INDIA TRADE RELATIONS WITH MIDDLE

EAST AND NORTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES

Submitted by:
P.Phanendra kumar
C.Maksood
S.kartheek
S.Sarat Chandra
A.Srikant
T.Harish
 EGYPT

Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country mainly in North Africa, with the
Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Thereby, Egypt is a
transcontinental country, and is considered to be a major power in North Africa,
Mediterranean Region, African continent, Nile Basin Islamic World and the Red Sea.

Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by

the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to
the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.

Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great
majority of its estimated 79 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of
about 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable agricultural land is
found.

The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents
live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo,
Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.

Egypt is famous for its ancient civilization and some of the world's most famous monuments,
including the Giza pyramid complex and its Great Sphinx. Its ancient ruins, such as those of
Memphis, Thebes, Karnak and the Valley of the Kings, are a significant focus of
archaeological study, and artefacts from these sites are now displayed in major museums
around the world. Egypt is widely regarded as an important political and cultural nation of the
Middle East.

Egypt possesses one of the most developed and diversified economies in the Middle East,
with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and service at almost equal rates in national
production. Consequently, the Egyptian economy is rapidly developing, due in part to
legislation aimed at luring investments, coupled with both internal and political stability,
along with recent trade and market liberalization.

Demography

Capital Cairo
Area 1,000,000 sq.kms (approx)
Population 80,000,000 (approx.)
Ethnicity 99% Egyptians, 1% Others
Language Arabic
Natural Resources Oil & Gas
GDP $ 470 billion (approx.)
Per Capita Income $ 2500 (approx.)
Literacy Rate 71.3% (approx)

Natural resources: Petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone,
gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc

Trade

Egypt Trade: Imports

Egypt import volumes reached US$56.2 billion in 2009, a 24% rise from the previous year’s
level. Due to surplus import, Egypt has had a negative balance of trade since the 1980s. The
country ranks 49th in the world based on total import volumes.

Heavy machinery, chemicals, food stuffs and wood products are the major items of import.
The US is the largest import partner. It accounts for more than 10% of the total imports,
followed by China, Italy, German and Saudi Arabia.

Egypt Trade: Exports

According to the 2009 estimates, Egypt’s export trade grossed over US$29 billion, a 22%
surge from the previous year’s level. Oil export is central to the Egyptian economy. Based on
the 2007 figures, Egypt is the 55th largest oil exporting country.

It exports 155,200 barrels per day, approximately. However, the country has huge oil reserves
which can act as fuel for the economy for coming decades. Apart from crude oil and
petroleum products, the country also exports metal products, cotton, textiles and chemicals.

India - Egypt Trade Relations

A very good relationship is being established between India and Egypt both in economic and
political spheres from the very beginning during the non-aligned movement, which is
considered as the land mark of the freedom struggle of India.

The year 2002 was considered as year of India in Egypt by the Egyptian ministry of foreign
trade for further enhancing the bilateral relationship. The agreements between the two
countries are based upon the most favoured nation clause.

According to the department of commerce and Industry in India, India exports to Egypt have
touched $ 423.68 million in 2004 which is up by 15.29% and the imports from Egypt have
reached $ 137.27 million in the same year which is up by 39.77%.
The main exportable items from India were Iron and steel, Jute yarn, Plastic and rubber,
Chemicals and engineering goods.

It is seen that making business in Egypt offers a large domestic market, a better infrastructure
base, skilled main power etc. The general authority of foreign investments in Egypt, India is
the twelfth largest investor in Egypt and it is predicted that in the end of the year 2005, the
total investment of India in Egypt will cross $ 450 million in 43 business ventures.

The Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) has planned to make an investment over $6
million in the gas distribution ventures in Fayoum and Cairo. The important sectors where the
cooperation has increased are Information technology, Pharmaceuticals, chemicals,
Fertilizers, Steel, Energy and agricultural equipments.

