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C ontents August 2010

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urmykvJ
(24.6.2010)

6
 tdrfeJYta0; rdkifaygif;uka#rSm
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q&mu zwfrSmyg
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"My First Day At School"
Roger McGough
7
 There is a poet who said uAsmq&mwpfa,mufu ajymw,f
My country is my language. udk,fhwdkif;jynfqkdwm udk,fhbmompum;wJh/
Then I have no country, no nation. usKyfrSmu wkdif;jynfr&Sd? vlrsKd;pJGr&Sd
Why limit my world? usKyfurÇmudk bmhaMumifhrkdY uefYxm;rvJ
Why build walls? wHwkdif;awG bmaMumifh aqmufaeovJ/
I want to fly usKyfysHoef;csify
In the cosmopolitan sky. vlrsKd;ya'ompkH tZ|mjyifus,fBuD;qD/
I want to be able to make people laugh vlawG&,farmatmif usKyfpGrf;csifrd
In every country, everywhere, wkdif;jynfwkdif; ae&mwkdif;rSmudk
I want to cry with people's sadness vlawG&JU 0rf;enf;rIeJYtwl usKyfvkdufikdcsifrd?
And be able to say ajymcsifpGrf;bd
I understand you brothers, nDtudkwkdYa& cifAsm;wkdYudk em;vnfw,fqkdwm?
I refuse to stay in a small room tcef;usOf;i,fxJ raeyg&apeJYawmh
And call it my country. 'gudk usKyfwkdif;jynfvkdY rac:vdkufygeJY/
I want the whole house wpftdrfvkH;vHk;udk vdkcsifw,f
And call it my world. 'gudkyJ usKyfurÇmvkYd ac:ay;Muyg/
There is a poet who said uAsmq&mu ajymcJhw,f
My country is my language udk,fhwkdif;jynf[m udk,fhbmompum;wJh
I say my language is my world usKyfajymr,fav
And my world is so large. usKyfbmompum;qdkwm usKyfurÇmyJ
usKyfurÇmu odyfudkus,f/ /
Edjane Harris - Senegal rif;uHpD

8
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9
10
11
 ]]wu,fvdkY tdrfpmudk arhoGm;vdkY &Sd&if eHygwf 1 udk ESdyfyg/
acG;pm;oGm;vdkY &Sd&if eHygwf 2 udk ESdyfyg/
aysmufoGm;cJh&ifawmh ..............................}}
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12

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qif;&JrJGawrIaMumifh uav;a&mif;pm;rI jyóemBuD;
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(10.6.2010)
13
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a&;? tm;upm;uGif; tqihfjrifha&;? a&oefYpufwyfa&;? (14.6.2010)
t0DpdwGif;wl;a&;paom acgif;pOftrsdK;rsdK;jzihf tvSLcH

a&G;aumufyJGaMumihf wuúodkvfrsm; wufokwf½kduf pmoifae&

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aemufqkH;ywfESihf 'DZifbmvqef;wdkYwGif twef;qkH;pm

14
ar;yJGrsm; ppfavh&Sdonf/
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usif;yrnfh a&G;aumufyJG&ufudk raMujimEkdifao;aomf Mum;cJhonf/n
(15.7.2010)

MopaMw;vs ynmawmfoif ppfAkdvforD; tdrfjyef&rnf

MopaMw;vsEkdifiHwGif pm&if;udkif oifMum;aeaom
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pdk;&rS xkwfjyefxm;aom pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqkdY ta&;,lcHxm;
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uwnf;u rdbawGeJY uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; aecJhygw,f}vkdY
MopaMw;vs w&m;½kH; w&m;cGifwGif xGufqkdcJhonf[k The
Australian owif;pmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/n
(2.7.2010)

15
 q,fausmfouf ausmif;om;rsm; rl;,pfaq;okH;
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usawmh bdef;jzLtaMumxJ xkd;wJhtqifh jzpfvmw,f/ (15.6.2010)

tmqD,HwGif jrefrmEkdifiHwuúodkvfESihf aumvdyf ta&twGuf

trsm;qkH;? t&nftcsif;tnHhqkH;
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ESifhenf;ynm0efBuD;XmewkdY vufatmuf&Sd wuúodkvf? ynma&;0efBuD; a'gufwmcsrf;Nidrf;tajymt& 1988

16
ckESpfu wuúodkvf? aumvdyf 33ck&Sd&m? q&m q&mr
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ta0;wkdif;wGif ajymqkdonf/
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vnf; wuúodkvf[k wlwlwefwef ac:qkd,lqEkdifrnfh csif;rSD wuúodkvfq&mrsm; r&Sdovkd? bmom&yftvkduf
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wuúodkvfwpfckrS r&Sdao;[k jynfya&muf jrefrmq&m ac:&ef cufaMumif;ajymqkdMuonf/ n
rsm;u axmufjyMuonf/ wuúodkvf bmom&yfrsm;udk (7.7.2010)

usL&SifrwufEkdifaom ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; ausmif;ajymif;cH&

u&ifjynfe,f? vdGKifaumfNrdKU? trSwf 4 txufwef;

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onf/
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ajymw,f/ ausmif;u q&mrawG&JU usL&Sifr,lEkdifwJh
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ausmif;tkyfBuD;eJY awmifrawGU&JbJ idk,dkNyD; &Gmjyefajy;vmMuw,f/ usaemfwdkY vkyfazmfudkifzuf q&mrtcsKdU[m awmf
awmf qkd;w,f/ ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;awGudk pdwf"mwfjr§ifhray;bJ? usL&SifwufzkdYcsnf; ajymaeawmhwmyJ/ olwkdY
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tajctaeudk ajymjyonf/ n
(15.7.2010)

17
 SAW pmoifausmif;ESihf rdwfaqGaumif; pmMunfhwkdufwdkYwGif tmZmenfaeYusif;y
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18
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19.7.2010
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(1.6.2010)

xkdif;vTwfawmfrS a&;qJGaom jrefrma&TUajymif;ynma&; tem*wfrlMurf;

wmcfhc½dkif trSwf (2) NrdKUe,fynma&;rSL;½kH;ESihf a&TUajymif;
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19
 a&muf ausmif;wnfaxmifvkdaom tzJGUtpnf;^vlyk*d¾Kvfjzpfygu oufqkdif&mEkdifiH&Sd tpdk;&\ cGifhjyKcsufudk &,lcJh&rnf/
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ynma&;tqifh&Sd&rnf/ tv,fwef;tqihf (Junior High School) oifMum;rnfholonf arm(6)-12wef;xuf
renf;aom ynma&;&Sd&rnf/ txufwef;tqihf (Senior High School) oifMum;rnfholonf xdkif;bJGU&onfhtqifh
xuf redrfhaom ynmt&nftcsif;&Sd&rnf .. paom tcsuftvufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonf/
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ynma&;wGif wajy;nDulnDaxmufyHhrnfhtaMumif; ajymMum;NyD;? ,ckvdktpnf;ta0;udk wpfvwpfBudrf usif;yoifh
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(25.7.2010)

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odef;uvnf; ]'Da&m*gu rm,mrsm;w,f/ ykHpHtrsdK;rsdK; (29.7.2010)
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20

armu© - uav;u@
tkdatat taracsmhvkdY
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21
 a&Tvomom azmfawGpyfvkdY
0dkif;BuD;ywfvnf aysmfpdkYuG,f/
r,faxG;wkdYtdrf ta&SU0if;rSm
ajrwvif;BuD; omvSw,f/
wpfa,mufvufudk wpfa,mufwJGvkdY
armifav;vnf;yJ ygyghr,f/
0dkif;BuD;qkd&if jrefjrefvSnhfyg
rvTwfeJYuJGU armifav;&,f/
vSnhfr,f vSnfhr,f/ /

ek,Of

22
<uyf<uyftdwf <uyf<uyftdwf
avrSmvGifhwJh <uyf<uyftdwf/
<uyf<uyftdwfawG okH;Muwm
tdrfwkdif; vlwkdif;yg/
awGUwJhae&m pGefYumypf
trdIufo½dkufjzpf?
trdIufjzpfvnf; raqG;yg
zsufaygh ajrqDvTm?
ajrmif;awGydwfum a&awGvTrf;
<uyf<uyftdwf tpGrf;/
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a&mif;wJh0,fwJhcg?
ae&mwkdif;rSm oefY&Sif;zkdY
ae&mwkdif;rSm vSyzkdY
BudK;pm;MuygpdkY/ /

armifarmifjidrf;at;

23
 bkd;bkd;ay;wJh onfpmtkyf
bGm;bGm;ay;wJh onfpmtkyf
ckdifcefY tzkH;csKyf/
tpkwftNyJ rnDnm
jzwfawmuf jyifn§dum
pifay:rSm wifumxm;
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tvif;yGm;wJh rD;tdrf&Sif
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todxGif ynmay;
vdr®mMuzkdYav;/

av;pdk; (a';'&J)
jynfolY&ifaoG; uav;uAsmrsm; pmtkyfrS (1981 pmayAdrmef)

toufay;oGm;wJh acgif;aqmifawG
tmZmenf[k owfrSwfav
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&J&ifhjywfom; acgif;aqmifrsm;
EkdifiHawmftwGuf toufpGefYoGm;
vli,fawG&JU pdwfxJrSm
tmZmenfpdwf &SdMuwm
aemufxyfjzpfxGef; Zmenfrsm;
EkdifiHBuD;udk u,fwifoGm;/

oEÅmatmif (owårwef;)
qmol;avausmif;

24
 ykHjyifu@

m a r m &
q&
uav;wdkYa& ..............
[dk;a&S;a&S;wkef;uayghuG,f/ &GmBuD;wpf&GmrSm armifokwqkdwJh vli,fav;wpfOD; &SdcJhygw,f/ t&G,fa&mufvm
wJh tcgrSmawmh armifokwav;[m ynm? A[kokwawG &SmazGzkdYtwGuf c&D;&Snfwpfckudk xGufvmcJhygawmhw,f/
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm MumjrihfNyD;wJhtcgrSmawmh ]trSefw&m;}qkdwmeJY ywfoufvkdY &SmazGzkdY wkdufwGef;Muwm&,f?
vrf;ñTefay;Muwm&,faMumihf &SmazGr,fvkdY &Jwif;pGmyJ qkH;jzwfcJhygowJh/ vlawGu olYudk 'Dvkdvrf;ñTefay;cJhwmyg/
]awmtkyfBuD;xJu *lwpf*lukd oGm;&Sm&r,f/ tJ'DrSm a&wGif;wpfwGif;udk awGUygvdrhfr,f/ trSefw&m;qkdwm
bmvJa[hqkdNyD; a&wGif;BuD;udk ar;vkdufyg/ a&wGif;BuD;xJuae tajzay;ygvdrfhr,f/}
armifokwav;vnf; pdwftm;xufoefpGmeJYyJ vrf;ñTefwJhtwkdif; c&D;xGufvmcJhygawmhw,f/ A[kokweJY
odcsifwmudk &zkdYqkd&if uav;wkdYaum c&D;xGufMurSmvm;[if/
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tHhMozkdY aumif;vkdufwm/ [dk; ... a&wGif;teufqkH;ae&muae toHwpfoH[m wu,fyJ tajzjyefay;cJhw,f
av/ ]&Gmv,fu vrf;qkHae&mudk oGm;yg/ tJ'DrSm oif&SmazGaewmudk awGUygvdrfhr,f/}

uav;wkdYa& ...........
tJ'DtcgrSm armifokwav;[m &Gmv,fvrf;r vrf;qkHzufudk arQmfvihfjcif;BuD;pGmeJY csufjcif;yJ c&D;qufcJhjyef
wmayhguG,f/
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tJ'D&Gmv,fvrf;qkHae&mrSm b,fvkdrS pdwf0ifpm;p&m raumif;vSwJh qkdifokH;qkdifudkyJ awGUvkduf&vkdYayhg/ qkdifwpf
qkdifuawmh owåKtydkif;tpawG a&mif;wJhqkdifav;yg/ aemufwpfqkdifrSmawmh opfom;awG a&mif;owJh/ wwd,
ajrmufqkdifrSmawmh 0g,mBudK;awGudk a&mif;owJh/ uav;wkdYaum pdwfrysufzl;vm;[if/

25
 wu,hfudk pdwfysufp&maumif;aeNyDaemf/ bmrSudk t"dyÜg,fr&SdwJh ypönf;awGqkdNyD; pOf;pm;rdowJh/ 'geJYyJ vli,f
av;armifokw[m ajz&Sif;csufawmif;zdkY a&wGif;qDudk csufjcif;yJ jyefvmcJhwmaygh/ 'gayr,hf a&wGif;BuD;u 'Dvkd jyef
ajzowJh/ ]tem*wftcsdef wpfcsdefrSmawmh rif;em;vnfvmygvdrfhr,f}
armifokwav;u b,fvkdyJar;ar; a&wGif;BuD;xJu 'DtajzyJ xyfcgwvJvJ yJhwifoHeJY jyefajzaeawmh
w,f/ ]tif; ... igawmh t½l;vkyfcHvdkuf&NyD xifyg&JU} armifokwav;[m tJ'DvkdawG;NyD;awmh ol&JUA[kokw&SmrSD;wJh
c&D;udk qufxGufcJhygawmhw,f/ uav;wkdYaum b,fvdkxifovJ[if/ t½l;vkyfcHvkduf&w,fvdkY cHpm;Mu&wJh
tcgrSm tJ'DrSmwif &yfraebJ tjcm;vkyfp&m&Sdwm awGudk qufvkyfaezkdY ta&;BuD;w,faemf/
uav;wkdYa& .....
ESpfawGukefqkH;oGm;cJhygw,f/ armifokwav;[m a&wGif;BuD;udk ]trSefw&m;qdkwm bmvJa[h}vdkY ar;cJhwJh
jzpf&yfuakd wmifowdr&awmhb;l ?arhoGm;cJw h ,f/tJ'v
D ekd JYvjynhn
f wpfnrSmawmh&Gmvrf;rBu;D rSmvrf;avQmuf&if;
om,mvSywJh va&mifudk cHpm;aecJhowJh/ uav;wkdYaum va&mifudk cHpm;zl;ovm;[if/
tJ'DtcsdefrSmyJ tifrwefrS em;0ifcsdKjrvSwJh aw;*DwoHudk armifokwav;[m Mum;vdkufygowJh/ Asyfapmif;eJY
wD;cwfaewJh *DwoHpOfjzpfygw,f/ tifrwefrS xl;qef; tHhMozG,f&m *DwoHyg/ xl;cRefxufjrufvSwJh *Dworm;wpf
OD;[m pdwful;ÓPfuGefYjrL;NyD; wD;cwfaecJhw,f/
uav;wkdYa& ....
*DwoHudk MunfEl;pGmeJY ESpfoufcHpm;rdwJh armifokwav;[m wD;cwfaeolxHyg;udk a&muf oGm;cJhygw,f/
BudK;acsmif;awGay:rSm uckefaeMuwJh wD;cwfol&JU vufacsmif;av;awGudk Munfhaumif;aumif;eJY MunfhaecJhw,fwJh/
tifrwefudkrS em;0ifcsdKvSwJh *DwoHudk olem;axmifaecJhw,f/ uav;wdkYaum *DwoHudk em;qif&if;eJY wD;cwfol&JU
vufacsmif;av;awGudk wJGzufNyD; apmifhMunhfzl;&JUvm;/
tJ'DrSmwif armifokwav;[m Asyfapmif;udk aphaphikik avhvmMunfhrdygawmhw,f/ csufcsif;qkdovdk wpkH
wckudk owd&vdkufwJhtcgrSmawmh armifokwav;[m 0rf;omvGef;vkdY [pfatmfvdkufrdowJh/
]a[; ... awGU NyDuG}bmjzpfvkdY tJ'Dvdk [pfatmfcJhw,fvkdY uav;wkdY xifovJ[if/
Asyfapmif;[m 0g,mBudK;awG&,f? owåKpawG&,feJY opfom;udk,fxnfawGeJY zefwD;jyKvkyfxm;wmudk awGU
vdkuf&vdkYygyJ/ olwpfcgwkef;u &Gmv,fvrf;qkH qkdif 3 qkdifrSm awGUcJhzl;wmawG r[kwfvm;/ tJ'Dwkef;uawmh 'Dypönf;
awG[m bmrSta&;rygbl;&,fvkdY olawG;xifcJhzl;w,fav/
uav;wkdYa& .....aemufqkH;rSmawmh armifokwav;[m a&wGif;BuD;uay;wJh A[kokw&JU t"dyÜg,fudk olem;
vnfcJhygawmhw,f/ tJ'Dwkef;uawmh t½l;vkyfcH&w,fvkdY xifcJhw,fr[kwfvm;/ wu,fawmhvnf; avmurSm
uav;wkdYeJY vlom;awG vkdtyfwJh t&mtm;vkH;udk obm0rdcifu ay;xm;w,fav/ uav;wkdY vkyf&rSmuawmh
tJ'Dt&mawGudkoifhawmfovkd pkpnf;wyfqifay;zkdYygyJ/ oD;jcm;? oD;oefYtaeeJY pOf;pm;wJhtcgrSmawmh b,ft&mrS?
b,ftpdwftydkif;rS tokH; 0ifw,fvkdY xifjrifrdMurSm r[kwfbl;aemf/ 'gayr,hf tJ'Dtpdwftydkif;awG? tpawGudk pk
pnf;? aygif;pyfNyD;awmh t&m BuD;BuD;wpfckck? tokH;wnfhwJh tajctaewpfckckudk zefwD;wnfaqmufwJhtcgrSmawmh
wefzkd;&SdvSwJh topfwpfckckudk&vmrSm trSefygyJ/ tJ'Dtopfwpfckck[m tpdwftydkif;awGtaeeJY oD;jcm;&SdaepOf
wkef;uawmh b,fvdkrS pOf;pm;vkdYr&cJhwJh[mayhgaemf/ ykHjyifuav;uawmh 'DrQygyJuG,f/
uav;wkdYvnf; trSefw&m; topftopfawGudk zefwD;wnfaqmufEkdifMuygap/
uav;wkdY&JU
q&marm&

26
 olUwdkUb0

a&TUajymif;jrefrm vkyfom;av; ajymjywJY olYb0

om;emrnfu armifausmfaZ,sOD;yg/ toufu 14 ESpf&SdygNyD/ rdbawGeJYtwl aeygw,f/ om;tazemrnfu
OD;nGefYa0? arar emrnfu a':pef;pef;jrifY yg/ om;wdkYrSm nDtudk armifESr av;a,muf &Sdygw,f/
om;wkdY jrefrmjynf yJcl;wdkif;? u0jrdKUe,fu oHwif;&GmrSmaewmyg/ pD;yGm;a&; tcuftcJawGaMumifY rdom;pk
tm;vHk; xdkif;EdkifiHudk ajymif;vmcJY&wm/

om;vm;.../ tck ausmif;raeawmYygbl;/ vGefcJYwJY (2)ESpfavmufu aeygw,f/ tckawmY tdrf&JU

pD;yGm;a&;aMumifY ausmif;xGufjyD; tvkyfvkyfygw,f/ om;&JU nDrav; ESpfa,mufuawmY ausmif;qufwuf
aeMuwkef;ygyJ/
om; tvkyfvkyfwmawmY rdbawGeJY twlwl vkyfaewmyg/ vkyftm;cvm;.../ wpfaeYudk bwf 80 &w,fav../
tcktJ'D tvkyfaMumifY rdbawGudk taxmufulay;EdkifjyD; nDrav; ESpfa,muf ausmif;qufwufEdkifzdkY tcGifYta&;
ydkaumif; oGm;wmaygY.../
tvkyfcsdefvm;.../ om;&JU tvkyfcsdefu reuf 8 em&DrSm pjyD;? nae 5 em&DrSm jyD;ygw,f/ naeydkif; tvkyfjyD;wJY
tcsdefawGrSmawmY nausmif;av; bmav;&Sd&if om;odyfwufcsifw,f/ om;uausmif;rSm wpfwef;txdyJ
aecJYzl;wm av.../
om;rdom;pk tqifajy&ifawmY ausmif;jyefwufcsifpdwf tjrJ&Sdaeygw,f/ tcuftcJawG b,fawmY tqif
ajy rvJqdkwmawmY om;rajymwwfbl;/ om;eJY &G,fwl nDtudkarmifESrawG? ausmif;om;awGudk armu©r*¾Zif;uae
ajymcsifwmuawmY ausmif;wufcGifY&wkef; ausmif;pmudk aoaocsmcsm oif,lMuygvdkY......../

27
 olUwdkU&nfrSef;csuf

qmrlaxmfausmif;rS q&m0ef jzpfcsifol at;at;ESif; ..

orD;emrnfudk at;at;ESif;vdkY ac:ygw,f/ orD;
toufu 12 ESpfyg/ rJaqmufNrdKUrSmarG;NyD; jrefrmEkdifiHrSm
BuD;jyif;ygw,f/ orD;azazemrnfu OD;cifvdIifjzpfNyD;?
arar emrnfu a': at;Nidrf;oG,fvdkY ac:ygw,f/
orD;rSm armifESr 3 a,muf&Sdygw,f/ orD;u
tBuD;qkH;yg/ azazu puf½kHawGrSm tvkyfvkyfygw,f/
araruawmh [if;a&mif;ygw,f/ orD;wdkYrdom;pk
rJaqmufNrdKUudk jyefajymif;a&TUvmwm 4 v avmuf&SdygNyD/
jrefrmjynfrSmwkef;u rGefjynfe,f? rkwårNrdKUu t.x.u
ausmif; rSm q|rwef;txd ausmif;wufcJh&ygw,f/
rdom;pkpD;yGm;a&; tqifrajyvdkY rJaqmufudk
ajymif;a&TU vmcJh&wmyg/ jrefrmjynfrSmxufpm&if 'Dausmif;rSmu q&mq&mrawGu ausmif;ol?
rJaqmufrSmu orD;rdbrsm;twGuf tvkyftudkif ydk ausmif;om;tm;vkH;udk cJGjcm;qufqHjcif; r&SdwJhtjyif
tqifajyygw,f/ pmudk pepfwus oifay;wJhtwGuf orD; ausmif;pm
tck qmrlaxmfausmif;rSm ausmif;wuf&wm awGukd vdkufEkdifygw,f/
orD;twGuf trsm;BuD; tqifajyygw,f/ jrefrmjynf orD;u 'ku©a&mufaewJholawGudk ulnDcsif
rSm ausmif;wufwkef;uqdk&if orD;wdkYpD;yGm;a&;u w,f/ xl;cRefxufjrwfwJh q&m0efrBuD; wpfa,muf
tqifrajyawmh twef;ydkifq&mrqD usL&Sifr,lEkdif jzpfcsifw,f/ pma&;wmvnf; 0goemygygw,f/
bl;av/ 'Dawmh q&mq&mr&JU cJGjcm;qufqHrIukd aus;Zl;wifygw,f/
cHpm;&w,f/

taumif;qHk;ESihf tvSqHk;
urÉmay:rSm taumif;qHk;eJU tvSyqHk; t&mawG[m
jrifvnf; rjrif&ovdk udkifwG,f xdawGUvdkUvnf; r&ygbl;/
.... 'gayr,fh ESvHk;om;xJrSmomvQif cHpm;Edkifwmyg/
[JvefuJvm; (1880-1968)
qGHUtem;rMum; - rsufrjrif? pma&;q&m? ynm&Sif
The best and most beautiful things in the world
cannot be seen, nor touched....but are felt in the heart.
Helen Keller (1880-1968)

28
 trnf - xufxuf0if;

p mppD mukH; touf - 14 ESpf

© -
armu twef;^ausmif; -

owårwef;? qmol;avausmif;?
rJaqmufNrdKU/
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uJukv ocsFm
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tck a&TUajymif;a'oausmif;awGrSm odyÜHeJY ocsFmbmomwJGawGudk q&mrwkdY ausmif;om;awG rvdkufEkdifbl;vkdY
Mum;Mum;ae&w,f/ pmar;yJGppfvkdufvkdY xDueJqkd usvkduf&if ocsFmyJwJh/ 'geJY q&mroJi,fvnf; rkduf*&rfhq&mr
qkdawmh udk,fhuav;awGtwGuf pdwfyl&wmayhg/ [kwfw,fav? bmrSrwwfcsifae 'DuaeY t*Fvdyfpm? ocsFm? uGef
ysLwmqkdwm ausmif;om;wkdif; a&Smifr&wJh[myJ/ ocsFmrwwf&if tqihfjrifhynmawG b,fvkdvkyfoGm;rvJ/ rkduf*
&rfhausmif;om;rkdY ocsFmnhhH&ygw,fqdkwm vlMum;vdkYrS rawmfwm/

uJ .. om;wdkYorD;wkdY ocsFmbmom&yfudk avhvmMuwJhtcgr,f ,aeYtcg roifrae&jzpfwJh uJukvocsFm

taMumif; tenf;i,fudk q&mrtaeeJY rdwfqufay;csifygw,f/ uJukv (Calculus) ocsFmqkdwm bmvJ? b,fvkd
ae&mawGrSm tokH;csovJ? tjcm;ocsFmawGeJY bmuGmjcm;ovJayhgaemf/
uJukvocsFmeJY tjcm;tjcm;aom ocsFmawG&JU t"duuGmjcm;csufu orm½kd;us ocsFmawG&JU pOf;pm;wGufcsuf
enf;u rsOf;wef;twkdif; (linear way)jzpfNyD;? uJukvu rsOf;wef;r[kwfwJhenf;eJY (non-linear way) t&m&mudk
wGufcsuf&wmygyJ/ &Sif;atmif om;wkdYorD;wkdYudk ajym&&if EkdYqDcGufwpfcGuf&Sdw,fayhguG,f/ tJ'DcGufxJ qefYEkdifwJh
a&yrmPudkwGuf&if ykHrSefocsFmeJYwGuf&wmayhg/ EkdYqDcGufudk ajcaxmufeJYwufeif;xm;vkdY ydef½IHUwGaeNyD; a&xnhf
Munfhr,fayhg/ tJ'D cGufxJrSm&SdwJh a&qefYEkdifr,fh yrmPudk wGufcsifwmrsdK;qkd&if uukvokH;&wmyJ/ cGufu tajzmifh
twkdif;rS r[kwfawmhwm/ aemufwpfck xyfajym&&if 0kdift&ufpnfwkdY? AkHwkdYvdkY wajzmifhxJwnf;r[kwf? vkH;vkH;0kdif;
0kdif;&JU txJu xkxnfyrmPudk wGufcsuf&if uJukvenf;ynmukd okH;&wmygyJ/
om;wkdYorD;wkdY em;vnfxm;&rSmu 'DuaeYacwfudku orm½kd;uspOf;pm;enf;awGeJY tvkyfrjzpfawmhwm/
jzefYxGuf? azmufxGufawG;EkdifrS wefumuswmrkdYvm;? tajzmifYtwkdif;? tvsm;vkduftwkdif; r[kwfwJh tvsif? t&Sdef
eJYvQyfppfywfvrf;vkdrsdK;pwJh tif*sifeD,mESihf odyÜHynm&yfawGrSm uJukvudk csJUxGiftokH;jyKMu&w,f/ tif*sifeD,m
ynm? "gwk? ZD0tif*sifeD,m? uGefysLwm? a&aMumif;? avaMumif;ynm? aq;ynm?
pD;yGm;a&;ynm? eu©wåynm? ½ly aA'pwJh 21 &mpk ynm&yfaygif;pkHudk csOf;uyfzkdYu
uJukvocsFmydkifrS a&SUwufvkdY&r,fqkdwm om;wdkYorD;wdkY oabmaygufxm;apcsif
w,fuG,f/
uJukvynmudk Oa&myocsFmynm&Sif t*FvdyfvlrsdK; qmtkdufZufe,lwefeJY
*smrefvlrsdK; a*ghwfz&D'fav;bfeZfwkdYu pwDxGifcJhMuw,f/ olwkdYu t&ifqkH; uJuk
vudk a&TUvsm;rIeJY urÇmhqJGtm;Oya'orSm okH;cJhw,f/ 17 &mpk tqkH;wkdifwJhtxd

33
 olwkdYESpfOD;pvkH;u a&GUvsm;rIykpämawGudk uJukveJY ajz&Sif;cJhw,f/ 17 &mpk
wavQmufvkH;[m odyÜHeJY ocsFm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wkd;wufapcJhNyD;? tcsdefrSefem&DwpfvkH;
jzpfvmwmvnf; uJukvudk tajccHwGufcsufcJhwmyJ/
'gayrJY vlawGMum;rSm uJukvudk b,folupNyD; zHGUNzdK;atmifvkyfcJhwmvnf;qdkwm
awmh tjiif;yGm;aewkef;ayghuG,f/ a&S;odyÜHynm&SifBuD;awGtwGuf yifv,fa&
aMumif;oGm;vma&;rSm pMum0|mxJ&Sd Mu,fawG&JUtaetxm;udk wGufcsufcefYrSef;
EkdifzkdYu odyfta&;BuD;w,f/ urf;rjrif? vrf;rjrif yifv,fjyifus,fxJ oabFmwpfpD;
oGm;ae&if avmif*sDwG'frsOf;udk qkH;jzwfEkdifzkdYu pdefac:rIwpf&yfyJav/ e,lwefeJY
av;bfeZfwkdY[m olwkdYt&if&SdESihfNyD;om; tu©&mocsFmeJY *sDMoarBwDocsFmawGudk wGuf,l&if; uJukvudk wDxGif,lcJh
Muwmayhg/
uJukvESpfrsdK;
om;wkdYorD;wdkYod&rSmu uJukvrSm t"dutydkif;ESpfydkif;&Sdw,fqkdwmyJ/ yxrwpfckudk differentiation (odkY)
derivatives vkdYac:w,f/ olYtwGuf oauFwu (dy/dx)vdkY a&G;cs,fMuw,f/ ta&twGuf yrmPwpfckeJY tjcm;
wpfckwkdY EdIif;,SOfwJhtcg tajymif;tvJEIef;xm;udk &SmazGzkdY (to find a rate of change of one quantity compared
to another) twGuf (dy/dx)u tultnDay;Ekdifw,f/
'kwd,wpfckuawmh intergation yg/ olYtwGuf oauFwudkawmh ynm&SifBuD;awGu ( )vdkY owfrSwfcJhw,f/
integration [m differtation &JU ajymif;jyefjzpfw,f/ ajymif;vJrIEIef;wpfckay;xm;&if yrmP wpfckMum;u rlvtp
qufoG,fcsufudk jyef&Smay;&rSmjzpfw,f/ ]to find the original relationship (or equation) between the two
quantities} vkdY rl&if;t"dyÜg,frSm qkdxm;w,f/
jyefajym&&if uJukvocsFmrSm differentiation (zef&Sifwpfck&JU derivatives &Smjcif; dy/dx)eJY integration
(rwduswJh integration &Smjcif;ESihf wduswJh integral ajz&Sif;jcif;)qkdNyD; ESpfrsdK;&Sdw,f/
aea&mifjcnfrS vQyfppfpGrf;tif
vuf&Sd uJukvocsFm&JU aus;Zl;aMumihf tusdK;jzpfay:aewJh Oyrm ESpfckudk q&mrajymjyygOD;r,f/ heliostats
vkdYac:wJh aea&mifjcnfzrf; rSefjym;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmeJY aea&mifjcnfuae vQyfppfxkwfwJharQmfpifudk tar&duefjynf
axmifpk? umvDzkd;eD;,m;jynfe,frSm ykHygtwkdif; awGU&r,f/

tJ'DarQmfpif&JUxdyfrSm aea&mifvufcHjym;BuD;wpfckudk wyfqifxm;w,f/ tJ'Daea&mifvufcHjym;u ae&JUtyl

pGrf;tifudk pkyf,lNyD; 500 'D*&DpifwD*&dwfxufjrifhwJh tylcsdefrSm t&nfaysmfaewJh qm;avSmifuef (arQmfpif&JUb,f
buf)rSm odkavSmifw,f/ vQyfppfvkdwJhtcg t&nfaysmfaewJh qm;xJ&SdpGrf;tifudk vQyfppfwmbkdifvnfapwJhenf;eJY

34
arQmfpif&JU b,fbufrSm a&aEG;aiGUzefwD;w,f/ 'Dvkyfief;&JU tusdK;oufa&mufrI tjrihfrm;qkH;&&SdzkdY differential cal-
culus udkokH;&w,f/

aemufwpfck tokH;csaewJhae&mwpfckuawmh calculus udk Hard Drives (Computer rS Data rsm;odkavSmif

aomae&m)ESihf tjcm;uGefysLwm tpdwftydkif;awG ydkaumif;vmzkdYokH;w,f/
Differentiation qkdwm
uJtck q&mrwkdY differentiation avhvmMunfhr,f/ om;wkdYorD;wkdY enf;enf;tm½kHpdkufxm;zkdYvkdr,f/
uJukv ocsFmudkoGm;zkdYqkd&if om;wkdYti,fwef;rSm oifcJh&wJh tu©&mocsFm? *sDMoarBwD? x&D*kdEkdarx&DwkdYudk arhr
ypfzkdYvnf;vkdr,faemf/ 'gawG tajccHtoihftwifh&Sdxm;rS c&D;a&mufr,f/
Differentiation qkdwm ta&twGufyrmPwpfckeJY tjcm;wpfckEdIif;,SOfNyD; tajymif;tvJEIef;xm; (rates of
change)udk &SmwJh[mqkdwm rarheJY/ tajymif;tvJEIef; udef;aorjzpfwJhtcg (not constant)rsdK;rSm differentiation
vkyfzkdYvdktyfvmwmyJ/ tJ'Dqkdvdkcsufudk &Sif;&atmif q&mrxyfajymygr,f/
atmufu OyrmykHudk Munfhyg/ um;wpfpD;[m wpfem&D 60 uDvdkrDwm udef;aoeJYarmif;aew,fqkdygawmh/
tcsdefeJY tuGmta0;jy*&yfu 'Dvkd&vdrfhr,f/

om;wkdYorD;wdkY owdjyK&rSmu prSwfoknuaeNyD; um;uwpfem&D 60 uDvdkrDwmeJY xGufoGm;vdkufwm/ 5 em&D

MumwJhaemuf uDvdkrDwm 300 c&D;a&mufoGm;w,f/ 'Dawmh *&yfwpfckvkH;twGuf Slope (gradient) u tNrJ 300/5
=60 jzpfaer,f/ 'Dae&mrSm tuGmta0; (distance)eJY tcsdef (time)udk EdIif;,SOfcsuf tajymif;tvJEIef;u (constant
rate of change) udef;aojzpfaer,f/ slope u *&yfwpfckvkH;rSm vuf0Juvuf,mawmufavQmufaxmif wuf
aewJhtwGuf taygif; (positive) jzpfaerSmaygh/ 'gbmrS rcufbl;/

35
 uJtck udef;aor[kwfwJh rate of change udk Munfh&atmif/ om;wkdYorD;wdkYu avxJudk abmvkH;wpfvkH;ypf
Munfhvkduf/ tay:ajrmufwufoGm;NyD;wJhaemuf ajrqJGtm; (gravity) aMumihf atmufukdjyefusvmvdrfhr,f/ tay:
wufoGm;wJh vm;&meYJajymif;jyefjyefusvmr,f/ abmvkH;a&TUvsm;aewJh tcsdefwkdif;rSmudk tvsif (veiocity)u
ajymif;aew,f/ tay:udkwufoGm;csdefrSm tvsifu taygif; (positive)jzpfNyD;? okntxd aES;auG;oGm;r,f/ NyD;awmh
abmvkH;atmufudk pusvmNyD; tEIwf (negative) jzpfoGm;r,f/
atmufrSm abmvkH;ypfvkdufwJh *&yfykHudk qJGMunfhMur,f/ tjrifhudk metres eJYjyNyD;? tcsdefudkawmh seconds ,l
xm;w,f/ *&yf&JU slope rSm tay:udkwef;wef;axmifwufoGm;csdefrSm positive slope udkjyw,f/ slope u wjznf;
jznf; avsmhusoGm;NyD; abmvkH;tjrifhqkH;a&mufcsdefrSm slope u 0 jzpfoGm;NyD; tvsifvnf; oknjzpfoGm;r,f/ aemuf
awmh abmvkH;uatmufjyefusvmNyD; slope u negative jzpfoGm;ygr,f/

tckrsOf;auG;*&yfu bmajymovJqkdawmh trSwfokH;ae&m&JU rate of change udk azmfjyaew,fqkdwm

om;wkdYorD;wdkY owdxm;rdzkdYvkdygr,f/ avQmapmuf slope udk teD;uyfMunfh /tck q&mrwkdY txufu *&yf&JU t=1
jzpfwhJae&m teD;em;udk tus,fcsJU MunfhMu&atmif/ t=0.9 s eJY t=1.1s wkdY tMum;udk om;wkdYorD;wdkY
taotcsmMunfh&if atmufuykH&r,f/

txufu awGUcJhwJh rsOf;auG; (curve)u t=1 jzpfwJhae&mem; uyfMunfh&if rsOf;ajzmifhozG,f jzpfaewmawGU

Mu&r,f/ 'Dae&mrSm om;wkdYorD;wdkY rSwfxm;&r,fht&mu tangent qkdwmyJ/ tangent qkdwm rsOf;auG;ay:udk xdxm;
wJhrsOf;wef;&JU trSwfae&mudk ajymwmyJ/

36
 tJawmh *&yfudkMunhf&if tangent u (0.9, 36.2) eJY (1.1, 42)wdkYrSm jzwfoGm;w,f/ 'Dawmh t=1 trSwftwGuf
Slope udk&Sm&if ....

