. Reactor nuclear

1-SURWHF LHELRORJLF -sistemul
GHUHJODMúLFRQWURO-zona

DFWLY -DJHQWGHU FLUH

 =RQDDFWLY este partHDSULQFLSDO DUHDFWRUXOXLvQFDUHVHUHDOL]HD] UHDF LDGHILVLXQHvQODQ 

úL XQGH H[LVW  GLVSR]LWLYHOH GH ED]  FH SHUPLW FRQWUROXO úL UHJODUHD DFHVWHLD (D HVWH DOF WXLW  vQ

principal, din materialul fisionabil, moderatorul sau încetinitorul de neutroni, bare de reglaj,
GLVSR]LWLYH GH FRQWURO VLVWHPXO GH GLVWULEXLUH D PDWHULDOXOXL ILVLRQDELO úL GH SUHOXDUH D F OGXULL

degajate.
3URWHF LD ELRORJLF  UHSUH]LQW  DQVDPEOXO GH PLMORDFH XWLOL]DWH SHQWUX UHGXFHUHD SkQ  OD

QLYHOXO QHSHULFXORV DO UDGLD LLORU HPLVH vQ ]RQD DFWLY  vQ VSHFLDO DO UDGLD LLORU JDPD GH F WUH

PDWHULDOXO ILVLRQDELO GH VLVWHPXO GH GLVWULEXLUH D PDWHULDOXOXL ILVLRQDELO úL DJHQWXO GH U FLUH FDUH

GHYLQUDGLRDFWLYH$FHDVW SURWHF LHVHUHDOL]HD] SULQvQFRQMXUDUHD]RQHLDFWLYHFXXQSHUHW e gros de

EHWRQ VDX EHWRQ úL R HO VDX IRQW  FDUH DUH PHQLUHD GH D DEVRUEL UDGLD LLOH úL QHXWURQLL FH S U VHVF

]RQD DFWLY  3URWHF LD ELRORJLF  PDL FXSULQGH LQVWDOD LL GH DHU FRQGL LRQDW ILOWUH úL VLVWHPH GH

UH LQHUH D DHURVROLORU VSUH D VH HYLWD HOLPLQDUHD DFHVWRU UH]LGXXUL UDGLRDFWLYH vQ DWPRVIHU 

reducându-VH DVWIHO OD PLQLPXP SROXDUHD GH DFHVW JHQ 5H]LGXXULOH DFXPXODWH VH GHSR]LWHD]  vQ
locuri speciale.
Pentru protejarea mediului, în cazuri de avarie, întregul reactor este amplasat într-R FO GLUH
dLQEHWRQúLR HOQXPLW DQYHORS .
6FKLPE WRUXO GH F OGXU  SUHLD F OGXUD GHJDMDW  vQ ]RQD DFWLY  úL R WUDQVIHU  vQ H[WHULRUXO

UHDFWRUXOXLXQGHVHUYHúWHODvQF O]LUHFkQGUHDFWRUXOHVWHGHFHUFHWDUHVDXODSURGXFHUHDFXUHQWXOXL

electric, când reactorul este de putere.

$JHQWXOWHUPLFDOVFKLPE WRUXOXLGH F OGXU HVWHIOXLGXOFDUH U FHúWH]RQDDFWLY úLSRDWHIL

aer, CO2 KHOLX DS  DS  JUHD OLFKLGH RUJDQLFH PHWDOH WRSLWH HWF $FHVW IOXLG HVWH YHKLFXODW VXE

SUHVLXQHúLWUHEXLHV vQGHSOLQHDVF RVHULHGHFRQGL LLGLQWUHFDUHVXQWFDSDFLWDWHDFDORULF ULGLFDW 

YkVFR]LWDWHPLF VWDELOLWDWHFKLPLF ODWHPSHUDWXULULGLFDWHHWF

6LVWHPXOGH UHJODMúL FRQWURODOIXQF LRQ ULL UHDFWRUXOXLWUHEXLHV  DVLJXUH SRUQLUHDúLRSULUHD

UHDFWRUXOXLUHVSHFWLYV GHFODQúH]HV RSUHDVF úLV VWDELOL]H]HODQLYHOXOGHSXWHUHFDORULF GRULWDO

UHDF LHL vQ ODQ  V  P VRDUH vQ SHUPDQHQ  QLYHOXO UHDF LHL GH ILVLXQH V  GHFODQúH]H RSULUHD

UHDFWRUXOXLvQFD]GHDYDULHV DYHUWL]H]HODFUHúWHUHDQLYHOXOXLGHUDGLD LLvQGLI erite puncte din jurul

UHDFWRUXOXLvQYHGHUHDPHQ LQHULLDFHVWXLDvQOLPLWHOHDGPLVH

Reactoarele nucleare cu neutroni termici VXQW SULPHOH UHDFWRDUH H[SHULPHQWDOH úL FHOH
É

235
PDL QXPHURDVH H[LVWHQWH DVW ]L vQ OXPH GHRDUHFH IRORVHVF
92 U care este fisionabil cu neutroni
SURGXúL OD ILVLXQH ÌQ DFHODúL WLPS DFHVWH UHDFWRDUH DX VWDELOLWDWH úL VLJXUDQ  vQ H[SORDWDUH

apreciabile.
3HQWUX PLFúRUDUHD HQHUJLHL FLQHWLFH úL GHFL D YLWH]HL QHXWURQLORU ]RQD DFWLY  YD FRQ LQH vQ

DIDU  GH PDWHULDOXO ILVLRQDELO úL XQ PDWHULDO GH PRGHUDUH D QHXWURQLORU QXPLW FKLDU moderator.
ÌQFHWLQLUHDQHXWURQLORUVHUHDOL]HD] SULQFLRFQLUHHODVWLF FXQXFOHHOHPRGHUDWRUXOXL

É Reactoare cu neutroni rapizi/DDFHVWWLSGHUHDFWRDUHILVLRQDUHDQXFOHHORUHVWHSURGXV 

de neutroni cu energii înalte (rapizi). Aceste UHDFWRDUHVXQWUHSURGXF WRDUHGHRDUHFHGLQLQWHUDF LD
239
QHXWURQLORU FX FRPEXVWLELOXO UH]XOW  XQ L]RWRS DO SOXWRQLXOXL
94 Pu , care constituie combustibil
QXFOHDUFXFDOLW LVXSHULRDUHXUDQLXOXL'HFLSHP VXU FHXUDQLXOVHFRQVXP VHIRUPHD] SOXWRQLX

DGLF VHUHSURGXFHFRPEXVWLELOXOGHXQGHúLGHQXPLUHD 'UHSWFRPEXVWLELOLQL LDOSRDWHILIRORVLWúL

thoriu.
5HDF LLOHFDUHDXORFvQDFHVWUHDFWRUVXQW

- -
e e
232
90 Th + 1
0n → 233
90 Th → 233
91 Pa → 233
92 U
- -
e e
238
92 U+ 1
0n → 239
92 U → 239
93 Np →
239
91 Pu
$PEHOHWLSXULGHUHDFWRDUHSRWILIRORVLWHODFRQVWUXF LDFHQWUDOHORUQXFOHDUR -electrice.
 Centrala nuclearo-HOHFWULF FXUHDFWRUWHUPLFGHWLS&$1'8 -PHW

Centrala nuclearo-HOHFWULF  FX UHDFWRU WHUPLF GH WLS &$1'8 3+: H[LVWHQW  úL OD QRL vQ
-
DU  OD &HUQDYRG  HVWH SUH]HQWDW  vQ ILJ úL VH FRPSXQH GLQ GRX  FLUFXLWH WHUPLFH 3ULPXO

FLUFXLWWHUPLF$DUHUROXOGHDU FL]RQDDFWLY úLIRORVHúWHFDDJHQWGHU FLUH apa grea sub presiune.