Indian companies have given a very good step in exploiting the business environment in
Egypt. The Oberoi group operates hotels in Egypt. The companies like Tata motors, Asian

Paints, Ranbaxy, Ashok Leyland, NIIT, GAIL, HDFC

, Dabur India Ltd, Unit trust of India, Kirloskar Brothers, Thappar Group and others are
considered as the major investors in the land of Egypt.

IRAQ

Demography

Capital Baghdad
Currency Iraqi Dinar.
Languages Arabic & Kurdish
Main Provinces Baghdad, Basra, Babil.
Area 4, 41,839 sq.kms
Population 2, 89, 45,657.
Ethnic Group Arab (75-80%), Kurds (15-20%).
GDP $112 billion.
Rate of Inflation 6.8%
Unemployment rate 12 - 15.2%

Natural Resources: Oil, Natural Gas, Phosphate, Sulphur.

Agriculture:

 wheat
 corn
 rice
 dates
 beans
 cotton
 salt
 Sunflowers

Industry Types:

 Petroleum,
 Chemicals,
 Textiles, fertilizers,
 Metal fabrication,
 Food processing.

Defence:
 Till 1991 Iraq had largest military structure in Middle East.
 Later due to expulsion of Iraq forces from Kuwait in 1991 by U.N coalition resulted
in reduction of ground forces and air forces.
 It used to have 70 divisions in its army and 700 air craft’s but got reduced to 23
divisions and 300 aircrafts.

Telecommunication:
 It has 1.2 billion telephone main lines.
 It has got 20 million cellular phones.
 In 2003 Liberation of Iraq led to disruption of telephone lines which are under repair.

Trade:
 U.N. imposed economic sanctions on Iraq after it invaded Kuwait in 1990.
 Under Oil- For-Food program Iraq was allowed to export oil and use the proceeds to
purchase goods for essential civilian needs including food, medicine.
 After 2003, Iraq started to resume trade relations with international community
including U.S.
 Iraq was granted observer status at WTO in Feb 2004.
 Iraq participated in two working party meetings a) May25,2007 b) April12,2008
Exports:
 Iraq constitutes about $40.86 billion.

Commodities
 Crude Oil (84%) Crude material excluding fuels (8%), food (8%)

Export partners
 U.S(27.22%), India(14.4%), Italy(10.14%), South Korea(8.62%)
 Iraq has $44.38 billion of reserves of foreign exchange and gold.

Imports and Exports between Iraq and India:

 Iraq Imports from India:
Electrical Fittings
Ceiling Fans, Stationary Items
Pharmaceutical Items, Iron and Steel.
 Iraq exports to India:
Crude Oil, Organic Chemicals, some percentage of pulpwood.
In 2009-10[Apr-Jun]
India exports to Iraq = $101.81million
India imports to Iraq = $1423.98millon
Total Trade = $1525.79 million

India-Iraq Bilateral Relations

 1952 Treaty of Friendship established strengthened ties between contemporary India
and Iraq.
 By 1970’s Iraq was regarded as one of India’s closest allies in Middle East.
 Disruption of ties due to Iran-Iraq war, 1991 Gulf war, 2003 Iraq war.
 However, the bilateral relations normalized after the establishment of Democratic
government of Iraq.
 Iraq is one of India’s major oil imports.
 Iraq is 2nd largest supplier of oil to India.
 Many Engineering companies which are providing goods and services are enhancing
towards Iraq as business destination.

Current Scenario:
 India was one of the 1st countries to respond to UN secretary general’s appeal and has
given $20million for Iraq people as human assistance.
 IOC provides training for Iraq oil officials on various projects.
 Till now 18 programs have been conducted.
  Recently officials from Iraq embassy has approached our foreign affairs minister and
asked for resuming of direct flights with India.
 Our government also eased travel restrictions to Iraq.
 India and Iraq have established joint commission in May2007.
 After the visit of Fawzi F Hariri who is the Minister of Industry and Minerals of Iraq
during 8-11th Feb2010 they agreed to
 Supply double or triple crude oil to India.
 Sought Indian investments in the fields of shipping, railways, hospitals.
 Relaxed Visa regime for Indian businessmen.
 Strategic partner in energy sector of India by supplying long term crude oil.
 MoU has been signed for establishing the council with a chapter each in Delhi and
Baghdad in March 22nd 2010.
 India and Iraq have setup a bilateral economic council with aim of encouraging Indian
businesses to look at Iraq as business destination for trade and investments.