'g[m om;wkdYorD;wkdY ckeu ypfvkdufwJh abmvkH;&JU tvsif (velocity)ygyJ/ unit ukd mps(meter per second)
vdkY,lw,f/ wpfpuúefYtwGif; a&mufoGm;wJh rDwmayhguG,f/ 'Dawmh slope udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzihf rate of change udk
&SmazGMunfhwmyJ/
uJ 'Dvawmh uJukvrdwfqufygyJ/ om;wdkYorD;wkdYa& aemufvus&if differentiation twGuftcsuftwGuf
azmfjrLvmawG oGm;&atmif toifhjyifxm;aemf/n

om;wkdYorD;wkdY&JU cspfq&mrav;
oJi,f

[mo
ocsFmrsdK;qufopf
wljzpfol Anm;atmif ausmif;wGif ocsFmnHhaeí olYbBuD; yDwmu rMunhf&ufvdkY tdrfwGifoifay;onf/
bBuD; / ]uJ .. ighwl 'Dykpämzwfprf;uGm}
Anm;u wkefwkef&D&Djzihf ]vdar®mfoD; ... 367 vkH;udk wpfjcif;xJwGif 25 vkH;pDxnfhvQif
jcif;aygif;rnfrQ&í vdar®mfoD;rnfrQ ydkrnfenf;}
bBuD; / ]uJ .. 'Dykpämudk rif;b,fvkdwGufr,f pdwful;ovJ ajymprf;}
Anm; / ]aygif;r,f bBuD;}
bBuD; / ]a[haumif& aygif;vdkY jzpfrvm;uG ..}
Anm; / ]r[kwfbl; bBuD;? r[kwfbl; .. EIwf&r,f bBuD;}
bBuD; / ]rif;uGm .. aoaocsmcsmpOf;pm;ygOD;uG? igwD;vdkuf&if ..}
Anm; / ]ajr§mufr,f bBuD;? ajr§mufr,f}
bBuD; / ]a[haumif &yghrvm;uG}
Anm; / ]atmf odNyD bBuD;? pm;&r,f? pm;&r,f ..}
bBuD; / ]at; .. &NyDuGm .. rif;udk igoifp&mrvkdawmhbl;/ ocsFmrSm aygif;EIwfajr§mufpm;wwf&if &NyD/
rif;[mrif; qufvkyfawmh/}

37
 "gwfykHu@

jrefrmEkdifiH yk*Hbk&m;tkd? ausmif;tkdrsm;wGif awmif;&rf;pm;aomufaeaom uav;i,frsm;

38
rJaqmufNrdKU trdIufykHrS ausmif;raeMu&aom uav;rsm;

39
 aqmif;yg;u@
twdrf;tapmif;rcHol
(odkYr[kwf)
a'gufwmEkdifyef;vS
(1)
orkdif;q&monf u½kPm? apwem rydk&/ a'go
vnf; rjzpf&yg/ vkd&mqJGNyD; zefwD;xm;onfh tcsuf
ygvQif tjypf&Sdonf/ trSefudk xdefcsefvQifvnf; tjypf
&Sdonf/ rnfonfhorkdif;wGifrqkd 0d0g' uJGjym;rIrsm; &SdpNrJ
yif/ odkYaomf xm0& trSefw&m;[k rnfonfhorkdif;aMumif;
wGifrSr&Sd/ rnfonfhordkif;aMumif;rS tjynfhpkHqkH;[lí
rqdkEkdif/
wpfcgwpf&Hü orkdif;q&monf a[mudef;xkwf
wwfonf/
(2)
2002 ckESpf? aoG;aq;uefrGefausmif;wkduf? A[ef;/
]rGefbmompum;udk pepfwus xdef;odrf;
oGm;wmr&Sd&if aemiftESpf 40 twGif;rSm aysmufuG,f
oGm;Ekdifw,f} [lí rGefusrf;jyKq&m ygarmu© a'gufwm
40
0D&
Ekdifyef;vSu aoG;aq;uef rGefausmif;wkduf&Sd rGefvli,f
rsm;ESihf awGUqkHyJGav;wpfyJGwGif pwifa[mudef;xkwfcJh
onf/
xkdowday;csufonf rGefvlrsdK;wdkYtwGuf pdefac:
rIwpf&yf jzpfouJhokdY tajzrJhao;onfh ykpämwpfyk'fvkd
jzpfaeqJyif/
]usaemf ½l;aew,fvkdY wcsdKUu qkdcsifqkdMuygap/
usaemf touf&Sifaeoa&GU usaemhfudk,fydkif bmomp
um; aysmufuG,foGm;wm tjzpfrcHEkdifbl;} [k ajym
Mum;cJhol touf 88 ESpf&SdNyDjzpfaom q&mBuD; Ekdifyef;
vSonf avjzwfa&m*gjzihf 2010 ckESpf ZGefv 18 &uf
aeYu uG,fvGefoGm;cJhNyD jzpf onf/ ZGefv 20 &ufaeYu
a&a0;okomefrSm rD;oN*ØKvfcJhaMumif; odvdkuf&onf/
q&mBuD;\ tkwf*ludk 4if;\Zmwd&Gmu&ifjynfe,f?
aumhAdef;&GmrSm wnfoGm;rnf jzpfonf/
 (3)
a'gufwm Ekdifyef;vSonf orkdif;usrf;jyKq&myDyD
xkda[mudef;udk xkwfcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
rGefjynfe,f&Sd NrdKUay:aevlxkMum;wGif rdcif (rGef)
bmompum; ajymqkdtokH;jyKrI enf;yg;vmjcif;? NrdKUay:
ae rGefwkdYu aetdrfwGifyif rdcifbmompum; ajymqkdrI
enf;yg;vmjcif;? rGefpmaya&;om;okH;pJGrI enf;yg;vmjcif;
(tav;xm;rI enf;yg;vmjcif;) ponfhtcsufrsm;
aMumifh aemiftESpf 40 twGif; rGefbmompum; aysmuf
uG,foGm;EkdifaMumif; q&mBuD;Ekdifyef;vSu ajymqkdcJh
jcif;jzpfonf/
]usaemf *syefrSm 10 ESpfausmfausmf trIxrf;NyD;
'Dudkjyefa&mufvmawmh usaemfh ajr;awGudk,fwkdifu
rGefpum;rajymwwfMuawmhbl;/ usaemfh ajr;t&G,f
Generation (rsdK;quf) awGom 'DykHtwkdif;oGm;ae&if
olwYo kd m;orD;awGvufxufa&muf&ifolwu kdY ,
dk o
f w
l dYk
rGefvlrsdK;awGrSef;awmif odMuawmhrSm r[kwfawmhbl;}
[k q&mBuD; Ekdifyef;vSu teD;pyfqkH; Oyrmwpfckudk
xkdawGUqkHyJGü csjycJhonf/ q&mBuD; ajymonfhtwkdif;om
qkdvQif aemifrMumawmhrnfhtcsdef ESpfaygif; 30 ausmf
rSm rGef pum; aysmufoGm;awmhrnf jzpfonf/
NrdKUay:ae vlwef;pm;rsm;twGuf jzpfEkdifacs ydkrsm;
rnf[k cefYrSef;&ygonf/ okdYaomf tm;vkH;awmh rjzpfEkdif
[k wcsKdUrGefq&mawmfwkdYu wkefYjyefMuonf/ raysmuf
Ekdifolrsm;xJwGif q&mBuD; Ekdifyef;vS\ om;orD;wcsKdU
vnf; yg0ifonf/
q&mBuD;\ wpfOD;wnf;aom orD; a':cifcifvS
wkdYtdrfokdY pma&;ol tBudrfBudrfa&mufzl;onf/ xkdtdrfü
tdrftvkyfulvkyf&ef q&mBuD;\ Zmwd&GmrS ta':BuD;?
tbBuD;wdkYudk ac:xm;onf/ xkdaetdrfwGif u&ifjynf
e,f? aumhAdef;&Gm\ rGefpum;oHtwkdif; a':cifcifvS\
om;orD;wdkYu ajymqkdwwfMuonf/ rGefpmudkvnf;
aumif;rGefpGm wwfuRrf;MuaMumif; aemufydkif;wGifrS
od&onf/
]tjyifoGm;&if b,fbmompum;yJ ajymajym
tdrfxJa&mufwmeJY rdcifbmompum;udk okH;pJGzkdY rdb
wkdif;u udk,fhom;orD;udk oGefoifqkH;rwwf&r,f/ 'Dvdk
r[kwfbJ ighom;orD;awG Armpum;rwwfuRrf;rSm
pdk;vdkYqkdNyD; ]udGKif;cEkH;} ac:&r,fhtpm; rdb udk,fwkdifu
]rkefY[if;cg;} qkdNyD; ta&SU a&mufaewJholawG &SdaevkdY
om;orD;awGu tJ'Dtajctae a&mufoGm;wm jzpf
w,f}[kq&mBuD;u NrdKUay:ae rGefvlrsdK;wdkYtm; a0zef
41
 wwfao;onf/
q&mBuD; Ekdifyef;vSonf rGefpmay? bmom pum;
qufvuf&SifoefEkdif&ef enf;rsdK;pkHjzihf yHhydk;ay;cJholjzpf
onf/ q&mBuD; EkdifxGef;odef;ESihftwl jrefrmpma&;q&m
rsm;\ tultnDjzifh &efukefNrdKUwGif acwfa[mif;ESihf
acwfopf rGefausmufpmoifwef;? ESpfpOfESpfwkdif;usif;y
aeaom rGefpmay? ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m pmar;yJGrsm;udk
usif;yí xm0&&HykHaiG wnfaxmifum yHhydk;ay;jcif;?
acwfopf rGefpmayoifMum;a&;enf;rsm;ESihfqdkifaom
pmtkyfrsm;xkwfa0jcif; ponfwkdYudk q&mBuD;u wpkduf
rwfrwf aqmif&GufcJhol jzpfonf/
q&mBuD;onf rGef½dk;&m tuynm&yfrsm;udkvnf;
uRrf;usifpGm wwfajrmufxm;oljzpfonf/
(4)
q&mBuD;Ekdifyef;vS\ a[mudef;ESihfywfoufí
acwfynmwwfvli,fwcsdKUu axmufcHMuonf/ rGef bmomjzihfom zwfMum;Muonfhtay: jynfwGif; jynfy
jynfopfygwD½kH;ay:wGif jrefrmpm? jref rmpum; okH;pJGrIom &Sd rGefvli,fwkdY\ jypfwifa0zefrIudk cHae&onf/
rsm;jym;jcif;? rGefpmay tokH;0ifrItydkif; vrf;jyay;EkdifrI trSeftm;jzihf qkd&aomf jynfwGif; rGefvlrsdK;yif
tm;enf;aejcif; (tem*wfra&&mjcif;)? aEG&moD rGefpm jzpfap? jynfya&mufrGefvlrsdK;yifjzpfap 4if;wkdY\ aeYpOf
ayoifwef;rsm;okdY ESpfpOfwufa&mufol rsm;jym;vm okH;pum;rsm;wGif tjcm;bmompum; xuf0ufausmf
aomfvnf; oifMum;csdefenf;yg;jcif;aMumifh wwfajrmuf yg0ifaeonfudk owdrjyKrdMuacs/
olOD;a& enf;yg;jcif; ponfwkdYudk axmufjyonf/ odkY (5)
aomf rGefvlrsdK;wdkYtwGuf tqkd;0g;qkH;aomumv t i,femrnf ]t'Gwf} rnfaom Ekdifyef;vSudk
avmif;rif;w&m; vufxufüyif rGefpmay? bmom u&ifjynfe,f? *sdKif;jrpfurf;ay:&Sd aumhAdef;&GmwGif 1923
pum; aysmufuG,foGm;jcif; r&Sdonfudk rGef q&mawmf ckESpf rwfv 20 &ufü arG;zGm;cJhNyD; aumhAdef;&Gm bkef;
BuD;wkdYuvnf; axmufjyMuonf/ awmfBuD;ausmif;wGif rGef? jrefrm? t*FvdyfpmwkdYudk pwif
aEG&moD rGefpmay oifwef;om;OD;a& ESpfpOfrsm; qnf;yl;cJhonf/ ausmif;pmudkvnf; 8 wef;txdom
jym;vmonfhtaMumif;?rGefynma&;ausmif;ol?ausmif; ynmqnf;yl;cJhonf/ xdkYxufxl;jcm;onfrSm touf
om;OD;a& ESpfpOfrsm;jym;vmonfhtaMumif;rsm;jzihf jynf 69 ESpft&G,fwGifrS EkdifiHwum wuúodkvfwkdY\ bJGUxl;
wGif; rGefpmay ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m tzJGUtpnf;wkdYu udef; *kPfxl;csD;jr§ifhjcif;rsm;udk qufwkdufcHcJh&onf/
*Pef;rsm;jzihf jyefvnfaxmufjyMuonf/ touf 24 ESpft&G,fwGif &efukefNrdKU? NrdKUr trsdK;
0rf;tenf;&qkH; jzpf&yfrsm;teuf armfvNrdKifNrdKU om;ausmif;? wuúodkvf0ifwef;wGif 3 v cefY ynmoif
ay:wGif 2008 ckESpfu pwifay:aygufvmcJhaom rGefpm Mum;cJhzl;onf/ a'gufwmEkdifyef;vSonf befaumuf
wrf;zwfyJG tcrf;tem;odkY wufa&muf vmoltm;vkH;rSm NrdKUteD; rGefaus;&GmwGif awGU&Sdvmaom oxkH - [Hom0-
rGefvlrsdK;rsm;om jzpfMuaomfvnf; pmwrf;rsm;udk rGef wD &mZ0ifpmtkyf (y-'k)wJGudk tajccHí r*'l;rif;qufrS
bmompum;jzifh rzwfMum;bJ rGefynm&SifwkdYu jrefrm pí &mZm"d&mZftxd,lum rGef? jrefrmpmayrIrsm;ESihf pd

42
ppfNyD; ]&mZm"d&mZf ta&;awmfykHusrf;} udk jyKpkcJhNyD;
aemufydkif; orkdif;okawoeqkdif&m pmwrf;rsm;pGmudk
jyKpk a&;om;cJhonf/
xkdtcsdefrSpí ,Ofaus;rI 0efBuD;XmeESihf a&S;
a[mif; okawoetzJGUrsm;wGif ESpfaygif; 40 ausmf wm
0efxrf;aqmifcJhNyD; *syefEkdifiH? wuúodkvfrsm;odkY oif
Mum;ydkYcsEkdif&ef 1968 ckESpfwGif tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/ xkdY
aemuf *syefEkdifiH wuúodkvfrsm;odkY {nfhygarmu© tjzpf
vnf;aumif;? ygarmu©tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ta&SU awmif
tm&S,Ofaus;rIESihf orkdif;bmom&yfrsm;udk oifjy&ef
wm0efay;jcif;cH&onf/
1991 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEkdifiH L.A NrdKU&Sd t
aemufypdzdwfwuúodkvfü ,Ofaus;rIrEkóaA' txl;
jyKbmom&yfjzihf B.Sc ESihf Ph.D bJGUrsm;udk qGwfcl;
rGef - Arm qufqHa&;rSm rGeftaxmuftxm;awG odyf&csifw,f/
EkdifcJhonf/ausmif;wuf&efrvkdbJ usrf;jyKwifjyjcif;jzihf
xl;cRefí 'D*&Drsm;udk *kPfxl;jzihf qGwfcl;EkdifcJhjcif; jzpf
onf/ 1992 ckESpfwGif rGef"r®owf 11 rsdK;udk t*Fvdyfbm
omjzihf a&;om;wifjy í Oya'yg&*l L.L.D bJGUudk xkd
wuúodkvfuyif csD;jr§ifhcJhonf/
(6)
aygif;ul;wHwm;wpfpif;wnfaqmufjcif;
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ta&;awmfykHusrf; 5 apmif teuf
wpfapmiftygt0ifjzpfaom &mZm"d&mZf ta&;awmfykH
usrf;udkjyKpk&ef q&mBuD;wGif pdefac:rIrsm;pGmjzihf &ifqkdifcJh
&onf/
tqkdygusrf;udk jyefqkd&mwGif 1272 ckESpfu xkdif;
EkdifiH? befaumufteD; ywfvwf&GmrS&cJhonfh ywfvwf
ykHESdyfrl rGefbmomudk tajccHí tjcm; rGefayrlrsm;ESihf
n§dEdIif;jcif;? Anm;'v\ &mZm"d&mZf ta&;awmfykHusrf;
jrefrmayrl 9 rl? tjcm;ykHESdyfrlrsm;ESihf n§dEdIif;jcif;? jrefrm
pmñTefYaygif;usrf;? rSefeef;? OD;ukvm; paom jrefrm &mZ
0ifusrf;rsm;ESihf wkdufqkdifí q&mBuD;Ekdifyef;vSu jyef
vnfjyKpk xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
&mZm"d&mZf ta&;awmfykHusrf;\ trSmpmwGif
ygarmu© a'gufwm oef;xGef;u ]ordkif;avhvmwJh vl-
wkdif; taxmuftxm;pkHatmif &csifw,f/ rGef - Arm
qufqHa&;rSm rGef taxmuftxm;awG odyf&csifw,f/
bmjyKvdkYvJ qkdawmh wcsKdUta&;BuD;wJhudpöawGudk rGefu
wpfrsdK;? ArmuwpfrsdK; ajymaeMuvkdYygyJ}/
1/ bmomjyefwJhol[m usrf;pmtkyf&JU rl&if;bmom
pum;udkvnf; aumif;aumif;wwfuRrf;&r,f/ jyefqkd
,lwJh bmompum;rSmvnf; ydkifEkdif&r,f/
2/ jyefqkdwJh taMumif;udpöudkvnf; ydkifEkdif&r,f[lí
]]orkdif;avhvmwJhvlwkdif;
taxmuftxm;pkHatmif &csifw,f/
bmjyKvdkYvJqkdawmh wcsdKUta&;BuD;wJh udpöawGudk
rGefuwpfrsdK;? ArmuwpfrsdK; ajymaeMuvdkYygyJ/}}
qkdxm;ygonf/ q&mBuD; Ekdifyef;vSonf xkd*kPf &nfrsm;
ESihf jynfhpkHoljzpfonf/
xkdusrf;onf rGefbmom xkwfa0NyD;aemuf 10
ESpfMumrS jrefrmbmomjzihf xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ jref
rm bmomxGufvmaom xkdusrf;onf a&S;rGefayrl
a[mif;rsm;ESihf ,SOfvQifjywfawmufxm;onfrsm; &Sdae
ao;aMumif; rGeforkdif;ynm&SifwcsdKUu axmufjyMu
onf/ rnfokdYyifqkdapumrl q&mBuD;u rGef - jrefrm
qufqHa&;twGuf tBuD;rm;qkH;aom wHwm;wpfpif;
wnfaqmufay;cJhonf/
odkYaomf rGefbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkY rGefynm
&Sifrsm;udk,fwkdif jyefqkdaomusrf;rsm;rSm ,aeYtxd &Sm;
yg;aeqJyif/
rGef-t*Fvdyf tbd"mefrsm;ESihf ywfowfí tar
&duefomoemjyK a'gufwm [mp0Jvfu 1847 ckESpfü
43
 vnf;aumif;? a'gufwm pwDAifu rGef-t*Fvdyf-jref
rm tbd"mefudk 1901 ckESpfüvnf;aumif;? tjynfhpkH
qkH;[k qkd&rnfh 1922 ckESpfxkwf rpöwm[mvDa';\ rGef
- t*Fvdyf tbd"mefonfvnf;aumif; xGuf&SdvmNyD;
aemufydkif; EkdifxGef;a0\ rGef - t*Fvdyf tbd"mef pm tkyf
wpftkyfESihf EkdifxGef;odef; jyKpkaom rGef - jrefrm o'´gEdIif;
,SOfcsuf pmtkyfwdkYom &Sdawmhonf/ rGefpmayrsm;udk
avhvmEkdif&ef ,if;uJhodkY pmtkyf rsm;xyfrHxGuf&Sdvm&ef
vkdtyfaeqJjzpfonf/ xkdrQru Ekdifarmifwkd; jyKpkxm;
aom rGefbmom ]&mZm"d&mZf ta&;awmfykHusrf;}udk
,aeYacwf rGef vli,fwdkY zwf½Iíem;vnfEkdif&ef (rGef -
rGef) tbd"mefpmtkyfrsm;vnf; vkdtyfvmonfudk awGU&
\/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf xkdusrf;jyKpmtkyfrsm;onf
zwf½I&efcufcJeufeJvGef;í ,aeYacwfvli,frsm; vkduf
pm;Ekdif&ef rvG,fulawmhjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
(7)
]jrefrmEkdifiH\ ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfrsm; jzpf
onfh yk*H&Sd apwDykxkd;? *lbk&m;? ukvm;ausmif;rsm;ESihf
4if;wdkYwGif&Sdonfh a&S;a[mif; tEkynmypönf;rsm;ESihf
yef;csDaq;a&;rsm;onfobm0&moD'Pf?ivsif'PfESihf
tcsdefumvaMumifh ysufpD;rIxuf vlawG\zsufqD;rI
'Pfu ydkíqkd;&Gm;cJhygonf}[k rEk[mrif;\ aumif;rI
eef;bk&m;twGif;&Sd jA[®m ausmuf½kyfrsm;\ &ifbwf
wkdYESihf tjcm;Ak'¨0ifqif;wkawmfrsm;\ 0rf;AkdufESihf &if
bwfrsm;udk azmufxGif;í Xmyemypönf; &wemrsm; &Sm
azGjcif;wkdYaMumihf a&S;a[mif;tarGtESpfrsm; zsufqD;cH
ae&jcif;udk q&mBuD; Ekdifyef;vSu ],Ofaus;rItEk
ynmzsufqD;rI} acgif;pOfjzifh axmufjycJhonf/
ordkif;a&;q&m (odkYr[kwf) usrf;jyKq&monf
orkdif;aMumif; taxmuftxm;rsm;udk tajccHí rSwf
wrf;a&;om;Muonf/ a'gufwmEkdifyef;vSurl xkdxuf
ydkonf/ q&mBuD;onf rGef-jrefrm,Ofaus;rIESihf orkdif;
qkdif&m okawoejyKusrf;rsm;wifjyí urÇmodatmif
BudK;pm;&if; wpfzufütrsdK;om;pmayjyefvnfxGef;um;
vma&;twGuf BudK;yrf;cJh&oljzpfonf/
ordkif;q&monf &SmazG&&SdvmorQ tcsuft
vufrsm;udk pkpnf;NyD; taumif;qkH; orkdif;trSefudk teD;
pyfqkH; &SmazG&ef wm0ef&Sdoljzpfonf/ q&mBuD;Ekdifyef;
vSonf xkduJhodkY vlrsdK;ESpfrsdK;tMum;&Sd orkdif;aMumif;ESpf
ckpvkH;udkorí trSefw&m; &SmazGcJhol? &J0Hol[k qkd&yg
rnf/
orkdif;qkdwmu 0d0g' uJGjym;rI &SdpNrJyif? odkYaomf
orkdif;a&;q&mwGifom rlwnfaevdrhfrnf/ orkdif;q&m
onf u½kPm? apwem rydk&/ a'govnf;rjzpf&yg/n
q&mBuD; Ekdifyef;vS trSwfw& aqmif;yg;
0D&
(acwfjydKif0bfqdk'f)

trSwfw
pm&dwåzHGU jzdK; wkd;wufa&; &
]ynma&;taMumif;ajym&&if pdwfeJYpm&dwå zHGU NzdK;wkd;wufatmif vkyfay;&r,f
qkdwmygw,f/ ynma&;a[hqkd&if usefwmawG b,favmufwwfwwf pdwf
eJY pm&dwåudk oGm;arhxm;vkdY r&bl;/ aumif;jrwfwJhpdwfxm;? oabmxm;awG?
aumif;jrwfwJh pm&dwåawG ay:atmifvnf; ynma&;u vkyfay;Ekdifw,f/n

wuúodkvf bkef;Ekdif

44
 ynmhtvif;
ESihf
p&PwGif;eufBuD;
vuf&Sd jrefrmEdkifiH\ ynma&; EdkifiHa&; pD;yGm;a&;
pdwfrcsrf;ajrUzG,f&m tajctaet&yf&yfudk aeYpOfjrif
Mum;ae&onfhtcg? wpfcgu NAdwdoQ EdkifiHa&;ynm&Sif
avm'ftufwef ajymcJYzl;aom ]tmPmonf vludkzsuf
qD;avY&Sd\/ tMuGif;rJYtmPmonf vludk tMuGif;rJY zsuf
qD;\} (Power tends to corrupt ; absolute power
corrupts absolutely.) qdkaom pum;udkom tMudrf
Mudrf ESvHk;oGif;aerdawmYonf/
EkdifiHa&;jzpfpOfrSm tmPm(vkyfydkifcGifh) tqifh
qifhjzihf tzJGUtpnf; 'DZkdif;azmfum EkdifiHa&;yef;wkdifudk
OD;wnf vkH;yrf;jcif;jzpfonf/ þwGif tzJGU 0iftcsif;csif;?
tmPm tajcjyK vlrIqufqHa&;tp jzpfay:vm&onf/
4if;EkdifiHa&; vlrIb0twGif; tm;NydKif&if;? vGefqJG&if;
'GefwJGae&aom tzJGUtpnf;qkdif&m ykH&dyf jzpfay:vmonf/
twGif;0da&m"d? twGif;y#dyu©rsm;ponfh 0J*,ufrsm;
qifhuJjzpfpOftwkdif; aygufzGm;vmNyD; wNydKifwnf;rSm
tzJGUtpnf;jyify&Sd &efzuf? rdwfzuf y#dyu©rsm;udk &if
qkdifvm&awmhonf/ twGif;y#dyu©uwpfrsdK;? tjyif
y#dyu©uwpfzkH? wNydKifeufwnf; &ifqkdifajz&Sif;&awmh
onf/
xkdy#dyu©rsm;udk rnfuJhodkY udkifwG,fajz&Sif; rnf
0if;jrifharmif
enf;/ ,if;jyóemudk ajz&Sif;&ef enf;vrf; r&SmEkdifygu?
,if;tzJGUtpnf; ysufudef;qkdufrSmaocsmonf/ þykpäm
tajzudk Conflict Management [kac:aom ynm&yf
u pl;prf;&SmazGay;Ekdifygonf/ y#dyu©jzpfap? jyóem
jzpfap udkifwG,f&mwGif enf;wusudkifwG,f&onf/
vufwef; pOf;pm; tajz&Smr&Ekdifyg/ ynmonf tvkyf
jzpfygonf/
EkdifiHa&;omru bmoma&;? vlrIa&;? ynma&;
ponfh toif;tzJGUrsm;onf tzJGUtpnf;\ &nfrSef;csuf
yef;wkdifa&muf&ef ay:vpDrsm;csrSwf taumiftxnf
azmfjy&onf/ xkdYaMumifh tzJGUtpnf;qkdif&m pDrHcefYcJGa&;
ynmESihf pGrf;&nf (Organizational Management and
Skills) vdkvmyg onf/
tzJGU tpnf;wpfck xlaxmif&mwGif rnfonfh tzJGU
tpnf;rsKd;yifjzpfap xlaxmifol? OD;aqmifolwkdYrSm wpkH
w&m ynmtqihf&Sdolrsm; jzpf&ygrnf/ wenf;ajym&vQif
ynmwwfrsm;u OD;aqmifrItydkif;udk wm0ef,lMuonf
rSm awGU&NrJjzpfonf/
þwGif ]ynm}qkdaom pum;udk qef;ppfMunfh
onfhtcg wuúodkvfwGif oif,l&aom bmom&yfqkdif
&m ynmwkdYonf oif,lrSwfom;xm;aom ]onm}
45
 rsm;jzpfygonf/ KnowledgeESihf eD;pyfygonf/ ynm
(ÓPf)[laom xkd;xGif;? csdefq? wkdif;wmodjrifEkdifaom
ÓPftvif;ESihfrwlyg/ ]odyÜHynmu Knowledge udk
ay;í? bmomw&m;u Wisdom udkay;onf}[k rm
wifvlomuif; (*sLeD,m)u qdkcJhzl;ygonf/ wuúodkvf
a&muf ynmwwfrsm;wGif Knowledge om trsm;pk&
cJhí ynm(ÓPf)tqihfodkY a&muf&Sd&ef usihfBuHtm;xkwf
&rnfh umv ay;&OD;rnf[k qkdEkdifygonf/ ynmwwf
jzpfí xkd;xGif;? csdefq? wkdif;wm? odjrifEkdifaomynm
(Wisdom) &Ekdifonfr[kwfyg/ wuúodkvfynmqkd
onfrSm bmom&yfwpfckcsif; oif,l&aom ausmif;
ynmomru tzGJUtpnf;? toif;tyif; vlrItodkif;
t0dkif;wkdYwGif vkdufavsmnDaxG qufqHwwf&ef? OD;
aqmifwwf&ef oif,lavhusihfay;aom ynm&yf0ef;
BuD; jzpf&ygrnf/
odkYaomf ppftmPm&Sifpepf BuD;pdk;uwnf;u jref ]] wuúodkvfynmqkdonfrSm
rmjynf wuúodkvfrsm;udk ]&efolYe,fajr}ozG,fapmifh
Munfh ESdyfuGyfNyD; enf;rsdK;pkHjzihf jruRef;ndKtvSudk zsufqD;
bmom&yfwpfckcsif; oif,l&aom
cJh&m ]zkxpf&GwfwG iSufVif;wokdY} jzpfoGm;&ygNyD/ ynm ausmif;ynmomru? tzJGUtpnf;? toif;tyif;
tqifhrSmvnf; tajccHynm txufwef;omomyJ
vlrItodkif;t0kdif;wkdYwGif
&Sdonfhb0udk qkdufa&mufum usufoa& rJhcJh&onf/
wuúodkvfynma&;eJY wlwlwefwef oif,lEkdifaom vdkufavsmnDaxG qufqHwwf&ef? OD;aqmifwwf&ef
ynm&yf0ef;tqihf avsmhusoGm;onfrSm ESpf 40 cefY oif,lavhusihfay;aom
&SdygNyD/ xdkwuúodkvfqif;rsm;onfvnf; wuúodkvf
ynm&nf r0awmhbJ ykHysufyef;ysuf ynma&pD;aMumif; ynmh&yf0ef;BuD; ......}}
wGif rpGrf;roef ynmwwfrsm; xGufay:vmawmhonf/
jrefrmjynf acwfopforkdif;udk ]rpGrf;roef ynmwwf
wdkY\ EkdifiHa&; avmu"H}[k trnfonmjyK&if NcKHikH
rdrnf xifygonf/
trnfcH ynmwwfrsm;jzpfvmNyD; ][efom&Sdí
tqHr&Sdawmhyg?} ]tqH} rygbJ b0ifudkif ynmwwf
jzpfvmMuonf/ ,if;odkY udk,f&nfudk,faoG; BuHKvSDae
aom ynmwwfwkdYonf b,fae&ma&mufa&muf a&SU
qkH;ae&m,lcsifaomtusihf? igodigwwfrmefwuf?
acgif;aqmifjzpfxkdufonf[k rdrdudk,frdrdtxifBuD;
vsuf b0ifudkifpdwfwkdYjzihf a&SUqkH;uae&mudk r&ru

46
,lwwfaom tusihfqkd;rsm;yg wygwnf; ygvmawmh
onf/ wpfenf; OuúX½l; ½l;vmMuonf/ tzJGUtpnf;
wpfcu GU pnf;ESifhwlww
k kd tzJt l efwef zJpGU nf;OD;aqmifEidk f
pGrf;vnf;r&Sd? odkYaomf avuenf;enf;rQravQmh? igrSig
om jzpf aeonf/ pdwfynm½IaxmifhuajymvQif ,Of,Of
av;½l;aeonfh tmPm½l;awG jzpfukefonfudk awGUEkdif
onf/ tmPm&l; EdkifiHawmfwGif ae&maygif;pHk tmPm&Sif
av;rsm; rif;rlaeMuonf/
tzJGUtpnf;udk xlaxmif pDrHcefYcJGrI pGrf;&nfonf
twwfynmwpf&yfjzpfonfudk okwtjrif r&SdawmhbJ
qifuef;awmwkd;vkyfMu&m? a&S;tvm;tvm wGufq
Edkifaom ÓPftajrmftjrif qif;&JMuovdk? twdwfudk
vJGrSm;pGmem;vnfNyD; aemufqkH; ighaemufrvdkufol igh&ef
ol jzpfvm&awmh onf/
tzJGUtpnf;wpfckwGif ]vl} udk pDrHcefYcJG&ovkd ]
aiGaMu;}udkvnf; pDrHcefYcJG&onf/ ]aiGESihfvlom;}
tMum;qufqHa&;udkvnf; pDrHcefYcJG&onf/ ,if; tvkyf
rsm;onf ynm&yfqkdif&m twwfynmrsm;jzpfonf/
pdwful;ESihf xif&mvkyfr&Ekdifyg/ tzJGUtpnf;qkdif&m aiG
aMu;onf trsm;ESifhqkdifaom aiG jzpfí tzJGU tpnf;u
csrSwfaom b@ma&; ay:vpDtwkdif; udkifwG,faqmif
&GufMu&rnfudk rjzpfrae vkyf&rnfh wm0efodpdwfwkdY
acgif;yg;NyD; wGifus,folu vlwGif us,fvkyfovkd? aiG
aMu;udk olYvufolYajc txdef;csKyfrJY tmPm&SifozG,f
udkifwG,fvmMuonf/
aiGonf touf&Sdaom vlom;xufykdí
tEÅ&m,f ay;Ekdifaom t&mqkdonfudk todacgufcuf
t0ifeuf jzpfoGm;onf/ aiGudktxdef;tuGyf ,EÅ&m;
rygbJ ukdifwG,fygu aiGutqdyfjyif;jyif; yg;ysOf;
axmif vmum vlom;udk a>ruJhokdY aygufowf onfudk
cH&awmhonf/ tzJGUtpnf;wGif Adkif;&yfpf0if vmum
tzJGU0iftcsif;csif; ,kHMunfrIawG qdwfokOf;? tmPm&Sd
olu pdwfBudKufcs,f vS,fcGihf&atmifzefwD;? aemufqkH;
OD;aqmifolwkdY aiGqdyfoihf? emrnfysuf? odu©mrJhb0jzihf
ed*kH;csKyf &avonf/ tzJGUtpnf;vnf; NydKysuf (odkY)
tiftm;csnfheJY? OD;aqmifolESifY tzGJU0ifwdkY vnf;
b0ysufoGm;&awmh onf/
p&Pw&m;[lonfrl abmifpepfwpfcktwGif; rSm
&SifoefzHGU NzdK;Ekdifonfudk ynmwwfrsm; owdvufvGwf
jzpfaeMuonf/ ]p&P usqkH;vQif tm;vkH;ysufokOf;
rnf} aocsmonfrS rkcsaocsmonf/ jiif;csufxkwf
r&Ekdifyg/ p&PrJhav? rkdufwGif;eufavjzpfaom ynm
wwfqdkolwkdYonf trSm;awG qihfumqifhum usL;vGef
usqkH;&awmhonf/
p&Pw&m;onf toufBuD;&ifhvmwkdif; wuú
odkvf ynm&vmwkdif; tvkdvkd aygufzGm;vmaom t&m
r[kwf/ aiGESihf tmPmwkdYjzihf pepfwus xdawGU qufqH
&if;? trsm;\ ,kHMunfpdwf csrI&onftxd pDrHusihfBuH
tm;xkwf&if; tavhtxjzpfvmum udk,fusihfodu©m
jzpfxGef;vmaom w&m;jzpfonf/
jrefrmjynfwGif;jynfy tzJGUtpnf;wkdif;vkdkvkd r
atmifjrif&onfrSm caemfceJY ynma&;u arG;zGm;vm
aom trnfcHynmwwfwdkY\ rawmufwacguf ynm
tay:rmefqifh tmPm,pfrl;NyD; xifwkdif;MuJ p½dkuf
wkdYaMumihf jzpf&onfudk &ifeifhzG,f awGU jrifEkdifygonf/
rm,m&Sif aiGolZm\0JwGif rpGrf;roef ynm
wwfwkdY ikyfcsnfay:csnfjzpfMu? arSmfq&mtmPm\
yOövufaxmifacsmufwGif ydwfrdMuESihf tqkd;oHo&m
vnf&if; aemufqkH; vlUtzJGUtpnf; wpfckvkH; rkd;oufrkef
wkdif; usa&mufum 'ku©yifv,f a0Mu&avonf/
wcgu aum&mZkdtuGDEdk zdvpfydkifEdkifiH or®wjzpf
pOfuajymcJhwJh ]&dk;om;ajzmifYrSefrI? trSefw&m; jrwfEdk;
rIawG uif;rJYukefvQif? tm;vHk; qHk;½IH;rnfwnf;} (Sin-
cerity is lost, all is lost.) qkdaompum;udk arhr&
Edkifatmif &Sdaerdygonf/n
0if;jrifharmif
47
 apwemausmif;rS pOf;pm;awG;ac:onfh
ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;
a'gufwmodef;vGif
rJaqmufNrdKUokdYa&mufwkdif; apwemausmif;odkY usaemf oGm;avh&Sdygonf/ ausmif;ol? ausmif;
om;rsm;\ aEG;axG;vdIufvJSpGm BudKqkdrI? q&m? q&mrrsm;\ &if;ESD;cifrifrIESihf oGm;vm& vG,fulrIwkdYaMumifh
rMumcP a&mufjcif;jzpfygonf/ þausmif;rS ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;onf tNrJwrf;wuf<u
aysmf&Tif vef;qef;vsuf &SdMuygonf/ olwkdY\ pmoifcef;twGif; oif,lrIESihf pmoifcef; jyifyjyKrlaexkdifrI
wdkYonf av;pm;zG,f jzpfygonf/ usaemf awGU jrifod&onfhtxJrS wcsKdUudk þaqmif;yg;jzihf azmfjyvkdufyg
onf/
a':atmifqef;pkMunf arG;aeYyJG
2010 ZGefv 19 &ufaeYwGif usif;yonfh apwemausmif;\ a':atmifqef;pkMunf arG;aeYyJGodkY
usaemf wufa&mufcJhygonf/ bmoma&; qkawmif;yJGESihf ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;\ vuf&muAsmESihf
yef;csDrsm; &GwfqkdjyoonfhyJG vnf;jzpfygonf/ bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm; qkawmif;aepOf ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;rsm;\ yg0if rIudk usaemf owdxm;Munfhrdygonf/ rlqvif yvDrS q&mwpfOD; qkawmif;aepOf