Al doilea circuit termic B, are rolul de a produce aburi sXSUDVDWXUD L IRORVL L FD agent motor în
WXUELQ 

)LJ&HQWUDO QXFOHDUR-HOHFWULF WLS&$1'8

1-reactor nuclear; 2,6-pompe; 3-SURWHF LHELRORJLF -VFKLPE WRUGHF OGXU 

5-WXUELQ -condensator; 8-generator electric

Combustibilul folosit este urDQLXO QDWXUDO VXE IRUP  GH SDVWLOH GH 822 închise în teci de
]LUFRQLX0DLPXOWHSDVWLOHIRUPHD] XQIDVFLFXOLDUPDLPXOWHIDVFLFXOHVXQWDVDPEODWHvQWU -un tub,
SULQ FDUH FLUFXO  DJHQWXO GH U FLUH FH SUHLD F OGXUD GHJDMDW  GLQ UHDF LLOH GH ILVLXQH úL SH care o

WUDQVIHU vQVFKLPE WRUXOGHF OGXU XQGHHVWHWUDQVPLV DSHLGLQDOGRLOHDFLUFXLW

Fiabilitatea sistemului CANDU-3+:HVWHDVLJXUDW SULQXUP WRDUHOHPLMORDFH

- DOLPHQWDUHD FX FRPEXVWLELO VH IDFH vQ WLPSXO IXQF LRQ ULL UHDFWRUXOXL )DVFLFROHOH GH
FRPEXVWLELOVXQWvPSLQVHvQFDQDOHOHUHDFWRUXOXLúLVLPXOWDQFRPEXVWLELOXOFRQVXPDWHVWHGHVF UFDW

ODFHO ODOWFDS WDOUHDFWRUXOXL0DúLQLOHGHvQF UFDUH GHVF UFDUHVXQWFRPDQGDWHGHODGLVWDQ

- 

- FRPSRQHQWHOH VLVWHPXOXL GH WUDQVSRUW DO F OGXULL FDQDOHOH combustibile, generatorul de

DEXULSRPSHOHFROHFWRULLFRQGXFWHVXQWSURWHMDWHV UH]LVWHODVXSUDSUHVLXQH

- H[LVWHQ DXQXLVLVWHPVHSDUDWGHU FLUHGXS RSULUHSHQWUXDSHUPLWHvQWUH LQHUHDSRPSHORU

úLDJHQHUDWRUXOXLGHDEXUGLQFLUFXLWXOSULQFLSDO

- e[LVWHQ DXQXLVLVWHPGHDYDULHFDUHDVLJXU GHELWXOFRUHVSXQ] WRUGHU FLUHvQFD]XOFkQG

VH SLHUGH DJHQW GH U FLUH GLQ FLUFXLWXO SULQFLSDO GH WUDQVSRUW DO F OGXULL ÌQ FD]XO FkQG VLVWHPXO GH

DYDULH QX IXQF LRQHD]  F OGXUD HVWH SUHOXDW  GH DSD JUHD PRGH rator) deoarece temperatura ei la
intrare în reactor este de 43°C;
- conducerea centralei se face printr-XQ VLVWHP GH GRX  FDOFXODWRDUH LQGHSHQGHQWH FDUH

FRQWUROHD]  úL DFKL]L LRQHD]  GDWH GLQ WRDWH SXQFWHOH SURFHVXOXL WHKQRORJLF UHJODUHD SXWHULL

reactoruluL D SUHVLXQLL DSHL JUHOH úL D DEXULORU D QLYHOXOXL DSHL vQ JHQHUDWRUXO GH DEXUL ÌQ FD]XO
GHIHFW ULL XQXL FDOFXODWRU FRQGXFHUHD HVWH HIHFWXDW  GH FHO GH DO GRLOHD LDU FkQG DPEHOH VXQW

GHIHFWDWHFHQWUDODVHRSUHúWHDXWRPDW

- DXWRPDWL]DUHDLQVWUXPHQWD LHLGHSURFHVFDUHDVLJXU IXQF LRQDUHDULJXURDV úLHFRQRPLF 

DLQVWDOD LLORU

- SUHYHGHUHDFHQWUDOHLFXVLVWHPH FDUHvQFD]XULGHDYDULLSUHLDXIXQF LLOHFHQXPDLSRWIL

UHDOL]DWHHOHVXQWQHFHVDUHSHQWUXRSULUHDúLDGXFHUHDFHQWUDOHLvQFRQGL LLGHVHF uritate.

Avantajele acestui tip de centrale sunt:
- FRPEXVWLELOXO QXFOHDU SRDWH IL SUHSDUDW vQ DU  ILLQGF  QX QHFHVLW  vPERJ LUH
eliminându-se cheltuielile cerute de acest proces;
- DSD JUHD DUH R GXUDW  GH YLD  PDL OXQJ  GHFkW D UHDFWRUXOXL GHúL QHFHVLW  LQVWDOD LL úL
WHKQRORJLLVSHFLDOHGHRE LQHUHúLDFHDVWDVHUHDOL]HD] vQ DU 
 - UHDFWRUXO &$1'8 SRDWH IL WUDQVIRUPDW vQ UHDFWRU UHSURGXF WRU FkQG VH XWLOL]HD]  FD

VXUV UDGLRDFWLY WKRULXO

- consumul de combustibil este de 167 kg uraniul natural pentru 1 MW/an.

