You are on page 1of 305

Andreas Albers

Commercialisation of
Context-Sensitive Mobile Attention
in Mobile Media Markets

Market Engineering Recommendations


for Mobile Marketing Providers

Verlag Dr. Kova


Hamburg
2010
Schriften zum Mobile Commerce
und zur Mobilkommunikation

Herausgegeben von

Prof. Dr. Kai Rannenberg

Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität


Frankfurt a. M.

Band 3

ISSN 1863-2831

Verlag Dr. Kova


V E R L A G D R. K OVA e. K.
FACHVERLAG FÜR WISSENSCHAFTLICHE LITERATUR

Leverkusenstr. 13 · 22761 Hamburg · Tel. 040 - 39 88 80-0 · Fax 040 - 39 88 80-55

E-Mail info@verlagdrkovac.de · Internet www.verlagdrkovac.de

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek


Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation
in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie;
detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet
über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.

ISSN: 1863-2831
ISBN: 978-3-8300-5347-7

Zugl.: Dissertation, Universität Frankfurt (Main), 2010

© VERLAG DR. KOVA in Hamburg 2010

Printed in Germany
Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Nachdruck, fotomechanische Wiedergabe, Aufnahme in Online-
Dienste und Internet sowie Vervielfältigung auf Datenträgern wie CD-ROM etc. nur nach
schriftlicher Zustimmung des Verlages.

Gedruckt auf holz-, chlor- und säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier. Archivbeständig


nach ANSI 3948 und ISO 9706.
Foreword V

Foreword
The mobile communications industry as well as the telecommunications indus-
try in general is in the process of radical transition. Voice communication and
SMS messages are becoming commodities in more and more saturated markets.
At the same time, all forms of telecommunications, including voice telephony,
are mapped to data and the related Internet services, e.g. Voice-over-IP. In con-
sequence traditional sources of revenue and profit, especially voice telephony
services, are drying out, partly due to harder competition between traditional
providers, partly due to competition from new Internet-based providers, such as
Skype.
Data services, which for a while were seen as new sources of revenue and profit
are confronted with customers being very reluctant to pay, especially as so many
free services are available over the Internet. Therefore examining business mod-
els with customers not paying directly (i.e. advertisers are “stepping in”) is be-
coming more and more important also in mobile communications. In this regard,
Internet marketing actors are increasingly interested to better understand the
situation (the “context”) in which an advertising message is reaching the recipi-
ent. Context information is necessary to tailor the messages and the way they are
transmitted to the respective addressee – in this age of information overload a
necessary prerequisite for an advertising message to be perceived at all.
This situation is actually a problem, that the media industry has faced for a long
time, and at this point, the interests of advertisers in old and new media meet
what mobile communications providers know and can – to some degree – offer:
Very precise information (gained from the cell based mobile communication
infrastructure) on where customers are, what needs they may have and a trust
relation in terms of managing these data (from often longstanding customer rela-
tionships). From these data advertisers can derive the much sought-after infor-
mation about the situation (“context”) of a communicating or receiving cus-
tomer.
Andreas Albers has well identified the increasing importance of context infor-
mation, made it the objective of his research, analysed its influence on the com-
mercialisation of mobile media, and consequently used this knowledge for de-
sign, construction, and implementation. Doing so he was able to tailor his sub-
ject in a way that promises results of long-standing importance – despite the
VI Foreword