48

]]owif;? enf;ynmxGef;um;í
vsifjrefpGm ajymif;vJwkd;wufvmaom urÇmBuD;wGif
rdrdudk,fwkdif pl;prf;avhvmoif,ljcif;ESihf
a0zefydkif;jcm; pOf;pm;jcif; &SdrSom
,aeYacwfudk trDSvkdufEkdifygrnf ...}}
yvDq&m\ trlt&mtwkdif; rsufvTmcsvsuf vufESpf
zufudk ]udk&ef} usrf;zwfouJhodkY jyKvkyfMuygonf/
c&pf,mefw&m;a[m q&mr qkawmif;aepOf wGifvnf;
acgif;udkikHYvsuf Nidrfouftm½kHjyKNyD; qkawmif;
oHtqkH;wGif wNydKifeufwnf; ]tmrif} [k qkdMuyg
onf/ Ak'¨bmom bkef;awmfBuD; qkawmif;aepOfwGif
vnf; &ifñTefYwGif vuftkyfcsDvsuf tm½kHjyK Muygonf/
þausmif;rS uav;trsm;pkonf rlqvifbm
om0ifrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ okdY&mwGif tjcm; bmomrsm;
jzpfMuonfh c&pf,mefESifh Ak'¨bmomwdkYudkvnf; av;
pm;rIjyKMuygonf/ rdrd\ udk;uG,f,kHMunfrIudk wefzkd;
xm;ouJhodkY tjcm;aom udk;uG,f,kHMunfrIudkvnf;
av;pm;wefzdk;xm;Muojzihf þausmif;olausmif;om;
rsm;udk usaemf av;pm;rdjcif;jzpfygonf/ ,Ofaus;rI
trsdK;rsdK;udk av;pm;wefzkd;xm;jcif;jzihf Nidrf;csrf;rIudk &ap
aomaMumihf usaemf ESpfoufMunfEl;jzpf&ygonf/ ,Of
aus;rI trsKd;rsKd;xif[yfonfh pmoifausmif;wpfck\
trSwfvu©Pmvnf; jzpfygonf/
pmoifcef;twGif; avhvmoif,lrI
,refESpfu ausmif;om;rsm; pmoif,laepOfwGif
pmoifcef;twGif; avhvmrI jyKcJhygonf/ usaemfESifh
twl t*FvefEdkifiH e,l;umq,fwuúodkvf rS usaemf\
q&mq&mrBuD;rsm; jzpfMuonfh ar&D 0lwifESihf pwd0l
wifwkdYvnf; yg0ifygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;u olwkdY
pmoif&onfh tajctaeudk &Sif;jyNyD;aemuf usaemf-
wdkYudk ar;cGef;ar;Muygonf/ t*Fvef ausmif;rsm;wGif
bmpmawGoifovJ/ t*Fvdyf uav;rsm;\ pm
oif,lEkdifrI tajctae b,fvdk&SdvJ ponfwkdYudk
ar;ygonf/ usaemfhudkvnf; bm&nf½G,fcsufjzihf
ynma&;tvkyfudk vkyfaeovJ[k ar;ygonf/
uav;rsm;\ wuf<urIESihf wNydKifeufwnf;
,Ofaus;pGm ajymqkdqufqHrI? odcsifonfht&mudk
ar;cGef;xkwfí tajz&SmrIwkdYrSm tm;&p&m jzpfygonf/
udk,fwkdif avhvmoif,lrI enf;vrf;udk þausmif;om;
ausmif;olrsm; od&SdaeMuygonf/ þtajccHonf
&moufyefoif,lEkdifrnfh tvm;tvmaumif;rsm; jzpf
ygonf/
q&mr aemfeD;&Sm;u rkd;&moDtaMumif; oif Mum;
aepOfwGifvnf; pmoifcef;aemufrSxkdifí Munhfzl;
ygonf/ &moDOwk b,fESpfrsKd; odovJ[k q&mrrS pwif
ar;ygonf/ uav;rsm; wuf<upGm ajzqdkMuygonf/
ckausmif;zGifhwJh&moD[m bm&moDvJ? ]rdk;&moD} [k
oHNydKifajzqkdMuygonf/rkd;&moDtaMumif;odoavmuf
pOf;pm;NyD; wpfa,mufudk tcsufwpfckpDajzyg/ ausmif;
om;? ausmif;olrsm; vufndK;axmifí wufwuf<u<u
ajzqkdMuygonf/ tm;vkH;ajzqkdMuygonf/ taMumif;
t&m xyfonf[lí odyfr&Sdyg/ olwkdY\ tawGUtBuKHrsm;
ESihf,SOfí rdk;&moD\ ywf0ef;usiftajctae? rdk;&moDESihf
pkdufysdK;a&;? rkd;&moDESihf oGm;vma&;cufcJrI? rkd;&moDESihf
a&&&SdrI? rkd;&moDESihf usef;rma&;? rkd;&moDESihf opfyifyef;
refrsm; ponfjzifh rsdK;pkHatmif ajymMuygonf/ q&mru
ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;tm; av;a,mufwpfzJGUcJGí
rkd;&moD\ aumif; usdK;? qkd;usdK;rsm;udk tzJGUvkdufpOf;pm;NyD;
pmtkyfay:wGif a&;apygonf/ q,fhig;rdepf tcsdefay;yg
onf/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;oltm;vkH; wuf<upGm aqG;
aEG;ajymqkdMuNyD; wpfOD;u pmtkyfay:wGif vkdufvH a&;
rSwfygonf/ tm;vkH;NyD;aomtcg tzGJUvkduftwef;
a&SUxGufí olwkdYtzJGU\ a&;om;xm;csufrsm;udk &Sif;jy
Muygonf/ uav;rsm;tm;vkH; pdwf0ifwpm; em;axmif
49

??QFEUKHQPHJVOWFMCTE)GHZMYHÕ
tajz&SmrIwdkYrSm tm;&p&m jzpfygonf/
udk,fwdkif oif,lavhvmrIenf;vrf;udk
þausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm; od&SdaeMuygonf/
þtajccHonf &moufyef oif,lEdkifrnfh
tvm;tvmaumif;rsm; jzpfygonf/}}
Muygonf/ pkpkaygif; 28 a,muf&Sdygonf/ tzJGUtm;vkH;
wifjyNyD;aomtcg tcsdefvnf; jynfhNyD;jzpfí q&mru
ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;tm; tdrfpmay;ygonf/
]rkd;&moD wGifab;tEÅ&m,fESihf a&m*gb,rsm; rjzpfyGm;
atmifrnfuJhodkY jyKrIaexkdifrnfenf;} pmpDpmukH;a&;
&efjzpfygonf/
þausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;onf rdrdwkdY tawGU
tBuKH A[kokwrsm;udk xkwfazmfjcif; oif,lrIwGif wuf
<upGmavhvmoif,ljcif;ESihf pOf;pm;awG;ac:jcif; jyKMu
ygonf/ udk,fhudk,fudk ,kHMunfrIvnf;&Sdí twef;azmf
rsm;udkvnf; av;av;pm;pm; qufqHMuygonf/&efjzpf
jcif;? pmoifaepOftjcm;odkY ai;aejcif;? tjyifxGufoGm;
jcif; r&SdMuyg/
vkyftm;ay;q&mr\ apmifwpfxnf
e,l;umq,fwuúodkvfrS ausmif;ol reef;vkH
uvnf; olr\ okawoepmwrf;twGuf apwem
ausmif;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvmpOf tawGUtBuKHwpfckudk
ajymjyygonf/ wpf&ufwGif taemufEkdifiHol vkyftm;
ay;q&mrwpfOD;u wm0efNyD;qkH;í olr\ EkdifiHodkYjyef
rnfh&ufwGif apwemausmif;odkY vmí apmifwpfxnf
vSL'gef;ygonf/ þapmifwpfxnfudk ausmif;om;tm;
vkH;okdYay;í r&Ekdifyg/ ausmif;tkyfq&m OD;zkd;csKdu
50
twef;BuD;ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;xHapmifudk tyf
NyD; ]'Dausmif;rSm tvkdtyfqkH; ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol
wpfa,mufudk rif;wdkYudk,fwkdifa&G;cs,fay;yg}[k ckdif;yg
onf/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; tawmfMumMum
aqG;aEG;wkdifyifMuNyD;aemuf 'kwd,wef;rS ausmif;ol
wpfOD;udkay;&ef a&G;cs,fMuygonf/ tqkdygausmif;
olav;\ rdbrsm;rSm qif;&JEGrf;yg;MuNyD; vkyftm;ay;
q&mr\ apmifudkay;&ef toihfawmfqkH; ausmif;oljzpf
ygonf/ ausmif;om;tm;vkH;auseyf vufcHMuygonf/
apmifrSmtaumif;pm;jzpfNyD; aqmif;wGif;vnf;jzpfí
vdkcsifpzG,fjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif ausmif;om;? ausmif;
olrsm;onf rdrdtwGufrpOf;pm;bJ tvkdtyfqkH; wpf
a,mufudk &SmazGay;tyfMuygonf/ ausmif;om;?
ausmif;olrsm;\ apwemESihf vkyf&yfrSm MunfEl;p&mjzpf
ygonf/
apwemausmif;ay:aygufvmykH
apwemausmif;udk pwifwnfaxmifolrsm;rSm
OD;zkd;csdKESihf aemfeD;&Sm; ZeD;armifESHjzpfygonf/ 2003 ckESpf
cefYwGif pwifcJhMuygonf/ q&mtwwfoifwef;rsm;
wufa&mufMuNyD;aemuf rJaqmufNrdKUrS ausmif;raeMu
&onfh uav;rsm;twGuf &nf&G,fzGihfvSpfMujcif; jzpfyg
onf/ ausmif;zGihfpu tcuftcJrsKd;pkH &ifqkdifMu&yg
onf/ ausmif;ae&m tcuftcJ? aiGaMu;tcuftcJ?
ausmif;okH;pmtkyf tcuftcJ? w&m;r0ifrI tcuftcJ
ponfh tcuftcJrsm;pGmudk &ifqkdifausmfvTm;í uav;
rsm;udk pmwwf&HkrQru vdr®ma&;jcm;&Sd&ef? EkdifiHhom;
aumif;rsm; jzpfMuap&ef &nf&G,foifMum;cJhMuygonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;\ oif,lwwfajrmufrIudkMunfhí rdb
rsm;\ ,kHMunf pdwfcsrIudk cH&NyD; ausmif;om;OD;a&vnf;
wpfaeYwjcm; wkd;yGm;vmygonf/ zGihfpu rdwfaqGrsm;\
tultnDjzihf ausmif;vnfywfEkdif&ef &yfwnfcJhMuNyD;
,cktcg yifwkdiftvSL&Sifvnf; &Sdvmygonf/ ausmif;
om; 120 ausmf&SdNyD; q&m? q&mr 6 OD;ESihf t*Fvdyfpm
vkyftm;ay; q&m? q&mrrsm;vnf; rMumcP
vma&muf oifMum;ay;Muygonf/ oli,fwef;rS
owårwef;txd bmompkH?
xkdif;pm? t*Fvdyfpm? jrefrm-
pm? ocsFm? odyÜH? vlrIa&;
bmomrsm;? tm;upm;? yef;csD?
*DwwkdYudk oifMum; ay;yg
onf/ pmoifcef; ae&m rvkH
avmufojzihf ausmif;om;
OD;a&udk tuefY towf jzihfom
vufcHEkdif ygonf/
atmifjrifrIESihf tcuftcJrsm;
atmifjrifrIudk ausmif;ol?
ausmif;om;rsm;\ oif,lwwfajrmufrI? pOf;pm;
awG;ac:rIESihf pdwfaepdwf xm;wkdYudkMunfhí wkdif;wm
Ekdifygonf/ rdbrsm;\ ,kHMunftm;xm;rI? ynma&;
avmu q&mq&mrrsm;\ todtrSwfjyK cH&rIwkdY
uvnf; atmifjrifrI\ taxmuftxm;rsm; jzpfyg
onf/ atmifjrifrIudk tm;enf;aponfh tcuf
tcJrsm;uvnf; &ifqkdifae&qJ jzpfygonf/ vlaetdrf
udk pmoifausmif; vkyfxm;&ojzihf pmoifcef; ae&m
owfowfrSwfrSwf r&SdbJ twef;rsm; a&mjyGrf;aeNyD;
toHrsm; qlnHojzihf oif,lrIwGif tm½kHpl;pkdufrIudk xd
cdkufapygonf/ tvSLaiG rvkHavmufojzihf ausmif;
om;rsm;twGuf zwfpmtkyfrsm; jynfhjynfhpkHpkH 0,fray;
Ekdifyg/ þausmif;uav;rSm tvSL&Siftif*sDtkd tay:rSDcdk
ae&ojzifh q&mq&mrrsm;taejzihf pdwfoGm;wkdif;
udk,frygEkdifMuyg/ xdkif;EkdifiHwGif w&m;r0if &yfwnf
aeMu&ojzihfvnf; vkHNcKHa&; twGufvnf; pdwfaomu
rsm;Mu&ygonf/
ed*kH;csKyfwifjycsuf
apwemausmif;onf tcuftcJrsm; &Sdaomf
vnf; tm;wufp&m arQmfvifhcsufrsm;pGm &Sdygonf/ t
xl;ojzihf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;\ oif,lrIonf
pl;prf;avhvmoif,lrIESihf pOf;pm;awG;ac:rIudk tajccH
ojzihf ,aeYacwfvkdtyfcsufESihf tH0ifcGifus jzpfyg
onf/
owif;enf;ynm xGef;um;í vsifjref
pGm ajymif;vJ wkd;wufvmaom urÇmBuD;wGif rdrd
udk,fwkdif pl;prf; avhvmoif,ljcif;ESihf a0zefydkif;jcm;
pOf;pm;jcif;&SdrSom ,aeYacwfudk trDvdkufEkdifygrnf/
t,ltqtrsdK;rsdK;? tawG;tac: trsdK;rsdK;ESihf ,Ofaus;rI
trsKd;rsKd; vsifvsifjrefjref a&m,Sufvmaom acwf
umvwGif rdrd\ udk,fydkif&yfwnfcsufudk &SmazGí tjzpf
oifhqkH; t&mwpfckudk a&G;cs,fEkdifygrnf/ apwem
ausmif;rS ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;u þodkYvkyf
aqmifEkdif Muygonf/
apwemausmif;rS ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;
tm; okawoejyK avhvmenf;udk oifMum;ay;vQif
t&m&mudk pepfwusavhvmoif,lwwfNyD; wDxGif
qef;opfaom enf;ynmESihf tawG;tac: t,ltq
rsm;udk xkwfazmfolrsm; jzpfvmEkdifygonf/ vlrIa&;? pm&d wå
ESihf EkdifiHom;ynm&yfrsm;udk pepfwus avhvmoif,l
wwfajrmufMuvQif jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf vkdtyfaeaom
awG;ac: ajrmfjrif pOf;pm;onfh acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm;
jzpfvmMuygrnf/ pOf;pm;awG;ac: NyD; &J&ifY jywfom;onfh
acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; vdktyfvsuf&Sdyg onf/n
a'gufwmodef;vGif
28.ZGefv.2010
51
 usef;rmwJh ausmif;
yxrqkH; ]ynma&;vkyfief;} awGudk aqmif
a'gufwmoD[armif &Gufae&mjzpfwJY ausmif;upcsifygw,f/ ynma&; vkyf
ief;awG zHGU NzdK; wkd;wufatmifjrifzkdYqkd&if usef;rma&;eJY
]ynma&;} vkyfief;vkyfw,fqkdwm? tod
nDñGwfwJhausmif;eJY ausmif;ywf0ef;usif (Healthy
ÓPfynmrsm; zHGUNzdK;wkd;wufapzkdY pmoifom;? ausmif;
School And Environment) &SdzkdY vkdtyfygw,f/
om;(touf? t&G,f? BuD;i,fra&G;)rsm;udk avhusihf
'kwd,tqifhtaeeJYu q&m? q&mrrsm;&JU
ynmay;wmjzpfwJhtwGuf todynmjynfhjynhfpHkpHk &&Sd zdkY
usef;rma&;/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olawGudk ynmoif
tifrwefrS ta&;MuD;vSygw,f/
Mum;ay;r,fh q&m? q&mrawG[m usef;rma&;eJY jynfh
txl;ojzihf i,f&G,fpOfu pwifjyD; aumif;
pkHrS udk,fh&JUwynfh pmoifom;awGudk ynm&nfEkdYwkduf
aom usef;rma&; tavhtxrsm;udk oGefoif avhusihf
auR;oifMum;ay;EkdifMurSm jzpfygw,f/ wwd,taeeJY
ay;oifhygw,f/
u ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;&JU usef;rm? BuHhcdkif? udk,f
]ynma&;vkyfief;} udk aqmif&Guaf eMuwJh
vufoefpGrf;a&;/
ausmif;q&m? q&mrrsm;a&m? pmoifom; ausmif;om;
usef;rmpGmaexkdif ynmoifMum;EkdifrS ÓPf
awGukdyg usef;rma&;eJY ywfoufwJh A[kokw? usef;rm
&nf? ÓPfaoG;awGxufjrufNyD; tem*wfrSm rdrdESifh
jcif;eJY jynfhpkHpGm aexkdifEkdifzkdY? a&Smif&ef? aqmif&ef tod
vlYtzGJ Ytpnf; tusKd;udk rQwpGm o,fydk;xrf;&GufEkdif
ynmay;jcif; (Health Awareness)eJY usef;rma&; ynm
olawG jzpfvmMurSmyg/
ay; jcif; (Health Education)udk wifjy aqG;aEG;rSm jzpf
usef;rma&;eJY nDñGwfwJhausmif; ywf0ef;usif
yg w,f/
qkdwmawGudk wqifhNyD;wqifh wifjycsifygw,f/

52
 ]vlaeawmhtdrf? &[ef;aeawmh ausmif;
ocFrf;? jrwfaombk&if a&Teef;awmf} qdkwJh avmutac:
ta0:awGxJrSm &[ef;aewJh ausmif;ocFrf;vkdyJ pmoif
om; pmoifwJhae&m? ausmif;pmoifcef;awG[m wdwf
qdwfNidrfouf at;csrf;wJhae&m? wenf;tm;jzihf w'kef;
'kef;w'kdif;'kdif; wlxkoH? oHjym;jzwfoH? u&drf;qlnHoH
awGeJY puf½kH? tvkyf½kHawGeJYeD;&m rjzpfoihfygbl;/ av ]]ausmif;tdrfomawG[m
,mOfawG (txl;ojzihf toHqlnHwJh *sufav,mOf)
wufqif;&m av,mOfuGif;eJY reD;oifhygbl;/ 'Dvdk toH ,ifaumifawG w½kef;½kef;?
qlnHrIawGr&SdbJ pmoifom;awG&JU pmtHoHomvQif avmufaumifawG wzGm;zGm;eJY
&Sdoifhygw,f/
pmoifom;awG&JU pmtHoH[m pmoifausmif;
rjzpfoihfygbl;/
&JU jy,k*f? Mum;&olrdbjynfolawGtzkdY em;0ifyD,H? pmoifcef;eYJ tdrfom
ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;awG&JU csKdaw;oHyg/ a0;awmh a0;yg&JU?
pmoifausmif; taqmuftODawG[m "edrdk;?
tifzufrdk;? 0g;x&Huyfausmif;yJ jzpfcsifjzpfygap tvif; avoihf&m eHa[mifaevkdY
a&mifaumif;pGm&&SdrI? av0ifavxGufaumif;rI? pmoif rjzpfyg/
cef;twGif; trdIufo½kdufuif;&Sif;rI? pmoifcef;jyify?
ywf0ef;usif trdIufo½kduf opf&Gufajcmufuif;&Sif;rI?
'Dawmh ausmif;tdrfomawG[m
pmoifckHrsm; zkH? npfnrf;rIrsm; uif;pifrI pwmawG jynfh vkH 4 vkH qkdwmeJY
pkH&ygr,f/ wu,fvdkY tkwftaqmuftOD? oHrHwvif; jynfhpkH&ygr,f/}}
cif;Murf;cif;jzpfcJh&ifvnf; Murf;cif;awGoefY&Sif;zkdY tNrJ
wkdufcRwfaq;aMumxm;&ygr,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJqkdawmh
ESyfacs;? wHawG;pwJh tnpftaMu;rsdK;pkH ayusHae&if
ul;pufwwfwJh a&m*gawG ul;puf &&SdEkdifwmaMumifh jzpf
ygw,f/
ausmif;ywf0ef;usifeJY ywfoufwmrSm ta&;
tBuD;qkH;wpfcku tdrfomjzpfygw,f/ usef;rma&;eJY nD
ñGwfwJh ausmif;ywf0ef;usif (School Environment)
jzpfzkdY? usef;rma&;eJYnDñGwfwJh tdrfom (latrine/ toilet)
awG&Sd&yghr,f/ ausmif;tdrfomawG[m ,ifaumif
awGw½kef;½kef;? avmufaumifawG wzGm;zGm;eJY rjzpfoihf
ygbl;/ pmoifcef;eYJ tdrfoma0;awmha0;yg&JU? avoifh&m
eHa[mifaevdkY rjzpfyg/ 'Dawmh ausmif;tdrfomawG[m
vkH 4 vkH qdk wmeJY jynfhpkH&ygr,f/
vkH 4 vkHqkdwm ,ifvkH? teHYvkH? trdk;tumvkH?

53
 t&SufvkH jzpf&ygr,f/ awm&Gmv,fuGif;xJu tdrfom
awGvdkrsdK;? a&vrf;c&D;oGm; armfawmfbkwftdrfomawG
vkd teYHtoufawmh uif;&Sif;ygw,f/ avw[l;[l;eJY
aejrif? vjrif? Mu,fpifwm&mawG jrif&wJh trdk;yGifh
tdrfomrsdK; rjzpfoifhyg/ *kHeDtdwfpkwfeJYyJumum? 0g;x&H?
oGyfjym;eJYyJumum? t&SufvkH&ygr,f/ a&avmif;tdrf
om jzpfEkdif&if ydkaumif;ygw,f/
tdrfomudpöNyD;awmh aomufa&/ ausmif;om;?
ausmif;olawG&JU aomufa&[m oefYpifMunfvifNyD;
vkHavmufzkdYvkdygw,f/ (safe and adequate drinking
water) oefYpifMunfvifNyD; ab;uif;wJh aomufa&
&&SdzkdY? tqifhqifha&oefYpifrI? 'grSr[kwf tedrfqkH;a&ppf
xkwfjcif; (water filtration)awG jyK vkyfNyD; a&tkd;tzkH;?
aomufa&cGufoefY pwmawG &Sd&yghr,f/ jzpfEkdif&if wpf
a,mufwpfvuf cyfaomufMu&wJh a&tdk;tpm;? bkH
bkid af cgi;f wyf a&tk;d ?a&yku
d af wGq&dk ifydak umif;ygw,f/
taumif;qkH;uawmh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwkdif;[m
udk,hfudk,fydkif aomufa&bl;? aomuf a&ykvif;av;awG
o,fvmwmygyJ/ a&bkHbkdifacgif;av;atmufrSm puúL
cGufuav;awGeJYcHNyD; wpfcgaomufpDpOfEkdif&if taumif;
qkH;yg/ omrmef½dk;½dk;aomufa&tkd;okH;cJh&if aeYpOf 'grS
r[kwf wpf&ufjcm;wpfcg twGif;udk oefY&Sif;atmif
aumif;pGmaq;aMumzkdY vdktyfygw,f/
ckajymjycJhwmawGuawmh usef;rma&;eJY nD
ñGwfwJh pmoifcef;? tdrfom? aomufa&&&Sda&; qkdwm
awGyJ jzpfygw,f/
aemufvmr,fh ]armu©r*¾Zif;eJY 0ufbfqdk'f}
awGrSm ausmif;usef;rma&; (School Health)qdkif&m
awGudk qufvufwifjyoGm;ygr,f/ usef;rma&;nDñGwf
wJh ausmif;eJYausmif;ywf0ef;usifawGrSm ausmif;om;?
ausmif;olwkdif; usef;rmaysmf&TifpGm ynmoif,lEkdifMuyg
ap/n
a'gufwmoD[armif
(uarÇmZ)

[mo ararhorD;
wpfaeYaom ausmif;zGihf&moDwGif ausmif;om;vufcHonfh q&mu uav;ESihftwl ausmif;vmtyfaom
rdcifwpfOD;udk ar;onf/
q&m / ]uav; tazemrnf b,folvJ .../}
rdcif / ]OD; ............ yg/}
q&m / ]uav; taremrnfuaum .../}
rdcif / ]tJ .. q&m orD;udk rrSwfrdawmhbl;vm;/ orD;&Spfwef;wkef;u q&mhtcef;uyJav/
oif;oif;aqGayhg q&m&JU ..}
q&m / ]t,f .. oif;oif;aqG ... tck eif'DrSm bmvmvkyfwmvJ ../}
rdcif / ]usr orD;av;udk ausmif;vmtyfwmyg/ orD;u tckrS &Spfwef;wufrSmav/}
q&m / ]tvkd bk&m;a& .. igawmha>raygufNyD ../ eif&Spfwef;wkef;u pmar;yJG ajzumeD; vifaemuf
vdkufoGm;wm r[kwfvm;/ tck eifhorD;u &Spfwef;udk vmjyefNyDvm;...}

54
 e,fpyf rkduf*&rfh
ynma&;jrifuGif;
q&ma|; (BHSOH)
rJaqmufa&mufwm ESpfESpfawmifausmfNyD/ t&if
uwnf;u vkyfaeusvnf;jzpf? vkyfwwfwmvnf;
'gyJ&SdwJh ausmif;q&mtvkyfudk odoavmuf? rSwfo
avmuf jyefvnfa0iSw,fyJ qkdyg pdkY/ tckawmh rkduf*&rfh
ausmif;wpfausmif;rSm ausmif;q&m/ rJaqmufeJY odyf
ra0;vSwJh &GmxJu ausmif;uav;rSmayhg/
txufwef;ausmif;omqkdw,f cyfukyfukyf? cyf
pkwfpkwf [kwfa&m[kwf&JUvm;/ rNidrf;csrf;EkdifwJh ppf
aMumifh tzrJh&SmwJh uav;awG? trdrJh&SmwJh uav;awG?
rdbESpfyg;vkH;rJhwJh uav;awG? &Gmykef; &Gma&Smifwpfzuf
udk a&mufvmwJh rdom;pk&JU &ifaoG;awG? pD;yGm;ysufuyf
tvkyfiwfvkdY a&Munf&m jrufEk&m a&TUvmMuolwkdY&JU
om;orD;awG? wcsdKUvnf; taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh
a&mufvmMuolawG/
tJ'D t&G,fra&mufao;wJh uav;awG&JU tem
*wf b0ta&;twGuf apmifha&SmufauR;arG; touf
qufay;&if; &ifrSjzpfaom apwem? a&cHt&if;tjrpf
jzpfaom 0goem? w&m;r0ifaexkdif&wJh oufpGefYqHzsm;
tepfemcH &yfwnfcJhwJh ausmif;uav;/ c½kaumuf
csuf? uefpGef;&GufcsdK; trsdK;rsdK; tzkHzkH azG&Sm&yfwnfvmwJh
ausmif;uav;/ owif;pum;t&awmh 'Dausmif;u
uav;wcsdKU[m EkdifiHjcm; ynmoiftxd &SdMuovdk?
csif;rkdif? befaumufNrdKUawGrSm&SdwJh wuúodkvfrsm;udk
vnf; wufolawG&SdMuw,fqkdyJ/ wcsdKUu udk,hfausmif;
rSm ausmif;q&mjyefvkyfMu/ wcsdKU uav;awGusawmh
t*Fvdyfpum;vnf; tawmftoihfjzpfvkdY NGO tvkyf
awG qufvkyf&if; toufarG;0rf;ausmif;zkdY &yfwnf
aeEkdifMuw,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpf uEÅm&xJu tkdatppf .../
rJaqmufwmcfc½dkif 2 twGif;rSm w&m;0if rkduf
*&rfh ausmif;aygif; 61 ausmif;&SdaeNyD/ 'DtxJrSm
rlvwef;ausmif;u trsm;qkH;eJY txufwef;ausmif; u
tenf;qkH;&SdaeMuw,f/ cefYnm;xnf0gwJh ausmif;ukd
vufcsKd;a&wGuf&if 5 ausmif;rjynfhbl;/ usefwmawG
uawmh ckeuajymovkd cyfukyfukyf? cyfEkyfEkyfav;
awGayhg/ odkYaomfvnf;av 'dkYtrsdK;om;ynma&;rdkY vuf
raES;Muygbl;/ tm;wufoa&m BudK;pm;aeMuwmyg/
MOE (ynma&;0efBuD;Xme - xkdif;EkdifiH)&JU BuD;
MuyfrIawG? World Education &JU OD;aqmifrIawG?
rkduf*&rfh ausmif;q&mawG&JU yifrtzJGUtpnf;BuD;rsm;jzpf
55
 MuwJh Burmese Migrant Worker Education (BM-
WEC) ESihf Burmese Migrant Teachers Associa-
tion (BMTA) tzJGUtpnf;BuD;rsm;&JU pDrH cefYcJGxdef;n§d
ay;rIawGatmufrSm vl;vGefYvIyf&Sm; wufnDvufnD
a&SUodkY csD aewJh ynma&;0efxrf;awG/
'Dvdk wufnDvufnD avSmfcwfEkdifa&;twGuf
urÇmay:&Sd tvSL&SifwkdY&JU xufoefaom axmufyHhrI
awG[m t"dutm;qkdwm b,fvkdrS jiif;r&Ekdifyg/ rdkuf
*&rfh ynma&;b0[m tvSL&SifawG? NGO, CBO awG
xlrSxEkdifrSmyg/ odkYaomfvnf; vuf&Sdrkduf*&rfh ynma&;
tay: axmufyHhrIawG[m urÇmhpD;yGm;a&; ysufuyf
aMumifhqkdwJh taMumif;w&m;tay:rSm tenf;i,f arS;
rSdefazsmhawmhvdkY vmaeygw,f/
odkYjzpfvQif wpfzufu ynma&;vkyfief;uaum
b,fvkdvJ/ rkduf*&rfhausmif;om;awGudk tMurf;tm;
jzihf cJGjcm;Munfhvkduf&if ....
1/ EkdifiHjcm;ynmoifzkdY &nf&G,fwJhuav;/
2/ xkdif;EkdifiHrSm tajccsoGm;r,fh uav;/
3/ trdEkdifiHrSmjyefr,fh uav;&,fvkdY &Sdw,f/
EkdifiHjcm;ynmoifEkdifr,fh uav;qkdwJh OD;a& [m
tvGefYtvGefudk enf;yg;ygao;w,f/ 'gudkjr§ifhzkdYqkd&if
56
txufwef;ausmif;rsm;rSm oifMum;aeMuwJh q&m
awG&JU t&nftcsif;awG jr§ifhzkdYvkdygr,f/ xda&mufwJh
t&nftcsif;jr§ifh oifwef;awG vkdtyfaeygw,f/
txufwef;ausmif;awG&JU taetxm;uvnf; wpf
ausmif;ESihf wpfausmif; OD;wnfcsufawG rwlMuygbl;/
wcsdKUausmif;awGu GED 0ifcGihf&zkdY OD; wnfMuovdk?
wcdsKUusawmhvnf; 12 wef;txd owfrSwfxm;
Muygw,f/ 12 wef;atmifvkdY owfrSwfcH&wJh uav;
[m scholarship oifwef;awGudk vSrf;Muwm&Sdovkd
wcsdKUvnf; rdkuf*&rfhausmif;awGrSmyJ q&mtjzpf jyef
vnftvkyftauR;jyKwmawGvnf; &Sdygw,f/
scholarship qkdwmuvnf;vG,fwm r[kwf
ygbl;/ pmar;yJGawGudk csif;rkdif? befaumufvkd ae&m
rsdK;awGrSm oGm;&wJhvrf;p&dwf? 0ifcGihfajz&zkdY 0ifcGifh&zkdY
pmar;yJG0ifaMu;pwmawGtwGuf a':vmeJY ay;qyf
&wmjzpfvkdY udk,fhuav;udk ydkYay;&wJh ausmif;awGu
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xkdif;EkdifiHrSm tajccsoGm;r,fh uav;awGt
wGufu xkdif;pm? xkdif;pum;wwfzkdY t"duvdk jzpf
aew,f/ 'gudk rkduf*&rfhausmif;awGu xkdif;pm? xkdif;
pum; oifMum;ay;aeayr,fh xda&mufrI r&Sd ao;wmudk
awGU&w,f/ ,ckumvrSmawmh xkdif;EkdifiH&JU urÇmESihfcsD
wJh ynma&; (Education For All) tay: xm;&SdwJh pdwf
apwemaMumifh vuf&Sdwmhcfc½dkif 2 twGif; 61 ausmif;
aom rkduf*&rfhausmif;rsm;udk w&m;0ifausmif; Legally
Learning Center tjzpf owfrSwfay;xm;ygNyD/
wzef csif;rkdifwuúodkvfrS uxdutqifh&Sdol
awG? wuúodkvf ausmif;om;awGESihf rkduf*&rfhausmif;
wcsKdU &Hzef&Hcg aqG;aEG;rIawG &Sdaeygw,f/ taMumif;
uawmh rkduf*&rfhausmif;u txufwef;NyD;&if xkdif;
EkdifiHawG&JU wuúodkvfawGqD wufa&mufEkdifa&; aqG;
aEG;Muwmyg/ rkduf*&rfhausmif;om;awG txufwef;
uae xkdif;wuúodkvfqD wufEkdifa&;&JU t"du vdktyf
aewJhbmomuawmh xkdif;pm ta&;? tzwf? tajym
ygyJ/ usefbmom&yfawGuawmh tqifajyEkdifygw,f/
'Dudpöudk aqG;aEG;cJhygw,f/ rkduf*&rfh ynma&;twGuf
aumif;jcif;r*Fvmwpf&yfaygh/ aq;½kHpwJh vkyfief;awGqDudk wkduf½dkuf tvkyfoGif;ay;
wcsKdU NGO awG CBO awGu xkdif;ynma&;
0efBuD;Xme (MOE) ESihf yl;aygif;vkdY rkduf*&rfhausmif;&Sd
oli,fwef;ESihfyxrwef;uav;awGudkrdrdwdkYausmif;eJY
eD;pyfwJh xkdif;ausmif;awGrSm xkdif;ausmif;om;pm&if;
tjzpfoGif;apw,f/ xkdif;vkdar;wJh pmar;yJGudk ajzqkd
apjcif;jzihf tqifhqifh 6 wef;txd atmifjrif&if xkdif;
ynma&;0efBuD;Xme&JU atmifvufrSwf (Certificate)
xkwfay;rSm jzpfygw,f/ xkdif;ausmif;pm&if;0ifoGm;wJh
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wJhyJG Activities awGudkvnf; usif;yoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/
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aemufwpfckuawmh Youth Connect qdkwJh
NGO wpfckyg/ 'DtzJGUtpnf;u txufwef;ynm
oifaewJh uav;awGudk wzufwvrf;u toufarG;
0rf;ausmif;EkdifzkdY tvkyfcGifoifwef;rsdK; avhusifhay;
aewJhtzJGUyg/ uav;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm rkduf*&rfh
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rodjzpfMu&wJh touf 18 ESpfausmfolawG tawmfrsm;
ygw,f/ Scholarship qdkwmvnf; rrDEdkif/ trdjrefrm
EkdifiHvnf; rjyefjzpfMu/ xdkif;wuúodkvfwufa&;qkdwm
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rkduf*&rfhausmif;awGqDrSm 5 vMum vma&mufynmay;
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qufay;w,f/ wpfOD;csif;pD&JU t&nftcsif;tvdkuf
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w,f/ tvkyfp0if0ifcsif; 3 v tprf;cefYumvrSm Youth
Connect u olwkdYav;awGtwGuf aiGaxmufyHhay;
xm;NyD; work permit ygvkyfay;ygw,f/ aemufydkif;rSm
awmh vkyfief;&SifawGu oifhawmfwJhvpmjzihf cefYxm;
ygw,f/ vpmEIef;xm;uawmh 3000 bwfrS 10000
bwftxd&aeMuwm od&Sd&ygw,f/ twwfynm
wpfcck u k kd wwfvw dk Jh tvkycf Gi0f ifvw
dk Jht&G,af &mufol
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wpfausmif;wpf*gxm? wpf&Gmwpfyk'fqef; udk,f
oifvkdwJh oif½dk;udk udk,fhtpDtpOfESihf udk,foifaeMu
wJh rkduf*&rfhausmif;rsdK;pkHygyJ/ World Education u cs
ay;aom oif½dk;udk udkifwG,fwJh ausmif;&Sdovkd wcsdKUu
jrefrmjynfoif½kd;? wcsdKUu GED/ 'gudk wajy;nDjzpfzkdY
odyfrvG,fvSyg bl;/
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twGuf ausmif;tkyfrsm;? ausmif;wm0efcHrsm;? bmom
&yftawGUtBuKH&Sdolrsm; yg0ifzJGUpnf;xm;wJh Migrant
Curriculum Team (MCT) tzJGUu OD;aqmifNyD; rkduf
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uav;awGtwGuf
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vufrcHEkdifavmufatmif ........}}
tMurf;tm;jzihf pDpOfcJhNyD;NyD jzpf ygw,f/
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jcm; ynm&Sifrsm;[m pOfqufrjywf tuJjzwf Continu-
ous Assessment Progressive System (CAPS)
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rowfEkdifao;wJh umvywfvkH;uawmh rdkuf*&rfh
a&TUajymif;OD;a&[m avsmhr,f rxifygbl;/ NGO, CBO
wkdY&JU axmufyHhEkdifr,fh tiftm;eJY wkd;vkdYomvmaeaom
ausmif;om;OD;a&[m rwefwq jzpfvkdYaeygw,f/ 'g
58
aMumifh ausmif;awGrSm ausmif;om;OD;a& uefYowf
vufcHae&vdkY ausmif;rwufEkdifwJh ausmif;om; b,f
avmufrsm; &SdaeNyDvJ/ Education For All qkdNyD;
ausmif;wufcsifwJh ynmvdkwJh ausmif;om;awGudk
ausmif;awGu vufrcHbJ xm;awmhrSmvm; .../
wzufrSmvnf; uav;tvkyform; qefYusif
a&; Child Labor Against uvnf; &Sdaew,f/ ynm
oifcsdeft&G,fawG OD;a&tuefYtowfr&Sd ynmoif
EkdifzkdY[m rjzpfoifhbl;vm;/ 'DESpf ynmoifESpfqef;udk
jyefokH;oyfMunfh&if w0ufu ausmif;om;OD;a& rsm;vm
ovdk t&G,fra&mufcif ynmwpfydkif;wpfpeJY tvkyfxJ
a&mufoGm;wJh uav;awG? ausmif;u aysmufoGm;wJh
uav;awGvnf; tawmfav;udk &Sdaejyefw,f/
owif;t&udk tvkyfxJ0ifoGm;wJh uav;awG &SdvdkY
aew,f/ ,cifESpfu tvkyfxJa&mufaewJh uav;awG
vnf; ausmif;jyefwufzkdY wkdufwGef;cJhaomfvnf; jyef
a&mufrvmMuawmhyg/ 'gudk ILO BuD;odzkdYeJY uav;
tvkyform;yaysmuf zkdY[m tawmfudk 0dkif;0ef;tm;xnfh
Mu&ygOD;r,f/ oabmavmuf vkyfaevdkYuawmh bmrS
jzpfvmrSm r[kwfyg/
'Dae&mrSm rdbwG&JU tcef;u@[mtawmfudk t
a&;wBuD; yg0ifaeygw,f/ rdrd&ifaoG; tem*wf twGuf
tajrmftjrif enf;aerIawGudk tzJGUtpnf;tm;awGeYJ
0dkif;0ef;wGef;tm;ay; aqG;aEG;oifhygw,f/ &yfaus;
tvkduf vlBuD;rsm;&JU qifhac:rIESihf ynma&; aqG;aEG;yJG
awG? uav;OD;a& pm&if;aumuf,lEkdifa&;udkvnf;
wGef;tm;ay; vkyfaqmifoifhvSygw,f/ ausmif;udk
a&mufrvmMuao;wJh uav;awGtwGuf tEIwf
vu©Pmaygif;rsm;pGm[m urÇmBuD;&JU 'Pf&m'Pfcsuf
rsm;tjzpfeYJ jrifNyD; pdwfraumif;jzpfp&myg/ ausmif;awG
u vufrcHEkdifavmufatmif 0ifa&mufvmMuwJh t
aygif;vu©Pmrsm;udkvnf; rk'dwmyGm;BudKqkd vufcH
EkdifzkdY[m cyfukyfukyf? cyfEkyfEkyf jzpfae&SmwJh rdkuf*&rfh
ausmif;av;awG&JU tvkyfyJ r[kwfygvm;/n
q&maX; (BHSOH)
 uAsm&Snf

taz[m usaemf aeYwkdif;jznfh&w,f/

tmPm&SifyJ usaemf[m
usaemfwdkYtdrfrSm tazhao;tkd;oGef&w,f
taz[m tmPm&SifyJ reufapapmx a&aEG;BudK&w,f
acgif;&if;rSm zsmwcsyf bD'dkawGudk zkefokwf&w,f
olYtwGuf tNrJcif;ay;xm;&w,f/ vlqdkwm
xrif;csuf&if udk,hfwm0efukd,f,l&w,fwhJ
olYtwGufqefoyfoyf wcgwavtazhwrkd;atmuf
[if;csuf&if usaemfhrSm aep&mr&Sdbl;/
olYtwGuftom;wcGuf olrsm;awG ausmif;wuf&if; vufzuf&nf
a&awmif qkdifxkdifaewJhtcsdefrSm
oJtkd;ao;ao;av;wvkH;eJY ausmif;wufrvm;
olYukwifab;em;rSm olYtdk; vufzuf&nfqkdifxkdifrvm; BudKufwma&G;