Centrala nuclearo-HOHFWULF FXUHDFWRUUHSURGXF WRU

6FKHPDIXQF LRQDO ODFHQWUDODFXUHDFWRUUHSURGXF WRUHVWHSUH]HQWDW vQILJ

)LJ&HQWUDOQXFOHDUR-HOHFWULF FXUHDFWRUUHSURGXF WRU

1-reactor nuclear; 2,5,8- pompe; 3-proteF LHELRORJLF 

4,6-VFKLPE WRDUHGHF OGXU -WXUELQ -condensator; 10-generator electric

/D DFHVW WLS GH UHDFWRDUH OLSVLQG PRGHUDWRUXO VSD LXO RFXSDW GH ]RQD DFWLY  HVWH PLF  FD

XUPDUH FDQWLWDWHD GH DJHQW GH U FLUH HVWH PDL PLF  GHFkW vQ FD]XO SUHFHGHQW FHHD FH GHWHUPLQ 

vQF O]LUHDOXLODRWHPSHUDWXU VXSHULRDU FHOHLODFDUHDMXQJHDSDJUHDvQUHDFWRUXOWHUPLF'HDFHHD

FD DJHQW WHUPLF vQ UHDFWRUXO UHSURGXF WRU VH IRORVHVF PHWDOH WRSLWH 1D . 1LYHOXO GH

UDGLRDFWLYLWDWH DO DJHQWXOXL GH U FLUH HVWH VXSHULRU FHOXL GLQ UHDFWRUL WHUPLFL úL SHQWUX SURWHF LH

ELRORJLF  FHQWUDOD HVWH SUHY ]XW  FX WUHL FLUFXLWH WHUPLFH ÌQ FLUFXLWXO WHUPLF SULQFLSDO $ úL DO

GRLOHD%FLUFXO WRSLWXULPHWDOLFHLDUvQDOWUHLOHD&DS RELúQXLW 

Avantajele centralelor nuclearo-electrice cu reactori rapizi sunt:

- YDORULILF PXOWPDLELQHFRPEXVWLELOXOQXFOHDUDSUR[LPDWLYID GHvQUHDFWRULL
termici);
- SRWIRORVLXUDQLXOQHvPERJ LWúLWKRULX
- produc în reactor combustibil nou în cantitate mai mare decât coQVXP 
- DEXULL SURGXúL vQ VFKLPE WRU DX WHPSHUDWXUD PDL PDUH GHFkW vQ SULPXO FD] DMXQJkQG OD
VWDUHDGHVXSUDvQF O]LUH

- costul energiei electrice este mai mic.

&RQVLGHUD LLWHKQLFR HFRQRPLFHSULYLQGRE LQHUHDHQHUJLHL

-
electrice în centrale nuclearo-electrice

'LILFXOW LOHH[LVWHQWHvQSURFXUDUHDFRPEXVWLELOXOXLFODVLFFRQGXFODDFFHOHUDUHDFRQVWUXF LHL

de centrale nuclearo-HOHFWULFH úL IDF FD HOHFWULFLWDWHD RE LQXW  vQ HOH V  DSDU  PDL LHIWLQ  GHFkW FHD

SURGXV vQFHQWUDOHOHFODVLFH

Competitivitatea HQHUJHWLFLLQXFOHDUHUH]LG vQXUP WRDUHOH

- SHQWUXSXWHULPDLPDULGH0:LQYHVWL LDFHUXW GHFHQWUDOHOHQXFOHDUHHVWHPDLPLF 
decât cea a centralelor clasice;
- costul unui KWh produs în centralele nucleare este mai mic decât cel produs în
centralele cODVLFH FKLDU vQ VLWXD LD vQ FDUH FHQWUDOD QXFOHDU  IXQF LRQHD]  FX  GLQ
capacitatea sa;
 - FDQWLWDWHD GH FRPEXVWLELO QHFHVDU  IXQF LRQ ULL FHQWUDOHORU QXFOHDUH HVWH PLF  FHHD FH

IDFH FD SH XQ VSD LX UHVWUkQV V  VH GHSR]LWH]H PXOW  HQHUJLH FHHD FH SHUPLWH V  VH

GHS úHDVF GLILFXOW LOHGHDSURYL]LRQDUHFXXUDQLX

- FHQWUDOHOH QXFOHDUH QX SROXHD]  PHGLXO FX JD]H QRFLYH VDX FHQXú  FRQWDPLQDUHD

UDGLRDFWLY  D PHGLXOXL HVWH UHGXV  GLQ FDX]D P VXULORU GH SURWHF LHúLFRQWUROXO ULJXURV

FDUH GHWHUPLQ  DSDUL LD vQ H[WHULRU D XQHL VW UL UDGLRDFWLYH VXE QLYHOXO GH SHULFXOR]LWDWH

SUHY ]XW SULQ SURLHFW 'HSR]LWDUHD GHúHXULORU UDGLRDFWLYH UH]XOWDWH GLQ IXQF LRQDUHD

FHQWUDOHL HVWH I FXW  vQ FRQGL LL GH VHFXULWDWH GHSOLQ  2 FHQWUDO  QXFOHDU  FDUH SURGXFH

0:HOLPLQ 2-4 m3DQGHGHúHXUL

'XUDWD PHGLH GH IXQF LRQDUH D XQHL FHQWUDOH QXFOHDUR -electrice este de 30 de ani, iar a unei
vQF UF WXULQXFOHDUHGHXQDQ

3HQWUX SUHYHQLUHD HPLVLHL GH UDGLD LL UDGLRDFWLYH vQ DWPRVIHU  vQ FD] GH DYDULL FRQVWUXF LD

HVWHSUHY ]XW FXDQYHORS 

Centralele nuclearo-HOHFWULFH VXQW vQUHJLVWUDWH OD $JHQ LD GH (QHUJLH $WRPLF  FX VHGLXO OD

9LHQDFDUHSHULRGLFH[HFXW FRQWURDOHSULYLQGVWDUHDORU

3.3.3. Centrale hidroelectrice

&HQWUDOHOH KLGURHOHFWULFH IRORVHVF FD HQHUJLH SULPDU  HQHUJLD SRWHQ LDO  D DSHL D F UHL

WUDQVIRUPDUHvQHQHUJLHHOHFWULF VHSURGXFHGXS DGRXDVFKHP GHWUDQVIRUPDUHDHQHUJLHLSULPDUH

vQHQHUJLHVHFXQGDU 'HDFHHDFRQVWUXF LDORUHVWHPDLVLPSO GHFkWDFHORUODOWHFHQWUDOHHOHFWULFH

Posibilitatea construLULLKLGURFHQWUDOHORUGHSLQGHGHSRWHQ LDOXOKLGURHQHUJHWLF

3RWHQ LDOXOKLGURHQHUJHWLFDOXQHL ULHVWHWHRUHWLFúLDPHQDMDELO

3RWHQ LDOXO KLGURHQHUJHWLF WHRUHWLF VDX EUXW UHSUH]LQW  UHVXUVHOH HQHUJHWLFH KLGUDXOLFH

QDWXUDOH I U  D LQH VHDPD GH SRVLELOLW LOH WHKQLFH úL HFRQRPLFH GH DPHQDMDUH (O FXSULQGH

SRWHQ LDOXO KLGURHQHUJHWLF GH VXSUDID  FDUH VH UHIHU  OD DSHOH GH VXSUDID  úL SRWHQ LDOXO

KLGURHQHUJHWLF OLQLDU FDUH VH UHIHU  OD FXUVXULOH GH DS  SURSULX ]LVH úL UHSUH]LQW  HQHUJLD PD[LP 
-
teoreWLF FHVHSRDWHRE LQHSHUkXUL