very complex and volatile situation in both mobile communications and mobile
media.
First Andreas Albers identifies and analyses the influence of contextual informa-
tion, e.g. on “traditional” mobile advertising by Mobile Marketing Providers.
This analysis supports the understanding of identity and profile information not
only in the domain of mobile marketing, but also in general. Then Andreas
Albers uses his findings as basis for his MoMeMa engineering recommendation
framework for constructing mobile media markets in which context-sensitive,
mobile attention can be traded. It is noteworthy that Andreas Albers has man-
aged to replace the economic good of mobile advertising media performance by
that of mobile attention, which for the first time made it possible to analyse the
impact of context information.
A further important Design Science contribution in the area of Business Infor-
matics is CoMPaS (Context-sensitive Mobile Portal Service), Andreas Albers’
prototypical proof-of-concept implementation of MoMeMa. CoMPaS also pro-
vides a basis for future behavioural research on context-sensitive mobile atten-
tion of mobile users in the domain of mobile marketing. An expert survey for
the empirical evaluation of the recommendation framework brings the excellent
design science contributions full circle.
Andreas Albers has written a first class thesis in Business Informatics, which is
already influencing neighbouring disciplines, e.g. marketing.
I am more than happy to wish this to book all the best, especially many inter-
ested readers.

Prof. Dr. Kai Rannenberg


Preface VII

Preface
In a society of growing information overflow, it becomes increasingly difficult
for enterprises to attract the attention of consumers for marketing campaigns
promoting their products and services. In this regard, mobile media offers adver-
tisers a highly personal communication channel to their recipients. Thereby,
context information provided by the mobile network allows advertisers to target
their Mobile Marketing campaigns towards the momentary usage situation of
mobile users.
In this media market, the objective of Mobile Marketing Providers is to com-
mercialise the provision of such a mobile communication channel to advertisers
via their Mobile Media Market platform. However, the specific characteristics of
context information generate impacts on a Mobile Marketing Provider’s tradi-
tional business model. In order to address these impacts, this work develops and
applies a conceptional analysis framework for the use of context information in
the Mobile Marketing domain. Subsequently and based on the knowledge ac-
quired from the analysis, an engineering recommendation framework for Mobile
Media Market platforms (MoMeMa) is developed and presented. Its guidelines
enable Mobile Marketing Providers to develop or align their Mobile Media
Market platforms in order to unleash the benefits of context information for Mo-
bile Marketing campaigns while being able to cope with its identified impacts.
Thereby, I hope my work is able to contribute to a better understanding of con-
text-sensitive Mobile Marketing campaigns in academia as well as to their
growth in the industry.
When I began this thesis at the faculty of business administration and economics
at the Goethe University Frankfurt, the mobile Internet was in the pre-iPhone
era. This was characterised by high mobile data communication costs, complex
device usability, and low mobile network bandwidth. Nevertheless, the theoreti-
cal potential of integrating context information into Mobile Marketing cam-
paigns in order to provide benefit to mobile users as well as advertisers was tan-
gible. However, actually contributing to this concept in the form of a doctoral
thesis required a substantial academic and industry support.
The foundation for the conduction of this work was enabled by my participation
in two research projects founded by the German Federal Ministry of Education
and Research. The PREMIUM and its predecessor project PREMIUM Services
VIII Preface

provided the funding of this work and allowed a continuous review and im-
provement of my ideas and contributions.
Without the support received from industry partners, it would have been very
difficult to substantiate the utility of this work and its contribution to the prac-
tice. Among the many partners, I would especially thank Deutsche Telekom,
Nokia-Siemens Networks, T-Systems, Detecon International, Deloitte, Interac-
tive Media, and AllesKlar AG for their expertise and inspiring comments on my
contributions.
Special thanks go to my advisor Prof. Dr. Kai Rannenberg for always being
open-minded to my ideas and for his continuous encouragement and support in
order to successfully complete this thesis. In this regard, the Chair of Mobile
Business & Multilateral Security was offering a multi-disciplinary research en-
vironment that was complemented and supported by many industry partners,
partner universities, and research organisations. This significantly fostered the
outcome of this work. Moreover, I would also like to thank the other members
of the board of examiners Prof. Dr. Roland Holten, Prof. Dr. Matthias Blonski,
and Prof. Dr. Oliver Hinz for their instructive advice and comments.
I have very much appreciated the support and fruitful discussions of my col-
leagues at the Chair of Mobile Business & Multilateral Security. I would like to
thank André Deuker, Stefan Figge, Christian Kahl, Jan Muntermann, Mike
Radmacher and Stefan Weiss for their stimulating comments and contributions
to my work. In addition, I am grateful to Elvira Koch for her support in solving
all issues beyond my actual research work, but necessary in order to complete
this thesis. Further thanks go to Katrina Taylor, who has done a magnificent job
proof-reading and significantly enhancing the readability of the manuscript.
Special thanks go to my wife and family for their continuous support and en-
couragement during the time it took me to accomplish the outcome of this thesis.