59
 vufzuf&nfqkdifqdkwm
udk,hfykdufqHeJYudk,f xkdif&w,fwJh
rkefYzkd;awmif wcsdeftwdk;eJYjyefqyf&r,fh taygufrsdK;
tazh'óeu rkd;acgifw,f
taromva&mifawG jzmruscJhbl;qkd&if
usaemfh yifv,f[m crf;oGm;Ekdifw,f/
tazu
xrif;pm;csdefvlpkHrS
aemufus&if bmrScsefrxm;cdkif;bl;
taruawmh
usaemfhtwGuf aMumiftdrfatmuf
qkH;xyfrSm
zGufzGufxm;wwfw,f/
tazhESvkH;om;rSm
rD;tdrfuav;wvkH;&Sdw,fqkd&if
'gudkxGef;n§day;wmtaryJ
tazhESvkH;om;rSm
a&cJjyifBuD;wck&Sdw,fqkd&if
tJ'gudk tyfezm;eJY½dkuf½dkufcJGwm
usaemfyJ
taz[m
b,fawmhrS rpdrf;vef;bl;
wu,fhoJuEÅm&yJ
usaemfuawmh ukvm;tkyfvdkyJ
a&wcgaomufNyD;wkdif; rkdifwaxmifavQmuf
&w,f/
tckawmh tazqkH;NyD
usaemfr&Sdwkef;
usaemf[kd;ta0;BuD;rSm &Sdaewkef;
tazqkH;NyD
tD;ar;vfu pmwapmif&awmh
cPNidrfoufoGm;w,f
pmudkydwfvdkuf jyefzGihfMunfhvdkufvkyfw,f
tcef;jywif;uae
rjrif&wJYawmifawGudk vSrf;ai;w,f/
igajymom;yJ
60
'DaumifbmrSjzpfvmrSmr[kwfbl;vdkY
taz tJ'Dvdkrsm;awG;oGm;ao;ovm;
[kwfw,ftaz
usaemfav;q,fausmfNyD
bmrSrjzpfao;bl;/
bmaumjzpf&tkef;rSmvJ
bmawGjzpfcsifcJhwmvJ
tazajymovdk
usaemhfavSarsmcJhavovm;
b,furf;rSmaeñdkñkd
usaemfhrSm usaemfhudk,fykdifoDcsif;eJY
rif;uvlomaysmhw,f
acgif;uawmh trmom;vdkY
tazajymtkef;rSmyJ/
wu,fawmh wHjrufpnf;tp vdyfausmufNrD;tqkH;
usaemfhausmukef;u &if;ESD;cJhwm
tazurD;ay:wifzkwfvdkuf
taru reufcif;ESif;uav;qGwfvdkufeJY
rmausmcJh& pdrf;vef;cJh&wm
usaemf[m qD;yifuav;yg/
tylydkif;rSm NzdKifNzdKifoD;w,f
csOfrSef;od&ufudkufMunfhMuw,f
ajcmufoGm;av pm;vdkYaumif;avqkdvm;
usaemf qD;oD;uav;vkd NyKH;wwfcJhw,f/
tazh&JU qD;oD;uav;
rkd;acgifa&&Sm;t&yfu qD;oD;uav;
'Dnwa&;Ekd;awmh
tazeJYtmPm&Sifudk wJGawG;rdw,f
tareJYusaemfu
tzdESdyfcHawGayhg/
usaemfu ½kef;uefw,f awmfvSefw,f
taruawmh NidrfNidrfoufouf at;at;aq;aq;
wcgwav rsuf&nfav;0JvdkY
'gawmiftazu a[ qkd&if
'DrSmavvkdY xl;NyD;om;
tdk;cJGtdrfcJGom;awGorD;awGawmif
 tdrfvmvkdY taztdyfae&if
ajcudkjyif;jyif;reif;&Jbl;
tazhtwGuf wckckawmh ygvmMuw,f
tarhudkawmh acgif;eJYacGU NyD; jyefMuw,f
tazhtifyg,mu aer0ifbl;/
usaemfu zdESdyfoludk rkef;w,f
tazhudkrkef;w,f
wl;wl;cg;cg;rkef;cJhw,f
b0rSmjzpfcsifwmawG rjzpfcJhwm
tazhaMumihf
b0rSm arQmfvifhwmawG vJGacsmcJhwm
tazhaMumifh
&nf;pm;OD;eJY uGJcJhwm
tazhaMumifh
pmar;yJGuswm
tazhaMumifh
bufpum;rrDwm tazhaMumihf
t&yfrxGufwm tom;rJwm tazhaMumihf
i,fi,f&G,f&G,feJY tdrfaxmifuswm
tazhaMumifh
usaemfhckH½kH;rSm taz[m w&m;cHyJ/
tazu om;udkcspfygw,fwJh
taru avQmufvJcsufay;w,f
tazu olY&JUarwåmw&m;ukd
vnfrSmqJGrxm;bl;
tdwfuyfxJrSmyJ xnhfxm;w,fwJh
usaemfu cg;ydkufEIdufrSr[kwfbJ
tazharwåmw&m;udk b,fwkef;urS cdk;r,lcJhbl;
vkdcsifaMumif;vnf; rjycJhbl;
arwåmray;csifaeyg
usaemfhudk olYa'goawG bmvdkYay;&wmvJ
olYtvdkrusrIawG olYjzpfcsifwmawG bmvdkYay;&wmvJ
olYtwåawG olYpDrHudef;awG bmvdkYay;&wmvJ
olYñTefMum;csufawG olY&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIawG
tazqkdwmxuf tazydkvkyfcsifwmawG
usaemfrS rvdkcsifyJ
usaemfhppfckH½kH;rSm taz[m ajy;rvGwfawmhbl;/
'gayrJh tazwa,mufudkawmh
usaemf wu,fvkdcsifcJhwmyg/
usaemftdyfaewkef;
cdk;cdk;erf;r,fh tazwa,muf
usaemfhtwGufqkdNyD;
taumif;qkH;uAsmwyk'fa&;r,fh tazwa,muf
om;vTwfwJhpGeftwGuf
qkdif;BudK;csnfay;r,fh tazwa,muf
tvkyfjyKwfr,frSef;od&ufeJY
axmif0ifpmvmawGUr,fh tazwa,muf
rsuf&nfvG,fwJhtarhudk
olYykckH;av; ay;rSDr,fhtazwa,muf
ta0;a&mufaewJh om;twGuf
zkef;oHav;em;pGihfaer,fh tazwa,muf
usaemfb,favmufrSm;rSm;
usaemhfbufuaer,fh tazwa,muf/
taz[m wpdrf;yJ
usaemfwkdYtdrfrSm taz[mwpdrf;yJ
tJ'g usaemfajymwmr[kwfbl;taz
usaemfhom;ajymwm
olYckH½kH;rSm
usaemf[m ajy;rvGwfawmhbl;/
tazeJYom;[m
jznfvdkYr&wJhqufxkH;
'Djrpfua&pD;Murf;w,f
ravSmfwwf&if arSmufwmyJ/
tdyfaewJhom;[m
usaemfnu apmifNcKHay;cJhwm odrSmr[kwfbl;
usaemfha&cJjyifay:rSm
'DuAsmudk xGef;n§dygw,f
tmPm&Sifqkdwm rkef;vkdYyJ&w,f
arhvdkYr&bl; taz/ /
ESif;cg;rkd;
61
 txl;u@
Special Feature

usihf0wfeDwdESihf EkdifiHom;ynma&;
Civic And Citizenship Education
 p um; OD;

usaemfwdkY ausmif;q&m rsm; taejzihf awmh usaemfhwdkY EdkifiH trsKd;om;vHkjcHKa&;ESihf tusKd;pD;yGm; tem*wfrSm usaemfwdkY uav;rsm;
vufxJwGif &Sdaeonf[k tjrJ ,HkMunfxm;onf/ vli,f vl&G,frsm;udk civilised jzpfatmif? EdkifiHMuD;om; jzpfatmif oifMum;zdkY
ta&;ay: vdktyfaejyD/ ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wkdif;udk EdkifiHom;pdwf? *vdkb,fom;pdwf? 'Drdku&wfwpfpdwfawG arG;jrL ysKd;axmifay;zdkY
vdktyfaejyD/ 'gonfyif usaemfwdkY EkdfifiHtwGuf a&&snf trsKd;om; vHkjcHKa&;ESihf tusKd;pD;yGm;jzpfrnf/
'DtwGuf ausmif;pmoifcef;rsm;wGif usifh0wfeDwdESihf EdkifiHom; ynma&; Civic and Citizenship Education oif&dk;jyefvnf
taumiftxnfaz: oifMum;a&; wdkufwGef;onfh taejzihf þtxl;u@wGif aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pkpnf;wifjyvdkuf&ygonf/

EkdfifiHom;ynma&;tp pmoifcef;u
acsmtdEG,f
EkdifiHom;ynma&; (citizenship education) udk
EkdifiHtrsdK;rsdK; vlxkvlYtzJGUtpnf; trsdK;rsdK;wGif rltrsdK;rsdK;
csrSwfum usihfokH;Muonf/ MopaMw;vsEkdifiH wGif citi-
zenship education? tar&duefEkdifiHwGif democracy
education? t*FvefwGif political literacy? w½kwf
jynfrwGifawmh patriotic education [lí/ xkdYjyif
EkdifiHom;ynma&;onf us,fjyefYoavmuf odrfarGU
onf/ odkYaomf þae&mwGif t"duausmif; cef;xJwGif
usihfokH;aom EkdifiHom;ynma&;pepf\ a,bl,s
oabmw&m;udkom tawGUtBuKHwcsdKUESihf EdIif;,SOf
wifjyvdkyg onf/
EkdifiHom;ynma&;udk tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm; (txl;ojzihf
'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHrsm;)wGif ausmif;rsm;ü roifrae&
bmom&yfwpfcktjzpf jy|mef;vsuf&Sdonf/ taMumif;rl
EkdifiHom;ynma&;onf EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH\ tpdk;&ESihfvlxk
tMum; ul;vl;qufqHrItwGuf tifrwef ta&;ygae
aomaMumihfjzpfonf/ EdkifiHom;wkdif;onf rdrdwdkY
oufqkdif&mvlxk?vlYtzJGUtpnf;rsm;taMumif;omru?

63
 rdrdwdkYEdkifiHtaMumif;udk (jzpfEkdifvQif EkdifiHwumESihf
oufqkdifaom taMumif;rsm;yg) tajccHususod&SdNyD;?
rdrdwkdY ywf0ef;usifrStp jynfwGif;? jynfy oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;
aejcif;tqkH;? tpdk;&wpf&yf ay:aygufvmykH? eDwdrsm;?
rdrd\ vkyfydkifcGihfESihfwm0efrsm;? tusdK;tjypfrsm;? Oya'
rsm; ponfwkdYudk od&Sdae&rnf/
odkYr[kwfygu rdrdyg0ifywfoufaeaom vlYtzJGU
tpnf;onf bmudkOD;wnfcsufxm;NyD; tb,folrsm;
tusdK;twGuf vkyfaerSef;rSrod jzpfaeMurnf/ tpdk;&
onf EkdifiHom;wkdY0ifaiGxJrS jcpfjcKwfay;aqmif&aom
tcGefaiGrsm;udk 4if;wdkYudk,fusdK;twGufom tokH;cs
aejcif;vm; (odkYr[kwf) rdrdwkdY tmPmwnfNrJ&ef
ppfvufeufrsm;om 0,f,lpkaqmif;aejcif;vm;udk rod
Mu/ ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&; A[kokwenf;yg;ojzihf
opfyifrsm;udk vG,fvifhwul ckwf,la&mif;pm; xif;
pkdufrd&mwGif vlwkdif;udk,hfvkd jyKrIMuonfjzpf&m opf
awmrsm;jyKef;wD;? a*[aA'ysufpD;? avxknpfnrf;?
a&m*gxlajym? uyfqu dk jf cif;udkbmaMumifrh eS ;f vnf;rod
64
Mujzpfayvdrfhrnf/
xkdYjyif twef;xJwGif EkdifiHom;ynma&;pepfudk
usifhokH;jcif;onf tajccHtm;jzihf ausmif;om;rsm;tm;
vkH; twef;oifcef;pmESihf vIyf&Sm;rIwkdif;wGif wuf<upGm
yg0ifa&; (active participation) ? ausmif; om;wm0efESihf
tcGifhta&; (rights and obligations) udk odwwf?
awmif;qkdwwf? xdxda&mufa&muf vkyfudkifwwfaom
pmoifom;jzpfa&;ESihf aemiftem*wfwkdif;jynfwGif
wm0efod EkdifiHom; (responsible citizens) rsm;
ay:xGef;a&;twGuf jzpfonf/
usr taejzihf jrefrmjynfwGif 2003 ckESpf? 8
wef;txd ausmif;aecJh&m þbmom&yfrsdK; wpfcgrS
roifzl;cJhacs/ 7 wef;avmufwGif 4if;ESifhrqkdpavmuf
wlonf[k ajymí&aom avmueDwdqkdonfh bmom
a&;tqkdtrdefYtcsdKUudkom wpfvrS wpfcgoifwm BuKHzl;
onf/ 38 jzm r*FvmrS vlrdkufqkdvQif raygif;zkdY
oifcJh&onf/ vlrkdufonf tb,f olrsdK;qkdwmudkawmh
rodcJh&acs/ ynm&Sdqkdwmudk ynmwwfESihf rSm;,Gif;
cJhjyefonf/ wu,fawmh twwfynm&Sdolwkdif;vnf;
todynm&SdcsifrS &Sdayvdrfhrnf/ xkdYjyif pmoifMum;rI
pepfudk,fwkdifu EkdifiHom;ynma&;pepf r[kwfav&m
q&mudk wufwuf<u<u jyefíar;Ekdif&ef tcGifhta&;
enf; yg;vSonf/
aemufawmh usrtzkdY xkdif;EkdifiHwGif w&m;r0if
ynma&; (informal education : refugee and mi-
grant education)ESifh BuD;jyif;cJhonfomt"duvdk jzpf
aejyefonf/[dka&TUvdkuf?'Dajymif;vkdufESihfq&mtrsdK;rsdK;?
ynma&;trsdK;rsdK;jzihf BuKHae&onf/ w&m;0ifynma&;
taejzihf xkdif; NAdwdoQaumifpDwGif ynmawmfoifqk
ESihf t*Fvdyfpmoifwef;rsm;? q&mjzpfoifwef;rsm;
wufzl;onf/ 4if;oifwef;rsm;onf pdwf0ifpm;zkdY
aumif;\/ taMumif;um; q&mrsm;u EkdifiHom;ynm
a&;pepfjzihf pmoifygvsuf ausmif;om;rsm;u pHvJG
vsuf&Sdonf/
Oyrm - ]q&mu b,fol 'DtaMumif; aqG;
aEG;csifygovJ}[kar;vQif tm;vkH;\acgif;rsm;u vdyf
uav;rsm; &efolvmvQif tcGHxJykef;ovkd jzpfukef\/
aemufqkH; b,folrS rajymojzihf q&mu 'Dwpf
a,mufrsm;ajymavrvm;? [dkwpfa,mufaum[k
vufñdk;xkd;ar;av&m wDqm;xdouJhodkY yckH;av;rsm;
wGefYí acgif;,rf;Muonfomcsnf;/
usrudkar;awmh usrt,ltqudkajymMunhf
onf/ wcgw&H wvJGajymrdí t&,fcH&onfhtcgvnf;
&Sdonf/ &Sufp&mrS r[kwfay/ pmwwfzkdYvmonf/ aysmf
aysmf&Tif&Tif oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;jzihf pmoif&onf
rSmyif OD;aESmufMunfvSonf/ twef;xJwGif &Sufae
vQifawmh tem*wfwkdif;jynftwGuf EkdifiHBuD;om;yDo
zkdY? vlxkudkacgif;aqmifzkdYa0;pG? tjyifb,folESihfrS aqG;
aEG;&JrSm r[kwfawmh/ oufqkdif&m vlxkvlYtzJGUtpnf;
wGif tzJGU0ifjzpfvQifvnf; pmoifcef;xJwGif tao
tcsmrS ravhvmcJhí aqG;aEG;p&m tcsuftvuf tm;
enf;NyD; tzJGU0ifaumif; rjzpfEkdifay/
,ckvuf&Sd usrausmif;wufaeaom a[mif
aumifEkdifiH pD;wD;wuúodkvfwGifawmh EkdifiHom; ynm
a&;pepfudk rsuf0g;xifxif &ifqkdif&avNyD/ active par-
ticipation twGuf tay;t,lrQonf/ bmom&yf ydkYcs
aom q&mwkdif;? usLwmwkdif;uvnf; bmom&yfESihf
ywfoufNyD; eufoxufeufatmif awG;p&m? zwf
p&mrsm; ay;av\/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk tBuD;tus,f
aqG;aEG;ap&ef ]zG} ay;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf;
tvkt,uf aqG;aEG;Muonf/ rSefrSefuefuef? wuf
wuf<u<u aqG;aEG;EdkifzkdY&m pmzwftm;aumif;&ef vdk
ayonf/ xkdYaMumifh twef;om;rsm;onf twef;qif;
onfESihf q&mtem;wGif ay;vkdufaom tufaq;acgif;
pOftwGuf b,fpmtkyfudk zwfoifhonfqkdwmudk tvk
t,uf 0dkif;ar;Muonf/
twef;qif;NyD; wpfem&Davmuf aemufusum
pmMunfhwkdufxJwGif xkdpmtkyfudkoGm;&SmzkdY pdwfr
ul;avESihf/ pmtkyfudk olrsm; ]r} oGm;NyD/ xkdYjyif twef;
wufcsdef (attendance) ESihf twef;vIyf&Sm; rI (class ac-
tivities) wkdif;wGif ausmif;om;\ wuf<upGmyg0ifrI EIef;
(participation marks) wkdYu twef;tvkduf q&m
ay:rlwnfNyD; ausmif;om; wpfOD;pD &rSwfaygif;\ &mcdkif
EIef;tcsdKUudk xnfhwGufonf/ Oya'ausmif;wGifawmh
pmar;yJGu 50 &mcdkifEIef;wGuf&m? tcsdKUtufaq; (as-
signments) rsm;u 25 &mcdkifEIef;ESihf 4if;twef;wuf
csdefwGif twef;wGif;yg0ifvIyf&Sm;rIwkdYu 25 &mcdkifEIef;
ponfjzihfwGufonf/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;
u tvkt,uf raqG;aEG;í r&awmh/
xkdYjyif ausmif;om;rsm;onf twef;acgif;aqmif
a&G;cs,f&onf/ bmom&yfrsm;ESihfywfoufí twef;
65
 pDrHcefYcJGrItwGuf (trSwfay;pepf? tcsdef pojzihf) oifh
awmfrnfxifaom tcsuftvufrsm;? &ifqkdifae&
aom pdefac:rIrsm;udk twef;acgif;aqmiftm; wifjyMu ]]ausmufwkdifxJwGif
onf/ twef;acgif;aqmifu Xmeygarmu©rsm;? Xme tjypfrJhaoqkH;ol?
tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;ESihf tpnf;ta0;wGif aqG;aEG;NyD;
twef;om;rsm;udk jyefvnf &Sif;jy n§dEdIif;&onf/
'Pf&m&ol 50 cefY pkykHxm;ykHjzihf
&,fp&mwpfck Mum;jzwfajymyg&ap/ usr xkqpfxm;NyD; atmufajcwGif
twef;xJrSm oli,fcsif;rsm;onf usrtrnfudkom xD,meefref; vlowfyJG?
twef;acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwfjyKNyD; usrudk
awmh twef;acgif;aqmifrSef; odcsifrSodvdrhfrnf/ ZGefv 4 &uf? 1989 ckESpf
usru emrnfESpfrsKd;okH;onfhtjyif þacwfwGif vlBuD;rsm;onf
b,folrS tcsdefukefcH wpfa,mufwpfaygufESihf wpf
wef;vkH; qE´udk vludk,fwkdif awmif;cHraebJ tD;arvf;
vli,fwdkYudk
ESihf zkef;udkom tokH;jyK tBuHawmif; aqG;aEG;jcif; xm0& tjrpfjywf
aMumifh jzpfonf/ acsrIef;í
usrwkdYonf txufyg ausmif;om;wm0efrsm;
&SdouJhodkY vkyfydkifcGihfrsm;vnf; tjynfht0 &Sdaejyef r&Ekdifyg ...[k}}
onf/ bmom&yfoifq&mwkdif;? usLwmwkdif;tay:
ausmif;om;wkdif;u xkdq&m pmoifaomykHpHudk BudKuf
avQmufxm;olwkdif;udkvnf; rysufpD;atmif udkifyg
rBuKd u?f ausmif;om;uarQmv f ifxh m;aomt&nftcsi;f
rnf[laom tmrcHcsufESihftwl xkwfay;onf/
q&mwGif jynfhpkH? rjynfhpkH? ausmif;om;tm; em;vnf
þodkYpmoifcef;rStpjyKvkdufonfh EkdifiHom;ynm
atmif &Sif;jyEkdif? r&Sif;jyEkdif? jyefvnfqef;ppf tuJjzwf
a&;pepf\ tusdK;&vm'fuawmh ..
&avonf/ xkdar;cGef;rsm;udk tD;ar;vfrSaomfvnf;
a[mifaumifwGif trdIufudkvrf;ray: zGmueJ
aumif;? vludk,fwkdifaomfvnf;aumif; ajzay;&av
ypfvkdufonfudk rawGUzl;acs/ aq;vdyfudk vlol
onf/ ajzol emrnfudk 0Sufxm;ay;onf/
xlxyfonfhae&m (public places) wGif raomuf Mu/
Oyrm - t&nftcsif; rjynfhpkH[kxifvQif t&ifu
1989 ckESpf? xD,meefref;pcJG(&) qE´jyrIrsm; (Tianan-
rnfokdYarQmfvifhcJhonf pojzihf? xkdYjyif ausmif;\ 0ef
men Square protests)wGif w½kwftpdk;&u tjypfrJh
aqmifrI (services) rsm;udkvnf; vkdtyfvQif vdktyfo
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ESdrfeif;ypfcwf owfjzwfrIudk ½IHUcs
vdk jyifqifay;&ef (complaint) awmif;qkdEkdifonf/
aomtaejzihf a[mifaumifwuúodkvfxJwGif &Suf
tkyfcsKyfa&;tzJGUu awmif;qkdolyrmPESihf oifhwifh
zG,frSwfwrf;ausmufpmwkdif (Pillar of Shame)udk
avsmufywfrI twkdif;twmay: rlwnfí qkH;jzwfrnf
tBuD;tus,f pkdufxlxm;onf/ 4if;ausmufwkdifxJ
xifonf/ Oyrm - ,aeYuGefysLwmacwf ausmif;om;
wGif tjypfrJhaoqkH;ol? 'Pf&m&ol 50 cefY pkykHxm;ykHjzihf
wkdif; vdktyfcsuft& tcsdefjynfh bJGU BudKausmif;om;
xkqpfxm;NyD;atmufajcwGif ]xD,meefref;vlowfyJG?
(full-time undergraduate students) tm;vkH;ausmif;
ZGefv 4 &uf? 1989 ckESpf? vlBuD;rsm;onf vli,fwkdYudk
wGif ynmoifaeorQumvywfvkH; (notebook)
xm0&tjrpfjywfacsrIef;í r&Ekdifyg} (The Tiananmen
uGefysLwmtopfwpfvkH;pD avQmufxm;Ekdifonf/

66
Massacre, June 4th 1989, The old cannot kill the
young forever)[k a&;om;xm;avonf/
þtajctaersdK;udk zefwD;&efrSmvnf; tpdk;&ESihf
vlxktMum; ul;vl;qufqHrIu tifrwef ta&;ygae
onf/tpd;k &u Ekid if o
H m;wkid ;f twGuf Ekid if o
H m;ynma&;
ukd avhvmEdkif&ef wHcg;zGifhay;onfhtjyif? pmoifcef;
xJwGifvnf; xkdpepfudk usihfokH;Ekdif&ef tm;ay;&rnf/
Oyrm . tpdk;&u trdIufudkvrf;ay:wGif rypf& ay:vpD
csrSwfonf/ eH&Huyf ynmay;pmapmifrsm; xkwfa0
onf/ ½kyfjrifoHMum;ESifh owif;Xmersm;rS vlpdwf0if
pm;atmif ynmay;aMujimonf/ t"dutcsufrSm
vrf;axmifh wkdif;wGif trdIufykH;udk yvwfpwpfxnfh&ef?
puúL xnhf&ef? owåKypönf;xnhf&ef okH;rsdK;okH;pm;cJGum
xm;ay;onf/
xkdYjyif ukefwkdufrsm;wGif aps;0,fvQif udk,fh
tdwfudk,f,lvmoihfonf/ qkdifuyvwfpwpftdwf ,lr
,lar;NyD; ,lrnfqkdvQif aemiftrdIufykH;xJ a&mufrnfh
tdwfudk acszsufc aps;0,fypönf;usoifh aiGxuf
a':vm0uf ydkay;&avonf/ aq;vdyfraomuf& e,f
ajr (no smoking zone) wGifaomufvQif 'PfaiG a':
vm 5000 ay;&rnf[k qkdif;bkwfrsm;udk wyfxm;NyD;
aq;vdyfaomufvdkolrsm; t wGufrl yef;NcHarQmfpif (odkY)
&xm;blwmab; vlol uif;&Sif;aom ae&mrsm;wGif
aomufEkdif&ef (smoking zone) jyKvkyfay;xm; onf/
odkY&mwGif a[mifaumifonf 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiH
rjzpfao;yg/ usrwkdY jrefrmjynfESihf EdIif;,SOfMunfh vQif
awmh jrefrmjynfwGif EkdifiHom;ynma&;pepf ysHUESHY[ef
rwlao;yg/ tpdk;&uvnf; jynfolvlxk tay: wm0ef
rsm; tqrwef ysufuGufaeonfh tjyif? jynfolvlxk
uvnf; rsufpdydwf? em;ydwfjcif;cH&ojzihf tjrifus,f
oifhoavmuf rus,f&/ odkYaomf usrwdkY jrefrmvlxk
uvnf; racyg/ tcsKdU tifrwefBudK;pm;NyD; tawG;tac:
rSefrSefuefuefjzihf EkdifiHBuD;om; yDoolrsm;udk usr awGU
zl;ygonf/
xkdtajctaersdK;wGif usrwkdYvkd rsufpdem;rsm;
zGihfcGihf&Muaom vli,frsm;u tywfwukwf BudK;pm;NyD;
EkdifiHom;ynma&;\ tpjzpfaom yg0ifrI (participa-
tion)? wm0efESihfvkyfydkifcGihfrsm; (rights and obliga-
tions)ESihf ywfoufonfh taMumif;t&mrsm;udk tjyef
tvSefrQa0 aqG;aEG;jcif;tm;jzihf wqifhwufum
pmoifcef;xJwGif udk,futpjyK usihfokH;rnfqkdvQifjzihf
aemifwpfcsdefwGif jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdif; udk,fhtcGihfa&;
udk,f awmif;qkdEkdifaom? vlYtcGihfta&;udk jynfhjynf00
cHpm; Ekdifaom EkdifiHBuD;om;rsm; (responsible citizens)
jzpf vmrnf[k arQmfvifh&if; .../n
acsmtdEG,f

SrwfzG,f ta&;tMuD;qHk;

ausmif;q&mwkdif;\ tBuD;qkH;aom t&nftcsif;onf tusifhpm&dwå aumif;rGefa&;jzpf\/ odkY

rSomvQif ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;onf tusihfpm&dwå aumif;Ekdifayrnf/ rnfonhftwef;udkyif atmif
jrifapumrl? rnfuJhodkYyif toiftjyaumif;apumrl? tusihfpm&dwåraumif;aomolonf q&mtjzpfESihf
ravsmf/ vGwfvyfaom jrefrmjynftwGuf tusihfpm&dwåaumif;aom q&m? q&mrrsm;onf yJhudkifrsm;jzpfMu
&ayrnf/ n
OD;oefY
ukvor*¾taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf

67

Civic Education taMumif; waphwapmif;
20 &mpkaESmif;ydkif;umvrSm EkdifiHa&;oDtkd&D wpf
ckjzpfwJh Civic Education taMumif;udk ynm&SifawG&JU
pdwf0ifwpm;avhvmrIawG wpwp us,fjyefYvmcJhyg
w,f/ EkdifiHom;aumif;jzpfzkdYqkdwm vkyf,l&wmjzpf
w,f/ arG;uwnf;ujzpfvmwm r[kwfbl;qkdwmukd
vltrsm;u ydkNyD;vufcHvmcJhMuygw,f/zHGUNzdK;wkd;wufwJh
EkdifiHa&; taqmufttkHwpfck jzpfxGef;vmzkdYtwGuf
oifhavsmfwJhtodynm?twwfynmeJYpm&dwåjrifhrm;wJh
EkdifiHom;awGvdktyfw,fqkdwJh tcsufudk EkdifiHacgif;
aqmifrsm;u wnDwñGwfwnf; vufcHvmMuw,f/
'gayrJh todynm? twwfynmeJY pm&dwåjrifhrm;wJh EkdifiH
om;awG rsm;jym;vmatmif b,fvdkvkyfrvJ qdkwmu
ar;p&mjzpfvmygawmhw,f/ pmoifausmif;awG? wuú
okdvf ynma&;awGeJYwif rvkHavmufbl;qkdwmudkvJ
odjrifvmMuygw,f/
Civic Education qkd&m0,f
Civic qdkwm EkdifiHom; tcGifhtvrf;eJYwm0ef
awGudkavhvmjcif; jzpfygw,f/ Civic Education qdk
wmuawmh 'DvkdEkdifiHom; tcGifhtvrf;eJY wm0efawG?
68
cif
r
r
rsdK;
EkdifiHa&; tifpwDusL;&Sif;awGeJY jynfolYa&;&mrl0g'awG
udk vltrsm;od&Sdvmatmif ynmay;jcif;yJ jzpfyg w,f/
t"dyÜm,fzGifhqkdcsufrluGJawG trsdK;rsdK;&Sdayr,fh ]bkHt
usdK;pD;yGm;&&Sda&;twGuf aqmif&Guf&ef? trsm;jynfol
tm; tpdk;&ESihf tjcm;tzJGUtpnf;rsm;rS abuse vkyfjcif;
ESihf wdkufcdkufjcif;udk umuG,fay;&ef? jynfholYa&;&m
udpö&yfrsm;udk a0zefqef;ppfEkdifaom todÓPfynm
rsm;udk jzefYjzL;ay;&ef? todynm A[kokwrsm;udk udk,f
ydkif tusdK;pD;yGm;ESihf trsm;jynfol tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf
tokH;jyK&ef[laom &nfrSef;csufr&Sdygurnfonfh Civic
potential rS jynfhpkHrnfr[kwfay/ EkdifiHom;tcGifht
vrf;ESihf wm0efrsm;qkdif&m todynm? t&nftcsif;?
tjrifESihf wefzkd;xm;rIrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;&mudpö&yfrsm;
wGif EkdifiHom;rsm;tm;vkH; wm0efodpGmjzihf xdxda&muf
a&muf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; onf civic education
\ mission jzpfonf} qkdwJh mission tay:rSmyJ
tajccHxm;wmawG jzpfygw,f/
EkdifiHom;wpfa,muf[m EkdifiH&JU vision udk odjrif
em;vnf&rSm jzpfygw,f/ trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk
em;vnfNyD; umuG,fapmihfa&Smufwwf&ygr,f/ EkdifiH
awmftpdk;& tkyfcsKyfolrsm;&JU rl0g'awGudk qef;ppfa0zef
EkdifpGrf;&Sd&ygr,f/ trsm;jynfol&JU tusdK;pD;yGm;eJY udk,fydkif
tusdK;pD;yGm; ,SOfwJGvmwJhtcgrSm trsm;jynfol tusdK;
pD;yGm;udk OD;pm;ay;vdkwJh civic virtue &Sd&ygr,f/ Oyrm -
zGHU NzdK;qJEkdifiH trsm;pk&JU zHGU NzdK;wkd;wufa&;udk aESmifhaES;
apwJh vmbfpm;rIjyóem[m civic virtue r&SdwJh
jyóemyJjzpfygw,f/ 'Drkdua&pDpepf&JU civic virtue qkd
wmrSm civic dispositions ('Drkdua&pDpepf xGef;um;
&Sifoefa&;udk aqmif&Gufvkdaom EkdifiHom;tjrif?
tavhtxESihf pdwfxm;rsm;&Sdjcif;)eJY civic commit-
ments ('Drkdua&pDpepf\ tajccHwefzkd;rsm;ESifh pnf;
rsOf;rsm; tay:wGif tav;ay;tm½kHpkdufrI) qkdwmawG
yg0ifygw,f/
civic education qkdwmu 'Dvdk civic virtue udk
jr§ifhwifay;NyD; xda&mufwJh civic participation jzpfvm
atmif ynmay;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ civic participation
qkdwmu jynfolYa&;&m rl0g'awGudk qef;ppfa0zefrI
awGwif r[kwfygbl;/ jynfolYa&;&m? trsm;jynfol
tusdK;pD;yGm;pwmawGeJY ywfoufNyD; todynmA[k
okw&Sdjcif;? cH,lcsuf&Sdjcif;? EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;eJY tpdk;&
tzJGUtpnf; tay: reflective enquiry jyKvkyfrIpwm
awG yg0ifygw,f/ EkdifiHom;wpfa,muf[m pnf;urf;rJh
vrf;ay:rSm trdIufpGefYypfwm[m civic virtue r&SdvdkYbJ
jzpfygw,f/ Xmeqkdif&m 0efxrf;wpfa,mufudk vmbf
ay;wmuvJ civic paricipation rSmtm;enf;aejcif;
jzpfygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh EkdifiHom;awG&JU civic virtue udk
jr§ifhwifay;NyD; EkdifiHawmftem*wfc&D;rSm yl;aygif;yg0if
vmzkdYtwGuf civic education udk pepfwusjyKvkyf &rSm
jzpfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm civic education udk b,fvkd
taumiftxnfazmfrvJqkdwmeJY ywfoufNyD; tjrif
uJGvJGrIav;awG &Sdygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm yavwkdeJY t&pfwkdw,fwkdYawG civic
education qkdwmeJY ywfoufNyD; ajymcJhpOf umvu
wnf;u tpjyK jzpfay:vmcJhwJh tjiif;yGm;rIawG? tjrif
rwlnDrIawGu &Sdygao;w,f/ jynfolvlxkudk EkdifiH
]]...pmoifcef; tajcjyKenf;vrf;jzpfjzpf?
vlYtzGJUtpnf;tajcjyK
vlxkynma&;enf;vrf;jzpfjzpf
b,fvdkyHkpHyJoHk;oHk; t"duuawmh
EdkifiHom;awGtaeeJU
acwf? pepfeJU avsmfnDwJh
t&nftcsif;awG? tawG;tac:awG?
jyKrlaqmif&GufrIawG? uRrf;usifrIawG
&SdvmzdkYuom ta&;MuD;qHk;jzpfygw,f/....}}
om;eJY ywfoufwJhynmay;rIawG[m b,fvkdEkdifiHa&;
taqmufttkHqdkwmay:rSm rlwnfygw,f/ Oyrm - 'Drdk
ua&pDpepfxGef;um;wJh EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHrSm 'Drdkua&pD
rqefwJh EkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:awG? jyKrlvkyfaqmifcsuf
awGudk vufcHjcif;r&SdwJh 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHom;awG&SdzkdY vkd
tyfygw,f/ EkdifiHom;awG[m 'Drkdua&pDeJY vdkufavsm
nDaxG &SdwJh todynm? t&nftcsif;eJY pm&dwåawG &Sdvm
zkdYBudK;yrf;EkdifrSom 'Drkdua&pD toGiful;ajymif;rI uae
'Drkdua&pD tjrpfwG,f&SifoefckdifrmrI &Sdvmatmif jyKvkyf
EkdifrSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gayrJY 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHom;awG ay:
xGef;vmapa&;qkdwmrSmuvJ b,fvdk'Drkdua&pD oabm
w&m;awGeJY wkdif;jynfukdwnfaqmufrSmvJqkdwmudk rl
wnfvmjyefyg w,f/
EkdifiHa&;ynm&Sif March eJY Olsen qdkcJhzl;ovkdyJ?
'Drkdua&pD oabmw&m;a&;&m jiif;ckefrIawGjzpfwJh
udk,fpm;jyKrIeJY wkduf½dkufyg0ifywfoufrItMum;u csdef
cGifvQm? udk,fydkiftusdK;pD;yGm;eJY trsm;jynfoltusdK;
pD;yGm;tMum;u csdefcGifvQm? tcGihfta&;eJY wm0ef,lrI
tMum;u csdefcGifvQm? vGwfvyfrIeJY wef;wlnDrQrI
tMum;u csdefcGifvQm? nDñGwfrIeJY uJGjym;jcm;em;rI
69
 tMum;u csdefcGifvQmpwJh csdefcGifvQmawGudk EkdifiHawmf
tpdk;&awGtaeeJY rl0g'csrSwfolawGtaeeJY b,fvdk
xdef;nd§rvJqkdwJh tcsufay:rSm rlwnfoGm;wwfjyef
ygw,f/ 'Dvdkoabmw&m;a&;&m uJGjym;jcm;em;rI
awG[m democratic civic education udk b,fvkd
taumiftxnfazmfovJqkdwJhtay:rSm ½dkufcwf vm
ygw,f/ pmoifcef;tajcjyK ynma&;eJY vlYtzGJUtpnf;
tajcjyK vlxkynmay;vkyfief;awGudk taumiftxnf
azmfwJh ykHo@mefawG[m 'Dvdkoabmw&m;a&;&m uJG
jym;jcm;em;rIay:rlwnfNyD; trsdK;rsdK;uJGjym;vmyg w,f/
'gayrJh pmoifcef;tajcjyKenf;vrf;jzpfjzpf? vlY
tzJGUtpnf;tajcjyK vlxkynmay;enf;vrf;jzpfjzpf
b,fvkdyHkpHyJokH;okH; t"duuawmh EkdifiHom;awGtaeeJY
acwf? pepfeJYavsmfnDwJh t&nftcsif;awG? tawG;
tac:awG? jyKrIaqmif&GufrIawG? uRrf;usifrIawG
&SdvmzkdYuom ta&;BuD;qkH; jzpfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSmvJ
t&nftaoG;jynfh0wJh EkdifiHom;aumif; wpfa,muf
jzpfvmzkdYtwGuf b,ftwkdif; twmtxd EkdifiHa&;
okweJY civic knowledge awGvdktyfovJqkdwmu
ar;p&m jzpfvmjyefygw,f/
ynm&SifwcsdKUuawmh 'Drkdua&pD EkdifiHom;
aumif;jzpfzkdYtwGuf 'Drkdua&pD tkyfcsKyfrIpepf (demo-
cratic governance) udkem;vnf&r,f? jynfolYa&;&m
rl0g'awGudk aoaocsmcsm odem;vnf&r,fvkdY owf
rSwfMuygw,f/ ynm&SifwcsdKUuawmh EkdifiHom;awG [m
jynfholYa&;&mrl0g'awGudk tao;pdwfoduRrf; em;
vnfp&m rvdktyfayr,fh tajccHem;vnfrIeJY qef;ppf
a0zefEkdifrIawmh &SdzkdYvkdtyfw,fvkdY ,lqMuygw,f/
b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHrSm wnfNidrfwJhEkdifiHa&;
tkyfcsKyfrIpepf wpfckay:xGufvmzkdY&m vlxk&JUEkdifiHa&;
tjrif[m t"duuswmaMumifh reasonable judgeme-
nt udk jyKvkyfEkdifwJh EkdifiHom;awG trsm;tjym; ay:xGuf
vmzkdY ta&;BuD;aMumif; ynm&Siftrsm;pku vufcHxm;
Muygw,f/
EkdifiHa&;ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfwJh Samuel Popkin
uawmh EkdifiHa&;todynmA[kokw tm;enf;wJh
70
EkdifiHom;awG[m 'Drkdua&pDrl0g'awG&JU tay; t,l de-
bates awG? jynfolYa&;&m rl0g'tm;enf;csufawGudk ao
aocsmcsmcJGjcm;qef;ppfrIawG rjyKvkyfEkdifbJ jzpfpOfawG?
taMumif;t&mawG rl0g'awGxuf vlyk*d¾Kvfay:rSm rl
wnfNyD; a&G;cs,frIawG vkyfavh&SdMuw,fvdkY qkdxm;
ygw,f/ 'gaMumifhvJ EkdifiHa&;todynm oif;uGyf
cHxm;&wJh tmPm&SifpepfEkdifiHawGeJY tmPm&Sifpepf
uae 'Drkdua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;qJ EkdifiHawGrSm yk*d¾Kvf
a&;udk;uG,frIay:tajcjyKwJhacgif;aqmifa&G;cs,frIawG?
EkdifiHa&; taMumif;t&mxuf EkdifiHa&; Zmwfaumifudk
tom;ay;rIawG? rif;avmif;arQmfrIawG? wudk,f
awmf[D;½kd;0g'udk axmufcHtm;ay;rIawG xGufay:ae
wmjzpfygw,f/ 'gawG[m 'Drkdua&pDpepf tjrpfwG,f
ckdifrm&Sifoefa&;twGuf twm;tqD;? taESmifht,Suf
awGygyJ/
civic education, political education awGeJY
ywfoufNyD; b,favmuftwkdif;txd EkdifiHom;wkdif;
odxm;oifhovJqkdwmudk tjiif;yGm;aeMuqJ jzpfay
r,fh EkdifiHom;awG[m rl0g'a&;&mawGrSm uRrf;usif
ynm&Sifjzpf&mrvdkbl; qkdwmudkawmh vltrsm;u
vufcHxm;Muygw,f/ 'gayr,hf EkdifiHa&;&meJY ywfouf
NyD; reasonable civic judgement udk vkyfEkdifr,hf
tajccHA[kokweJY t&nftcsif;udkawmh EkdifiHom;wkdif;
ydkifqkdifxm;oifhw,f qkdwmudkvJ vufcHvmMuNyD;? oifh
avsmfr,fh civic education eJY civics assessment
pwmawGudk EkdifiHawmftpkd;&awGu taumiftxnf
azmfvmMuyg w,f/
EkdifiHom;aumif;qkdwm arG;uwnf;u jzpfvm
wmr[kwfbJ vkyf,l&wmjzpfw,fqkdwJh tqkdudk vufcH
MuwmeJYtrQ EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH&JU tem*wfacgif;aqmif
vli,fawGudk political socialization vkyf&mrSmvkd
tyfr,fh civic education &JU tcef;u@udkvnf; xnhf
oGif;pOf;pm;vmMuygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm tajccHynma&;
tqihftwef;jrifhrm;rI[m vlawG&JU EkdifiHa&; A[kokw
&,lEkdifrIeJY EkdifiHa&;rSm yg0ifywfoufrIoP²mefudk
tusdK;oufa&mufrI &SdwmaMumihf tajccHynma&;
 tcGihftvrf;awGudk od jrifvm
wmeJYtrQ EkdifiHawmfu
csrSwfxm;wJh rl0g'awG&JU
udk,fydkif tusdK;pD;yGm;awGtay:
ouf a&mufrIawGudk awGUjrif
vmMuyg w,f/ Delli eJY Keeter
wdkY&JU avhvmqef;ppfcsufrsm;
t& EkdifiHa&;A[kokw[m udk,f
ykdif tusdK;pD;yGm;udk odjrifem;
vnfcGihfudk ay;pGrf;Ekdifygw,f/
tJ'Du aewqihf udk,fydkiftusdK;
pD;yGm;eJYjynfolYa&;&mudpö&yfawG
tqihftwef;jrifhrm;a&;uvnf; u@wpfcktaeeJY
udk qufpyfay;ygw,f/ 'Dvkd
yg0ifvmygawmhw,f/ ynma&;tifpwDusL&Sif;awG
qufpyfay;&muaewqifh EkdifiHa&;udk odjrifem;vnf
r[kwfwJh rdom;pk? vlrsdK;pk? EkdifiHa&;tzJGUtpnf;? vlrIa&;
wJh jynfolvlxk[m tpdk;&wpf&yf&JU vkyfief;aqmif
tzJGUtpnf;? EkdifiHa&;jzpf&yfawGuae civic formation
wmawG? rl0g'awGudk tuJjzwfqef;ppfEkdifvmygw,f/
ay:udk oufa&mufrIawGudkvnf; xnhfoGif;pOf;pm; vmMu
'Drdkua&pD enf;vrf;wus a&G;aumufyJGawGrSmqkd&if
ygw,f/ mass media awGuwqifh vli,fawGudk civ-
b,fvkdygwDeJY b,fvkd trwfavmif;[m olwkdY&JU
ic knowledge, political knowledge awG jzefY
tusdK;pD;yGm;udk taumif;qkH; taumiftxnfazmfay;
jzL;ay;Ekdifr,hf enf;vrf;awGudkvJ wDxGiftaumift
EkdifrvJqdkwmudk wGufcsufa&G;cs,fEkdifvmygw,f/ 'g
xnfazmfvmMuygw,f/ pmoifcef;awG? oifwef;awGeJY
aMumifh civic knowledge[m pepfwpfck xGef;um;a&;
class-room based education udk ydkNyD;OD;pm;ay;oihf
udk azmfaqmifay;Ekdifygw,f/
ovm;? community-based experiences awGukd
civic knowledge eJY ywfoufwJh aemufxyf
OD;pm;ay; taumiftxnf azmfoihfovm;qkdwmudk
tusdK;aus;Zl;wpfckuawmh jynfolYa&;&meJY ywfouf
awmh ynm&SifawG? rl0g'csrSwfolawGMum;rSm tjrifuJG
wJhudpö&yfawG? EkdifiHa&;&mawGrSm tcsdefumveJY tnD
vJGrIawG &SdaeqJygyJ/ b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf civic education
vdkufavsmnDaxG&SdwJh EkdifiHa&;tjrifawG &SdaeapwmyJ
udkpepfwustaumiftxnfazmf EkdifNyD; civic knowl-
jzpfygw,f/ jynfolvlxk&JU EkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:? tod
edge awG vli,fawGtMum;? EkdifiHom;awGtMum;rSm
ynmawGudk avhvmwJh ynm&SifawGu EkdifiHa&;A[k
ysHUESHYoGm;zkdYu ta&;BuD;qkH;yJjzpfyg w,f/
okweJY EkdifiHa&;tjrif wnfNidrfrItMum;rSm odomxif
Civic Knowledge \ ta&;ygrI
&Sm;wJh qufEG,frIawG ckdifcdkifrmrm&SdaMumif; avhvmawGU
civic knowledge &JU ta&;ygykHeJY ywfouf NyD;
&SdcJhMuygw,f/
EkdifiHa&;ynm&SifawGu okawoejyK avhvmqef;ppf
civic knowledge eJY ywfoufwJh aemufxyf
csufawG vkyfcJhMuygw,f/ avhvmqef;ppfcsufawGt&
tusdK;aus;Zl;wpfckuawmh EkdifiHom;awG[m EkdifiH
civic knowledge &Sdjcif;tm;jzihf EkdifiHom;awG[m
awmfrSm jzpfay:aewJh EkdifiHa&;ajymif;vJrI tajctae
olwdkY&JU udk,fykdiftusdK;pD;yGm;udk odjrifvmMuygw,f/
awGudk aoaocsmcsm cJGjcm;odjrifEkdifjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
EkdifiHom;tcGihftvrf;awGudk ydkNyD;odjrifvmMuygw,f/
EkdifiHawmf&JU EkdifiHa&;jzpfpOf ajymif;vJrIudk rodjrifwJh

71
 EkdifiHom;wpfa,muf[m tcsdeftcg? tajctaeeJY tnD
jzpfay:vmwJh ajymif;vJrIawGxJrSm b,fvkdwkefYjyef
aqmif&Guf&r,fqkdwmudk em;rvnfEkdifygbl;/ EkdifiHa&;
jzpfpOf ajymif;vJrIawGeJYtwl xGufay:vmwwfwJh tawG;
tac:½IyfaxG;rIawGtMum;rSm ea0wdrfawmifeJY rsufpd
vnfaewwfygw,f/ trSefeJYtrSm;? tEkdifeJYt½IH; awGudk
rcJGjcm;wwfawmhbl; jzpfaewwfygw,f/ tm;upm;
yJGwpfckudk upm;enf; (rule of game) em;rvnfbJ
ab;uae xkdifMunfhae&movdkygyJ/ Oyrm- abmvkH;
upm;enf;udk em;rvnfbJ abmvkH;yJGxkdif MunfhwJhtcg
teD0wfxJabmvkH;a&mufvkduf? tjzL0wfxJ abmvkH;
a&mufvkduf jzpfaewmawG vdkufMunfh&if; teD0wfu
uefwJh*dk;vnf;tm;ay; tjzL0wfu uefwJh*kd;vJvuf
ckyfxwD;eJY abmvkH;qdkwm *dk;wkdifxJa&mufoGm;&if NyD;
wmyJ qkdwmrsdK;awG jzpfaewwfwmyg/
Civic Knowledge r&SdolawG[m EkdifiHa&; acgif;
aqmifa&G;cs,fwJhtcgrSm trsm;jynfol tusdK;pD;yGm;?
udk,fydkiftusdK;pD;yGm;udk aqmifusOf;ay;Ekdifr,fh rl0g'
a&;&m csrSwfay;EkdifrIeJY a&G;cs,fqkH; jzwfay;EkdifrIr&SdbJ
vlawG&JU ½kyfvu©Pm? vltrsm;Mum;a&yef;pm;rI tp&Sd
wJh Oya'jyKa&;? rl0g'a&;qJG csrSwftaumiftxnfazmf
a&; t&nftcsif;awGeJY rqkdifwJhtcsufawGudk xnhf
oGif;pOf;pm;avh&SdMuaMumif; ynm&SifawGu avhvm
awGU&SdcJhMuygw,f/ tm&S? tmz&du EkdifiHawGu jynfol
vlxkawG[m EkdifiHa&;todynm A[kokwawG tm;
enf;wmaMumifh wkdif;jynfudktrSefwu,f tusdK;jyKEkdif
r,fh EkdifiHa&;orm;awGudk rSefrSefuefuef a&G;cs,fEkdifrI
rSm tm;aysmhNyD; 'Drkdua&pD aemufjyefqJGrI jyóemawG?
ppftmPmodrf;rI jyóemawG? 'Drkdua&pD &SifoefxGef;
um;a&; aESmifhaES;rI jyóemawGudk &ifqkdifMu&wmjzpf
aMumif; avhvmokH;oyfolawGu qkdcJhMuygw,f/
Civic Knowledge eJY ywfoufwJh aemufxyf
tusdK;aus;Zl;wpfckuawmh EkdifiHom;awG[m jynfolY
a&;&mudpö&yfawGrSm wufwuf<u<u pdwf0if pm;vmNyD;
EkdifiHawmf&JU csrSwfxm;wJh Vision eJY Objectives awGudk
yl;aygif;yg0if taumiftxnfazmfvmMuwm jzpfyg
72
]]vspfvsL½IrI[m
aMumuf&GUH pkd;xdwfrI&JU
zcifjzpfNyD; ..
todÓPf A[kokw[m
,kHMunfrI&JU
rdcifjzpfw,fvdkY
ynm&SifawGu
qkdxm;cJhMuygw,f ...}}
w,f/ EkdifiHawmftkyfcsKyfolawGeJY EkdifiHom;awG tMum;
rSmtjyeftvSeaf v;pm;rIeJY,kMH unfraI wGwk;d yGm;vmwm
jzpfygw,f/ tpdk;&eJY jynfoltMum;rSm nDñGwfrI&Sdvm
apNyD;? jynfolvlxk&JU tpdk;&vkyfief; aqmifwmawG
tay: vspfvsL½IrIawG avsmhenf;vmapEkdifygw,f/
vspfvsL½IrI[m aMumuf½GHUpdk;xdwfrI&JU zcifjzpfNyD;? tod
ÓPfA[kokw[m ,kHMunfrI&JU rdcifjzpfw,fvkdY ynm
&SifawGu qdkxm;cJhMuygw,f/ txl;ojzihf political
debates awG jyif;xefaewJhtcsdefawG? awmfvSefa&;
umvawGrSm EkdifiHa&;A[kokw tm;enf;olawG[m
political issues awG&JU trSm;eJY trSefudpöawGudk cJGjcm;
okH;oyfrI rjyKvkyfEkdifawmhyJ bufESpfbufu charac-
ters awG&JU tm;enf;csufawGudkyJ MunfhvmwwfMu
ygw,f/ tJ'Duaewqifh ]b,folrS tjzL xnfr[kwfyg
bl;/ jzLpifwJhol&Jaumif; (white knights) awGqdkwm
r&Sdygbl;}}qdkwJhtjrifawG0ifvmNyD; plaug on both
your houses qkdwJh &yfwnfcsuf awGudkyJ udkifpJGvm
wwfMuygw,f/ EkdifiHa&;em;vnfolawGtwGufu
EkdifiHa&; wkdufyJGawG? debates awGudk Muufawmif
upm;yGJvdk jrifayr,fh em;rvnfolawGtwGufuawmh
'g[m rkefYvkyJGygyJ/ 'gaMumihf civic knowledge awG
vlawGtMum;rSm ysHUESHYvmzkdYu tvGefta&;BuD;yg w,f/
 Civic Knowledge &JU aemufxyftusdK;aus;
Zl;wpfckuawmh vGwfvyfpGm uJGjym;jcif;udk em;vnf
vufcHvmaprIyJ jzpfygw,f/ EkdifiHom;tcGihftvrf;eJY
EkdifiHom;vGwfvyfcGihfudk em;vnfolawG[m uJGJjym;jcm;
em;wJh vlrsdK;pkawGtMum; tjyeftvSef,kHMunfrIeJY em;
vnfrIudk wnfaqmufEkdifygw,f/ EkdifiHom;tcGihf
tvrf;eJY vlrsdK;a&;tcGihftvrf;awGudk uGJuJGjym;jym;
odjrifem;vnfNyD; tjiif;yGm;rIudk uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf
ajz&Sif;Ekdifygw,f/ EkdifiHom;tm;vkH;&JU ynma&;tqihf
twef;wkd;wuf jrifhrm;vmwmeJYtrQ todynmeJY
em;vnfEkdifpGrf; wkd;jrifhvmrIawG[m social centrality
tqifhtwef;awGtwGuf ae&mvkrIawGuae xGuf
ay:vmwJhqkd;usdK;awGudk ausmfvTm;ay;apEkdifygw,f/
civic knowledge [m EkdifiHa&;jzpfpOfawGudk aoao
csmcsmodjrifem;vnfNyD; rational manner eJY jyKrI aqmif
&Gufwwfvmatmif wGef;tm;ay;ygw,f/ 'gaMumihf
civic knowledge [m EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHtwGif;rSm rSDwif;
aexkdifwJh jynfolvlxk&JU EkdifiHa&;tjrif? tawG;tac:?
t,ltq? jyKrIaqmif&GufrIawGudk tusdK; oufa&mufrI
&Sdapw,fqkdwm xif &Sm;vSygw,f/
ed*kH;
ed*kH;csKyfqkd&&if civic education qdkwm wkdif;jynf
wpfOD;csif;&JU udk,hfMur®mukd,fzefwD;cGifhawG qkH;½IH;jcif;
wpfck&JU vlYtzJGUtpnf; tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;a&;? EdkifiH
jzpfapovkd EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH&JU tem*wfudkyg qkwf,kwf
a&;wnfNidrfrI&Sda&;? EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH&JU zHGU NzdK; wkd;wufa&;
ysufpD;apEkdifygw,f/ 'gaMumifhvJ EkdifiHtrsm;pkrSm ouf
awGtwGuf r&SdrjzpfvkdtyfcsufwpfckyJ jzpfygw,f/ usr
qkdif&mtpdk;&awGu OD;aqmifNyD; civic education
wkdY jrefrmEkdifiHtygt0if tmPm&Sifpepf xGef;um;wJh
qdkif&m rl0g'awGudk csrSwftaumiftxnfazmfaeMu
EkdifiHawGeJY 'Drkdua&pDpepftoGif ul;ajymif;qJ EkdifiHt
ygw,f/ tpdk;&awGu taumiftxnfazmfjcif;r&SdwJh
rsm;pkawG&JU zHGUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;udk aESmihfaES;aeapwJh
EkdifiHawGrSmvJ jynfolrSjynfolokdY todynm jyefvnf
taMumif;&if;awGxJrSm EkdifiHom;awG&JU EkdifiHa&;tod
jzefYjzL;ay;jcif; enf;vrf;udk tokH;jyKNyD; oufqkdif&m
ynmeJY tawG;tjrif tm;enf;rIawGuvJ taMumif;&if;
vltzJGUtpnf;awGtwGif;rSm vlxkynmay;jcif;awG jyK
wpfcktaeeJY yg0ifygw,f/ EkdifiHom; wpfa,muf[m
vkyfaeMuygaMumif; wifjyvkduf&ygw,f/n
udk,fydkiftusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf rdrdwdkY&JU &ydkifcGihf tcGihf
(jrefrmvlYtzJGUtpnf;twGif; civic knowledge rsm;
tvrf;awGeJY wkdif;jynfwpfckvkH;&JU trsdK;om; tusdK;
xGef;um;vmap&ef &nfoefvsuf)
pD;yGm;udk odjrifjcif;r&SdwJhtcg udk,fydkiftusdK;pD;yGm;eJY
cifrrrsKd;
trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;tMum;u csdefcGifvQmudkvnf;
b,fvdkrS xdef;n§dEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;/ 'gawG[m vl

73
 odef;Ekdif

aysmufqkH;oGm;wJh
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;
tNrJpGwfpkdaeaom e,fajrjzpfojzihf ywf0ef;usifwpfcGifvkH;rSm pdrf;pdkvef;qef;vsuf/ yifv,fjyifBuD;udk trSD
jyKNyD; 0rf;pm&SmMu&&Smaom rdom;pkrsm;\ uav;rsm;twGuf ausmif;rsm;udk udk,fxludk,fxzGihfvSpfxm; Mujcif;jzpf
onf/2010ckESpfwGifrdk;OD;&moDwGifq&mtwwfoifynma&;oifwef;udkjrefrmEkdifiH\tpGeftzsm;e,fajrwpfckrSm
usif;yjyKvkyfcGihf&&SdcJhonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif; tajccHynm pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;q&mwm0efudk ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGm xrf;aqmifcJhzl;olrsm; tygt0if touft&G,frsdK;pkH ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm; pkpkaygif; 60 OD;cefY wufa&muf
cJhMuonf/ uav;zHGYNzdK;rI ynm? ÓPf&nftaxGaxG pGrf;&nftrsdK;rsdK;? uav;A[kdjyKpmoifMum;enf;rsm;? tEk&o
ynma&;? oif½dk; ñTef;wrf;wpfpkHudk vkdtyfaeonfh ,if;a'owGif þuJhodkYaom oifwef;rsdK;? aqG;aEG;yJGrsdK; ,cifu
r&SdcJhao;yg/ odkYjzpfygí oifwef;enf;jyq&m? q&mrrsm;ESihf oifwef;ol? oifwef;om; ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;
twGuf vGefpGmtm;& auseyfzG,f&m jzpfcJhygonf/ pkaygif;aqG;aEG; avhvmjcif;jzihf tm;vkH;twGuf ynma&;tawG;
tjrifopfrsm;? tusihftBuHopfrsm; &&SdcGihfudk zefwD;EkdifcJhMu onf/
aysmufqkH;oGm;wJh oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;
oifwef;\ ta&;BuD;aom tpdwftydkif;wpfckvnf;jzpf? a&&Snfvkyfief;pOfwpfcktaejzihfvnf; &Sdaernfh
oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;ynmacgif;pOfukd aqG;aEG;Mu&m0,f jrefrmhynma&;½Icif;rS aysmufqkH;oGm;cJhavaom acgif;pOf
wpfckudk &SmazGawGU&SdcJhMuawmh\/ us,fjyefYrQwaom oif½kd;ñTef;wrf;udk rnfodkYwnfaqmufMuygrnfenf;/
bufpkHynma&;[lonf tb,fenf;/ ynm? ynma&;? ausmif;ynma&;? rlvwef;ynma&; ponfwkdY\ t"dyÜg,f
wkdYudk zGifhqkdjcif;jzihf pwif aqG;aEG;&awmhonf/ tajccHynma&;\ &nfrSef;csufudk &Sif;vif;&awmh\/
bmom&yfrsm; zJGUpnf;ykHESifh 21 &mpktwGuf tajccHynmoif½dk;ñTef;wrf;zJGUpnf;rIudk aqG;aEG;MupOf oifwef;
enf;jyq&mrS trSwfrxif ar;cGef;wpfckudkaumufcgiifcg ar;jref;avonf/
]tck'Doifwef;udk wufa&mufvmMuwJh q&m? q&mrrsm;xJu jynfolYeDwdbmom&yfudk tajccHynm

74
ausmif;wufaewkef;u oif,lcJhzl;wJh q&m? q&mrrsm;
acwårwfwyf&yfay;Muyg}
tm;vkH; w'*FrQ wdwfqdwfNidrfoufoGm;Muav
onf/ awGa0pOf;pm;aeMuykHukd jrifvkduf&jyefonf/
xkdYaemuf toufBuD;BuD; q&m? q&mrBuD; 7 OD;cefY
jznf;n§if;pGm rwfwyf&yfvmMuonf/ oifwef;q&m
taejzihf OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;aeolrS wpfcef;vkH;udk aphik
pGmokH;oyf Munfhrdonf/ q&m q&mr 60 OD;cefYrS touf
60 0ef;usifcefY 7 OD;omrwfwyfx&yfonf r[kwfyg
vm;/ olwkdYrsufESmrsm;ay:wGif aqG;ajrhvGrf;qGwfaeMu
[ef&o Sd nf/ usef&Sdaeaom q&m q&mr 50 ausmfrSm rwf
wyf&yfjyol q&m q&mrBuD;wdkYudk ai;arm&if; wpkH
w&mudk udk,fpDpOf;pm;aeMuykH ay:vGifaeonf/
tcsdefvnf;aphawmhrnfjzpfojzihf oifwef;q&m
rStm;vkH;udk þodkYqufajymcJhavonf/
]xkdifaeMuwJh q&m q&mrsm;[m touft&G,f
tm;jzihf 20ausmf? 30ausmf? 40ausmf? 50ausmfawG t
rsm;pkjzpfwm awGU&ygw,f/ tm;vkH;vnf;yJ jrefrmEkdifiH
ynma&;udk jzwfoef;cJhzl;olawGcsnf;jzpfw,f/ tck
awmhjzihf uHtm;avsmfpGm? uHaumif;pGmeJY 'Dae&mav;rSm
ausmif;q&m q&mrrsm;taeeJY wm0efxrf;aqmifcGihf
&&SdaeMuw,f/ 'DaeYawmh oifwef;csdefaphawmhrSmrdkY tdrf
pmtaeeJY ay;vdkufcsifygw,f/ xkdifaewJh q&m q&mr
rsm;taeeJY bmjzpfvkdYrsm; jynfolYeDwdbmom&yfukd
tajccHynm ausmif;om;b0rSm oif,lavhvmcGihf r&
&SdcJhMuwmvJqkdwm tajz&SmvmMuzdkYyg/}
wD;wkd;aqG;aEG;oHrsm; ay:xGufvmcJh\/ oifwef;
enf;jyq&mr qufajymcJhonf/
]av;pm;xkdufwJh usaemfwkdY&JU 0g&ifhq&m? q&mr
BuD;rsm;udkvnf; tultnDwpfck awmif;yg&ap/ usaemf
wkdYudk pmoifMum;ay;cJhwJhtwGuf aus;Zl;pum;qkdyg&
ap/ odkYaomfvnf;yJ usaemftygt0if 'Dcef;rxJrSm xdkif
ae MuwJh ausmif;q&m? q&mrrsm;[m jynfolYeDwdbm
om&yfukd tajccHynmausmif;om;b0rSm oif,lavh
vmcGihfr&&SdcJhwm aocsmw,f/ tJ'DtwGuf vGefcJhaom
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77
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ck&Sdw,f/ olwdkYynma&;[m 'Drkdua&pDpepf&SifoefEkdifzkdY
udk t"duxm; jyifqifay;wmyg/ wuf<uwJhEkdifiHom;
jzpfvmzkdYudk arQmfvifhMuw,f/ 'grSvnf; &yf&GmtusdK;udk
wm0ef,lvkdpdwfeJY wufwuf<u<u o,fydk;Mur,fav/
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wJhtcgrSmawmh vGefcJhwJh tESpf 50 u jrefrmjynfrSm okH;
cJhzl;wJhjynfolYeDwd(txufwef;qifh)bmom&yfrSmygwJh
taMumif;t&mawGudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY oifMum;ay;
Muwmayhg/}
tawGUtBuKH&Sdol 0g&ifhq&m? q&mrBuD;rsm;\
jzwfoef;rIudk avhvmcGihf&&SdonfrSm wefzkd;rjzwfEkdifyg/
odkYaomf aeYvnfpmokH;aqmif&ef tcsdefusavNyD/ enf;
jyq&mrS EIwfqufNyD; wef;jzKwfaomfjim;vnf; aqG;aEG;
yJGu r&yfwefYEkdifao;/ aeYvnfpmpm;okH;&if; tkyfpki,f
rsm;tvkduf qufvufaqG;aEG;vdkY aeMujyefygonf/
ynma&;orm;rsm;\ þuJhokdY aqG;aEG;ajymqkdrI
rsm;? yGihfvif;vGwfvyfaom pdwfxm;rsm;jzifh pkpnf;nD
nmrIrsm;rSwqifh jrefrmhynma&;½Icif;rS aysmufuG,fcJh
&avaom ]jynfolYeDwd? EkdifiHom;ynma&;} bmom&yf
BuD;udk pmoifcef;rsm;twGif; jyefvnftoufoGif;ay;
Ekdifrnf[k ,kHMunfarQmfvihfvsufvnf; &SdaeMuav
onf/n
odef;Ekdif
79
 Civic Education
eJY
 jrefrm hEkdifiHa&;
arNidrf;

EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHtaeeJY zHGU NzdK;wkd;wufzkdYqkd&if tkyfcsKyfol EkdifiHOD;aqmifawGomru tkyfcsKyfol EkdifiH

om;awGudk,fwkdif? EdkifiHBuD;om;yDowJh tawGUtBuKH tMum;tjrifeJY todÓPfynmawG&SdzdkY vkdtyfyg
w,f/ tJ'DtwGuf EkdifiHom;awGrSm EkdifiHBuD;om;qkdwmbmvJ .../ EkdifiHBuD;om;jzpfatmif b,fvdkaexkdif
usihfBuH&rSmvJ .. qkdwmawGudk odxm;em;vnfxm;zdkY vdkygw,f/ 'grSvnf; vlom;tcsif;csif; pmemiJhn§mrI
awGxm;zkdY? udk,fhNrdKUudk,fh&Gmudk umuG,fapmihfa&SmufzkdY? udk,fhtcGifhta&;udk w&m;enf;vrf;us awmif;qkd
,lwwfzkdY? olwyg;tcGihfta&;awGudk av;pm;vkdufemwwfzkdY qkdwmawGudk odem;vnfMurSm jzpfygw,f/
tJvdkodrS em;vnfrSvnf; Nidrf;csrf;om,mwJh vlYabmifudk xlaxmifEkdifrSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifhrkdYvnf; urÇmhEkdifiHBuD;awG[m olwkdY&JU EkdifiHom;awGudk EkdifiHBuD;om;yDozkdYtwGuf uav;
t&G,fi,fpOfuwnf;u ausmif;ynma&;xJrSm EkdifiHhta&;t&mawG? EkdifiHom;wpfa,muf&JU wm0efeJY
udk,fusihfw&m;qkdif&mawGudk Civic and Moral qkdwJh bmom&yfwpfcktjzpf twef;tqihfqifhrSm pepf
wusjyXmef;NyD; oifMum;avhusihfay;wm awGU&ygw,f/ 'g[mtem*wfurÇmrSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;xGef;um;apzkdY
OD;wnfwJhynma&;yJ jzpfygw,f/
wu,fawmh jrefrmEkdifiHrSmvnf; ÓPfynmtajrmftjrifBuD;vSwJhtwGufaMumihf tmPmydkifawG
u aMujimaewJh ckvkdtcsdefxdatmif wpfydkif;wpfpavmufawmif oif,lcGihfr&ao;wJh oifcef;pmawGyJ
jzpfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm taMumif;wkdufqkdifvkdY paumhwvefu ausmif;om;awG&JU tcGihfta&;udk xnhf
ajymjycsifygw,f/ 'guvnf; jynfytajcpkduf ynma&; ynm&Sif a'gufwmodef;vGif&JU ynma&;c&D;pOf
tawGUtBuKHjzpfygw,f/
paumhwvefu ausmif;awGrSm rlvwef;uav;awGudk ]BuD;vm&if bmjzpfcsifovJ}qkdwJh acgif;
pOfeJY pmpDpmukH;a&;apygw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm touf 9 ESpft&G,f ausmif;oluav;wpfa,mufu ygvDref
trwfjzpfcsifw,fvkdY a&;cJhygw,f/ jzpfcsif&wJh taMumif;uawmh wkdif;jynfudkjyKjyifajymif;vJcsifvkdY vkdY