3RWHQ LDOXO KLGURHQHUJHWLF DPHQDMDELO VDX QHW FRUHVSXQGH SURGXF LHL GH HQHUJLH UHDO

SRVLELO  D WXWXURU DPHQDM ULORU KLGURHOHFWULFH UHDOL]DELOH (O FXSULQGH SRWHQ LDOXO KLGURHQHUJHWLF

WHKQLFDPHQDMDELOúLFHOHFRQRPLFDPH najabil.
ƒ3RWHQ LDOXO WHKQLF DPHQDMDELO HVWH GDW GH HQHUJLD FDUH SRDWH IL RE LQXW  SULQ DPHQDMDUHD

FXUVXULORUGHDS úLGHWHUPLQDUHDVDVHIDFHHODERUkQGVFKHPHOHGHDPHQDMDUH

ƒ3RWHQ LDOXO HFRQRPLF DPHQDMDELO UHSUH]LQW  HQHUJLD WXWXURU DPHQDM ULORU FDUH VH pot realiza
vQFRQGL LLHFRQRPLFH

&HQWUDOHOH KLGURHOHFWULFH XWLOL]HD]  FD VXUV  GH HQHUJLH SULPDU  F GHULOH GH DS  QDWXUDOH VDX

DUWLILFLDOH(QHUJLDKLGUDXOLF DDSHLHVWHWUDQVIRUPDW vQOXFUXPHFDQLFúLDFHVWDvQHQHUJLHHOHFWULF 

într-un agregat turELQ -generator electric.

(QHUJLDKLGUDXOLF DXQHLFDQWLW LGHDS PDIODW ODRvQ O LPH+HVWH

E = m⋅g⋅H , [J] (3.11)

3XWHUHDKLGUDXOLF WHRUHWLF DF GHULLGHDS HVWHGDW GHUHOD LD

E
P= = D⋅ρ⋅g ⋅H , [W] (3.12)
t
3
XQGH ' HVWH GHELWXO FXUJHULL DSHL úL  GHQVLWDWHD VD Înlocuind densitatea apei (    NJP  úL
2
DFFHOHUD LDJUDYLWD LRQDO J P VSXWHUHDKLGUDXOLF WHRUHWLF YDIL

P = 9,81 ⋅ D ⋅ H , [KW] (3.13)

5HOD LD DUDW  F  YDORUL PDUL DOH SXWHULL KLGUDXOLFH VH SRW RE LQH ILH FX GHELWH PDUL GH DS  úL

vQ O LPL PLFL DOH F GHULORU GH DS  ILH FX GHELWH PLFL GH DS  úL vQ O LPL PDUL DOH F GHULORU GH DS 

$FHVWHD VXQW vQ IDSW SULQFLSLLOH FRQVWUXFWLYH DOH FHQWUDOHORU KLGURHOHFWULFH D F URU DPHQDM are
XUP UHúWHUHDOL]DUHDORUÌQSOXVDFHVWHDPHQDM ULSRW FRQGXFHúLODXQLIRUPL]DUHD GHELWXOXLGHDS 
FRPSHQVkQG YDULD LLOH DFHVWXLD $FXPXO ULOH GH DS  SHQWUX FRPSHQVDUH SRW IL mici, cu rol de
FRPSHQVDUH ]LOQLF  V SW PkQDO  VDX OXQDUH medii, pentru FRPSHQVDUH VH]RQLHU  úL mari cu rol de

FRPSHQVDUH DQXDO  VDX PXOWLDQXDO  & GHULOH GH DS  SRW IL mici (H < 20) m, medii (H ∈ (20 -

PúLmari (H ∈ (100 - 2000) m).

3ULQFLSDOHOH FRQVWUXF LL DOH DPHQDM ULORU KLGURHOHFWULFH VXQW EDUDMXO SUL]D GH DS 

DGXF LXQHD FDVWHOXO GH HFKLOLEUX FRQGXFWD IRU DW  FX GLVWULEXLWRUXO FHQWUDOD FDQDOXO GH IXJ 

FRQVWUXF LLOHVHFXQGDUHGHFDSWDUHúLDFXPXODUH

 Barajul HVWH R FRQVWUXF LH KLGURWHKQLF  GLQ S PkQW úL SLDWU  VDX EHWRQ GUHDSW  VDX
curbilinie (fig.3.18.), DPSODVDW WUDQVYHUVDOSHYDOHDXQXLFXUVGHDS FDUHvQGHSOLQHúWHXQXOVDXPDL
PXOWHGLQXUP WRDUHOHUROXUL

- ULGLF vQ O LPHDDSHLvQDPRQWHGHEDUDMSHQWUXP ULUHDF GHULLGHDS 

- GHYLD] FXUVXOXQXLUkXVDXDXQHLS U LGLQGHELWXOV X

- DFXPXOHD] DS S entru uniformizarea debitului.

Fig.3.18. Forme de baraj

a) baraj drept; b) baraj curb.

ÌQ VHF LXQH WUDQVYHUVDO  EDUDMXO HVWH WUDSH]RLGDO DYkQG ED]D PLF  GHDVXSUD QLYHOXOXL DSHL

acumulate.
Barajele curbilinii sunt construite cu convexitatea spre amonte.
3UL]D GH DS  VHUYHúWH OD WUHFHUHD DSHL GLQ UkX VDX ODF vQ FDQDOXO VDX FRQGXFWD GH

DGXF LXQH (D UHDOL]HD]  vQFKLGHUHD úL GHVFKLGHUHD DFFHVXOXL VSUH DGXF LXQH OLPLWHD]  S WUXQGHUHD

DOXYLXQLORU FX DMXWRUXO XQRU SUDJXUL úL RSUHúWH FRUSXULOH SOXWLWRDUH SH JU WDUH (OH VXQW VLWXDWH

GHDVXSUDQLYHOXOXLGHvQQ PROLUHDOODFXOXLúLVXEQLYHOXOXWLODODFHVWXLD

$GXF LXQHD DUH UROXO GH D DVLJXUD FLUFXOD LD DSHL vQWUH SUL]D GH DS  úL LQWUDUHD vQ

FRQGXFWHOHIRU DWHFXRSLHUGHUHPLQLP GHQLYHO

 Castelul de echilibru HVWH DPSODVDW SH WUDLHFWRULD JDOHULLORU VDX FRQGXFWHORU GH DS  vQ

DPRQWH GH WXUELQ  úL DUH UROXO GH D PLFúRUD HIHFWHOH ORYLWXULL GH EHUEHF DVXSUD DFHVWHLD )RUPD VD

SRDWH IL FLOLQGULF  WUXQFKL GH FRQ VDX GH SLUDPLG  FX SDUWHD VXSHULRDU  GHVFKLV  LDU SH OD ED] 