Andreas Albers
Table of Contents IX

Table of Contents
Foreword ............................................................................................................. V
Preface .............................................................................................................. VII
Table of Contents............................................................................................... IX
List of Figures .................................................................................................. XV
List of Tables ................................................................................................... XIX
List of Equations............................................................................................. XXI
List of Abbreviations ................................................................................... XXIII
1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Mobile Marketing .................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Research Objectives and Questions ....................................................................... 5
1.3 Structure of the Thesis ............................................................................................ 6
1.4 Research Scope and Methodology ........................................................................ 10
1.4.1 Research Scope .......................................................................................... 10
1.4.2 Design Science Research Framework ....................................................... 13

2 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media .......................................... 17


2.1 Marketing and Media Markets ............................................................................ 18
2.1.1 Defining Marketing ................................................................................... 18
2.1.2 Concept of Media Markets ........................................................................ 21
2.2 Traditional Media .................................................................................................. 22
2.3 Online Media .......................................................................................................... 24
2.3.1 Distinctive Features of Online Media........................................................ 25
2.3.2 Characteristics of Online Marketing ......................................................... 26
2.4 Mobile Media ......................................................................................................... 31
2.4.1 Distinctive Features of Mobile Media ....................................................... 31
2.4.2 Characteristics of Mobile Marketing ......................................................... 36
2.5 Unutilised Potential of Mobile Media for Mobile Marketing ............................ 41
2.5.1 Context Information provided by Mobile Media ...................................... 42
2.5.2 Integration of Context Information into Mobile Marketing
Campaigns ................................................................................................. 45
2.5.3 Special Features of Context Information for Mobile Marketing
Campaigns ................................................................................................. 48
2.6 Related Work on Integrating Context Information into Mobile
Marketing Campaigns ........................................................................................... 50
2.6.1 Design of Context-sensitive Mobile Marketing ........................................ 50
X Table of Contents

2.6.2
User Acceptance of Context-sensitive Mobile Marketing Campaigns ..... 52
2.6.3
Mobile Marketing Providers enabling Context-sensitive Mobile
Marketing .................................................................................................. 53
2.7 Summary and Conclusion ..................................................................................... 54

3 Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention .......................... 57


3.1 Attention as an Economic Good in Mobile Media Markets .............................. 57
3.1.1 The Attention Economy ............................................................................ 59
3.1.2 Tradability of Mobile Attention ................................................................ 61
3.1.3 Nature and Characteristics of Mobile Attention ........................................ 62
3.2 Value Chain of Mobile Attention ......................................................................... 68
3.2.1 Procurement of Mobile Attention .............................................................. 70
3.2.2 Production of Mobile Attention as a Tradable Good ................................ 71
3.2.3 Sales and Distribution of Mobile Attention............................................... 72
3.3 Mobile Media Markets in the Economics of Networks ...................................... 75
3.3.1 Introduction to Two-Sided Markets .......................................................... 75
3.3.2 Two-sided Mobile Media Markets ............................................................ 78
3.4 Summary ................................................................................................................ 80

4 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention ............................ 83


