Cell & Cell

Membrane
Dr. Muhammad Rafique
Assistant Professor
Anatomy
03/11/2008
 Objective
Definition of cell and type of cell
Definition of cell membrane and difference
between cell membranes and cell wall
Anatomical Structures of cell membrane
Different constituents of cell membrane
Fluid Mosaic Model of cell membrane
Electron microscopic features of cell
membrane
 Types of Cells
Cell is the basic structural & Functional unit of
life
All living things are divided into two major
groups depending on how their cells are
appear and presence or absence of Nucleus
Prokaryotes (without Proper Nucleus)
Eukaryote (with Nucleus)
All living things are made up of one or more
cells.
Unicellular (one cell)
multicellular (More than one cell)
 Types of Cells
A prokaryote is a kind of
simple cell, Unicellular
because it doesn't have
a membrane bound
nucleus, or many of the
other membrane-bound
organelles.
Prokaryotes are usually
unicellular - unlike
eukaryotes, which are
sometimes unicellular,
but usually
multicellular.
 Types of Cells
Eu-karyote means 'true-
nucleus', to the extent
that, unlike
prokaryotes,
eukaryotic cells
contain a nucleus.
They also contain
many other organelles
most of them are
membrane bound.
Multicellular
 Components of Cell
A cells consists of:
1. Cell Membrane
2. Cytoplasm
a. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
b. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
c. Golgi apparatus Membrane
d. Mitochondria Bound
e. Lysosome organelles
f. Vacuole
g. Peroxisome
h. Centriole Non membrane
i. Ribosome Bound organelles
3. Nucleus
a. Nuclear Membrane
b. Nucleoplasm
c. Nucleolus Non membrane Bound organelles
Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane
A cell is a container
containing cytoplasm
which on outer aspect
bound surrounded by a
membrane. A cell
membrane is very
flexible and the cell can
change shape quite
easily.
 Cell Wall
Some cells have given up this
flexibility for greater
strength and protection in
the form of a 'cell wall'.
A cell wall is not flexible so
cells that have cell wall
have a constant shape.
Most bacteria have cell
walls, and all plants and all
fungi also have a cell wall
around every cell.
 CELL COVERINGS
• Animal cells however
never have a cell wall.
• The cell wall is built
outside of the cell
membrane so it can
protect the cell.
• So things that need to get
into or out of the cell have
to go through two sets of
doors, one in the cell wall
and one in the cell
membrane
 Cell Membrane
All Cells are surrounded by
an external limiting
membrane: cell membrane
or plasmalemma
This membrane is 7-11 nm in
thickness, can not be
visible by light microscope
Serves as the dynamic
interference between
internal and external
environments
The cell interacts with two
types of external
environment
 Adjacent cell
 Intercellular space
 Cell Membrane Cont…
The functions of cell
membrane:
Transfers of nutrients
& Metabolites
Attachments of cell to
adjacent cells and other
structures
Cell to cell
communications
These functions depends
to some extents on
specialized nature of
cell
 Structure of Cell Membrane
On biochemical analysis
of plasmalemma consists
of 35% lipid, including
phospholipids and
cholesterols, 60% proteins
and a small amount of
carbohydrates
Cell membrane consists
of bilayer of
phospholipids
 Structure of Cell Membrane Cont…
•Phospholipids consists
of two poles
 Hydrophilic (water loving)
Head
 Hydrophobic (water
hating) Tail
Polar Heads are derived
from Glycerol and nitrogenous
compound like choilne,
ethanolamine or serine
• These nitrogenous compound
attached to glycerol by means
of phosphate bridge
 Structure of Phospholipid
Head consists of
Nitrogenous compound +
which attached to
Glycerol with the
phosphate bridge. Two -
chains of Fatty Acid are
attached to glycerol by
the covalent bonds. The
nitrogenous compound
are positively charged &
Hydrophilic while the
Phosphate group is
negatively charged.
 Structure of Cell Membrane Cont…
The phosphate group is
negatively charged while
the nitrogenous
compounds are positively
charged
Non-Polar Tails of
phospholipids molecule
consists of two long chains
of fatty acids
One of fatty acid chain is
straight saturated while the
another fatty acid chain is
unsaturated chain having
kink or band this provides
flexibility to membrane
 Structure of Cell Membrane Cont…
Each chain covalently linked
to glycerol components of the
polar head
Because of amphipathic in
nature having both
hydrophilic & Hydrophobic
Phospholipids in aqueous
solution form a bilayer with
Hydrophobic (Polar) Heads
towards directed towards the
Surfaces and hydrophobic
Heads directed inwards
 Structure of Cell Membrane Cont…
Cholesterol molecules are
also present in bilayer
in ratio of 1:1 with
phospholipids.
Cholesterol molecules are
amphipatic and have
kinked configuration.
Cholesterol molecules
thus stabilize and
regulates the fluidity of
phospholipids bilayer
Cholesterol molecules are
interspersed among phospholipid
tails in the bilayer.
 Structure of Cell Membrane Cont…
Protein molecules make up
almost half of the total
mass of the membrane
Some of the molecules are
incorporated within
membrane (intrinsic or
integral proteins)
Others are present either on
inner or outer surface
(extrinsic or peripheral
proteins)
Some of the intrinsic proteins
are span entire thickness of
membrane
(Transmembrane proteins)
 Structure of Cell Membrane Cont…
On the external surface
of plasma membrane
of animals cells many
of the membrane
proteins and some of
membrane lipids are
conjugated with
polysaccharides on
the outer surface of
cell membrane called
as Glycocalyx (cell
coat). This layer
protects the cell
membrane.
The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure. The membrane consists of a
phospholipid double layer with proteins inserted in it (integral proteins) or bound
to the cytoplasmic surface (peripheral proteins). Some of these proteins
completely span the bilayer and are called transmembrane proteins, whereas
others are embedded in either the outer or inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer.
 Electron Microscopic Appearance of Cell
Membrane
Singer and Nicholson, in early 1970s Radio-opaque Appearance
of Hydrophilic heads
proposed the Fluid Mosaic Model Outer
of membrane structure.
On electron microscope
examination of cell membrane,
exhibits a trilaminar structure;
Radiolucent Appearance
there are two electron dense lines
and separated by an electron of Proteins
lucent zone
These arrangement is found not
only in cell membrane but also all
the organelles present inside the Inner
cell. This trilaminar structure is
also called as Unit Membrane. Radio-opaque Appearance of
Hydrophilic heads
Electron Microscopic Appearance of Cell Membrane
Outer Radio-opaque Layer

Central Radio-lucent Layer

Inner Radio-opaque Layer

 Cytosol
Sum total of the contents of the cell, the protoplasm) were
commonly classified into the contents of the nucleus (the
Nucleoplasm and the remainder of the cell contents, the
cytoplasm. The cytoplasm was further classified into solid
structures, such as organelles and the cytoskeleton, and a
liquid component that was variously called the cell sap,
ground substance Cytosol.
The fluid portion of a cell's cytoplasm, which lies outside the
organelles (A differentiated structure within a cell, such as
a mitochondrion, vacuole, or chloroplast, that performs a
specific function and other insoluble components of the
cytoplasm. Cytosol contains water, free proteins, and a
variety of other substances
Termed as Cytosol