FRPXQLF  FX JDOHULD GH DS  /D SRUQLUHD WXUELQHORU FDVWHOXO GH DS  DVLJXU  FRQWLQXLWDWHD DSHL vQ

SHULRDGD GH DFFHOHUDUH D DSHL vQ FRQGXFW  LDU OD RSULUHD ORU DVLJXU  ULGLFDUHD DSHL SHQWUX UHGXFHUHD

VROLFLW ULLLQVWDOD LHL

&RQGXFWD IRU DW  IDFH OHJ WXUD vQWUH DGXF LXQH úL WXUELQH /XQJLPHD VD WUHEXLH V  ILH FkW

PDLPLF SRVLELOSHQWUXDHYLWDYDULD LLOHEUXúWHGHSUHVLXQHúLSHQWUXDILHFRQRPLF 

&DQDOXO GH IXJ  SULPHúWH DSD GH OD WXUELQH úL R HYDFXHD]  DVLJXUkQG IXQF LRQDUHD

QRUPDO DD cestora.

&HQWUDOHOHKLGURHOHFWULFHvQIXQF LHGHPRGXOGHUHDOL]DUHDF GHULORUGHDS VXQW

- centrale hidroelectrice pe firul apei;

 - FHQWUDOHKLGURHOHFWULFHvQGHULYD LHFXFXUVXOQDWXUDODODSHL


Centralele hidroelectrice pe firul apei sunt amplasate în DOELD UkXOXL LQVWDODW  vQ FRUSXO
barajului sau în imediata apropiere a barajului (fig.3.19.). Ele se construiesc pe râurile care au un
GHELW PDUH ÌQ H[SORDWDUH DFHVWH FHQWUDOH VXQW VXSXVH XQRU YDULD LL PDUL GH SXWHUH GLVSRQLELO  vQ

IXQF LHGHQLYHOXOD pei din amonte de baraj.

)LJ+LGURFHQWUDO SHILUXODSHL

1-lac de acumulare; 2-SUL]DGHDS 

-baraj; 4-DGXF LXQH-WXUELQ -generator.

&HQWUDOHOHHOHFWULFHvQGHULYD LHVHFRQVWUXLHVFvQJHQHUDOSHUkXULGHPXQWHFXSDQWHPDUL


úLGHELWHPLFL

CuUVXO DFHVWRU UkXUL HVWH GHYLDW SH XQ WUDVHX FX SDQW  PDL PLF  GHFkW FHD QDWXUDO 

$PHQDMDUHD WUDVHHORU SULQ GHULYD LH VH SRDWH IDFH FX ULGLFDUHD QLYHOXOXL vQ DPRQWH ILJ FX

FRERUkUHD QLYHOXOXL vQ DYDO ILJ  úL PL[W ILJ ÌQ XOWLPHOH GRX  FD]XUL FHQWUDOD HOHFWULF 

HVWHDPSODVDW VXEWHUDQ

)LJ+LGURFHQWUDO FXGHULYD LHFXULGLFDUHvQDPRQWH

1-lac de acumulare; 2-baraj; 3-vechea albie a râului; 4-DGXF LXQH

5-castel de echilibru; 6-FRQGXFWDIRU DW -WXUELQ -generator.

Fig.3.2+LGURFHQWUDO vQGHULYD LHFXFRERUkUHvQDYDO

1-lac de acumulare; 2-SUL] GHDS -DGXF LXQH-castelul de achilibru; 5-WXUELQ -generator; 6-FDQDOGHIXJ 
 )LJ+LGURFHQWUDO vQGHULYD LHPL[W

1-baraj; 2-lac de acumulare; 3-SUL] GHDS -aGXF LXQH

5-castel de echilibru; 6-FRQGXFW IRU DW -WXUELQ JHQHUDWRU-FDQDOGHIXJ 

3.3.4. Producerea energiei electrice folosind surse

GHHQHUJLHSULPDU QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH

6XUVHOH GH HQHUJLH SULPDU  QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH VXQW R DOWHUQDWLY  GLQ FH vQ FH PDL VWXGLDW  D

FHORU FRQYHQ LRQDOH HSXL]DELOH  L HL JD]H QDWXUDOH F UEXQL FDUH SRW IL YDORULILFDWH PDL HILFLHQW FD

materii prime petro-FKLPLFH 'LQWUH VXUVHOH GH HQHUJLH SULPDU  QHFRQYHQ LRQDOH DPLQWLP ELRPDVD

VRDUHOHFXUHQ LLDWPRVIHULFLJD]HOHúLDSHOHJHRWHUPDOHIX]LXQHDQXFOHDU 

Biomasa UHSUH]LQW  PDWHULDOH YHJHWDOH VDX DQLPDOH GH OD YHJHWD LLOH OLJQRFHOXOR]LFH

IUXQ]LúXUL YHJHWD LH PDULQ  SkQ  OD GHúHXUL FHOXOR]LFH úL SURWHLFH LQGXVWULDOH VDX FDVQLFH 3HQWUX

FUHúWHUHD FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU HQHUJHWLFH ELRPDVD HVWH IHUPHQWDW  vQ YLG vQ SUH]HQ D XQRU HQ]LPH

FDWDOL]DWRDUH VWDELOH OD WHPSHUDWXUL ULGLFDWH GXS  FDUH HVWH VHSDUDW  VHOHFWLY SULQ VLWHPROHFXODUHÌQ

SUH]HQWGLQELRPDV VHRE LQHQXPDLHQHUJLHWHUPLF 

(QHUJLD WHUPLF  VRODU a fosW úL HVWH VWXGLDW  GH VSHFLDOLúWL GDU QX V-D H[WLQV GDWRULW 
chelturielilor mari necesitate de centralele helioelectrice. Producerea energiei electrice din energie
VRODU VHUHDOL]HD]  SULQGRX  ODQ XULHQHUJHWLFH8QXO HVWH DFHODúLFDúLvQFD]XOHQHUJLHLFKLPLFHúL

QXFOHDUH LDU DO GRLOHD WUDQVIRUP  HQHUJLH VRODU  GLUHFW vQ HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  FX DMXWRUXO FHOXOHORU

fotovoltaice, construite din materiale semiconductoare. În prezent, costul acestor materiale este
PDUH FHHD FH GHWHUPLQ  SUH XO QHFRPSHWLWLY DO HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH RE LQXWH 'DU SH P VXU  FH HOH VH

LHIWLQHVFVHFRQVLGHU F XQVIHUWGLQFRQVXPXOGHHQHUJLHHOHFWULF YDILSURGXV FXDMXWRUXODFHVWRU

celule.
&XUHQ LL DWPRVIHULFL VXQW IRORVL L GH PXOW WLPS SHQWUX RE LQHUHD HQHUJLHL PHFDQLFH LDU

WUDQVIRUPDUHD DFHVWHLD vQ HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  vQ FHQWUDOH HOHFWULFH HROLHQH HVWH GH GDW  UHFHQW 