80
 wef;tqihfav;rSmawmifrSyJ tHhMop&maumif;avmuf
atmif A[kokw&SdNyD; udk,fcsif;pmwwfwJh pdwfrsdK;vnf;
&SdaeMuw,fvkdY a'gufwmodef;vGifuyJ ajymjycJhygw,f/
'gawG[macwfrDwd;k wufNyD;vGwv f yfyGiv hf if;wJh
ynma&;pepfudk cHpm;cGihf&wJh tusdK;qufyJ jzpfygw,f/
jrefrmEkdifiHu ausmif;om;awGtwGuf tvSrf;a0;aewJh
wkdif;jynfta&;udpöawG[m wu,fawmh ausmif;om;
awGtwGuf? 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiH xlaxmifEkdifa&;twGuf t
a&;ygvSwJh A[kokw oifcef;pmawGygyJ/ txl;ojzifh
vGwfvyfcGihfawG qkH;½IH;aewJh jrefrmEkdifiHrSm 'Dvkdoifcef;
pmrsdK;awGudk ausmif;ynma&;xJrSm tjrefqkH;oif,l
cGihf? oifMum;cGihf&zkdY ta&;wBuD; vkdtyfaeNyD jzpfygw,f/

ynma&;eJYEkdifiHa&;
qkdygw,f/ aemufawmh tJ'Dausmif;oluav;udk
txufwef;ausmif;om;t&G,f[m touf 13
ausmif;tkyf q&mBuD;u ygvDrefxJudk avhvmoltaeeJY
ESpfausmfNyD;t&G,frkdY avmu0ef;usifqkdif&m ta&;t&m
ac:oGm;NyD; ygvDreftrwfawGeJY awGUcGifhpum;ajymcGihf
awGudk oif,lem;vnfEkdifNyD jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh t
ay;cJhygw,f/ ausmif;olav;udk,fwkdifuvnf; ygvDref
xufwef;tqihfrSmawmh Civic Education udk tqifh
xJu trwfawG&JUa&SU? pifjrifhay:rSm olYtaeeJY ygvDref
jr§ifhNyD; oifMum;ay;&awmhrSmyg/ 'gaMumifh a&S;jrefrmrif;
trwfjzpfcsif&wJhtaMumif;udk &Sif;vif;ajymjyygw,f/
awGvufxufupNyD; acwftvdkuf jynfoljynfom;
tJovdkyJ w&m;olBuD;jzpfcsifwJholudk w&m;cGifxJ? *Dw
awG&JU wm0efawGudk ajymjyay;zkdYvdkygw,f/ NyD;awmh tkyf
rSL;jzpfcsifwJholudk *Dwausmif;xJ ac:oGm;NyD; avhvm
csKyfa&;pepf trsdK;rsdK;udk ordkif;eJYcsDNyD; &Sif;vif;ajymjy&yg
cGihfay;wJh tpDtpOfrsdK;awG &Sdygw,f/ 'gaMumifh uav;
r,f/ Oyrm - ckvdktcsdefrSmqkd&if 'Drdkua&pDpepf&JU orkdif;
awG[m tjrifus,fNyD; tawG;tac:ÓPf&nft&mrSm
aMumif;eJY aumif;usdK;? qkd;jypfawGudk pepfwusajymjy&
odyfaumif;Muw,fvkdY a'gufwmodef;vGifu oludk,f
rSmjzpfygw,f/ tJvdkyJ wygwnf;rSm jynfolvlxk&UJ 0wå
wkdif awGUcJhwJh tawGUtBuKHudk ajymjycJhwm jzpfygw,f/
&m;awGeYJ tcGihfta&;awGudkyg tus,fw0Hh &Sif;vif;
tJ'Dtjyif rlvwef;ausmif;wpfausmif;rSmawmh
oifMum;ay;&ygr,f/ NyD;awmh tcktcsdefrSmqkd&ifawmh
a'gufwmodef;vGif a&mufoGm;csdefrSm ausmif;om;u
acwf&JUawmif;qkdcsufjzpfwJh 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiH&JU t*Fg&yf
av;i,frsm;u a&T0ga&mifeJYteDa&mif ydk;zJwHqdyfav;
awGeJY zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk&JU oabmobm0awGudk
awGeJY BudKqkdcJhygw,f/ tJ'DzJjym;av;awGukd b,folu
xnhfoifay;zkdY vdkygw,f/
rSrckdif;apbJ? rvIHUaqmfygbJeJY uav;awGudk,fwkdifu
txufwef;tqifhynma&;[m EkdifiHwpfckudk
vkyfcJhwmjzpfNyD; jrefrmEkdifiHu Nidrf;csrf;pGm arwåmykdYvrf;
wnfaxmifzkdY? wkd;wufzHGUNzdK;atmifvkyfzkdYawGtwGuf w
avQmufwJh oHCmawmfrsm;eJY jynfolvlxktay: tmPm
u,fhudk tokH;0ifwJhacgif;aqmifavmif;awGudk aocsm
ydkifawGu owfjzwfcJhwmudk owif;awGrSm jrif&Mum;&
ysdK;axmif&awmhr,fh ta&;BuD;wJh tqifhwpfqifhyJ jzpf
wJhtwGuf 0rf;enf;jcif;txdrf;trSwftaeeJY vkyfcJhwm
ygw,f/ 'gaMumihf txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;[m Ekdif
vkdY uav;awGu ajymjycJhygw,f/ uav;awG[m rlv
iH tkyfcsKyfykHutp ta&;ygwJh u@awGudk aoaocsm

81
 csmodzkdY vdkaeNyDjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh txufwef;tqihf
Civic Education oif½kd;xJrSmqkd&if EkdifiHawmf\wm0ef
0wå&m;rsm;qkdNyD;awmh EkdifiHtpkd;&awGu jynfolvlxk
twGuf jznhfqnf;aqmif&Gufay;&r,fh ta&;t&mawG
udk xnhfay;&ygr,f/ tJovdkyJ jynfolvlxka&m tpdk;&
awGyg wef;wlvkdufem&r,fh tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'awGudk
vnf; oif½kd;xJrSm xnhfay;zkdYvkdygw,f/ 'grSyJ tpdk;&a&m
jynfolvlxk[m Good Citizen awG jzpfvmrSmyg/
'gaMumihf txufwef;ausmif;om;awG taeeJY
aemufxyfoif,loifhwJh oifcef;pmawGuawmh tkyf
csKyfoltpdk;&awGeJY oufqkdifwJh tcsuftvufawGyJ ]]ausmif;oluav;udk
jzpfygw,f/ tpdk;&qkdwm bmvJqkdwJh t"dyÜg,fuaepNyD;
'Drkdua&pDtpdk;&eJY tmPm&Siftpdk;&qkdNyD; tMurf;zsif;
ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;u
tm;jzihf ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm;&Sdwmudk oifMum;ay;&ygr,f/ w ygvDrefxJudk
qufwnf;yJ 'Drkdua&pDpepf&JU tkyfcsKyfykHeJY tmPm&Sif avhvmoltaeeJY
pepf&JU tkyfcsKyfykHawGudkvnf; urÇmw0Srf;u tjzpft
ysufawG? orkdif;tcsuftvufawGeJY,SOfNyD; pepfwus ac:oGm;NyD; ..
oifay;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'grSyJ ausmif;om;awGudk,fwkdif ygvDreftrwfawGeJY
csdefxkd;EdIif;,SOfNyD; okH;oyfa&G;cs,fEkdifrSmyg/
tJ'Doifcef;pmawGeJY qufpyfNyD;awmhrSyJ a&G;
awGUcGihf pum;ajymcGihf
aumufyJGpepftaMumif;? rJay;ydkifcGihftaMumif;? zuf' ay;cJhygw,f/
&,ftpdk;&ykHpHeJY w&m;Oya'u@udkvnf; oif½kd;awG ausmif;olav;udk,fwkdifuvnf;
xJrSm xnhf&ygr,f/ 'gawG[m vli,fawGtaeeJY rjzpf
rae&ifqkdif&r,fh EkdifiHhta&;t&mawGudk &if;ESD;uRrf;0if ygvDrefxJu
aeatmifavhusiafh y;wmyJ jzpfygw,f/'grv S nf;t&G,f trwfawG&JUa&SU
a&mufvkdY udk,fwkdifEkdifiHta&;awGrSm 0ifa&mufaqmif
&Guf&wJhtcsdefrSmawmhtm;vkH;udkem;vnfaeNyD;om;jzpf
pifjrifhay:rSm ....}}
wJhtwGuf aoaocsmcsm okH;oyfaqmif&GufEkdifrSm jzpf
ygw,f/
aemufxyfta&;ygwJh oifcef;pmawGuawmh udk
vdkeDpepftaMumif;? EkdifiHcsJUxGifjcif; taMumif;awGeJY
vGwfvyfa&;taMumif;awGyJ jzpfygw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;
rSyJ vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,f,kHMunfcGihf? vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkd
a&;om;cGihfawGeJY oufqkdifwJh jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;
(Civic Liberty)? NyD;awmh vGwfvyfpGmrJay;cGihf? wef;wl
&mxl;xrf;aqmifcGihfawGvdk EkdifiHa&;t&vGwfvyfa&;

82
(Political Liberty)eJY olwyg;vufatmufcHr[kwfwJh
trsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&; (National Liberty)vdkY &Sdwm
awGudk ausmif;om;awGtaeeJY tao;pdwfodxm;zkdY vdk
ygw,f/ 'grSyJ udk,fhEkdifiHrSm vkH;0jynfhpkHwJh vGwfvyfa&;
rsdK;&ae&UJvm;? r&aebl;vm;qkdwmudkyg pmoifom; vl
i,fawG w&m;enf;vrf;usus odjrifwwfvmrSm jzpfyg
w,f/
tckajymjyoGm;wJh oif½kd;awGudk jrefrmEkdifiHynm
a&;twGuf ukvor*¾ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf
a[mif; OD;oefYutBuHjyKcJhwm jzpfygw,f/ 'gayrJY
oif½kd;awG[m 'Drkdua&pDynma&; wnfaqmufaeNyDvkdY
EkdifiH&JUpnf;vkH;nDñGwfrIudk xdcdkufvmapEkdifygw,f/ tJ
'Dtjyif tpdk;&[mvnf; oufwrf;r&SnfwmrkdYvdkY EkdifiH
ta&;udpöawGudk wqufwpyfwnf; aqmif&Guf&wm
rsdK;r[kwfwJhtwGuf EkdifiHzHGUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;udk aESmifhaES;
MuefYMumrIjzpfapEkdifygw,f/ aemufwpfcsufuawmh
a&G;aumufyJGtwGuf aiGtajrmuftjrm; okH;MuwmrdkYvkdY
EkdifiHpD;yGm;a&;udk xdcdkufapEkdifwmyJ jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D
tcsufawGuawmh 'Drkdua&pDpepf&JU tm;enf;csufawG
vdkY OD;oefYu ajymcJhygw,f/
*smreDEkdifiH? bmvifNrdKUu bma[mhzf (Berghof)
okawoeXmeu 'g½dkufwmjzpfwJh a'gufwma';Apfb
vGef;zD; (Dr. David Bloomfield) uawmh ]'Drkdua&pD
pepf[m acwftqufquf &SmazGusihfokH;cJhMuwJh EkdifiH
a&;pepfqkd;awGxJrSmawmh toufomqkH;pepfwpfck
jzpfw,f}vdkY ol&JU &ifMum;apha&; (Reconciliation)
qkdif &mpmwef;wpfapmifxJrSm qkdxm;ygw,f/ 'g
aMumihfyJ avmavmq,f 2007 ckESpfxdvnf; urÇmhEkdif
iH trsm;pk[m vlYtcGifhta&;udk OD;pm;ay;wJh 'Drdkua&pD
pepfudk tokH;jyKaeMuwm awGU&ygw,f/ jrefrmEkdifiH&JU
rsufarSmufacwf taetxm;eJY a0zefokH;oyf Munfhr,f
qkd&ifvnf; tmPm&Sifpepf atmufuae ½kef;xGufEkdif
zkdY? ½kef;xGufwwfzkdYtwGufawmh 'Drkdua&pDpepf[m
avhvmoif,loifhwJh? a0zefokH;oyfNyD; usihfokH;oihfwJh
EkdifiHa&;pepf wpf&yfjzpfw,fvkdY qdkEkdifygw,f/
wu,fawmh EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH&JU tkyfcsKyfa&; ,EÅ&m;
aumif;rGefrI[m tkyfcsKyfolawG&JU t&nftaoG;ay:rl
wnfovkd EkdifiHom;awG&JU EkdifiHa&;todÓPfynm <u,f
0zHGUNzdK;rItay:rSmvnf; trsm;BuD; rlwnfaeygw,f/ tJ'D
twGuf EkdifiHom;awGudk EkdifiHa&; todynmay;zkdY
twGuf pmoifcef;awGuae BudK;pm;Mu&rSm jzpfygw,f/
wu,fawmh Civic Education [m udk,fusihf
w&m;aumif;rGefa&;udk OD;wnfwJh oifcef;pmawGjzpfzkdY
vkdwmrkdY Civic Education xJrSm bmoma&;oifcef;pm
awGudkyg xnhfoGif;oifMum;oihfw,fvkdYvnf; OD;oefY
u ajymxm;ygw,f/ vufvSrf;rDorQ bmoma&;awGudk
ausmif;om;wkdif; rjzpfraeoif,lMu&wJhtwGuf? pdwf
ESvkH; El;nHhodrfarGUa&;eJY udk,fcsif;pmpdwfudk tm;ay;ap
EkdifNyD; bmoma&;wkdif;udk av;pm;wwfoGm;aprSm jzpfyg
w,f/ 'g[mvnf; pmoifom;awGudk y#dyu©pdwfawG
avsmhenf;apzkdYjzpfw,fvdkY qkdygw,f/
OD;oefY&JU jynfa&;jynf&m bmom&yftjzpf vrf;
ñTefxm;whJ oifcef;pmawG[m wpfcsdefrSm EkdifiHudk
OD;aqmifMu&r,fh vli,f pmoifom;awGtwGuf
wu,fvkdtyfwJh oifcef;pmawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ 1940
ESpfrsm;&JU tapm ydkif;umvawGuwnf;u OD;oefY
wifjycJhwJh tBuHay; csufawG[m ESpfaygif; 60 ausmfcJhwJh
txd jrefrmjynfrSm taumiftxnfazmfcGifh r&Mu
ao;wmudkvnf; awGUEkdifygw,f/ wu,fawmh
'g[mvnf; tmPm&Sif pepfBuD;pdk;rIaMumihfom jzpfyg
w,f/ 'gaMumifh tem*wfrSm w&m;rQwNyD; awmfrSefwJh?
,Ofaus;wJh tpdk;&udk &a&;twGuf ausmif;oifcef;pm
rSm civic education bmom&yfudk pepfwus
oifMum;cGihf&a&;[m ta&;BuD;wJh vdktyfcsufwpf&yf
jzpfw,fqkdwmudk ukvor*¾twGif; a&;rSL;csKyfa[mif;
OD;oefY&JU tBuHjyK aqmif;yg;uwqifh aqG;aEG; wifjy
vkduf&ygw,f/n
arNidrf;
(20.11.2007)
83


U Thant Secretary-General United Nations
(1961-1971)

1/ jynfa&;jynf&m oifMum;&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsuf

EdkfifiHtoD;oD;&Sd ynmoifMum;enf;wkdYu avhvm vdkufpm;ol yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;onf ausmif;rsm;ü cav;oli,fwdkY
tm; ynmoifMum;a&;ESihf ywfoufí &nf&G,f csufudk pDppfa0bef&mü oabmuJGvJGMuavonf/
(u) tcsdKUu ynmoifMum;jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufonf y&da,oe0rf;pmtwGuf jzpfonf[k qkd\/
( c ) tcsdKUu ausmif;om;oli,f toD;oD; 0goemygaom bmom&yfwGif tpGrf;ukefwwfuRrf;ap&ef&nfoef
í oifMum;ay;&rnf[k qkd\/
( * ) tcsdKUu ausmif;om;oli,frsm;tm; um,AvxGm;BudKif;oefrmí rdrdwkdif;jynfEkdifiH\ tusdK;twGuf?
4if; Avudk tokH;jyKEdkif&ef &nf&G,f&rnf[k qkd\/
(C) tcsKd u U ynmoifMum;a&;\ &nf&G,cf suo f nf cav;oli,frsm;tm; todÓPfus,0f ef;vmapí jynf
oljynfom;aumif; (Good Citizens)rsm; jzpfvmMu&ef ta&;BuD;onf[k t,l&SdMuonf/
txufyg (C) &nf&G,fcsufudk ,ckacwfynm&SifBuD;rsm; oabmwlMuavonf/ xkdYaMumifh EkdifiHtoD;oD;üyif
txufyg&nf&G,fcsufESihf jynhfpkHap&ef? ausmif;oifbmom&yfrsm;udk acwfESihf avsmfatmif jyifqifjznhfpGuf&ayonf/

84
 jynfa&;jynf&m
oifMum;enf;
OD;oefY

jynfa&;jynf&m bmom&yfonfvnf; acwfESihfavsmfatmif xnfhoGif;ay;aom ausmif;oifynm&yf jzpfayonf/

2/ jynfa&;jynf&mqkdaom pum;\ t"dyÜg,f
jynfa&;jynf&m qkdonfrSm jynfoljynfom;wdkY\ ta&;t&m? jynfoljynfom;wkdY odoifhodxkdufaom qufqH
a&;? ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&;? EkdifiHa&;ponfh taMumif;t&mrsm;tjyif jynfoljynfom;wkdY\ ydkifcGihfydkifa&;ESihf wm0ef0wå
&m;rsm;yg yg0ifayonf/
4if;ynmonf tvGefus,f0ef;í jynfoljynfom;wkdY\ ypöu©wf ta&;omr[kwf? twdwfta&;? tem*wft
a&;wdkYESihfvnf; oufqkdifayonf/ rlvu jynfa&;jynf&mqkdonfrSm rdrdwdkY\ NrdKUta&;? e,fta&;rQom oufqkdifí
,ckrSmrlum; wkdif;jynfta&;? EkdifiHhta&;ponfwkdYyg oufqkdifvmavonf/ wkdif;oljynfom;wkdY\ todÓPf
us,f0ef;vmavav? jynfa&;jynf&m\ e,fedrdwfonfvnf; us,f0ef;vmavav jzpf\/ wjznf;jznf; 4if;ynm
onf wkdif;jynfEkdifiHa&;omru urÇmhta&;BuD;yif tBuKH;0ifpjyKvmavNyD/ xkdYaMumihf jynfa&;jynf&monf urÇmh
ta&;t&m[lívnf; rSwftyfayonf/
wkdif;jynfEkdifiHwkdYonf tcsif;csif; uRef;udkif;rSD? udkif;uRef;rSDqkdouJhodkY rSDckdqufoG,fvsuf&SdMu&m wpfOD;wnf;

85
 oyfoyfwnf&Sdjcif;iSm rjzpfEkdifay/ xkdYodkY tul;toef;? tquftoG,f wkd;wufrsm;jym;vmojzihf jynfa&;jynf&m
ynmonfvnf; us,f0ef;vm&rnfrSm "r®wmyifjzpfawmh\/
jynfoljynfom;wkdY\ ydkifcGihfydkifa&;ESihf wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;vnf; 4if;ynmwGif yg0ifojzihf jynfa&;jynf&monf
qufqHaygif;oif;rI ynmwpf&yfjzpf\/
jynfoljynfom;wkdYonf wkdif;jynfEkdifiHwkdYwGif rSDwif;aexkdifMu&aom trsdK;om;? trsdK;orD;wkdYjzpfí jynfa&;
jynf&monf EkdifiHa&;ynmwpf&yfvnf; jzpfay\/
jynfoljynfom;wkdYonf aeYpOftrQ aea&;? xkdifa&;? pm;aomufa&;udpö? t&yf&yfwkdYESihf ruif;ojzihf jynfa&;
jynf&monf pD;yGm;a&; ynmwpf&yfvnf; jzpfayawmhonf/
jynfa&;jynf&m\ &nf&G,fcsufum; vlwkdYtm; todÓPf us,f0ef;vmapjcif;? trsm;\ aumif;usdK;udk rdrdwpf
OD;wnf;\ aumif;usKd;xuf a&S;½Ijcif;? rQwaom pdwf&Sdjcif;? udk,fcsif;pmw&m;xm;apjcif;? trsdK;udkcspfjcif;paom
tusdK;w&m;rsm;udk jzpfap\/ txl;ojzihf udk,fusihfw&m; aumif;rGefapí rdrdtusdK;xuf wdkif;jynfEkdifiH\ tusdK;udk
o,fydk;vkdaom pdwf"gwfrsm; arG;jrLEkdifaponf/ 4if;ynm&yfudk jrefrmbmomjzihf jynfa&;jynf&m[lí4if;? jynfolY
eDwd[lí4if;? jynfolYvrf;ñTef[lí4if; ac:wGifEkdifayonf/
3/ jynfa&;jynf&m oifMum;&mü q&mta&;BuD;ykH
(u) oifMum;rnfhq&monf ausmif;om;rsm; erlem,lEkdifavmufatmif tusihfpm&dwå aumif;&rnf? oefY
&Sif;pGmae&rnf/ om,macsiHaom pum;udk qdkwwf&rnf/
( c ) q&monf A[kokwESihf jynfhpkH&rnf/ acwfrSD&rnf/ owif;pmzwfjcif;? pmzwfjcif; 0goemxkH&rnf/
( * ) q&monf EkdifiHa&;ygwDpJG r&SdvQifomíaumif;rnf/ ygwDpJGrdvQif rdrdpGJvef;aom ygwDudk ausmif;om;
oli,frsm;tm;vnf; pJGvef;apvdrfhrnf/
(C) q&monf rsdK;cspfpdwfxufoef&rnf/ jynfa&;jynf&m oifMum;jcif;\ ta&;BuD;aom &nf&G,fcsufwpf
ckrSm rsdK;cspfpdwf xufoefap&efjzpf\/ rsdK;cspfpdwf&Sdaom q&monfomvQif oifMum;ydkYcsaom cav;rsm;
tm; rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf oGif;ay;Ekdifayrnf/
tar&duefjynf? jyifopfjynfESihf uae'gjynf&Sd tcsdKUaom e,frsm;wGif? 4if;udk bmomwpf&yftjzpf oifMum;ydkYcs
Muí tjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;wGif &mZ0if? yx0Dpaom bmom&yfrsm;ESihf aESmvsufoifMum;Mu\/ tdE´d,jynf? umv
uwåm; wuúodkvfESihf tjcm;wuúodkvfBuD;rsm;wGif tkdifatac: Oypmwef;wGif jynfa&;jynf&mudk bmom&yfwpf&yf
tjzpf oifMum;ydkYcs\/ jrefrmjynfürlum; txufwef;ausmif;rsm;üom oifMum;ydkYcsavonf/ acwfopf jrefrmjynf
wGif ausmif;wdkif;ü 4if;bmom&yfudk oifMum;oifhayonf/
4/ jynfa&; jynf&mudk oifMum;enf;
tjcm;bmomrsm;enf;wl jynfa&; jynf&mbmomudk oifMum;onfhtcg cav;rsm; od&Sdem;vnfNyD;aom t&m
rsm;rS rodao;aom t&mrsm;udk em;vnfatmif oif&rnf/ Oyrmrsm;udk oifMum;NyD;rS pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;odkY a&muf
atmifqJGí oifMum;&ayrnf/ ausmif;aep uav;wkdif;onf ykvdyf(,cktac: &Jom;)udk jrifawGUzl;Mu\/ ykvdyf
onf vlqkd;? olckd;rsm;udk zrf;qD;aMumif;? vlaumif;rsm;\ touftEÅ&m,fudk umuG,fapmihfa&SmufaMumif; tenf;
i,fodNyD;jzpf\/xkdYaMumihfjynfa&;jynf&mESihftBuHK;0ifaomykvdyftaMumif;?pmydkYorm;taMumif;?olBuD;taMumif;
ponfwkdYudk oifMum;vQif cav;oli,frsm; od&SdNyD;jzpfaom OyrmwkdYESihf oifMum;oifhayonf/
oifMum;enf; erlemwpfckudk qkdaytHh/
ckESpfESpfom; txuf? twef;wpfwef;wGif q&monf ykvdyfrsm;&Sd&jcif; taMumif;udk oifMum;aytHh/

86
 ]armifacG; rif;ykvdyfjrifzl;&JUvm;}
][kwfuhJ usaemf jrifzl;w,f q&m}
]udkif; ykvdyfudk wpfcgrS rjrifzl;wJh ol&SdvQif rwfwyfx ...}
(rnfolrS rx)
][kwfNyD/ rif;wkdYtm;vkH; ykvdyfudk jrifzl;Muw,faemf/ armifacG; .. ykvdyf[m b,fvkdt0wftpm;udk 0wfovJ/
q&mhvkd acgif;aygif;eJY ykqkd;eJY ydef;wef;bdeyfeJYvm;}
]r[kwfbl;q&m/ OD;xkyfeJY abmif;bDBuD;eJY}
]aumif;NyD bmjzpfvkdY 'Dvdk0wfqifxm;&ovJ}
]ajy;bkdY vTm;bdkY vG,fatmifvkdYq&m}
]at; .. bmjzpfvkdY ykbdyf[m ajy;zdkYvTm;zkdY vkdwmvJ}
]olckd;awG bmawGzrf;wJhtcg? olcdk;uajy;&if ykvdyfu twif;aemufuaeNyD; vdkuf&rSmayhgq&m}
]'gjzifh ykvdyf[m vlaumif;vm;? vlqkd;vm;}
]vlaumif;yg q&m}
]ykvdyfr&Sd&if b,fES,fhaervJ}
]ykvdyfr&Sd&if vlqkd;awG odyfrsm;rSmayhg q&m/ b,folrS
aumif;aumif;ae&rSm r[kwfbl;}
þuJhodkY tpysdK;NyD;aemufrS ykvdyfrsm; vdktyfykH? ykvdyfrsm; \
wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;? ykvdyfESihf jynfol jynfom;wkdYonf wpf
OD;ESihfwpfOD; uRef;ukdif;rSD? udkif;uRef;rSDqdkouJhokdY tcsif;csif;
ulnDoihfaMumif; ponfwdkYudk qufvufoifMum;oifhay
onf/
5/ tjcm;bmom&yfrsm;ESihf a&maESmykH
jynfa&;jynf&mudk bmom&yfwpf&yftjzpf oifMum;ay;½kHomru? tjcm;bmom&yfrsm;udk oifMum;&müvnf;
4if;ynmudk oifhavsmfonfh ae&müxnfhoGif;oifMum;&ayrnf/ &mZ0ifonf jynfa&;jynf&mESihf tvGefqufpyf
aom bmom&yf jzpfayonf/ jrefrm&mZ0ifudk oifMum;vQif jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;wpfacwfrS wpfacwfodkY wkd;wufaeykH?
jrefrm,Ofaus;rItaMumif;? aexkdifrI? pD;yGm;a&; tjctae at;csrf;jcif;\ t&omponfwdkYudk a&maESmí oifMum;
Ekdifayonf/
xkdenf;twlyif yx0D? *Pmef;ocsmF? "EkaA'? jrefrmpm? avmu"gwfynm ponfh ynm&yfrsm;udk oifMum;&mü
jynfa&;jynf&mudk xnfhoGif;ay;Ekdifayonf/ Oyrm *Pef;ocsFmoifMum;&mü ausmif;om;oli,frsm; pdwfr0ifpm;
onfh ykpämrsm;udk ar;rnfhtpm;? pdwf0ifpm;NyD; tusdK;&Sdrnfh atmufygykpämrsdK;udk ar;vQif jynfa&;jynf&myg tBuKH;0if
ayrnf/
yef;waemfNrdKU? vrf;rD;wdkif &Spfq,fxGef;&eftwGuf wpfESpfvQif aiG (1800d)ukefus\/ yef;waemfNrdKUwGif tdrfaygif;
720 &SdvQif wpftdrfvQif rD;xGef;p&dwf rnfrQay;&rnfenf;/
6/ vufawGUoifMum;enf;
jynfa&;jynf&mynmudk pmESihfomr[kwfbJ vufawGUenf;jzihfvnf; trsdK;rsdK; oifMum;Ekdifayonf/ ausmif;om;
rsm; tcsdKUonf vrf;rD;wkdifudk cJESihfaygufonfudk taMumif;jyí vrf;rD;wkdifrsm;udk rzsufqD;oihfaMumihf NrdKUolNrdKUom;

87
 rsm;\ tcGefay;&aom ypönf;jzpfaomaMumihf? 4if;rD;wdkifudk zsufqD;vQif rdbypönf;udk zsufqD;&mrnfaMumif; ponf
jzihf oifMum;Ekdifayonf/
ausmif;teD;wGif o&ufyifwpfyifudk vltrsm;pk½kH;í vSJaeonfudk taMumif;jyKí 4if;o&ufyifudk vlwpfOD;
wnf; rvSJEkdif/ vltrsm; pk½kH;NyD; vSJrSvJjcif;aMumifh wpfa,mufwnf; aqmif&Gufjcif;xuf vltrsm;pk½kH;í aqmif&Guf
jcif;onf omítusdK;rsm;onfhtaMumif; oifMum;Ekdifayonf/
ausmif;om;rdbrsm;\ tvkyftudkifudk ar;jref;í 4if;tvkyftudkifrsm;onf NrdKUtwGuf &GmtwGuf rnfuJhodkY
tusdK;jzpfxGef;apaMumif; ponfwkdYudk em;vnfatmif Oyrm trsdK;rsdK;jzihf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f oifMum;jyoEkdifayonf/
ausmif;om;rsm;\ ywf0ef;usif&Sd taMumif;t&mwkdYudk t"duxm;ívnf; oifMum;Ekdifayonf/ ausmif;om;
wpfa,muf\ tdrfwGif trdtb nDtpfudk armifESrwdkY cspfcifMuifempGm aexkdifMuykH? xkdYxuf us,f0ef;NyD;vQif 4if;
ausmif;om;aexkdifaom &yfuGufwGif t&yfom; tdrfeD;yg;csif;rsm; oifhwifhnDñGwfpGm aexkdifMuykH? xkdYxuf wzef
us,f0ef;NyD;vQif NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm; oifhwifnDñGwfpGm aexkdifMuykH? xkdrSwzef jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm; &if;ESD;Muifem
pGm aexkdifoifhaMumif; urÇmwpf0Srf;vkH;&Sd vltaygif;wkdYonf arwåmw&m;jzihf at;csrf;MunfjzLpGm aexkdifoifh
aMumif;udk csJUxGifí oifMum;Ekdifayonf/
ausmif;rsm;wGif jy|mef;&ef tBuHay;csuf
jynfa&; jynf&m bmomudk rlvwef;ausmif;? tv,fwef;ausmif;ESifh txufwef;ausmif;rsm;twGuf atmuf
ygtwkdif; jy|mef;&ef oihfayonf/
rSwfcsuf/ / rlvwef;rsm;wGif (wpfq,fhwpfESpfom;txd) jynfa&;jynf&mynmudk wkduf½dkufroifMum;bJ
oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzihf oifxkdufayonf/
rlvwef;ausmif;twGuf jy|mef;csuf
(u) oefY&Sif;pifMu,fpGm aexkdifjcif;
1/ udk,fum,oefY&Sif;jcif;/
2/ t0wftpm;oefY&Sif;jcif;/
3/ tayghtyg;oGm;&mü oefY&Sif;jcif;/
4/ trdIufjcif;rsm;udk tokH;jyKwwfjcif;/
5/ pmoifwef;xkdifckH? pm;yJGponfwkdYudk oefY&Sif;pGmxm;jcif;/
6/ ausmif;wGif aomufa&udk rnpfnrf;apjcif;/
7/ tdrfudkoefY&Sif;atmifxm;jcif;/
8/ vrf;rsm;ay:wGif trdIufo½kduf rypfapjcif;/
9/ tESHYtjym; wHawG;axG;jcif;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;/
10/ a&wGif;? a&uefrsm;udk oefY&Sif;apjcif;/
(c) udk,ftrlt&m? EIwftrlt&m ,Ofaus;jcif;
1/ q&morm;? vlBuD;rdbrsm;udk cspfaMumuf½dkao&jcif;? tkdrif;rpGrf;&Sdaom olrsm;tm; ulnDjcif;/
2/ ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; ,Ofaus;aompum;udk qkdjcif;/ ausmif;om;opfrsm;udk ulnDjcif;/
3/ Murf;wrf;aom pum;udkqkdjcif;eSihf? rkom;ajymjcif;rS vkH;0a&SmifMuOfjcif;/
4/ ar;cGef;rsm;udk ,Ofaus;pGm ajzqkdjcif;/
5/ rdrdtvSnhfudk apmifhíajymqkdjyKrIjcif;? pDwef;aom pepfudk oifMum;oihfonf/

88
 6/ aeYpOfbk&m;&Sdckd;jcif;/
7/ aus;iSuf? wd&pämefwkdYudk oem;Muifemjcif;? BuD;Ekdifi,fn§if;qJ rvkyfapjcif;/
8/ pmtkyf? ausmufoifykef;wdkYukd ½kdaopGm udkifwG,fjcif;/
9/ twef;xJwGif aqmhjcif;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;/
10/ oa&mfaom tavhtx r&Sdapjcif;/
(*) vlrIA[kokw
1/ ykvdyf? olBuD;? q,ftdrfacgif;? pmydkYpaom odoifhodtyfaom vlrsm;taMumif;udk odapjcif;/
2/ ausmif;om;? ausmif;olwkdY\ tdrfrIudpöwkdYudk owdjyKapjcif;/
3/ tpkt½kH;ESihf vkyfudkifjcif;\ tusdK;/
4/ udk,fusdK;r&Smapjcif;/
5/ trsdK;? bmom? omoemtwGuf aqmif&GufcJhaom yk*¾KdvfBuD;rsm;taMumif;/
6/ tpdk;&taMumif;/
7/ tcGefawmftaMumif;/
8/ t0wfESihftpm;/
9/ ppfjzpfjcif; tjypfrsm;/
10/ at;csrf;jcif;\ tusdK;rsm;/
(C) udk,fawGUA[kokw
1/ wd&pämef½kH? aq;½kH? tusOf;axmifponfwkdYudk vnfywfMunfh½Ijcif;/
2/ opfyifyef;rmef pdkufysdK;jcif;/
3/ opfoD;? opf&Guf? yef;? ausmufcJ? opfom; ponfwdkYudk ausmif;jywkduf? cav;rsm;twGuf pk
aqmif;apjcif;/
4/ ausmif;wGif usif;yonfh tcrf;tem;rsm;twGuf ausmif;udk 0dkif;0ef;í rGrf;rH wefqmqifapjcif;/
5/ ausmif;üaomf4if;? t&yfüaomf4if; trsm;twGuf yJGvrf;obifrsm;wGif yg0ifjcif;/
6/ rdrdwdkY\ tdrfüaomf4if;? v,f,mrsm;üaomf4if;? vlBuD;rsm;udk ulnDí tvkyfvkyfjcif;/
7/ cGeftm;udk tokH;jyKí vkyf&aom tvkyf? (tvkyfMurf;) wdkYudk vkyfvkdjcif;/
8/ ausmif;upm;yJGrsm;wGif yg0ifupm;jcif;/
9/ rdrdywf0ef;usif½dS t&yfXmewdkYwGif jzpfyGm;vsuf½dSaom taMumif;t&mwdkYudk pl;prf;apjcif;/
10/ acRwma&;udk tm;ay;jcif;/
rlvwef;rsm;twGuf oifcef;pmerlemrsm;
wwd,wef; (½SpfESpftxufcav;rsm;twGuf) udk,ftrlt&m EIwftrlt&m,Ofaus;jcif;? oifcef;pm erlem
wpfckudk jyqdkaythH/
q&monf ,Ofaus;jcif;qkdaom pum;t"dyÜg,fudk ½Sif;vif;ajymqkdNyD;aemuf? ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY
ckkESpf&uftwGif; awGU jrifzl;aom ] r,Ofaus;onfh tajymtqkd tjyKtrl} ig;ckxufrenf;udk a&;om;az:jyckkdif;ay
onf/ ausmif;om;wa,mufonf atmufygtwkdif; ajymqkdayrnf/
1/ armifa½Tonf raeUu a&xrf;ukvm;udk qJonf/
2/ yJavSmfa&mif;aom vlBuD;onf ykqkd;udk 'l;ay:atmif yifhxm;onf/

89
 3/ vSazESifh bodef;onf qdwfukd cJESifhaygufonf/
4/ nu uvom;wcsKdUonf npfywfaom oDcsif;udk qkdonf/
5/ ausmif;rwwfcif armifat;onf rpD\ yckH;udk oGm;ukdifonf/ rpDu armifat;udk ½dkufonf/
txufygenf;twkdif; az:jycJhaom oifcef;pm t&yf&yfudk uav;oli,frsm; pdwfyg0ifpm;atmif oifMum;Ekdif
onf/
tv,fwef;ausmif;twGuf jy|mef;csuf
(u) oefY½Sif;pifMu,fpGmaexdkifjcif;/
(c) udk,ftrlt&m? EIwftrSIt&m,Ofaus;jcif;/
(*) vlrIA[kokw (tquf) /
1/ jynfoljynfom;rsm;\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;/
(u) rdrdwdkY\EkdifiHudk cspfcifpkHruf&jcif;/
(c) wkdif;ol jynfom; wkdif;onf tjyif&efESifh twGif;&ef ckcHum;uG,f&jcif;/
(*) w&m;Oya'rsm;udk apmifhod ½dkao&jcif;/
(C) tpdk;&ESifh jrLeDpDyg,f? NrdKUaumfrwD? 'DpBwdwfaumifpDwdkUu w&m;ojzifh cJGcefUaom tcGefawmfudkxrf;aqmif
&jcif;/
(i) EkdifiHa&;? NrdKUe,fa&;udpörsm;wGif yg0if aqmif½Guf&jcif;/
(p) pmaytwwfynmudk oifMum;&jcif;/
(q) rdrdwdkY qkdif&m tvkyftudkifwdkYudk vkyfudkif&jcif;/
(Z) acRwmpkaqmif;&jcif;/
(ps) rdrdwdkY NrdKU½GmtwGuf umuG,fa&;tzJGU? rD;ouftzJGU? olemjyKtoif; ponfwdkU zJGUpnf;&jcif;paom
0wå&m;rsm; jzpfayonf/
2/ jynfoljynfom;rsm;\tcGifhta&;rsm;
(u) wkdif;oljynfom;wdkYonf vGwfvyfpGm rdrdwkYd ESpfouf,kHMunf&m t,lbmomudk udk;uG,fEkdifjcif;/
(c) toufESifh Opöm ypönf; wkdUudk ab;&ef taygif;rSumuG,fapmifha½SmufcGifh&jcif;/
(*) jynfol jynfom;wdkdYonf vGwfvyfpGm oGm;vmaexdkifvkyfudkif ajymqkd qufqHaygif;oif;Ekdifjcif;/
(C) rdrdBudKufESpfouf&m tjypfr½dSaom rnfonfh tvkyftukdifrsKd;udk rqdk vkyfukdifEkdifjcif;/
(i) rnfonfh ta&;wGifrqkd ? rdrdwdkY xif&mudk w&m;Oya'\ wm;jrpfcsufrS vGwfuif;vQif ajymqkdEkdifcGifh½dS
jcif;/
(p) jynfoljynfom;rsm;onf trsKd;? bmom? ynm? pD;yGm;a&;? wkdif;a&;jynfa&;ESihf pyfvsOf;aom toif;
tyif;rsm; zJGUpnf;Ekdifjcif;? tpnf;ta0;rsm; jyKvkyfEkdifjcif;/
(q) jynfoljynfom;wkdYonf w&m;Oya' t& tkyfcsKyfjcif;udk omwlnDrQ cHpm;Ekdifjcif;/
(Z) EkdifiHNrdKUe,fwdkYudk pD&iftkyfcsKyfrIwGif yg0ifaqmif½Guf&ef udk,fpm;vS,frsm; a½G;aumufwifajr§mufEkdifjcif;?
(rJqE´ay;EkdifcGifhukd qdkvdkonf/)
(ps) tpdk;&aq;½kHrsm;ü tcrJY aq;0g;ukoEkdifcGifh? ul;pufwwfaom a&m*grsm;rS umuG,fEkdif&ef ?tcrJYaq;xdk;
EkdifcGifh paom tcGifhta&;rsm; jzpfayonf/