4.1 Analysis Scope ........................................................................................................ 83
4.1.1 Mobile Medium ......................................................................................... 84
4.1.2 Traditional and Context-sensitive Mobile Attention ................................. 85
4.1.3 Mobile Marketing Campaigns ................................................................... 86
4.1.4 Players in Mobile Media Markets ............................................................. 88
4.1.5 Market Transactions for Context-sensitive Mobile Attention ................... 90
4.2 Characteristics of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention as an Economic
Good ........................................................................................................................ 92
4.2.1 Advertiser-related Dimensions .................................................................. 93
4.2.2 Mobile Marketing Provider-related Dimensions ....................................... 95
4.2.3 Delivery-related Dimensions ..................................................................... 96
4.2.4 Concluding Research Propositions ............................................................ 97
4.3 Value Chain of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention ........................................... 97
4.3.1 Procurement of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention ................................. 98
4.3.2 Production of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention.................................. 102
4.3.3 Sale and Distribution of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention ................. 103
4.3.4 Concluding Research Propositions .......................................................... 108
4.4 Two-sided Mobile Media Markets of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention .... 108
4.4.1 Indirect Network Externalities................................................................. 109
4.4.2 Common Pricing Structure ...................................................................... 109
4.4.3 Interaction Types ..................................................................................... 110
Table of Contents XI

4.4.4 Development of new Two-sided Mobile Media Markets ........................ 110


4.4.5 Two-sided Market Type .......................................................................... 111
4.4.6 Concluding Research Propositions .......................................................... 111
4.5 Limitations of the Analysis ................................................................................. 111
4.6 Summary and Conclusion ................................................................................... 112

5 Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets ....... 115
5.1 Introduction to Electronic Markets ................................................................... 115
5.2 Related Work on the Design of Electronic Markets ......................................... 117
5.3 Introduction to the Market Engineering Framework ...................................... 119
5.3.1 Market Environment ................................................................................ 120
5.3.2 Transaction Object ................................................................................... 120
5.3.3 Transaction Service ................................................................................. 121
5.4 Introduction of the Market Engineering Process Model ................................. 126
5.5 Adaption of the Market Engineering Framework for Mobile Media
Markets ................................................................................................................. 128
5.5.1 Market Environment of Mobile Media Markets...................................... 128
5.5.2 Mobile Attention as the Transaction Object ............................................ 129
5.5.3 Transaction Service for Mobile Media Markets ...................................... 130
5.6 Summary .............................................................................................................. 132

6 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media


Markets ...................................................................................................... 133
6.1 Mobile Media Market Stakeholders .................................................................. 135
6.2 Mobile Media Market Environment Requirements ......................................... 138
6.2.1 Social-Economic Environment ................................................................ 139
6.2.2 Technological Environment .................................................................... 140
6.2.3 Legal and Regulatory Environment......................................................... 142
6.3 Definition of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention as a Transaction Object.... 146
6.3.1 Acquisition of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention ................................ 147
6.3.2 Transaction Object Definition and Production ........................................ 151
6.3.3 Trading Rules .......................................................................................... 156
6.4 Design of the Transaction Service for Mobile Media Markets........................ 158
6.4.1 Business Model ....................................................................................... 158
6.4.2 Resource Allocation Mechanism ............................................................. 163
6.4.3 ICT-Infrastructure.................................................................................... 183
6.5 Limitations of the Engineering Recommendation Framework ....................... 187
6.6 Summary .............................................................................................................. 188

7 Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform..... 193


7.1 Application Scenario ........................................................................................... 194
XII Table of Contents

7.2 Use Cases derived from the Application Scenario ............................................ 195
7.2.1 Management of Mobile Portal Categories ............................................... 196
7.2.2 Management of Mobile Advertising Campaigns..................................... 197
7.2.3 Management of User Profile.................................................................... 197
7.2.4 Use of Mobile Portal ............................................................................... 198
7.3 Application Process ............................................................................................. 199
7.4 Three-Tier Prototype Architecture .................................................................... 200
7.4.1 Presentation Tier ...................................................................................... 201
7.4.2 Logic Tier ................................................................................................ 206
7.4.3 Data Tier .................................................................................................. 207
7.5 ICT-Infrastructure Setup ................................................................................... 209
7.5.1 ICT-Infrastructure Elements .................................................................... 209
7.5.2 ICT-Infrastructure Software Technology ................................................ 211
7.5.3 Programming Language and Development Environment ....................... 213
7.6 Limitations of the Prototype ............................................................................... 214
7.6.1 Conceptional and Functional Limitations................................................ 214
7.6.2 Performance and Security Limitations .................................................... 215
7.7 Summary .............................................................................................................. 216