&HQWUDOHOHHOHFWULFHHROLHQHDXSXWHUHLQVWDODW PLF 

*D]HOH úL DSHOH JHRWHUPDOH VXQW IRORVLWH FD VXUV  GH HQHUJLH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD HQHUJLHL

electrice numai FkQG DMXQJ OD VXSUDID  FX SUHVLXQH úL WHPSHUDWXU  PDUH $OWIHO HOH VH IRORVHVF

QXPDLFDVXUV GHHQHUJLHWHUPLF 

Fuziunea nucleelor XúRDUH UHSUH]LQW  VXUVD GH HQHUJLH SULPDU  D YLLWRUXOXL 3URFHVXO IL]LF

SULQFDUHGRX HOHPHQWHXúRDUHVHXQHVFIRUPkQGHOHPHQWHPDLJUHOHúLGHJDMkQGHQHUJLDGHOHJ WXU 

VH QXPHúWH IX]LXQH QXFOHDU  LDU UHDF LLOH QXFOHDUH FDUH DX ORF SRDUW  QXPHOH GH UHDF LL QXFOHDUH GH

VLQWH] 3HQWUXHQHUJHWLF UHDF LLOHQXFOHDUHGHVLQWH] FDUHSUH]LQW LQWHUHVVXQWFHOHvQXUPDF U ora

2 3
VHRE LQHKHOLXOGLQL]RWRSLLKLGURJHQXOXLGHXWHULXOXL
1 D úLWULWLXOXL 1 T úLDQXPH
2 2 4 1
1 D + 1 T = 2 He + 0 n + 17,6Mev
2 2 3 1
1 D + 1 D = 2 He + 0 n + 3,2Mev
 +HOLXO UH]XOWDW HVWH LQWURGXV GLUHFW vQ WXUELQD FHQWUDOHL HOHFWULFH RE LQkQGX -se un randament
mare. FuziuQHD QXFOHDU  VH GHVI úRDU  OD WHPSHUDWXUD vQDOW  GH 
9
°. úL GHQVLW L PDUL 
15

molecule/cm3FRQGL LLJUHXGHUHDOL]DWGHRFDPGDW 

$SUHFLHUHDHILFLHQ HLHFRQRPLFHDSURGXFHULLHQHUJLHLHOHFWULFH

(ILFLHQ D HFRQRPLF  D SURGXFHULL HQHUJLHL HOHFWULFH VH DSUHFLD]  FX DMXWRUXO LQGLFDWRULORU

specifici acestei ramuri industriale. Indicatorii tehnico-HFRQRPLFLXWLOL]D LVXQW

- indicatori tehnico-HFRQRPLFLIRORVL LODSURGXF WRULLGHHQHUJLHHOHFWULF 

- indicatorii tehnico-HFRQRPLFLIRORVL LODFRQVXPDWRri.

Indicatorii tehnico-HFRQRPLFLXWLOL]D LODSURGXF WRULLGHHQHUJLH sunt:

a) SXWHUHDLQVWDODW PHGLH]LOQLF , PiPHGFDOFXODW FXUHOD LD
z

∑ Pi k
k =1
Pi med = , [kW/zi] (3.14)
Z
unde: Pi k HVWHSXWHUHDLQVWDODW vQ]LXDN

Z - nuP UXO]LOHORUFRQVLGHUDWH

b) SXWHUHDHIHFWLYGLVSRQLELO PHGLH]LOQLF , PedPHGFDOFXODW FXUHOD LD

z
∑ Pedk
k =1
Ped med = , [kW/zi] (3.15)
Z
unde: Pedk HVWHSXWHUHDHIHFWLYRE LQXW vQ]LXDN

c) SXWHUHDHIHFWLYXWLOL]DELO PHGLe, Peumed:

Peu med = Ped med − (Ped rep.pl + Ped rep.nepl) (3.16)
unde: Ped rep.pl , Ped rep.nepl -UHSUH]LQW SXWHUHDFRQVXPDW vQFHQWUDO SHQWUX UHSDUD LLSODQLILFDWH

respectiv neplanificate;

d) SXWHUHDSURGXV PHGLH]LOQLF , Pp med FDOFXODW FXUHOD LD

∑ Pp k
k =1
P p med = , [KW/zi] (3.17)
Z
unde: P p k HVWHHQHUJLDSURGXV vQ]LXDNvQSHULRDGDGHFRQVXPPD[LP

e) indicatorul de utilizare a puterii instalate, Iu, egal cu:

Pp med
Iu = <1 (3.18)
Pi med

f) indicatorul de valorificare a energiei produse, IvVHFDOFXOHD] FXUHOD LD

We , (3.19)
Iv =
Wp
unde: WeHVWHHQHUJLDHOHFWULF OLYUDW FRQVXPDWRUXOXL
WpHQHUJLDHOHFWULF SURGXV GHFHQWUDO 
,QGLFDWRULLIRORVL LODFRQVXPDWRU sunt:


a) consumul de energie, CeFDOFXODWFXUHOD LD

W
Ce = , [kWh/t] (3.20)
A
XQGH:HVWHHQHUJLDHOHFWULF FRQVXPDW 

$HVWHYROXPXOSURGXF LHLGHHQHUJLH

b) SURGXF LDYDORULF , PvUHDOL]DW SHXQLWDWHDGHHQHUJLHHOHFWULF HJDO FX

V
Pv = , [lei/kWh] (3.21)
W
XQGH9HVWHYDORDUHDSURGXF LHLUHDOL]DW FXHQHUJLDUHVSHFWLY 

c) indicatorul de electrificare a muncii IemFDOFXODWFXUHOD LD

W
Iem = , [kKWh/salariat] (3.22)
N
XQGH1HVWHQXP UXOGHVDODULD L

d) factorul de putereFRV FDOFXODWGHWR LFRQVXPDWRULLLQGXVWULDOLGHHQHUJLHHOHFWULF (O

VH H[SULP  FD UDSRUW GLQWUH SXWHUHD DFWLY  Pa  OXDW  GH OD UH HD N: úL SXWHUHD DSDUHQW  Pa p ,
IRORVLW  efectiv în întreprindere:
P
cos ϕ = a (3.23)
Pa p
,GHDO HVWH FD YDORDUHD IDFWRUXOXL GH SXWHUH V  ILH3UDFWLFHODUHYDORUL FXSULQVHvQWUH  -
 GDU FD SUHRFXSDUH SHUPDQHQW  HVWH DSURSLHUHD GH YDORDUHD  9DULD LD ]LOQLF  D IDFWRUXOXL GH

puWHUHVHvQUHJLVWUHD] FXDSDUDWHSHIRUPXODUHVSHFLDOH

)LJ&XUEDGHVDUFLQ DXQHLFHQWUDOHHOHFWULFH

5HJLPXOGHIXQF LRQDUHDOFHQWUDOHORUHOHFWULFHHVWH ELQH FDUDFWHUL]DWSULQ curba de VDUFLQ .