ISRAEL

Major cities

The major cities of Israel are as follows:

 Nazareth
 Haifa
 Ramla
 Tel Aviv
 Jerusalem
 Beersheba

Ethnic Groups

The following are the percentages of people situated in Israel:

 Jews - 75.4 %
 Arabs - 20.6 %
 others – 4 %
The people in Israel mainly follow Christianity, Islam and they are a few people belonging to
Druze and Samaritans.
EYE OPENERS

The following are the key points or eye openers of Israel:

 Population Growth Rate: 1.628 %

 Net Migration Rate: 2.22 migrants/ 1000 population
 Urbanization: 92 % of total population
 Life expectancy: 80.86 years
 Literacy rate: 97.10 % ; males: 98.5%, females: 95.9 %
 GDP: US $ 206.80 billion
 Inflation rate: 3.3 %
 FDI : US $ 58.7 billion

Natural resources

Natural resources found in Israel:

 Timber
 Potash
 Copper ore
 Natural gas
 Phosphate rock
 Magnesium bromide
 Clays
 Sand

Amazing ISRAEL

The proven facts of Israel:

 Highest school life expectancy in South West Asia

 Highest literacy rate in South West Asia
 World’s largest repository of JEWISH books
 Ranks 3rd in world in number of academic degrees per capita
 World leader in stem cell research technology
 Ranked 2nd in the world in space sciences
 Israeli satellites - ranked the best in advanced space systems
 90 % of Israeli homes use solar energy
 Saves 8 % of world’s electricity consumption every year
Geo-political Issues

Israel has prone too many wars, the list goes somewhere like this:

 Six day war

 Palestine war ( 1948 )
 Arab – Israeli war
 Civil wars
 Egyptian & Syrian wars
 Lebanon wars ( 2 )
 Gaza wars
 West bank wars
 Gulf war
 Iraqi war
 Jordan war

Exports

 Electricity
 Machinery & equipment
 Software
 Cut diamonds
 Agricultural products
 Chemicals
 Textiles
 Apparels

Imports

 Raw materials
 Military equipment
 Investment goods
 Rough Diamonds
 Fuels
 Grains
 Consumer goods

Trade Relations

India & Israel

 Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Israeli 1,023 1,193 1,277 1,591 2313
Exports
Indian 1,129 1,215 1,482 1,719 1683
Exports
Total 2,152 2,408 2,752 3,310 3996
Change 11.8% 14.2% 20.2% 20.7%

Last Visits

Israel to India:

The General of Israel Defense Forces, GABI ASHKENAZI visited in December, 2009

Indian to Israel:

Indian commerce minister, Jyotiraditya Scindia visited in February, 2010

Bilateral Treaties

 US $ 200 dollars diamonds transfer

 Industrial Research and Development (IRD)
 Global Innovation and Technology Alliance (GITA)
 Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)
 Avoidance of Double Taxation
 Mutual Existence and Co-Operation in custom matters

Israel's investments in INDIA

 Real estates
 Banking and Finance
 Special Economic Zones

INDIAN investments in ISRAEL

 Software
 Military equipments
 KUWAIT

Demography

Population: 2,589,000
Capital: Kuwait City; 1,222,000
Area: 17,818 square kilometers
Language: Arabic, English
Religion: Sunni and Shiite Muslim, Christian, Hindu
Currency: Kuwaiti dinar
Life Expectancy: 78
GDP per Capita: U.S. $17,500
Literacy Percent: 84
Natural resources: Petroleum products, Natural gas, Fish

India’s exports from Kuwait

The exports from India to Kuwait increased by 17.01% in US Dollars terms in 2007-08 to
2008-09.