8 Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework 219


8.1 Evaluation Objective and Methodology ............................................................ 219
8.1.1 Expert Interviews ..................................................................................... 220
8.1.2 Qualitative Content Analysis ................................................................... 221
8.1.3 Evaluation Process ................................................................................... 223
8.2 Evaluation Research Question and Development of Hypotheses .................... 225
8.3 Interviewees and Data Acquisition..................................................................... 226
8.4 Data Analysis and Discussion of Results ........................................................... 229
8.4.1 Potential of Context-sensitive Mobile Marketing Campaigns ................ 229
8.4.2 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Marketing Providers ........... 230
8.4.3 Engineering Recommendations Addressing the Impacts of Context
Information .............................................................................................. 231
8.4.4 Feasibility of Proposed Engineering Recommendations ......................... 233
8.5 Evaluation Implications ...................................................................................... 235
8.6 Limitations of the Evaluation ............................................................................. 237
8.7 Summary and Conclusion ................................................................................... 238

9 Conclusion and Further Research ........................................................... 239


9.1 Summary of the Thesis ........................................................................................ 239
9.2 Research Contributions....................................................................................... 242
9.3 Practical Implications .......................................................................................... 243
9.4 Further Research ................................................................................................. 244
Table of Contents XIII

References ........................................................................................................ 249


Appendix A: Expert Interview Design .......................................................... 269
Appendix B: Interviewed Organisations....................................................... 273
Appendix C: Expert Interview Introduction Slides ..................................... 275
List of Figures XV

List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Structure of the Thesis .................................................................. 8
Figure 1.2: Research Scopes of this Work .................................................... 11
Figure 2.1: Policies in the Marketing Mix (based on McCarthy 1960) ........ 19
Figure 2.2: Marketing Campaigns within the Scope of this Work ............... 21
Figure 2.3: Triangular relationship of advertising media markets (based
on Zerdick et al. 2001, p. 50) ...................................................... 22
Figure 2.4: Market and Media Information for Media Planning (Bogs
2001, p. 114) ............................................................................... 23
Figure 2.5: Targeting and Performance Measurement of Traditional vs.
Online Marketing Campaigns (based on Skiera et al. 2001) ...... 27
Figure 2.6: Reach vs. Quality of Targeted Online Marketing Campaigns
(Hegge 2008, p. 290) .................................................................. 29
Figure 2.7: Advantages of Mobile Marketing (based on Dufft 2003, p.
12) ............................................................................................... 37
Figure 2.8: Utilisation of the distinctive Mobile Media Features for
Mobile Marketing Campaigns .................................................... 42
Figure 2.9: Primary and Secondary Context Dimensions applied to
describe the Usage Situation of Mobile Users............................ 44
Figure 2.10: Types of Mobile Marketing Campaigns based on Mobile
User Information ......................................................................... 47
Figure 2.11: Targeting of Traditional Mobile Marketing Campaigns ............ 48
Figure 2.12: Targeting of Context-sensitive Mobile Marketing
Campaigns................................................................................... 49
Figure 3.1: Model of Attention Process (Davenport and Beck 2001, p.
21) ............................................................................................... 59
Figure 3.2: The Relation of Attention Data, Attention Profiles and
Targeting Profiles for Mobile Marketing Campaigns ................ 61
Figure 3.3: Characteristics of Mobile Attention as an Economic Good in
Mobile Media Markets (based on Koppius 1999) ...................... 64
Figure 3.4: Attention Value Chain of Mobile Marketing Providers ............. 69
Figure 3.5: Data Quality Framework (Wang and Strong 1996).................... 71
Figure 3.6: Phases of Transactions managed and executed by
Intermediaries (based on Schmid and Lindemann 1998 and
Rose 1998, p. 179 ff.) ................................................................. 73
XVI List of Figures