&RQVXPDWRULL GH FXUHQW FRQHFWD L OD R FHQWUDO  HOHFWULF  VXQW GLIHUL L LDU FRQVXPXO ORU vQ WLPS

QHXQLIRUP 'H DFHHD FHULQ D GH HQHUJLH HVWH PDL PDUH vQ DQXPLWH SHULRDGH GHFkW vQ DOWHOH &D

XUPDUHFDSDFLWDWHDGHSURGXF LHDFHQWUDOHORUHOHFWULFHHVWHVROLFLWDW GLIHULW

&XUEDFDUHDUDW  YDULD LDSXWHULLX]LQHLvQWLPS VHQXPHúWHFXUEDGHVDUFLQ VDXGHvQF UFDUH

(fig.3.23) în care se disting trei zone:

- ]RQDGHED] FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQSURGXFHUHDXQHLFDQWLW LGHHQHUJLHHJDO FX:min;
- ]RQDGHVHPLYkUIFkQGSURGXF LDGHHQHUJLHQHFHVDU FUHúWHGHOD:min la Wmed;
- ]RQD GH YkUI FkQG FDSDFLWDWHD GH SURGXF LH D FHQWUDOHORU HOHFWULFH FUHúWH GH OD :med la
Wmax.
 &XUED GH VDUFLQ  FDUDFWHUL]HD]  úL FRQVXPXO WRWDO GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  'H DFHHD FHQWUDOHOH

electrice existente sau care se vor construi, trebuie DVWIHO SURLHFWDWHvQFkWV VHDVLJXUHQHFHVDUXOGH

energie al celor trei zone.

&RQVXPXO GLQ ]RQD GH ED]  HVWH DVLJXUDW GH FHQWUDOHOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH FX DEXUL úL

WHUPRILFDUH FHQWUDOHOH WHUPRHOHFWULFH FX FRQGHQVD LH FHQWU alele nuclearo-electrice; centrale
KLGURHOHFWULFHFXEDUDMGHUH LQHUHILUXODSHL

(QHUJLDHOHFWULF QHFHVDU ]RQHLGHVHPLYkUIHVWHDVLJXUDW GH

- FHQWUDOHKLGURHOHFWULFHGHGHULYD LHFXEDUDM

- FHQWUDOHWHUPRHOHFWULFHFXFRQGHQVD LHIRORVLQGSDUWHDGHFRQGHQVD LHFXSUL]H

- FHQWUDOHWHUPRHOHFWULFHFXDEXULúLFRQGHQVD LHFDUHSRWILvQIXQF LXQHvQRUHOHGHQRDSWH

FXVDUFLQDUHGXV VDXSRWILRSULWH

(QHUJLDHOHFWULF QHFHVDU vQ]RQDGHYkUIHVWHDVLJXUDW GH

- FHQWUDOHKLGURHOHFWULFHFXVWD LLGHSRP pare-acumulare;

- centrale termoelectrice cu gaze.
&XUEDGHVDUFLQ VHFDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQGRLLQGLFL

- factorul de simultaneitate
- indicele de aplatizare.

Factorul de simultaneitate

0D[LPXO SXWHULL LQVWDODWH DO XQHL X]LQH SURGXF WRDUH GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  VH GDWRUHD]  XQXL

FRQVXP VLPXOWDQ PDL PDUH GH HQHUJLH HOHFWULF  GH F WUH GLYHUúL FRQVXPDWRUL 'DF  PD[LPHOH GH

HQHUJLHDOHDFHVWRUFRQVXPDWRULDUILGHFDODWHvQWLPSFXUEDGHVDUFLQ DX]LQHLDUU PkQHFRQVWDQW 

în timp. Când aceste maxime se suprapun, decalarea în timp a maximelor de consum ale
FRQVXPDWRULORU VH H[SULP  SULQ factorul de simultaneitate, care este egal cu raportul dintre puterea

PD[LP  SURGXV  GH X]LQ  vQWU-R SHULRDG  GH WLPS úL VXPD SXWHULORU PD[LPH DOH FRQVXPDWRULORU vQ

DFHHDúLSHULRDG GHWLPSDGLF 

s= Pmax <1 (3.24)

n
∑P ′max i
i =1
&kQGWR LFRQVXPDWRULLOXFUHD] VLPXOWDQFXSXWHUHDPD[LP QHFHVDU ILHF UXLDúLGDF 
n
Pmax = ∑ P ′max i , (3.25)
i =1
atunci s = 1.
n
'DF  Pmax < ∑ P ′maxi , (3.26)
i =1
DWXQFL V   úL HO QH DUDW  Fk L FRQVXPDWRUL SRW V  IXQF LRQH]H VLPXOWDQ FX FDSDFLWDWHD PD[LP  ÌQ

general factorul de simultaneitate are valori cuprinse între 0,25-0,6.

Indicele de aplatizare

3HQWUXREXQ H[SORDWDUHDXQHLX]LQHHOHFWULFHFXUEDGHVDUFLQ DUWUHEXLV ILHFkWPDLSODW 

*UDGXOGHDSODWL]DUHDFXUEHLHVWHGDWGHLQGLFHOHGHDSODWL]DUHFDOFXODWFXUHOD LD

Pmed
a=< 1, (3.27)
Pmax
unde: Pmed este puterea medie a uzinei într-RDQXPLW SHULRDG LDU3 maxSXWHUHDGHYkUIvQDFHHDúL
SHULRDG  ,QGLFHOH GH DSODWL]DUH DUH YDORUL FXSULQVH vQWUH  úL  YDORUL FDUH LQGLF  R IXQF LRQDUH

UD LRQDO 
 7UDQVSRUWXOúLGLVWULEX LDHQHUJLHLHOHFWULFH

(QHUJLD HOHFWULF  SURGXV  vQ FHQWUDOHOH HOHFWULFH HVWH WUDQVSRUWDW  F WUH FRQVXPDWRUL SULQ

UH HOHHOHF triceVXEIRUP GHFXUHQWHOHFWULFDOWHUQDWLYWULID]DW

'XS WHQVLXQHDFXUHQWXOXLHOHFWULFWUDQVSRUWDWUH HOHOHHOHFWULFHVXQW

- UH HOHGHWHQVLXQHMRDV FDUHDXvQWUHID]HWHQVLXQHDPDLPLF GHN9

- UH HOHGHWHQVLXQHPHGLHFDUHDXvQWUHID]HWHQVLXQHDFXSULQV vQWUHúLN9

- UH HOHGHWHQVLXQHvQDOW FDUHDXvQWUHID]HWHQVLXQHDFXSULQV vQWUH -220 kV;