The major items exported from India were

 Cereals
 Electrical machinery and equipments
 Nuclear reactors
 Machinery and mechanical appliances,
 Minerals oils
 Iron and steel
 Articles of apparel and clothing accessories,
 Lime and cement

India’s imports to Kuwait

India’s imports from Kuwait went by 24.53% in 2007-08 to 2008-09 imported by India, some
of these are:

 Petroleum products
  Organic Chemicals
 Fertilizers
 Aluminum and articles
 Miscellaneous goods;- Ships, Boats and Floating Structures; Copper articles

Indian Investments in Kuwait

 Telecommunications Consultants India Limited (TCIL)

 Life Insurance Corporation of India (International)
 Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC)
 New India Assurance Company,
 Oriental Insurance Company
 National Aviation Company India Ltd. (NACIL)

There are private Indian companies like:

 L&T
 Bridge & Roof
 Punj Lloyd
 Kalpataru

Kuwait Investment in India

The Kuwait Investment Authority (KIA) has shown interest in sectors dealing with
infrastructure, power, financial services, real estate, and information technology.

The Kuwait Petroleum Company (KPC) and Kuwait Petroleum International (KPI), has
expressed interest in investment in the petrochemicals sector.
U
ntil December 1997, the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED) extended
concessional loans to India for 8 projects in various sectors to the extent of KD. 88.854
million (Rs. 10.61 billion) [Industry – 2 projects totaling Rs. 3.10 billion; Power – 5 projects
totaling Rs. 6.71 billion and Agriculture – 1 project amounting to Rs. 0.80 billion].

Bilateral Agreements

Avoidance of Double Taxation on Income entered into force from October 17, 2007 on
incomes in India and Kuwait and has come into effect for incomes derived after April 1,
2008.
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Labour, Employment and Manpower
Development signed on April 10, 2007 has been ratified by both sides.

Agreement on Scientific and Technological cooperation signed in April 2009. MoU between
the Public Authority for Industry (PAI) of Kuwait and Indian Importers Association (IIA)
based in New Delhi

The Kuwait Chamber of Commerce & Industry (KCCI) signed a MoU with the Associated
Chambers of Commerce & Industry (ASSOCHAM) during the State Visit to India from June
14-19,

SAUDI ARABIA

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, usually known as Saudi Arabia, is the largest Arab country of
the Middle East. It is bordered by Jordan and Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar,
Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the
south. The Persian Gulf lies to the northeast and the Red Sea to its west.

It has an estimated population of 28 million, and its size is approximately 2,149,690 square

kilometres (830,000 sq mi). The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy
Mosques" in reference to Mecca and Medina, the two holiest places in Islam.

The two mosques are Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca) and Masjid Al-Nabawi (in Medina). The
current kingdom was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud, whose efforts began in 1902 when he
captured the Al-Saud’s ancestral home of Riyadh, and culminated in 1932 with the
proclamation and recognition of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, though its national origins go
back as far as 1744 with the establishment of the First Saudi State.

Saudi Arabia's government takes the form of an Islamic absolute monarchy. Human rights
groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have repeatedly expressed
concern about the state of human rights in Saudi Arabia.

Demography

Capital: Riyadh
Official Language: Arabic
Area: 2,149,690 sq. km. (14th)
Population: 2, 71, 36,977 (41st)
Ethnic groups:  Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
Currency: Saudi Riyal
Government: Islamic absolute monarchy
Literacy rate: 78.8%
GDP: $618.744 billion

Natural Resources

Petroleum, Natural gas, Gold, Copper

Imports

Machinery &Equipment, Foodstuffs, Chemicals, Motor Vehicles, Textiles

Exports

Petroleum & Petroleum Products (90%)

Trade
 In April 2000, the government established the Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority
to encourage foreign direct investment in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia maintains a negative
list of sectors in which foreign investment is prohibited, but the government plans to open
some closed sectors such as telecommunications, insurance, and power
transmission/distribution over time.