Figure 3.7: Two-sided Market Concept (based on Dewenter 2006) ............. 76
Figure 3.8: Two-sided Mobile Media Market (based on Dewenter 2006) ... 79
Figure 4.1: Data Communication Technologies and Terminal Devices
of the Mobile Medium ................................................................ 84
Figure 4.2: Overview of Mobile Marketing Activities at Present
(Steimel et al. 2008, p. 79) .......................................................... 87
Figure 4.3: Development of Mobile Advertising Revenues in Western
Europe (based on Strategy Analytics 2007) ............................... 88
Figure 4.4: Mobile Marketing Value Chain and participating Market
Players (based on Steimel et al. 2008, p. 120) ............................ 89
Figure 4.5: Players in Mobile Media Market ................................................ 90
Figure 4.6: Mobile Media Market Platform enabling Mobile
Advertising Campaigns............................................................... 91
Figure 4.7: Context-sensitive Attention as an intangible Good in Mobile
Media Markets (based on Koppius 1999)................................... 93
Figure 4.8: Information Qualities of Mobile Attention ................................. 94
Figure 4.9: Acquisition of Traditional vs. Context-sensitive Attention
Data ............................................................................................. 99
Figure 4.10: Targeting of Traditional vs. Context-sensitive Mobile
Attention ................................................................................... 105
Figure 5.1: Microeconomic System Framework (Smith 1982) .................. 116
Figure 5.2: Reference Model for Electronic Markets (Lindemann and
Schmid 1998) ............................................................................ 118
Figure 5.3: Electronic Market Engineering Framework (based on
Weinhardt et al. 2003) .............................................................. 119
Figure 5.4: Revenue Model Framework (Skiera et al. 2005) ...................... 122
Figure 5.5: Simplified Value Chain Model (based on Zerdick et al.
2001, p. 33) ............................................................................... 123
Figure 5.6: Process and Rules of a Resource Allocation Mechanism
(based on Holtmann 2004, p. 133)............................................ 124
Figure 5.7: Three-Tier Architecture of an Electronic Market (based on
Holtmann 2004, p. 191 f.) ......................................................... 125
Figure 5.8: Possible Interdependencies between Electronic Markets
Components .............................................................................. 126
List of Figures XVII

Figure 5.9: Market Engineering Process Model (based on Weinhardt et


al. 2003) .................................................................................... 127
Figure 5.10:  Mobile Media Market Environment ......................................... 129
Figure 5.11: Mobile Attention as the Transaction Object in Mobile
Media Markets .......................................................................... 130
Figure 6.1: Engineering Recommendation Framework as a foundation
for the Development of the MoMeMa Framework ................... 134
Figure 6.2: Conflict of Interests in Mobile Media Markets for Context-
sensitive Attention .................................................................... 137
Figure 6.3: Semantic Identity Concept and relevant Sub-Ontologies for
the Description of the Usage Situation of Mobile Users
(Figge 2007, p. 87) .................................................................... 153
Figure 6.4: Model for Context-sensitive Mobile Attention Profiles ........... 154
Figure 6.5: Compilation Process of Context-sensitive Attention Profiles .. 155
Figure 6.6: Exemplified Development of Mobile User’s Attention Span
in relation to the Number of delivered Mobile
Advertisements ......................................................................... 157
Figure 6.7: Revenue Model for Mobile Marketing Providers..................... 160
Figure 6.8: Architecture of Value Creation for Mobile Media Market
Platforms ................................................................................... 161
Figure 6.9: Mobile Portal vs. Mobile Website ............................................ 162
Figure 6.10: Mobile Media Market Component of the Mobile Media
Market Platform ........................................................................ 162
Figure 6.11: Matching of an Attention Profile with a Mobile Marketing
Provider Targeting Profile ........................................................ 169
Figure 6.12: Example illustrating the Virtual Bid Calculation by a
Mobile Marketing Provider ...................................................... 180
Figure 6.13: Multi-attributive Auction Protocol for Context-sensitive
Mobile Attention ....................................................................... 181
Figure 6.14: Mobile Media Market Platform in the Three-Tier-Model ........ 186
Figure 6.15: Main Aspects of the MoMeMa Engineering
Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Market
Platforms ................................................................................... 189
Figure 7.1: Application Scenario supported by the Mobile Media
Market Platform Prototype ....................................................... 194
XVIII List of Figures