90
 3/ olBuD;ESihfaus;½GmaumfrwD/
4/ wkdufe,ftzJGUrsm;taMumif;/
5/ a'oEÅ&tzJGUrsm;taMumif;/
6/ jrLeDpDyg,ftzJGUrsm;taMumif;/
7/ Oya'taMumif;/
8/ w&m;½kH;rsm;taMumif;/
9/ tkyfcsKyfrIt&m½dSrsm;? c½dkif0ef? e,fykdif? NrdKUykdif/
10/ ynmA[kokwESihfjynfhpkHaom vlBuD;olrrsm;\ qkH;rMo0g'udk em,ljcif;/
tv,fwef;rsm;twGuf ocFPf;pmerlem
owårwef; (wq,fh ESpfESpftxufuav;rsm;) twGuf jynfoljynfom;rsm;\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;wGif yg0if
aom rdrdwkdYEkdifiHudkcspfcifpkHruf&jcif; ocFPf;pm erlemwckudk jyqkdaytHh/
q&monfausmif;om;wOD;udkac:í ¤if;\tdro f m;rsm;ESio hf pl rd ;f rsm;udkrnfot
Yl m;ydík cspcf ifaMumif;ar;&rnf/
rdrd\ NrdKUom;ESifh tjcm; NrdKUom;rsm;ukdvnf; txufygenf;twkdif; ar;&rnf/ aemufrdrdwdkY\ jrefrmEkdifiHom;rsm;ESifh
tjcm;EkdifiHom;rsm;udk EIdif,SOfíar;&rnf/ þwGif urÇmay:ü uJGjym;vsuf½dSaom ] trsKd;om;a&;} (Nationlism) ESifh
urÇma&; (Internationalism) [laom t,l0g'ESpfrsKd;udk tusKd;tjypf ½Sif;vif;ajymjy&rnf/ xkdUaemuf *smreDESifh
*smyefEkdifiHwdkYwGif rdrdwdkY trsKd;udk cspfaompdwf rnfrQ jyifxefaMumif; ausmif;om;rsm; em;0ifatmif ajymjy&rnf/
jrefrm &mZ0ifudk udk;um;í rif;&JausmfpGm tavmif;bk&m;? bk&ifhaemif? AE¨Kvpaom tmZmenfrsKd;cspf yk*¾dKvfBuD;
rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ trsKd;ESifhEkdifiH twGuf rnfuJhodkY ½Gwf½GwfcRefcRef aqmif½GufcJhaMumif;ajymjy&rnf/
rdk;av0o ajzmifhrSefí ajrMoZm jynfhpkHaom jrefrmEkdifiHawmfBuD;taMumif;ukd zJGUEJGUí csD;MuL;ajymqkdNyD;aemuf
xdkuJhodkY tzkd;wefaom EkdifiHawmfBuD;udk rdrdwdkY\ toufwrQ cspfcifpkHruf&jcif;onf jrwfaom0wå&m;BuD; jzpf
aMumif; oabmaygufatmif ½Sif;vif;jy&rnf/ xdkwdkif;jynfBuD; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf tjrJ a½SU½I&rnfhtaMumif;udk
t"duxm;í oifMum;ydkUcs&rnf/
txufyg twdkif; tjcm; ocFPf;pmrsm;udkvnf; pdwfyg0ifpm;bG,f Oyrm Oyrm,swdkUESifh wefqmqifí oif
Mum;ydkUcsEkdifayonf/
txufwef;ausmif;twGuf jy|mef;csuf
1/ acgr wkdif;om;wdkY oabmusaom jynfol jynfom;/
2/ a½S;jrefrmrif;rsm; vufxufu jynfol jynfom;/
3/ ,ckacwf jynfoljynfom;/
(u) wdkif;&if;om; / (c) EkdifiHjcm;om;/
4/ EkdifiHawmf(State) [laompum;\t"dyÜg,f/
5/ jynfoljynfom;wdkY\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;/
6/ jynfoljynfom;wkdY\ tcGifhta&;rsm;/
7/ EkdifiHawmf (State) trsKd;rsKd;/
EkdifiHawmf\wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;
(u) jynfol jynfom;rsm;tm; wwfEkdiforQ vJTaompHepf/
(Individualistic Theory)

91
 (c) EkdifiHawmfu wwfEdkiforQ wm0ef,laompepf/
qkd½Spfvpf0g'wGifokH;rsKd; uJGjym;ykH/
(1) qkd½S,fvpf0g'/
(2) uGefjrLepf0g'/
(3) rmhppf0g' ? (marxist socialism)
*/ tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'rsm; (Constitutions)
(u) twdtus a&;qJGxm;aom tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya' (tar&duef)
twdtus a&;qJGrxm;aom tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'(t*Fvef)
(c) jyifqif&efvG,faom tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya' (t*Fvef)
jyifqif&ef cufcJaom tkyfcsKyfa&; Oyrm (tar&duef)
(*) wjznf;jznf; jyifqif ajymif;vJ vmaom tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'( t*Fvef? *syeff)
½kwfw&uf jyifqifajymif;vJaom tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya' (jyifopf? *smrPD)
(C) jynfaxmifpk rcJJGaom tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'( t*Fvef)
jynfaxmifpkcJGaom tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya' (tar&duef)
9/ tpkd;&
tpdk;&aom a0g&[m\t"dyÜg,f
atmufygtwkdif; ] tpdk;&} udk cJGjcm; Ekdifayonf/
(u) 'Drkdua&pDac: trsm;oabmus tpkd;&ESifh tmPm½Sif (odkYr[kwf) acgif;aqmif tpdk;& trsm;oabmus
wifajr§mufaom tpkd;&udk wzef ESpfrsKd; cJGEkdifavonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm (1) Oya't& bk&iftkyfcsKyfenf;/ (2)
orwtkyfcsKyfenf;? ¤if;ESpfenf;udk wzef ESpfrsKd;pD cJGjcm; Ekdifjyefavonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm (1) jynfaxmifpkcJGí
tkycf sKyef nf;/ (2) jynfaxmifprk cJGbJ tkycf sKyef nf;/ ¤if;wdu
Yk kd wzef (1) ygvrD efenf;? (2) ygvrD ef r[kwf
aomenf;[lí cJGpdwfEkdifjyefonf/ ydkrdk ½Sif;vif;ap&ef Z,m;uGufjzifhjytyfygonf/
tpdk;&

'Drdkua&pD tmPm&Sif

Oya't& tkyfcsKyfenf; or®wtkyfcsKyfenf;

uufbdeuftpdk;&

(u) jynfaxmifpkenf;/ (c) jynfaxmifpk

r[kwfaomenf;

(u) ygvDrefenf; (c) ygvDrefr[kwfaomenf;

(1304 ckESpf? &efukefNrdKU pnfyifom,m½kH;cef;rwGif jyKvkyfcJhaomacwfopfynmoifwef;wGif ausmif;q&m?

q&mrrsm;tm; ukvor*¾ taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfOD;oefY a[mMum;aom rdefYcGef;aumufEIwfcsuf/)

92
 m ; y n m a & ;
EdkifiHo
jynfolYeDwdvkdYac:wJh EkdifiHom;ynma&; (civic
education)qkdwm ausmif;om;vli,fvl&G,fawGudk
EkdifiHom;aumif;jzpfvmatmif? ,Ofaus;rIjrifhwJh EkdifiH
BuD;om; jzpfvmatmif? vlYtzGJUtpnf;&JU wkdif;usdK;jynfjyK
udpö&yfawGrSm wufwuf<u<u yg0ifaqmif&Gufwwf
wm0ef,lwwfvmatmif jyifqifavhusihfoifMum;ay;
jcif; jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumihf qD;Apfynma&;[m EkdifiHa&;eJY
oufqkdifwJh ynma&;rsdK;ygyJ/ udk,fhwkdif;jynf&JU EkdifiHa&;
rSm yl;aygif;yg0ifrI jrifhrm;vmapzkdYtwGuf jynfolvlxk
udk i,fpOfuwnf;u vkdtyfwJh odoifhodxkdufwJh t
usihfaumif;? tavhtxaumif;awG? todynmawGeJY
uRrf;usifrIawGudk ysdK;axmifarG;jrLay;&jcif; jzpfygw,f/
EkdifiHom; ynma&;[m ausmif;pmoifcef;awG
oufoufeJYcsnf; oufqkdifwmawmhvnf; r[kwfyg
bl;/ EkdifiHom;ynma&;udk rjzpfrae oifMum;ay;&jcif;&JU
&nf&G,fcsufu 'Drkdua&pDynma&;udk tajccdkifckdif
wnfaqmufzkdY jzpfygw,f/ 'Dawmh EkdifiHom;ynma&;udk
(formal settings)jzpfwJh ausmif;awGwifrubJ? in-
formal settings vkdYqkd&r,fh rdom;pkwGif;? &yfuGuf? pm
Munfhwdkuf? vkyfief;cGif? or*¾? tm;upm;½kH? a&G;aumuf
0ihfxef;
yJG? EkdifiHa&;ygwD? rD'D,mpwJh ae&mawGrSmvnf; tcGifht
cgBuKHwdkif; ynmay;Mu&ygw,f/
ausmif;jyify informal ynmay;rIawGu EkdifiH
a&;vkyfief;rsm;eJY ydkrdkqufEG,faewwfygw,f/ ausmif;
wGif; formal ynmay;rIrSmawmh vli,fawGudk tem
*wf EkdifiHom;aumif;jzpfapzkdY? aeYpOf jynfolvlxk&JU b0
udpöt&yf&yfrSm Ekd;Mum;wuf<upGm yl;aygif;yg0ifapzkdY?
,Ofaus;rIjrifhwJh trsdK;aumif;om;jzpfapzkdYeJY jynfa&;
jynf&mudpöawGtay: pdwf0ifpm;rIEIef; jrifhvmapzkdYt
wGuf oifMum;ay;jcif;jzpfygw,f/
EkdifiHom;ynma&;udk oifMum;wJhtcgrSm vlUtzJGU
tpnf;rsm;twGif; &Sdxm;NyD;jzpfwJh tifpwDusL;&Sif;awG?
t&yfbufvlUtzJGUtpnf;awGeJY csdwfqufoifMum;ay;
EkdifzkdY vdkygw,f/ tpdk;&wpfzJGU EkdifiHa&;ygwDwpfck&JU t,l
tqtmabmfawG? vlyk*¾dKvfwpfa,muf&JU Mo0g' tqkd
trdefYawGudk twif;ausmif;om;awG acgif;xJ½dkufoGif;
wmrsdK; rjzpfatmif oifMum;a&;rSm owdxm;&ygr,f/
vlaumif;olaumif;? EkdifiHom;aumif;
EkdifiHom; ynma&;oifMum;r,fh ynma&;yk*¾Kdvf
rsm;? q&m q&mrrsm;[m todynmA[kokw? uRrf;usif
93
 rIeJY yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&GufrIqkdif&m tcsufawGudk
qnf;yl;ae&rSmjzpfovkd? vli,fvl&G,fawGudk rdrdEkdifiH?
rdrdvlYtzJGUtpnf;eJY ywfowfcsdwfqufxm;w,fqkdwJh
todcHpm;rdoGm;atmif BudK;yrf;vkyfaqmifay;&ygr,f/
vli,fvl&G,fawG ]EkdifiHBuD;om;pdwf} (civic mind-
ed)0ifatmif ynmay;ae&ygr,f/
odkYaomf EkdifiHBuD;om;awGjzpfatmif oifMum;wJh
ae&mrSm qkd;qkd;&Gm;&Gm; tEÅ&m,f&Sdwwfwmuawmh zuf
qpftpdk;&? uGefjrLepftpdk;&rsm;u EkdifiHom;ynma&;
oifMum;rIuaevJGacsmfNyD;? olwdkYtmPmwnfNrJa&; t
wGuf tpGef;a&muf t,ltqrdIif;rsm;udk ausmif;zwf
pmtkyfawGxJ twif;oGwfoGif;vmjcif;ygyJ/ ypönf;rJhrsm;?
vlxkvlwef;pm;? t&if;&Sifwkdufzsufa&;? bkHpepftwGuf
pwJh a<u;aMumfoHrsm;atmufrSm vli,fvl&G,fawG&JU
wpfOD;csif; *kPfodu©mwefzkd; (individual identity)
awGudk paw;ypfwwfMuygw,f/
'gaMumifh tvJGoifMum;rIawGudk owdxm;a&Smif
&Sm;NyD;? 'Drdku&ufwpfynma&; oifMum;ay;Mu&ygr,f/
'Drkdu&ufwpfynma&;[m EkdifiHom;ynma&;&JU BuD;rm;
wJh tpdwftydkif;ygyJ/ 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHawG&JU atmifjrifrI?
a&&SnfwnfwHhrI[m EkdifiHom;ynma&;tay: trsm;BuD;
wnfrSDxm;ygw,f/ EkdifiHom;ynma&;udk tprf;oyf? t
ppfaq;cHEkdifwJhae&m[mvnf; 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHrsm;yJ jzpf
ygw,f/ wpfcsdefxJrSmyJ 'Drkdua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;zkdY
BudK;pm;aewJh EkdifiHwkdif;&JU ausmif;wkdif;rSm EkdifiHom;ynm
a&;eJY EkdifiHBuD;om; tusihftBuHawGudk arG;xkwfoifMum;
ysdK;axmifaeMu&ygvdrhfr,f/
*&d'oeynm&Sif t&pöwdkw,fvfu olY&JU The
Politics usrf;rSm EkdifiHom;aumif; (good citizen) eJY
vlaumif; (good man) wdkY wNydKifeufxJ jzpfapr,fh
taumif;qkH;t&mu bmvJvkdY ar;cGef;xkwfxm;yg
w,f/ olYtwGuf tajzuawmh tajccHOya'ygyJwJh/ vl
awGudk b,fvkdtkyfcsKyf&r,f? b,fvkdOya'vkdufem&
r,f (how to rule and how to obey) qkdwmodatmif
vkyfay;r,fh tajccHOya'uom vlaumif;eJY EkdifiHom;
aumif; jzpfEkdifw,fvkdY qkdxm;ygw,f/ tajccHOya'
94
aumif;qkdwmuvnf; jynfoleJYtkyfcsKyfolMum;rSm rSef
uefwJh vlrIy#dnmOf (social contract)csKyfqkdxm;Ekdif
jcif;yg/ rSefuefawmfwnfhwJh tajccHOya'uom vl
aumif;eJY EkdifiHom;aumif; wNydKifxJ ysdK;axmifarG;jrLay;
Ekdifygr,f/
,aeYacwfopf 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHrsm;rSm t&pöwkd
w,fvfajymcJhovkd EkdifiHom;awGudk tkyfcsKyfwwfzkdYeJY O
ya' emcHwwfzkdY ususee jyifqifay;Mu&ygw,f/ 'Drkdu
a&pDEkdifiHjzpfzkdYtwGuf EkdifiHom;awG&JU tusihftBuH? okp
½dkuf? trGefjrwfw&m; (virtues) vufudkifxm;rIawGu
toufwrQ ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ EkdifiHom;aumif;wpf
a,mufjzpfatmif usihfBuHaexkdifjcif;[m vlBuD;vlaumif;
wpfa,muf? ,Ofaus;rIjrifhwJh trsdK;om;aumif;wpf
a,mufjzpfzkdYtwGuf trGeftjrwf w&m;awGygyJ/
ynma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI ynm&Sif tar&duefEdkif
iHom; *Ref*sL0Duvnf; ]tpdk;&awG[m EkdifiHa&;tmPm
wnfNrJa&;twGuf taumif;qkH;enf;vrf;u ynma&;
yJvdkY MunfhjrifvmMuw,f/ trsdK;om;tcsKyftjcm wnf
NrJzkdYqkd&ifvnf; ppfa&;? EkdifiHwumukefoG,fa&;? EkdifiH
jcm;a&;pwJhEkid if t hH usKd ;pD;yGm;udp&ö yfwidk ;f rSmwkid ;f oljynf
om;udk omrmef]vl}tjzpfxufydkNyD;? ]EkdifiHom;} jzpf
atmif ysdK;axmifay;xm;zkdYvdkr,f/ 'g[m ynma&;&JU&nf
&G,fcsuf yef;wkdifvnf;jzpfw,f/ ynma&;u vlwpfOD;
csif;&JU zHGU NzdK;wdk;wufrIeJY vlrItkyfpkawGtwGif; vGwfvGwf
vyfvyf qufqHrIawGudk jzpfvmap&r,f/ 'Drkdua&pD
ynma&;uae vlaumif;jzpfzkdYeJY EkdifiHom;aumif;jzpfzkdY
jyifqifay;&r,f/ 'Dvkyfief;udk civic education vkdY
ac:wmyJ}vdkY olY&UJ On Education pmtkyfrSm qkdxm;yg
w,f/
a&S;OD;*&d
t&pöwkdw,fvfu EkdifiHom;aumif;eJY vlaumif;
awGudk tajccHOya'uom arG;jrLay;Ekdifw,fqkdwm
ajymMum;cJhw,f/jrifhjrwfBuD;us,fwJhEkdifiHom;wkdif;[m
b,fvkdtkyfcsKyfrvJqkdwmeJY b,fvkdOya'vkdufemoifh
vJqkdwJh t&mawGod&r,f/ olvdkyk*¾dKvfu ajymcJhwm
odyfrqef;vSygbl;/ a&S;OD;*&dawG taoG;tom;xJrSm
udku 'Drdkua&pD &SdaeMuvkdYygyJ/ 'Drkdua&pD qkdwJhtdrfrSm
olwkdYaexkdifMuygw,f/ 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf ta&;tBuD;
qkH; vkdtyfcsufu ]Oya'jzihf tkyfcsKyfrI} (the rule of
law)yJ/ Oya'txufrSm b,folrS r&Sdap&bJ? vlwkdif;u
Oya'a&SUarSmufrSm wlwlnDnD &Sd&ygr,f/
'gaMumifhvnf; 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf *&dawGrSm a&;
om;xm;wJh Oya'eJY a&;rxm;wJh Oya'qkdwmawG &Sdyg
w,f/ olwkdYa&;wJh Oya'awGudk vltrsm;jrifatmif
jynfolY&ifjyifawG? pusifausmuf½kyfxk? ausmufpm;yJG?
opfom;pwmawGrSm xGif;xka&;om;xm;ygw,f/ NrdKU jy
aexkdifolawG EkdifiHom;awGtm;vkH;u zwfMuaqG;aEG;
Mur,f/ ]Oya'jzihf tkyfcsKyfrI} (the rule of law) udk
jynfolYynmay;a&; vkyfief;BuD;tjzpf tcsif;csif; jyef
vnfoifMum;Muygw,f/ 'g[m a&S;OD;*&dawG&JU EkdifiHom;
ynma&; ykHpHawGyJ jzpfygw,f/
*&da0g[m& paideia qkdwm uav;eJY vli,fvl
&G,fawGudk ysdK;axmifarG;jrLjcif;vkdY qkdvdkygw,f/ wenf;
ajym&&if qD;ApfzHGUNzdK;rI ynmay;a&;ygyJ/ *&dNrdKUjyEkdifiH&JU
EkdifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsufu EkdifiHom;awG rdrdzmom zHGUNzdK;wkd;
wufapzkdY (self-development)jzpfw,f/ *&dtwGuf
ynma&;u &moufyefoif,l&rI (life-long process)
jzpfw,f/ ynma&;yef;wkdifu vlwpfOD;csif;pD[molYrdwf
aqGrsm;? olYrdom;pkrsm;eJY olYNrdKUjyEkdifiHtwGuf tzdk;wef
tokH;usr,fh tufquf (asset) jzpfapzkdYygyJ/
tJ'D tufqufjzpfapzkdYtwGuf paideia vkdYac:wJh
ynmay;rIrSm tEkynm? 'óe? EIwfrIynm? orkdif;? odyÜH?
ocsFm? yx0D? tm;upm; x&defeif? 0JvfzJ,m; pwmawG
yg0ifygw,f/ NrdKU jyt*Fg&yf trGeftjrwfw&m;awGuae
vlwpfa,muf&JUpm&dwår@dKifudkzHGUNzdK;atmifvkyfay;&if;
NrdKU jyom; EkdifiHBuD;om;&JU wm0eftodpdwf Ekd;Ekd;Mum;Mum;
&&SdoGm;atmif oifMum;ay;ygw,f/ oifMum;ay;wJh t
wwfynmaygif;rsm;pGmuae wpfOD;csif; t&nftcsif; yg
0gawG ysdK;axmifay;NyD;? trsm;jynfolYvkyfief;awGrSm yg
0ifapzkdY jzpfygw,f/ 'DxufydkvmwJhtcg EkdifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;
aqmif&GufrIawGrSm yg0ifvmzkdY jzpfygw,f/
*&dawG&JU tvkyftudkifeJY toufarG;0rf;ausmif;
vkyfief;rSeforQ[mvnf; ynma&;vkyfief;eJY ausmif;
q&m? q&mrtvkyfawGcsnf;ygyJ/ EkdifiHwkdif;&JU touf
(political life)u ynma&;jzpfovkd? ynma&;&JU &nf
&G,fcsufuvnf; trsm;jynfolYtodkif;t0kdif; (public
community)wkd;wufBuD;rm;vmapzkdY jzpfw,f/ at
oifNrdKUjy'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHa&;[mNrdKUjytwGufrl0g'aumif;
ay:xGufapzkdYomru? EkdifiHom;awGtwGuf todynm?
pm&dwåeJY EkdifiHom;ynma&;qkdif&m oif½kd;ñTef;wrf;aumif;
awG &Sdxm;zkdYjzpfygw,f/ oif½kd;ñTef;wrf;aumif;uae
t&pöwkdw,fvf vrf;aMumif;ay;wJh ]b,fvkdtkyfcsKyfr
vJ? b,fvkdOya' vdkufemrvJ}qkdwJh NyD;jynfhpkHwJh EkdifiH
om;awG (perfect citizens) jzpfatmif vkyfzkdYygyJ/
½l;qkd;&JU y½dk*&ufqpfynma&;
a&S;atoifNrdKUom; *&dvlrsdK;awG[m 'Drkdua&pD
udk tpGrf;ukefwnfaqmufMuayr,fh qkdua&;wD;? y
avwkd? t&pöwkdw,fvfwkdY tjrifawGu tm;enf;csuf
rsm; &Sdaeao;aMumif; axmufjyolu jyifopftawG;t
ac:ynm&Sif ½l;qkd;ygyJ/ ½l;qkd;u q&mBuD;awGrdefYcJhwJh vl
aumif;eJY EkdifiHom;aumif; wNydKifeufxJjzpfzkdYudk vufcH
ayr,fhvnf; vlaumif;qkdwmvGwfvyfrI? aysmf&TifrI?
wef;wlnDrQrI? arwåmw&m;&SdrI pwJh yifukd,ft&nft
csif;awG&SdwJh obm0vlom;yJ jzpfapcsifw,fvkdY qkdyg
w,f/
vlom;twGuf ½l;qkd;&JU pHjyarmf',fu vlawGudk
obm0eJY uif;uGmroGm;atmif? wpfOD;csif;pD[m vlUtzJGU
tpnf;&JU taESmiftzJGUrcH&bJ wwfEkdiforQ vGwfvyfap
95
 zkdY? olYudkolrSvJGNyD; b,folYtrdefYrS remcHzkdY tqdkjyKygw,f/
vl[marG;zGm;vmuwnf;u taMumif;jycsuftrsdK;rsdK;
eJY tcsKyftaESmifrcH&bJ EkdifiHa&;? vlrIa&; &oifh&xkduf
aom tcGihfta&;rsm; &xm;&r,fvdkY qkdygw,f/ uav;
awGudk oifcef;pmawG tvGwfusufrSwfcdkif;wm? orkdif;
ckESpfrsm;? ouú&mZfrsm;? NrdKU&Gmrsm;? bk&if rdzk&m;wdkY emrnf
rsm; rSwfom;cdkif;wmxuf vlxJuvlwpfa,mufom
jzpfvmatmifavhusiyfh sKd ;axmifru I o
kd mvkyo f ifw h ,f/
'DtwGuf civic qdkwJh EkdifiHom;ynma&;om ta&;BuD;
aMumif; ½l;qkd;u ,lqygw,f/
wkd;wufwJh (progressive)jzpfwJh ausmif;q&m
wkdif;u uav;awGudk olwkdYudk,fwkdif oif,lavhvm
wwfatmif wHcg;zGihfay;zkdY? yk*¾vlom;&JU wefzdk;rjzwfEkdif
aom vGwfvyfrIrsm;eJY obm0w&m;BuD;udk 'kwf'kwfxd
cHpm;odjrifoGm;apzkdYom EkdifiHom;ynma&;udkay;&r,f/
uav;awGudk MuifemzkdY oifjyzkdY? ypöKyÜefudk rapmfum;bJ
tem*wf vrf;zGifhay;zkdY avhusihfysdK;axmifay;&r,f/ Ekdif
iHom;ynma&;[m ausmif;om;ykHoGif;puf rjzpfap&bl;
vdkY owday;xm;ygw,f/
'Drkdu&ufaumif;wpfa,muf
NAdwdoQynma&;eJY 'óeynm&Sif *Refpwl;twf
ar;vfuvnf; jynfoludk,fpm;jyKwJh 'Drkdua&pDtpdk;&
twGuf vlxkyg0ifEIef;jrifhrm;zkdYeJY EkdifiHa&;&vm'faumif;
awG ay:xGufzdkYtwGuf ynma&;om tc&mtusqkH;vkdY
qkdcJhygw,f/'DtwGufqD;Apfynma&;udktrsdK;om;ynm
a&; tpdwftydkif;BuD;tjzpf aqmif&Gufoifhw,fvdkY jrifcJh
ygw,f/ 'grSvnf; 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHtwGuf 'Drdku&uf
aumif;awG ay:xGef;apr,f/
tar&duef&JU apmapmydkif; EkdifiHom;ynma&;ykHpH
awGudkMunfh&if aomrwfpf*sufzmqif&JU 'Drkdu&ufwpf
ynma&; t,ltqawG uJaeygw,f/ ynma&;[m
wpfOD;csif;tcGihfta&;udk umuG,fapmihfxdef;ay;&r,f/
tajymta[maumif;olawG? tmPm&SifawG vufqkyf
wGif;u wpfOD;csif;vGwfajrmufapr,fh ]vpfb&,fynm
a&;}rsdK;&atmif pGrf;aqmifay;&r,f/ qif;&Jcsrf;om
96
vlrsdK;aemufcHra&G; tqihfjrifhynmoifMum;EkdifzkdY tcrJh
ausmif;awG &Sd&r,f/ uav;awGtm;vkH; tar&duef
'Drdku&ufwpfpepfatmufrSm pD;arsmEkdifzkdYtwGuf qD;Apf
ynma&; oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;aumif; jy|mef;Ekdif&r,fvkdY qdk
cJhygw,f/
qD;Apfynma&;aumif;uae tar&duudk a&TUajymif;
tajccsvmoltm;vkH; tar&duef b0aexkdifrIatmuf
rSm tar&dueftdrfrufawGeJY wom;xJwxyfxJ (ho-
mogenization) jzpfoGm;ap&r,f/ 1880ckESpfeJY yx
rurÇmppftMum; tar&duudk ajymif;a&TUtajccsvmol
vlrsdK;aygif;pkH[m tar&dueftdrfrufqkdwJh tawG;tac:
pD;aMumif;xJ tHhMozG,faumif;atmif aysmf0ifEkdifcJhMuyg
w,f/
aemufqD;Apfynma&;qkdwm EkdifiHom;awGtcsdef
wef rJay;½kH? rJqG,f½kHavmufudkom qkdvkdcsifwm r[kwf
ygbl;/ tem*wfrSm EkdifiHom;wkdif;[m 'Drkdu&ufwpfpepf
wpfckvkH;&JU tvkyfvkyfykHawG? tudkif;tvuf trsdK;rsdK;eJY
vnfywfaeykHawG? a&G;aumufyJGvkyfxkH;vkyfenf;? tpdk;
& tifpwDusL;&Sif;awGeJY rdrdwkdif;jynfrSm usihfokH;cJhwJh
pepfawG&JU orkdif;udk od&Sdxm;Mu&ygr,f/ EkdifiHom;jzpfrI
tay:rSm &ydkifcGihfeJY wm0ef0wå&m;awGudk odxm;&ygr,f/
'gawGtukefvkH;udk qD;Apfynma&; rmwdumatmufrSm
xnhfoGif; oifMum;ay;&ygr,f/
qD;ApfoifMum;rIrSm wpfaMumif;oGm;r[kwfbJ
jzefYxGufawG;awmrI (critical thinking) yg&SdzkdY ta&;
BuD;ygw,f/ qD;Apfynma&; (civic education)omjzpf
oihfNyD;? qD;Apf0g'oGwfoGif;rI (civic indoctrination)
rsdK; rjzpfatmif a&Smif&Sm;&r,f/ EkdifiHa&;todynma&m?
jzefYxGufawG;awmrIyg ESpfckpvkH; EkdifiHom;awGrSm &Sd&
r,f/ 'grS 'Drkdu&ufwpfpepfudk ususeeawG;awm pD;
arsmyg0ifEkdifr,fh 'Drkdu&ufwpfaumif;awG &&Sdr,fvkdY
'Drdkua&pD tbd"r®mq&mBuD;rsm;u qkdrdefYygw,f/
tkyfpkESpfpkESihf Character Education
'Drkdua&pD wkd;wufapzkdY enf;vrf;twGuf char-
achter education tokH;jyKzkdY tkyfpkESpfpk tm;NydKifcJhzl;yg
w,f/ wpftkyfpku EkdifiHa&; oDtkd&Dynm&SifjzpfwJh 0DvD,H
*vufpwkef; OD;aqmifNyD;? trsm;tusdK;twGuf EkdifiHom;
wkdif;[m udk,fusdK;pGefYvTwfpaw;&r,fqkdwJh t,ludkif
qJGygw,f/ 'DtjrifaemufrSm yg0ifMuolawGu vlYtzJGU
tpnf;wnfNidrfzkdYeJY 0JvfzJ,m;pepfzHGUNzdK;zkdY tm½kHxm;Muyg
w,f/
'kwd,tkyfpkuawmh 'Drkdua&pDpepftwGuf wuf
<upGm yg0ifrIudk A[kdjyKrxm;bl;/ 'Drdkua&pDpepftwGuf
yg0ifrI[m charachter ynma&;&JU wpfpdwfwpfydkif;yJ
jzpfw,fvkdY jrifMuygw,f/ 'Dtkyfpkudk ynma&;jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&;orm; Thomas Lickona u OD;aqmifyg
w,f/ olwkdYtqdku ausmif;awG[m vlaumif;jzpfapzkdY
wpfOD;csif;&JU tjyKtrIp½dkuf trSwf0daoo (character
traits)udk wnfaqmufay;&r,f/ wcsdefxJrSm EkdifiHom;
aumif;wpfa,mufjzpfatmif ysdK;axmif&r,fwJh/
odkYaomf tkyfpkESpfpkpvkH;u democratic charac-
ter qkdwmudk oJoJuJGuJG r&Sif;jyMuyg/ 'Dpum; rlv&if;
jrpfu kharakter qkdwJh *&duaevmwmjzpfygw,f/
pdwfydkif;qkdif&meYJ pm&dwåydkif;qkdif&m aumif;jrwfrI t&nf
taoG;tm;vkH;&JU t*Fg&yfvu©Pmrsm;udk qkdvdkwmygyJ/
'Dawmhvpfb&,f'Drkdua&pDynm&Sifrsm;awmif;qkdcsuf
t& vlaumif;wpfa,mufeJY EkdifiHom;aumif; wpf
a,muftwGuf democratic character &Sdudk&Sd&r,f/
'gaMumifhrdkY character education ysdK;axmifay;&r,fvdkY
qkdygw,f/
aumhprkdykdvDwefynma&;
aumhprkdydkvDwef0g'[m *vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;
aMumifh ydkrkdacwfpm;vmNyD;? EkdifiHom;ynma&; oifMum;
olrsm;twGuf ydkrdkta&;ygvmygw,f/ aumhprkdydkvDwef
ynma&;rSm ,Ofaus;rI ya'ompkH ynma&; (multicul-
tural education)udk qkdvkdwmygyJ/ 'Dt,ltq tvdk
Civics = The study of City Government
The rights and duties of Citizens
The Science of Citizensship
t& EkdifiHom;aumif;wkdif;[m wpfyg;ol&JU tjrif½Iaxmifh
udk av;pm;wefzkd;xm;zkdYeJY twl,SOfwJGaexkdifwwfzkdYudk
tav;uJygw,f/ aumhprkdydkvDwef EkdifiHom;rsm;[m
rdrdtrsdK;om; e,fedrdwfabmifudk ausmfvGefNyD; csJUum;
awG;wwf pOf;pm;wwf&r,fvkdY qkdygw,f/
tar&duef trsdK;orD; 'óeynm&Sif (Marth
Nussbaum)u aumhprdkydkvDwefpepfatmuf aexkdif
aom EkdifiHom;rsm; yxrwm0efu vlrsdK;? bmom? ,kHMunf
rI? vlwef;pm;? e,ferdwfra&G; vlwkdif;udk av;pm;wefzkd;
xm; qufqHwwf&r,fvkdY qkdygw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'Dvdk
aumhprkdydkvDwef jzpfoGm;vkdY rdrd rdom;pk? aqGrsdK;rdwfaqG?
tdrfeD;csif;wkdYtay:zufwG,frIudkpGefYvTwfp&mrvdkaMumif;
ajymygw,f/ ,aeYEkdifiHom;ynma&;[m tJ'D aumprdk
ydkvDwef t,ltqtay:rSm tajccH&r,f/ cyfqef;qef;
ajym&&if acwfopf qD;Apfynma&;[m ]vpfb&,f rsdK;
cspf0g'DawG} (liberal patriotism) arG;xkwf&r,fvkdY
qkdygw,f/
csKyfajym&&if EkdifiHom;ynma&;[m atmifjrifwJh
'Drdkua&pDpepftwGuf EkdifiHom;awG yg0ifEkdifzkdYjyifqif
ay;jcif;jzpfygw,f/ vlYtzJGUtpnf;eJY pepfrsm;twGif; r
nDrQrI? rw&m;rIrsm;udk Oya'twGif;uae pdefac:&Jatmif
EkdifiHom;awG yg0ifEkdifzkdY jyifqifay;jcif;jzpfygw,f/
oabmxm; tjrif rwlrItay: onf;cHEkdifrI (toler-
ance)? jzefYusufawG; awmEkdifrI? tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfykHpepfudk
owd&Sd&Sd a0zefydkif; jcm;EkdifrI&SdzdkYtwGuf urÇmMunfh Mu-
nfh jrifwwfaom ynmwwfEkdifiHom;rsm; ay:xGef;apzkdY
jzpfygw,f/n
0ifhxef;
&nfñTef;/ Civic Education by Richard G. Niemi
and Jane Junn.
Civic Education and Culture by Brad-
ley C.S Watson.
97
 Civics
tay:
olwkdYtjrif? olwdkYtawGU
a'gufwmbodef;0if; (wd&pämefarG;uk q&m0efBuD;)
ppfNyD;acwf vGefcJhwJh ESpfaygif;ajcmufq,favmufu Private English Co-
nvent vkdYac:wJh yk*¾vdubmoma&; t*Fvdyfausmif;rSm usaemfausmif;wuf
cJh&ygw,f/ aiGaMu;tajrmuftrsm;ay;NyD; pmoif,lcJh&wmyg/ rlvwef;u pNyD;
moral and manners qkdwJh ]udk,fusihfw&m;eJY ,Ofaus;rI}wkdYudk aeYpOf
oifMum;cJh&ygw,f/ bk&m;? w&m;taMumif;yg pwifoifMum;cJh&ygw,f/
bk&m;udkodvmawmh w&m;rsm; udkvnf; odvm&ygw,f/ tusdK;uawmh
,Ofaus;odrfarGUwJh? Nidrf;csrf;a&;udkvkdvm;wJh ausmif;om;wpfa,muf
jzpfvmcJh&ygw,f/
ynm&SdBuD;wpfOD;u b,fvdkajymxm;ovJqkd&if ]uav;&JU yxr
ckESpfESpfudkomay;yg/ 4if;aemufydkif; oifolYudk bmyJvkyfcsifvkyfcsif&NyD}vkdY
qkdcJhzl;ygw,f/ toufwmwpfckvkH;&JU yxrckESpfESpfudk ta&;tBuD; qkH;vkdY qkdMuygw,f/ 'Dvdki,f&G,fpOf
tcdkufrSm usihf0wfeDwdwkdY? bk&m;taMumif;wkdYudk tav;teufxm; oifMum;ay;oifhygw,f/ 'gaMumifh rlBudK?
rlvwef;rsm;rSm usihf0wfeDwdawG tkwfjrpfcsMu&ygr,f/ nHhzsif;wJh ywf0ef;rSm aygufzGm;vmwJh oli,fwpfOD;
twGuf b0rSm tppaemufus&ol jzpf&wwfw,f/ ywf0ef;usif&JU tm;enf;rIqkd;usdK;udk olcH&r,f/ 'g
aMumifhrdkY uav;wpfa,muftwGuf vlvlolol EkdifiHBuD;om;jzpfapzkdY? jrifhrm;wJh ywf0ef;usif&SdaezkdY
tvGefta&;BuD;ygw,f/
aemufvlwpfOD;rSm ta&;tBuD;qkH;tcsufu tusihfpm&dwåygyJ/ tusihfpm&dwåaysmufqkH;&if tm;vkH;
aysmufqkH;jcif;jzpfygw,f/ standard of moral values vkdYac:wJh vlYusihf0wf tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;vm&ef
vnf; oifMum;ay;&ef vdktyfygw,f/ vlYusihf0wf&Sd vlawmfvlaumif; ynmwwfawGu t&m&mrSm OD;aqmif
oifMum;vrf;jyay;zkdY vdkr,f/ wkdif;jynfudkvnf; OD;aqmifMu&r,f/ 'grSom wkdif;jynftzufzufu aemuf
rusbJ wkd;wufr,f/ EkdYrdkU jzifh ynmrJh? usihf0wfr&Sd? t*Fvdyfvdk A bunch of idiots qkdwJh vl½l;tkyfpkwpfpkom
OD;aqmifoifMum; tkyfcsKyfae&if usihf0wfeDwdawG vkH;0OóHk uif;rJhaevdrfhr,f/ tusihfpm&dwåysufjym;
olaygrsm;NyD;? pm&dwår@dKif tpOf,drf;,dkifoGm;vdrfhr,f/
]EkdifiHom;ynma&;}eJY qufEG,fvdkY ajym&&if EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHrSm arG;zGm;vmwmeJY tJ'Dol[m
EkdifiHom;tcGihfta&;? rdrdtcGihfta&;udk em;vnfzkdY ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ trdjrefrmEkdifiHrSm arG;zGm;vmwJh e,fpGef
e,fzsm;u ]0}vlrsdK;yJjzpfjzpf? ]em*}yJjzpfjzpf? birthright qkdwJh arG;&myg tcGihfta&;&Sd&r,f/ ynmoifMum;
cGihf? aq;ukocGihf? tvkyfvkyfydkifcGihf? w&m;½kH;wufydkifcGihf? ajymqkda&;om;cGihf? BudKuf&mbmom udk;uG,fcGifh