As of November 2005, Saudi Arabia was officially approved to enter World Trade
Organization. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been rated as the 13th most economically
competitive country in the world, according to the International Finance Corporation (IFC) -
World Bank annual "Doing Business" report issued for 2010.

The report highlighted the rapid rate of economic growth among Middle Eastern countries,
specifically Saudi Arabia, as a result of economic sector reform. For the fifth consecutive
year, Saudi Arabia was ranked as the best place to do business in the entire Middle East and
the Arab World. Since 2004, the Kingdom has advanced its overall Doing Business rankings,
from 67th to 13th.
Bilateral Investments

India and Saudi Arabia are developing countries and need two-sided flow of investment in
infrastructure and development. Progressive growth has been observed between the countries
in bilateral investment after the liberalization policy of India in 1991 and little bit faster
increase in new millennium.

Saudi Arabia is ranked at 15th position in country-wise FDI joint venture in India and it is
second in Arab countries followed by UAE. Saudi has $21.55 million dollar worth value in
FDI joint venture during 2004–05 to 2007–08. Saudi is also among the major FDI investing
countries in India, it has invested 422.1 million INR during August 1991 to December 1999
and 690.71 million INR during January 2000 to August 2008.

Investment is observed in diverse fields such as paper manufacture, chemicals, computer

software, granite processing, industrial products and machinery, cement, metallurgical
industries, etc. Indian firms also have shown the interest in Saudi market after new Saudi
laws and established joint venture projects or wholly owned subsidiaries in the Kingdom.

According to Saudi investment authority survey, India has 56 FDI projects having worth of
304 million SAR during 2005 in Saudi Arabia. These licenses are for projects in different
sectors such as management and consultancy services, construction projects,
telecommunications, information technology, pharmaceuticals, etc.

Moreover, several Indian companies have established collaborations with Saudi companies
and working in the Kingdom in the areas of designing, consultancy, financial services and
software development.

Development of bilateral relations

India's strategic relations with Saudi Arabia have been affected by the latter's close ties
with Pakistan Saudi Arabia supported Pakistan's stance on the Kashmir conflict and during
the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 at the expense of its relations with India. The Soviet Union's
close relations with India also served as a source of consternation. During the Persian Gulf
War (1990–91), India officially maintained neutrality. Saudi Arabia's close military and
strategic ties with Pakistan have also been a source of continuing strain.

Since the 1990s, both nations have taken steps to improve ties. Saudi Arabia has supported
granting observer status to India in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) and has
expanded its cooperation with India to fight terrorism.
In the modern era, India admired the efforts of King Abdul Aziz Al-Saud to unify the various
tribes in the Peninsula and bring into existence the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Indians also
supported King Abdul Aziz and the later rulers of the Kingdom for the attention they have
devoted to all aspects of Haj management so that pilgrims from across the world are able to
perform their Haj in peace and comfort.

Our bilateral relations have been strengthened with interaction at the highest level when King
Saud visited India in 1955, followed, within a year by the visit of Prime Minister Jawaharlal
Nehru to the Kingdom. Later visits were those of then Crown Prince Faisal to India in 1959
and the visit of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1982. However, it is the visit of King
Abdullah to India in January 2006, when he was our guest at Republic Day, that the
foundations of the contemporary relationship were laid.

Through the “Delhi Declaration,” signed at the end of the visit, the two leaders committed
themselves to pursuing a joint strategic vision to promote bilateral relations for mutual
benefits as also for the peace and security of the region as a whole.

Based on the road map set out in the Delhi Declaration, our bilateral relations have been
strengthened since then with regular visits at the ministerial-level and strong economic ties,
based on substantial trade relations and investments.

Today, Saudi Arabia is India’s fourth largest trade partner with bilateral trade being valued at
over $25 billion. Indian investments in Saudi Arabia have also increased significantly since
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah’s visit and today there are over 550
small and medium Indian enterprises in the Kingdom with a total value of more than $2.5
billion.