Figure 7.2: Use Cases of the Mobile Media Market Platform .................... 196
Figure 7.3: Mobile Portal Activity Diagram ............................................... 200
Figure 7.4: Mobile Portal Component of the CoMPaS Prototype .............. 202
Figure 7.5: Mobile User Profile and Privacy Setting Interface ................... 202
Figure 7.6: Selected CoMPaS GUI Components for Advertisers ............... 203
Figure 7.7: Selected CoMPaS GUI Components for the Mobile
Marketing Provider ................................................................... 205
Figure 7.8: UML Class Diagram of the CoMPaS Prototype ...................... 207
Figure 7.9: ER-Model of the CoMPaS Data Tier........................................ 208
Figure 7.10: Overview of the Elements of the Prototype System ................. 210
Figure 7.11: ICT-Infrastructure Software Technology Overview for
Prototype ................................................................................... 212
Figure 8.1: Evaluation Process based on Expert Interviews and
Qualitative Content Analysis .................................................... 224
Figure 8.2: Knowledge Coverage of interviewed Organisations ................ 227
List of Tables XIX

List of Tables
Table 2.1: Mobility dimensions and moving entities (Feldmann 2005,
p. 4) ............................................................................................. 32
Table 2.2: Technical vs. Actual Reach of Mobile Media in Germany
(Steimel et al. 2008, p. 50) .......................................................... 40
Table 4.1: Summary of developed Research Propositions on the
Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention .............. 113
Table 6.1: Basic Design Aspects of Auctions (based on Skiera and
Spann 2004) .............................................................................. 164
Table 6.2: Simplified Utility Scoring Scenario for Personal Attraction
(based on Krafft 2002, p. 79) .................................................... 171
Table 8.1: Fictitious Example of a Summarising QCA ............................. 223
Table 8.2: Organisations, which participated in the Expert Interviews ..... 226
List of Equations XXI

List of Equations
Equation 6.1: Overall Utility Score for a Buyer.............................................. 167
Equation 6.2: Winning Bid Determination of Buyer ...................................... 167
Equation 6.3: Calculation of Personal Attraction............................................ 171
Equation 6.4: Calculation POS Distance based Pythagorean Theorem
(Wikipedia 2009) ...................................................................... 172
Equation 6.5: Calculation of Geographic Reachability (based on Huff
1964) ......................................................................................... 173
Equation 6.6: Calculation of Temporal Reachability ...................................... 175
Equation 6.7: Calculation of Business Relevance for Mobile Attention ........ 176
Equation 6.8: Calculation of Monetary Advertiser Auction Bid .................... 178
Equation 6.9: Calculation of Virtual Bid by Mobile Marketing Provider ...... 179
List of Abbreviations XXIII

List of Abbreviations
API Application Programming Interface
ASP Active Server Pages
ATM Automatic Teller Machine
B-MAD Bluetooth Mobile Advertising
CET Central European Time
CLP City Light Poster
CoMPaS Context-sensitive Mobile Portal Application Service
COO Cell of Origin
CPM Cost-per-Mille
CPU Central Processing Unit
CRM Customer Relationship Management
CS Computer Science
DLL Dynamic Link Library
DVD Digital Versatile Disc
EC European Commission
E-LBA European Location Based Advertising
ER Entity Relationship
EU European Union
FIDIS Future of Identity in the Information Society
GPS Global Positioning System
GSM Global System of Mobile Communication
GUI Graphical User Interface
HTML Hypertext Markup Language
HTTPS Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
ICT Information and Communication Technology
IDE Integrated Development Environment
IdM Identity Management
IdMS Identity Management System
IIS Internet Information Service
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IP Internet Protocol
IR Infrared
IrDA Infrared Data Association
XXIV List of Abbreviations