98
 pwmawG vlwkdif;rSm ydkifqkdifcGihf&Sdw,f/ tJ'DtcGifhta&;awGudk odem;vnfzdkY uav;awGudk oifay;&w,f/
'Drdkua&pDqkdwJh a0g[m&udk usaemfoifaewJh ausmif;om;rsm;udk ar;Munfhawmh vGwfvyfrIvkdY ajz
wwfMuygw,f/ rvkHavmufao;yg/ EkdifiHom;wkdif;[m 'Dta&;BuD;wJh pum;vkH;udk taotcsmem;vnf
xm;&r,f/ t*Fvdyfvkduawmh tvGef&Sif;ygw,f/ Democracy is the government of the people by
the people for the people. vlxktwGuf vlxkudk,fwkdifu a&G;cs,fxm;wJh vlxktpdk;&yJ/
tJ'Dvdkw&m;0ifvlxku a&G;cs,fxm;wJh vlxktpdk;&[m jrefrmEkdifiHrSm 1962 ckESpf? rwfv 2 &uf em&D
jyefESpfcsufrSm qdwfokOf;cJh&w,f/ 1988 rSom ppftmPm&Sifpwifw,fvkdY odaeMuwJh tcsKdUrsdK;qufopfawG
udk tJ'g ynmay;zdkYvdkygw,f/
jrefrmjynfrSmarG;cJhwJh EkdifiHom;wkdif;rSm toJMum;u rJwpfjym;&SdaeNyD;? 'gudkrSefuefw&m;rQwwJh a&G;
aumufyJGrSm tokH;csEkdifzkdYvdkygw,f/ wzufowf tEkdif&atmif jyKvkyfxm;wJh a&G;aumufyJGrsdK;rSm rdrd&JUwefzkd;
&SdvSwJhrJudk tokH;csypfzkdY rvdkbl;/ 'DtwGuf EkdifiHom;wkdif;udk ynmay;&r,f/
avmuBuD;wGif vlaumif;rsm; qdwfqdwfaejcif;u raumif;rIudk tm;ay;&ma&mufwJhoabm&Sdw,f/
For the evil to triumph, good people are still silent vkdY t*FvdyfpmayrSm qkdxm;ygw,f/ EkdifiHom;ppfrSef&if
wkdif;jynfrSm raumif;rIrsm; 'kESihfa'; jzpfay:aejcif;wkdYudk us,favmifpGm [pfa<u;azmfxkwfypf&r,f/ udk,fh
wkdif;jynfrSm ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHom; jzpfvmapzkdYtwGuf EkdifiHom;aumif;wdkif;? trsKd;aumif;om;wkdif;
0kdif; 0ef;ulnDMu&r,fh wm0ef&Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dwm0efodzdkYqdkwmu EkdifiHom;ynma&;oifMum;ay;rSom &r,f/

q&mMuD;aygvf vbefwl; (tjidrf;pm;txufwef;ausmif;tkyfMuD;? Aef;armfjrdKU? ucsifjynfe,f)

vGefcJhaom ESpf 50 u pmoifausmif;wkdif;rSm eHeufausmif;wufcgp yxrtcsdefü
rlvwef;? tv,fwef;? txufwef; tqihf&Sd pmoifcef;wkdif;wGif jrefrmh
,Ofaus;rI jzpfaom jynfolYeDwd? vlUusihfpOfrsm;? MuD;ol&kdao? i,foloem;?
&G,fwl av;pm; ponfh tawG;tac:rsm;udk twef;ydkifrsm;? wm0ef&Sd q&mq&mr
rsm;u tav;xm; oifMum;ay;cJhygonf/
tcsKdUaom mission ausmif;rsm;? ukd,fydkifausmif;rsm;ü oD;oefYtcsdef jyXmef;
owfrSwfxm;jyD; Moral and manners udk wpfcsdef oifMum;ay;onf/ Oyrm -
ausmif;olausmif;om; wpfa,mufonf q&mq&mr a&SUü rwfwyf&yfonfhtcg
ajczaemihfcsif;xdjyD; ajcrESpfckudk av;vufr cGgxm;um 'l;ESpfzufpvHk;
qefYxm;um &ifudkygqefY? vufESpfzuf ydkufxm;? vnfyif; rwfrwf xm;um &yf&rnf/
vlMuD;a&SUü &yfaecsdef abmif;bDtdwf? tusÐtdwfxJ vufEdIufxnfhxm;jcif;rjyK&/ MuHK&m
wHawG;axG;jcif; rjyK&/ pum;ajymqdk&mü rdrdvlrsKd;\ ,Ofaus;rIt& odrfarGUpGm ajymqdk qufqH&rnf/ vlMuD;
vli,f &G,fwl tm;vHk;ESihf &dkif;pdkif;pGm ajymqdk qufqHjcif;rjyK&/
vltcsif;csif; rsufESmcsif;qkdif pum;ajymqdkMupOf wpfa,mufeJU wpfa,muf rsufESm MunfhjyD;
ajymusihf&rnf/ tpm;taomufpm;onfhtcg yvkyfyavmif; tjrifraumif;atmif pm;aomufjcif;
rjyK&[laom table manners ponfwdkYudk q&mpm;rcsefbJ ,Ofaus;odrfarGUrI usihfpOfrsm; tav;xm;
oifay;cJhzl;ygonf/ jreffrmh &dk;&m ,Ofaus;rIudkvnf; i,f&G,fpOfu od&Sdem;vnf avhusihf,lwwf&ef txl;
tav;xm; ydkYcs cJhygonf/

99
 udkausmfvif;OD; (xkdif;EkdifiH? Webster wuúodkvfrS EkdifiHwuma&;&m avhvmol)
EkdifiHom;ynma&; qdkwm wpfenf;tm;jzihf EkdifiHa&;tajccHukd avhvmxm;jcif;ygyJ/
EkdifiHa&;qkdwm vlawG&JU aeYpOfpm;rI? aerI? xkdifrI? aeYpOfb0udpö xkdxkd[m
EkdifiHa&;yJvdkY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; a&;xm;wmudk rSwfom;zl;ygw,f/
t&pöwkdw,fvfuawmh EkdifiH&JUta&;[m EkdifiHa&;yJvkdY qdkygw,f/ 'gayrJY
aemufydkif;rSm EkdifiHa&;xJudk tmPmeJYywfoufwJh udpöawGxnfhoGif;vmNyD;?
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100
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Bangkok Post
(30.June.2010)
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Bangkok Post (1 July 2010)

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103
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104
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The Daily Mail (18 June 2010)
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BBC (09 July 2010)

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105
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UK/ Education (25 June 2010)

2010 vli,ftdkvHypfzGihfyJG tdrf&Sif puFmyljyifqif

puFmylNrdKU EkdifiHi,fav;wGif tdrf&Siftjzpf
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yrnfjzpfNyD;? puFmylNrdKUav;twGuf t&SnfMumqkH; aysmf

106
&TifyJG tcrftem;wpfckjzpfonf/ puFmylNrdKUv,faumif&Sd
Orchard Road vrf;rBuD;wavQmufrSm BudwfBudwf
wkd;pnfum;aeonf/ urÇmausmf Click 5 ESihf Alarice
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puFmylc&D;oGm;vkyfief; 'g½kdufwm John Con
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90 jynhfvGefrsdK;qufu w½kwfjynfudk OD;aqmifrSmwJhvm;
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vmonfh q,fausmfoufrsm;udk ]90 tvGefrsdK;quf}
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olrsdK;qufrsm;ESihf uGmjcm;vSonf/ w½kwfjynf&JU u
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vmaom tvsiftjref pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufrIonfom 90
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t&m&SdawGeJY {nfhonfawGudk {nfhcHBudKqkdcGihf&wmyJ/
EkdifiHwum tm;upm;aygif;pkHudk tdrf&Sifusif;ycGihf&wm
[m acwfrSDNyD; atmifjrifwJh aumhprdkydkvDwefNrdKUawmf
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CNN(3.8.2010)
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CNN(20 July 2010)
107
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rif;ok0Pf

108
 pma&;olwkdY oli,fwef;t&G,fu ausmif;qif;csdef
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vkdYom qkdcJh&w,f/ bmukdqkdvdkw,f? bmajymw,f
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pmoifenf;awGeJY oifcJhMuwm/ bmrSem;rvnfcJhygvm;
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aMumufw&m;awGu jrefrmvlrsdK;awGqDrSm t½kd;pGJaeMu
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oDukH;pyfjyxm;ygw,f/ ajcmufwwfwJh tavhtxudk
arQmheufrJBuD;eJY rpl;prf;&JatmifqkdNyD; oDukH;pyfjyxm;
ygw,f/ ajcmufwwfwJh tavhtxudk arQmheufrJBuD;eJY
rpl; prf;&Jatmif? rpGefYpm;&Jatmif? aMumufoGm;atmif
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109

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110
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111
 todtrSwfjyKvufrSwf eJY wefzkd;
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tay:rSm t"du rlwnfygw,f/
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112
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cJh&mrSm vlawGutwwfynmaemufukd rvdkufbJ
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vufrSwftwGuf (trsm;pku) r½kd;rajzmihf enf;vrf;pkH
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jzwfowfrSwfwmrsdK;rsm;wJhtwGuf todtrSwfjyK vuf
rSwf qdkwmawG[m wefzkd;rJhvmNyD; vufrSwfu wjcm;
vufawGUtvkyfuwjcm; jzpfvmygawmhw,f/
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wmjzpfNyD; vufrSwfawGu taxmuftuljyKtaeeJY
om&Sdygw,f/ b,fvkdbJGUvufrSwfyJ &xm;ygap qkduúm;
eif;ae&if qkduúm;orm;? tiSm;um;armif;ae&if um;
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jzwfoef;rItay: rlwnfajymif;vJaerSmyg/
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rSmawmif q,fwef;atmif trSwfpm&if;eJY 0ifcGihf
wufcGihf&zkdY avQmufMu&wmyg/ vmbfxkd;Mu&wmyg/
tJ'Dvdk cufcufcJcJ ausmif;wufcGifh&atmif BudK;
pm;MuNyD; tif*sifeD,m ynm&yfawGudk oif,lwwfajrmuf
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vkyf&if; aps;a&mif;&if; vG,fvG,fulul tcsdefwkdwkdyJ
oifMum;cJh&wJh ta0;oifawGudk bJGUvufrSwf owfrSwf
ay;wmu Armjynf ynma&;qkdif&m tvJGawGxJu jrif
omodomwJh taMumif;t&m wpf&yf jzpfygw,f/
(3)
ausmif;eH&HawGay:u qkdif;bkwfawGay:rSm ]ynm
a&;jzihf acwfrDzHGUNzdK; wkd;wufaom EkdifiHawmfBuD;wnf
aqmuftHh} qkdaomfjim;vnf; wu,fwrf; tpdk;&qkdol
tmPmykdifawGu ynma&;udk wefzkd;rxm;wJhtcg Arm
jynf jynfolvlxk wpf&yfvkH;uyg ynma&; tay:wefzkd;
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113
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awmifom;awG&JU t&Sdw&m;yg/ u&ifjynfe,f? &Srf;jynf
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av;pm;pGm zdwfac: tyfygonf/

armu©ynma&;r*¾Zif;onf jrefrmEkdifiH ynma&;vGwfvyfcGihf? ynma&;w&m;rQwrIESihf ynma&;
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editors@maukkha.org
maukkha@gmail.com
www.maukkha.org
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114

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School For Orphans And Helpless Youths
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u ausmif;q&mjzpfw,f/ 'gaMumihf jynfwGif;rSm 1964
rS 1988 ckESpfxd tv,fwef;jy? txufwef;jyeJY txuf
wef;ausmif;tkyf wm0efawGudk tESpf 20 eD;yg; xrf;
aqmifcJhw,f/ 1988 ckESpfaemufydkif; xkdif;-jrefrme,f
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wJhtvTmu vlrsdK;pkH? bmompkHuav;awG yg0ifygw,f/
aemufctH ajctaeudkajym&&ifawmh ppftmPm&Siw f &Ydk JU
115
 &ufpuf&rf;um;rIESihf vlrqefrIawGaMumifh wkdif;&if;
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oifay;aewm jzpfygw,f/
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ujzpfw,f/ Arm? &cdkif? u&if? ucsif? csif;? rGef? ytdk0fh?
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awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udkawmh rme,fyavm? aumfrl;
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116
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125
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jrwfyef;&Sif bmomjyefonf/
Sanitsuda Ekachai
Bkk Post 21 June 2010

South East Asia Universities TOP - 10

2010 ckESpftwGuf ta&SUawmiftm&Sxdyfwef; wuúodkvf 50 pm&if;udk Academic Ranking of World
Universities (ARWU) bkwftzJGUu rMumcifu xkwfjyefvkdufonf/ ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'otwGif; tqifhrsm;ESihf
wurÇmvHk;tqihfwdkYudk yl;wGJazmfjyxm;onf/
ta&SUawmiftm&Stqihf wuúodkvftrnf urÇmhtqihf
1 National University of Singapore 135
2 Prince of Songla University (Thailand) 295
3 Chulalongkorn Univesity (Thailand) 369
4 Kasetsart University (Thailand) 418
5 Nanyang Technological University (Singapore) 442
6 Mahidol University (Thailand) 548
7 Gadjah Mada University (Indonesia) 623
8 Chiang Mai University (Thailand) 633
9 Thammasat University (Thailand) 675
10 Institute of Technology Bandung (Indonesia) 676

126
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129
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130
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awGudk ajz&Sif;zkdYtwGuf olYrSm awmfvSefa&; urfydef;
xyfjr§ifhzkdYuvJGvkdY tjcm;enf; r&Sdbl;/ oludk,fwkdifu
vnf; abm*aA'ynm&yfuRrf;usifolr[kwfbl;/ olY&JU
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bGefeifu ]tcsdKUynmwwfvli,fawGusawmh
v,fxJrSmyJ ajr,mjyKjyifr,fqkdNyD; ,kH,kHMunfMunf
aeMuwmvnf; &Sdw,f/ ygwD&JU awmfvSefa&;pdwf awGu
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tac:[m usefwpfEkdifiHvkH;u rsdK;qufawGtay: MoZm
vTrf;xm;w,f/ olwkdY[m awG;awmMuwJhrsdK;quf (thi-
nking generation)yg/ 'gayrJY bmrSjzpfrvmbJ v,f
xJrSm aMuuJGp&m toufqkH;ukefwJhtwGuf qkH;½IH;oGm;
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tajccHa&;xm;onf[k qdkonf/ ZDusif;ay:vpDaMumifh
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pum;jyeftaeeYJ usaemfa&mufoGm;awmh vrf;wdkif;
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ay:vpDukd qG,fw&m;a[maewm awGUcJh&w,f/ tJ'D
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armfacwfrSm 'Dvdk vIyfvIyf&G&GeJY pnf;½kH;cGihf&zkdYqkdwm odyf
cufw,f/ tm;vkH; vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm;jzpfaeMuw,f/ v,f
xJudkynmwwfawG armif;ydkYa&; ay:vpDatmifjrifzkdY
xuf? awmuvlawG NrdKUwufvmzkdYu ydkaocsmaewm
usaemfjrifxm;cJhw,f/ aemufawmh 'Dtwdkif;jzpfoGm;
wmyJ r[kwfvm;}vdkY olYtjrifudk ajymjyonf/
]wcsdKUtoufraobJ NrdKUjyefwufvmwJh olawG
awmh &SdwmyJ/ 'gayr,fh olwdkYNrdKUjyefwufvmMuwJh t
csdef jynfolykdifvkyfief;awG 0efxrf;avQmhcscsdefeJY wdk;ae
NyD/ tJ'DrsdK;quf[m odyfoem;p&maumif;ygw,f/ t
rsm;pk[m wDxGifzefwD;EkdifpGr;f (creative skills) &Sdol
awGyJ/ 1977ckESpfrSm wuúodkvf0ifcGihf atmifjrifxm;NyD;
olawG? b0tawGUtBuKH? t,ltqa&;&m? jzwfoef;rIeJY
armf'efynma&;udk &&Sdxm;MuolawGyJ/ tEkynm? pm
ay? vlrIodyÜHeJY bpfZeufvkyfief; bmom&yfawGrSm ukd,f
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acgif;rmrm xlaxmifrIatmufrSm ynmwwf rsdK;quf
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pdwf 'Pf&m'PfcsufawG &&Sdxm;Muw,ff/ uaeY
rsKd;qufopf[m pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufrIeJY w&kwfjynf
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u cGifhjyKcsuf ay;wJhtwGuf 0rf;omaMumif; The Glob-
al Times owif;pm udk ajymjycJhonf/
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tar om;a& tdyf&mxawmhuG,f? ausmif;csdefaemufusOD;r,f .. x .. x/
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uvnf; rkef;w,f/ ausmif;om;awGuvnf; rkef;w,f/ roGm;csifbl; tar&m/
tar aMomf ... om;&,f? 'gayr,hf .. om;ausmif;oGm;&r,fav? xawmh/
om; 'gqkd om;udk bmaMumifhausmif;oGm;&r,fqkdwm ajym/ ararajymwJh taMumif;jycsufckdifvkHrS
om;ausmif;oGm;r,f/
tar cufwJh uav;yJ/ om;ausmif;wufrSjzpfrSmayhg/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh om;u ausmif;tkyfBuD;
r[kwfvm;/

131
 EkdifiHwum wuúodkvf 0ifcGifYrdwfquf
EkdifiHwumynma&;ESihf wuúodkvfaumvdyf 0if
cGifhrdwfqufudk armu©ynma&;r*¾Zif;ESifh 0bfqkd'fwGif
,ckvrSpwif azmfjyoGm;ygrnf/ ynma&;u@tvdkuf
t"du taMumif;t&mrsm;udk a&G;cs,af zmfjyoGm;rnf
jzpfonf/
EkdifiHwumwuúodkvf ynma&;rdwfqufu@
onf EkdifiHwumtqifh&Sd wuúodkvfrsm;avQmuf&ef jyif
qifxm;oifhonfhtcsufrsm;? ausmif;0ifcGihfykHpHrsm;?
ausmif;0ifcGihfvkdtyfcsuftwGuf avhvm&rnfh bmom
&yfrsm;? ynmoifqkavQmufxm;&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk
vufvSrf;rSDoavmuf rdwfquf oGm;rnfjzpfonf/
xkdYjyif ausmif;om;vli,frsm;twGuf oufqkdif&m
bmom&yfrsm;ESihf ywfoufívnf; a,bl,s oabm
132
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w&m;rsm;udk avhvmEkdif&ef bmom&yftvdkuf yg0if
aomt"du avhusifhxm;oifhonfh acgif;pOfrsm;ESihf
avhusifhcef; tenf;tusOf;? erlemar;cGef;rsm;ESihf
aumif;Ekd;&m&mrsm;udk pkpnf;wifjyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/
,ck pwifrdwfqufvkdonfrSm EkdifiHwum ausmif;
om;b0pwif&ef BudK;pm;aeolrsm; pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;
twGuf rdrdESihf[efcsufnDaom a&G;cs,frI trsdK;rsdK;udk
pOf;pm;Ekdif&ef jzpfonf/
bmom&yfa&G;cs,fjcif;
bmom&yfa&G;cs,f&mwGif rdrdtrSefwu,f 0g
oemygaom bmom&yf? 0goemygojzihf rdrdzmom
tjyifwGif ukd,fwkdifpmzwfavhvmjcif; (self- study)
jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? tvkyftawGUtBuKH t&aomf
vnf;aumif;? rdrdESifhtuRrf;w0if&Sdaom bmom&yfrsdK;
udk a&G;cs,f&efoifhygonf/ xkdYjyif rdrdtem*wfa&SU
avQmufwGif rnfuJhodkYaom professional tvkyfrsdK;udk
aZmufcsvkyfrnfenf; [laom tcsufay:rlwnfí 4if;
tvkyfESihfoufqkdfifrnfhbmomudk a&G;cs,foifhyg onf/
txl;ojzifh bJGUvGefwef;wufrnfholrsm;twGuf rdrd\
profession ESihf wpwp ydkrdkeD;pyfvmNyDjzpfojzihf txl;
jyKbmom&yf taotcsm a&G;cs,fzdkYomí ta&;BuD;yg
onf/
bJGUBudKwef;onf bGJUvGefwef;xuf tenf;i,f
a,bl,sqefojzifh rdrdvkdcsifaom bmom&yfudk r&Ekdif
vQifvnf; tjcm;eD;pyf&m bmom&yfudk ,lEkdifygonf/
rdrdESifhvkH;0rudkufnDaom bmom&yfudk ,lrdjyefvnf;
ynmoifqkESihf ausmif;wufjcif; r[kwfvQif ausmif;
pnf;urf;t& abmif0ifygu tjcm;bmom&yf jyef
ajymif;Ekdifygao;onf/ ynmoifqkESihf ausmif;wuf
vQifawmh taMumif;jycsuf rckdifvkHbJ ajymif;&ef rvG,f
ulyg/ odkYaomf udpör&Sd/ bJGUBudKbmom&yfrsm;onf a,bl
,sqefojzihf oifMum;vufpudk qufvufoifMum;ae
NyD; aemufxyf bJGU BudKwef; second degree ,lEkdifyg
ao;onf/ odkYr[kwf r[mwef;wGifvnf; bJGU BudKudk
rnfonfh bmom&yfrsdK;ESihf txl;jyKcJhonfjzpfap tcsdKU
tEkpdwfvGef;aom bmom&yfrsdK;rSvJGí (Oyrm-Oya'?
aq;ynm) trsm;tm;jzihf rdrdESpfoufuRrf;usif&mudk
a&G;cs,fcGihf&Sdygao;onf/
ynmoifqkrsm;udk bmom&yftuefYtowf
jzihfom ay;ygonf/ xkdYaMumihf ynmoifqkavQmufxm;
&ef tusKH;0ifolrsm;onf rdrdoif,lvdkonfh bmom&yf
ESihf ynmoifqkay;aomausmif; (odkY) tzJGUtpnf;aumf
rwDrS jyXmef;xm;onfh bmom&yfrsm;udk udkufnDrI&Sd
atmifvnf; pOf;pm;oifhygonf/ tm&SrSynmoifqk
tcsdKUESihf ywfoufí tGefvdkif;vifhcf http://www.myan-
marstudyabroad.org/index.html ay:wGif avhvm
Edkifygonf/
þbmom&yfudk tb,fhaMumifh rdrdoif,lvdk
onf? tb,ftcsufrsm;aMumifh rdrdESihfudkufnD onf[k
xifonfqkdaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk rdrdukd,frdrdjyefar;jcif;
jzifY ausmif;0ifcGifhESihf rdrdtem*wfvkyfief;twGuf
taxmuftul&apEkdifygonf/
wuúodkvfa&G;cs,fjcif;
rdrdavQmufoihfonhf wuúodkvfudk rdrdoif,lvdk
onfh bmom&yfay:wGifrlwnfí pkHprf;ar;jref; a&G;cs,f
oifhonf/ xdkYjyif okawoe (research) u@udkOD;pm;
ay;aom wuúodkvfonf ydkía&csdefjrifhygonf/
emrnfBuD;aom wuúodkvfwkdif; tzufzuf
jynfhpkHcsifrS jynfhpkHayvdrfhrnf/ tcsdKUwuúodkvfrsm;onf
bmom&yfe,fy,fwpfcktwGufom emrnfBuD;onf/
tcsdKUwuúodkvfrsm;onf rdrd,lvkdaom bmom&yft
wGuf Faculty rsm;enf;yg;onf/ Oyrm tar&duef
jynfaxmifpk&Sd Massachusette Institute of Technol-
ogy (MIT) onf tkdifwDESihf tif*sifeD,m bmom&yf
rsm;wGif eHygwfwpfpJGaomfvnf; Arts and Humanities
ydkif;rSm aemufusvsuf &Sdaeao;onf/
Times Higher Education (http://www.time
-shighereducation.co.uk) rS ESpfpOfaMujimaom EkdifiH
wumwuúodkvftñTef;udk udk;um;a&G;cs,fygu t
aumif;qkH;jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ xkdxJwGifrSm tm&SrSEkdifiH
wum tqihfrD wuúodkvfrsm;onf taemufEkdifiHrsm;ESihf
EdIif;,SOfygu jrefrmEkdifiHom;rsm; ynmoifqkavQmuf
xm;&ef ydkrdkvG,fulygonf/
rnfonfhausmif;udk OD;pm;ay; avQmufxm;oifh
onf/rdrdoif,lvdkonfh bmom&yf? rdrdavQmufvkdonfh
ynmoifqktpDtpOfESihf rnfodkYudkufnDí xkdausmif;udk
OD;pm;ay;avQmufxm;rnfenf; qkd aomar;cGef;rsm;tm;
udk,fwkdifajzMunfhzkdY vdkrnf/
tcsdef
ausmif;om;b0udk pwifrnfqkH;jzwfvQif rdrd
tcsdefudk okH;oifhoavmuf okH;&rnfjzpfonf/ tcsdKU
ausmif;om;rsm;onf 4 ESpf 5 ESpf[laomtcsdefudk tMum
BuD;yJ[kxifNyD; ESajrmwwfMuonf? avmwwfMuonf/
133
 Oyrm- 4ESpfudk 3ESpfESihfNyD;atmif Credit rsm;rsm; wNydKif
eufxJ ,lvkdufjcif;onf rdrdtwGuf bmom&yfrsm;rsm;
vGef;ojzihf tifrwef tcuftcJjzpfNyD; Academic Per-
formancetqihfusEkdifjcif;? usef;rma&;xdcdkufjcif;rsm;
jzpfay:vmEkdifonf/
trsm;tm;jzihf Academic Program rsm;wGif
tcsdefjynfh (full times)ESihf tcsdefydkif; (part times)
ausmif;om;ESpfrsdK; cJGjcm;xm;onf/ tcsdefjynf wuf
a&mufvQifESpfwkdNyD;? tcsdefydkif;url ESpftenf; i,fydk&Snf
ygonf/ rdrdtay:wGif rlwnfygonf/ tcsdKUu tcsdefydkif;
ausmif;wufum? tcsdefydkif; tvkyfvkyfMuonf/ tcsdKU
tcsdefydkif; tpDtpOfrsm;onf ynmoifqkray;yg/
xkdYjyif tcsdefpDrHcefYcJGrI (Time Management)
onf ausmif;om;b0wGifomru tem*wfvkyfief;
cGiftwGufvnf; tifrwefta&;BuD;ygonf/ rnfrQBudK;
pm;apumrl tcsdefpDrHcefYcJGrI tm;enf;vQif t&m&mwGif
tNrJwap ½kef;&if;qefcwf jzpfaeayvdrfhr,f/
xkdYaMumifh yJGr0ifcif tjyifuusif;yqkdovkd
134
tcsdefpDrHcefYcJGrIESihf ywfoufNyD; rnfonfhtcsdefpm&if;
onf rdrdESifhtudkufnDqkH;jzpfonf/ tdyfcsdef? pm;csdef? pm
vkyfcsdef? tvkyfvkyfygu tvkyfcsdef? tyef;ajzcsdef?
oli,fcsif;rsm;ESihf awGUqkHcsdefpojzifhwkdYudk tBudKpdwf
ul;jzihf pDrHMunfhoihfygonf/
Self Study udk,fwkdifudk,fus avhvmjcif;
wuúodkvfynma&;wGif tifrwef ta&;BuD;yg
onf/ q&mu Guideline cs½kHom csay;rnfjzpfNyD; rdrd
ESihfoufqkdifaom pmtkyfrsm;udk pmMunfhwkdufwGif udk,f
wkdif&SmazG avhvmokH;oyf&ygrnf/ udk,fwkdifukd,fus
avhvmjcif;onf wu,fwrf; vlwkdif; b0wavQmuf
vkH;wGif tokH;jyK&rnhf udk,fydkifvufeufwpfpkHjzpfyg
onf/
ausmif;? q&m? rdb? ywf0ef;usif rnfrQ aumif;
aumif; rdrdudk,fwkdifudk,fus ravhvmygu xkdufoifh
oavmuf ynm&rnfr[kwfyg/ xkdYaMumifh ywf0ef;usif
tm;vkH;udk acwåvspfvsL½Ium rdrdpdwf BudKufe,fy,f
wpfckudk udk,fwkdifudk,fus avhvmMunfhyg/ pmzwfjcif;
ESihf ywf0ef;usifavhvmjcif;onf tvG,fulqkH;ESihf
tajccHtusqkH; self study rsm;jzpfNyD; tifwmeufESihf
pmMunfhwkdufwkdYonf tcaMu;aiGenf;enf;ESihf ynm
rsm;rsm;&Ekdifaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ wuú
odkvfrsm;a&mufNyD; tusyftwnf;awGUumrS ywf0ef;
usifudk ar;jref;jcif;xuf? EkdifiHwumynma&;pepfudk
rdrdESifh ydkrdkeD;pyfvmatmif tjyifuwnf;u wjznf;
jznf; vkyf,lxm;oifhygonf/
aemufqkH; Google Search Engine ESifh http://
en.wikipedia.org/Main_Page rS Search Box wkdY
wGif rdrdzmom Self Study pwif jyKvkyfMunfh&ef tBuH
jyKvkdygonf/
tBuHjyKvdkaom acgif;pOfrsm;
1. Personal time management
2. What is self-studying?
3. rdrdavhvmvkdaom bmom&yfwpfck (Eg: Nurs-
ing, Education)
qufvufNyD; General Educational
Development (GED) wuúodkvf0ifcGifh pmar;yJG
twGuf erlem tufaq;wpfyk'fudk ,ckv wifjy
vdkuf&ygonf/
Computer
Computers have changed the way we live
in many ways. Many everyday chores can now
be done more easily because of computers. Com-
puters have also created many jobs. Life is easier
today because of computers.
Many daily tasks have become easier be-
cause of computers. Thanks to computers, you
can deposit and withdraws money without even
going into the bank, which can save you a lot of
time. Tellers can quickly figure out how much
money is in an account witth the use of comput-
ers. The telephone system works better because
of computers. It is easier to call long distance
today than it was in the past. Because of comput-
ers, you can call information and get a number in
seconds. Computers have made life easier, espe-
cially in banking telephoning.
Computers have also created a tremendous
job market in the United States. Data keypunch
operators and word processors are a result of the
invention of computers. There is also a whole
new computer serviic field. Because of comput-
ers, people have jobs writing and correcting pro-
grams. People build, repair and sell computers.
Some people now have jobs teaching classes
that show others how to work computers. There
are new jobs in the television, film and music
industry since computers have become popular.
In music, for example, people have jobs creating
sound effects and backup music in different
ways with the help of computers.
Computers have a great effect on the way
we live today. Many daily chores can be done in
less time because of computers. Many new jobs
have been created by the invention of the com-
puter. The computer has made the world better.
rSwfpk
chores (n) tdrfrIa0,sm0pö?
NiD;aiGUzG,ftvkyfrsm;
thanks to .. (idm) = because of .. wpfckck
aMumihf? wpfa,mufa,mufaMumihf
deposit (v)(n) aiGtyfESH? p&Hay;?
tmrcH
telles (n) bPfwGifaiGvufcHol?
xkwfay;ol?
automatic teller machines (ATM)
arb0*f
135
 uAsmu@

ausmif;oGm;csdefodkY a&mufvdkYvm
eHeufvif;a&mifjzm
ausmif;cef;qDokdY ta&mufoGm;
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jrefrmpmudk &if0,fxm; .../
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&TifNyKH;avhvmyg ..
tEkynmarhr&
igwkdY"avhtvS .../
pm&dwåu &ifxJwGif
tNrJrSwfpGJvQif
jzLpifygw,f ESvkH;om;
igwkdY arwåmrsm; ...../
i,fpOfuwnf;u BudK;pm;yg
]q&maumif;wynfh} awGjzpfzkdY&m
vlwumawG aumif;pm;a&;
igwkdY aqmif&Gufay; .../

pdefyef;ndK

136
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acsmif;uav;udkjzwf
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om,mjynfhpkHwJh &Gmpyf
wpfyifeJYwpfyifjzwf&if; vJT&if;
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axmifacsmuf&Sif&JU tMuifem
,k,rI apwematmufrSm
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arsmuftacsmif aumif;pm;aeovdk/
olYykckH;jyif
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wifyg;av;udk ajr§muf
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aAwkdY aAwkdY *sd
ckawmh arsmufo&rf;
cg;rSm BudK;wef;vef;
pnf;EIwfcrf;ywfNyD;
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arsmufr&
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pdk;0if;(tkef;jyefY)

137
 toGm;xufapzkdY
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odefoa& udk,frSmEGrf;aomfvnf;
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141
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151
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155
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156
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onfudk awGU&rnf/
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aygufaumifu EGm;pmavSmifonfh
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naeaeonfhtwGuf 'Daumifu
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ausmif;rS tkef;armif;acgufoHu
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157
 u,ufqJGxkwf,lNyD; udkndK'if udk
wifaiGwkdY tdrfbuf tajy;wuf
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avS0rf;xJwGif vIyfcgvl;vdrfh
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BuD;rsm;udk bmvDcsKdifhBuD; wvkH;wGif
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aemufcsdKifhwpfvkH;xJodkY ig;Zif½dkif;
atmifjrifrI yef;wkdifudk taumifvwfrsm;ESifhig;ajyrrsm;udk
ajz;ajz;csif; aumufxnhfvkduf\/
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aumifom ckefvdkufysHvdkuf vl;vdkuf
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okH;aumifudk aumufrxnhfrD a&Tb
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awGawG ai;ai;Munfhvkdufrdonf/
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wavmu q&mBuD;OD;ckdif oifMum;
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jyoay;onfh ig;okH;aumiftaMumif;
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udk EIwfu&Gwfqkdrdovkd jzpfoGm; \/
vif;ae\/ "mwfcJ0,fzkdY arhae csufMunfhrdonf/ ig;bwftaumif
q&mBuD; a&;jycdkif;ívnf; aumif;
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aumif;a&;jyEkdifcJhonf/ q&mBuD;
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udk oltvGwf &GwfqkdjycJhonfh t
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wkdif; wkd;wkd;zGzGa&&Gwf Munfhaerd
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onf jrpfxJüydkufuGefjzihf ig;zrf; &m
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aumifrSm a&pyfpyf avS0rf;xJwGif
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ckefvkdufysHvdku&f rf;cg wkd;a0SYvdkuf
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ESihf avSpkefarsm&mtwkdif; ygvm
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aomig;onf þodkYawG;awmpOf;

158

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