A significant role in bringing the two countries together has been played by the Indian
community, which has participated enthusiastically in all of the major development projects
in the Kingdom. It is not surprising that Indians, now numbering nearly 2 million, constitute
the largest expatriate community in the Kingdom. In turn, the Kingdom is the largest source
of crude oil for India, meeting 20 percent of India’s oil imports.

The visit of the Indian prime minister to Saudi Arabia provides an opportunity to the leaders
of the two countries to review the regional and global scenario and further strengthen bilateral
relations in the political, economic and cultural areas.

Their dialogue will be extremely important since the two countries recognize the need to
share perspectives in respect to our neighbourhood, which is passing through a period of
considerable instability and insecurity. The two countries are expected to commit themselves
to join forces to combat the scourge of extremism and violence, which constitute a threat to
all countries in the region.
Besides this, with the Indian prime minister’s visit, bilateral economic relations will receive a
special impetus, with India proposing increased Saudi investment in its energy and
infrastructure sectors while the Kingdom, in turn, will seek an increase in Indian participation
in joint ventures in the Kingdom in industry and knowledge-based services.

This engagement of our two leaders and peoples is part of historical ties that go back several
millennia and has served to define our common culture and our societal values, and have
encouraged a strong desire on both sides to work together for the common benefit of both our
peoples.

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

The United Arab Emirates is a federation of seven emirates situated in the south east of the
Arabian Peninsula in south Asia on the Persian gulf, bordering Oman and Saudi Arabia and
sharing sea borders with Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and Iran.

The seven emirates which comprise the UAE are:

 Abu Dhabi
 Dubai
 Sharjah
 Ajman
 Umm al-Quwain
 Ras al-Khaimah
 Fujarah

Capital and second largest city of UAE is Abu Dhabi.

President

The president of UAE is Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan.

Social Structure

Ethnic groups
Ethnic groups mainly comprised of Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshi’s apart from
Emirati’s.

96% of the people believe in Islam in UAE, and we find Christianity and Hinduism a bit.

Official language is Arabic. Other languages like English, Hindi, Urdu and Bengali are also
appreciated. The literacy rate is around 90%.

Natural Resources

Oil, Petroleum and Natural gas are the prominent natural resources.
Economic Structure

The United Arab Emirates has the world's seventh largest oil reserves and possesses one of
the most developed economies in West Asia.

It is currently the thirty-sixth largest economy at market exchange rates, and has a high per
capita gross domestic product, with a nominal per capita GDP of $46,584 as per the IMF.

UAE is fourteenth largest in purchasing power per capita and has a relatively high Human
Development Index for the Asian continent, ranking 35th globally. The United Arab Emirates
is classified as a high income developing economy by the IMF. Dirham is pegged against
Dollar. UAE has an uneven oil distribution among seven emirates.

Major markets for trade are:

 Dubai Financial Market (DFM)

 Abu Dhabi Securities Market (ADSM)

Trade

Dubai is a major centre for trade and around $157 billion of exports of Petroleum and Natural
gas are under its credit.

$126 billion of imports comprise mainly of machinery, chemicals and food. Burj – Khalifa is
the world’s largest tower situated in Dubai.

UAE Major Projects

The major projects to be lined up are:

  Palm island projects
 Health care city
 Dubai International Finance Centre
 Airport expansions and new airports
 Over 100 new hotels
 Buri tower and Yas Island

UAE – Free Trade Zone

There are around 40+ free trade zones and many are proposed. Free trade zone mainly refers
to no custom duties. There are no restrictions on profit transfer and capital repatriation.

There won’t be any personal income tax or currency restrictions. One major factor is that
there should be local agents to trade in UAE.

Bilateral trade

Indian investments in UAE are mainly into the Emirates or the airline into the Airline
industry.

Investments are in real – estates and also a minor part in defence. India is seeking
investments from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to modernise its infrastructure and expand
trade ties.

UAE investments in India are mainly into the infrastructure projects. Dubai being the
strongest economy, we find Dawood Ibrahim operating from Dubai.

From the latest scams of the IPL, it was also assumed that major of the funds were coming
from the Dubai market through various sources.