- UH HOHGHWHQVLXQHIRDUWHvQDOW FDUHDXvQWUHID]HWHQVLXQHDGH -600 kV.
2UH HDHOHFWULF VHFRPSXQHGLQOLQLLHOHFWULFHVWD LLGHWUDQVIRUPDUHúLVWD LLGHFRQH[LXQL


Liniile electrice VXQW FRQGXFWRUL HOHFWULFL FRQIHF LRQD L GLQ PHWDOH FX UH]LVWLYLWDWH PLF 

FXSUX DOXPLQLX SULQ FDUH VH WUDQVSRUW  FXUHQWXO HOHFWULF GH OD FHQWUDOD HOHFWULF  OD VWD LLOH GH

WUDQVIRUPDUH úL GH DLFL OD VWD LLOH GH FRQH[LXQL úL FRQVXPDWRUL ÌQ WLPSXO WUDQVSRUWXOXL VH SURGXF

pierderi de curentGDWRUDWHUH]LVWHQ HLRSXV GHPHWDOXOOLQLLORUHOHFWULFHODGHSODVDUHDSXUW WRULORUGH

FXUHQWHOHFWURQLL5H]LVWHQ DFRQGXFWRULORUHOHFWULFLHVWHHJDO FX

l
R=ρ > @ (3.28)
s
XQGH -UH]LVWLYLWDWHDHOHFWULF DPDWHULDOXOXLFRQGXFWRUXOXL

l - lungimea conductorului;
s -VHF LXQHDWUDQVYHUVDO DFRQGXFWRUXOXL

ÌQ ODERUDWRDUHOH ULORU GH]YROWDWH VH VWXGLD]  RE LQHUHD GH PDWHULDOH FDUH QX DX UH]LVWHQ 

HOHFWULF $FHDVW SURSULHWDWHVHQXPHúWH supraconductivitate0DWHULDOHOHVXSUDFRQGXFWRDUHDVLJXU 

WUDQVSRUWXO FXUHQWXOXL HOHFWULF FX UDQGDPHQWXO HJDO FX  'HRFDPGDW  DFHVWH PDWHULDOH VXQW IRDUWH

scumpe, neputându-VHXWLOL]DODSURSRU LLLQGXVWULDOH

3HQWUX FD SLHUGHULOH GH FXUHQW V  ILH FkW PDL PLFL FXUHQWXO VH WUDQVSRUW  FX SDUDPHWULL

WUDQVIRUPD LDGLF FXWHQVLXQHPDUHúLLQWHQVLWDWHPLF 

/LQLLOHHOHFWULFHGLQFDGUXOUH HOHORUHOHFWULFHVXQW

a) 'XS SXWHUHDHQHUJLHLHOHFWULFH
- linii electrice pentUX WUDQVSRUW FX DMXWRUXO F URUD VH WUDQVSRUW  SXWHUL PDUL GHODFHQWUDOD

SURGXF WRDUHODFRQVXPDWRULSHGLVWDQ HPDUL

- OLQLL HOHFWULFH SHQWUX GLVWULEX LH FDUH VXQW OLQLL SHQWUX WUDQVSRUWXO SXWHULORU PLFL OD

GLVWDQ HPLFLVSUHJUXSXULUHVWUkQVHGHFRQVX matori;

b) 'XS FRQVWUXF LHOLQLLOHHOHFWULFHVXQW

- OLQLL HOHFWULFH DHULHQH /($ FkQG FRQGXFWRULL HOHFWULFL VXQW PRQWD L SH VWkOSL GH

VXV LQHUH

- OLQLL HOHFWULFH vQ FDEOX /(& FkQG FRQGXFWRULL HOHFWULFL VXQW vQI úXUD L úL PRQWD L

subteran. Acestea sunt costisitoare, folosindu-VHSHQWUXGLVWDQ HVFXUWH

6WD LLOH GH WUDQVIRUPDUH au rolul de a transforma parametrii curentului electric


LQWHQVLWDWHúLWHQVLXQHWUDQVSRUWDWSULQOLQLLOHGHFXUHQW

'XS WHQVLXQHDSHFDUHRDUHFXUHQWXOODLHúLUHDGLQVWD LDGH transformare acestea sunt:

- VWD LLULGLF WRDUHGHWHQVLXQH

- VWD LLFRERUkWRDUHGHWHQVLXQH

6WD LLOHULGLF WRDUHGHWHQVLXQHVHFRQVWUXLHVFODSURGXF WRUSHQWUXFDSLHUGHULOHGHFXUHQWvQ

WLPSXOWUDQVSRUWXOXLV VFDG 

6WD LLOH FRERUkWRDUH GH WHQVLXQH VH construiesc în apropierea consumatorilor, pentru ca

YDORDUHDWHQVLXQLLFXUHQWXOXLV ILHDGXV ODFHDIRORVLW vQLQGXVWULHúLFDVQLF

8QLWDWHD SULQFLSDO  D XQHL VWD LL GH WUDQVIRUPDUH HVWH transformatorul )XQF LRQDUHD

WUDQVIRUPDWRDUHORU VH ED]HD]  SH SULQFLSLXO LQGXF LHL HOHFWURPDJQHWLFH ÌQ HVHQ  XQ WUDQVIRUPDWRU

HVWHDOF WXLWGLQWU -un cadru de fier moale.

3H XQD GLQ ODWXUL VH vQI úRDU  R ERELQ  FX Q1 VSLUH SULQ FDUH FLUFXO  FX FXUHQW GH LQWHQVLWDWH ,1 úL

tensiune U1 3H ODWXUD RSXV  SULPHLD VH vQI úRDU  R DOW  ERELQ  IRUPDW  GLQ Q2 VSLUH ÌQ DFHDVW 

ERELQ VHSURGXFHXQFXUHQWLQGXVGHLQWHQVLWDWH,2úLWHQVLXQH82 .
ÌQWUHFHLGRLFXUHQ LH[LVW UHOD LLOH

U 1 ⋅ I1 = U 2 ⋅ I 2 ; I 1 ⋅ n 1 = I 2 ⋅ n 2 , (3.29)
de unde:
U1 I2 n1
= = (3.30)
U 2 I1 n 2

6WD LLOHGHFRQH[LXQHVDXGLVWULEX LHDXUROXOGHDGLVWULEXLFXUHQWXOWUDQVIRUPDWvQVWD LLOH



GHWUDQVIRUPDUHF WUHFRQVXPDWRU(OHVXQWLQWHULRDUHúLH[WHULRDUH

− 6WD LLOH GH FRQH[LXQH LQWHULRDUH VXQW DPSODVDWH vQ LQWHULRUXO FO GLULORU úL VH FRQVWUXLHVF
pentru tensiuniSkQ OD-N9LQFOXVLY6HDOHJHDFHDVW VROX LHúLSHQWUXWHQVLXQLPDLPDUL
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