IS Information System(s)
IT Information Technology
IVR Interactive Voice Response
LBS Location-based Service
LTE Long Term Evolution
MAC Media Access Control
MAUT Multi-attributive Utility Theory
MIdMS Mobile Identity Management System
MMS Multimedia Messaging Service
MoMeMa Mobile Media Market
MSISDN Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network
Number
MVNO Mobile Virtual Network Operator
PC Personal Computer
PIN Personal Identification Number
POS Point-of-Sales
PREMIUM Preis- und Erlösmodelle für das Internet – Umsetzung und
Marktchancen
PSMS Push Short Message Service
QCA Qualitative Content Analysis
SIC Semantic Identity Concept
SIM Subscriber Identity Module
SMB Server Message Block
SMMART System for Mobile Marketing: Adaptive, Personalized and
Targeted
SMS Short Message Service
SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol
SQL Structured Query Language
SSO Single-Sign-On
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TOA Time of Arrival
TV Television
UML Unified Modeling Language
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
W3C World Wide Web Consortium
List of Abbreviations XXV

WAP Wireless Access Point


WAP Wireless Application Protocol
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability of Microwave Access
WTP Willingness-To-Pay
Introduction 1

1 Introduction
“A wealth of information creates a poverty of attention”
Simon 1971, Designing Organisations
for an Information-Rich World

The emergence and success of the Internet within the last decade had a tremen-
dous impact on the market for advertising-financed media as a vehicle for mar-
keting campaigns (European Interactive Advertising Association 2008a;
Bachem 2008; Bundesverband Digitale Wirtschaft 2009). Although, traditional
media (e.g. TV, radio, print, etc.) solely constitutes a uni-directional communi-
cation channel for advertisers to their recipients, it still dominates the market.
However, media consumers increasingly demand to choose their preferred con-
tent on an individual basis – independent from time, place and especially me-
dium (Kaspar 2006). Consequently, they are increasingly shifting their attention
towards interactive online media (European Interactive Advertising Association
2008b).
In contrast to traditional media, the Internet as a bidirectional communication
channel allows online users to personalise their consumed media content accord-
ing to their individual needs. Thereby, the Internet enables advertisers to meas-
ure and analyse the preferences of online users in real-time without media dis-
ruptions. Combined with additional sociographic, psychographic and demo-
graphic data, the resulting user profiles can be used to target Online Marketing
campaigns towards the immediate needs of online users. Thus, there is a transi-
tion in the advertising industry from the content-centric targeting of marketing
campaigns towards user-profile-based approaches (Ehrlich 2008, p. 267 ff.). The
effectiveness of the latter concept can directly be observed in the literally ex-
ploding growth of the online advertising spending in Europe. As a result, today,
online media markets are considered highly competitive and increasingly satu-
rated. Consequently, Online Marketing Providers such Google or Yahoo as en-
ablers of Online Marketing campaigns are seeking new revenue streams in their
business domain (European Interactive Advertising Association 2008c).
With dropping prices for mobile data communications (Mohr 2009) and increas-
ing usability of mobile devices (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 109), the mobile Internet
is considered to be on the verge of the mass market and a prospective medium
2 Introduction

(Cisco Corporation 2009; TNS infratest 2009) for Online Marketing Providers to
archive this goal. Although, the Mobile Marketing revenues are still quite low
compared to traditional or online advertising-financed media, Mobile Advertis-
ing as a subset of Mobile Marketing currently represents one of the strongest
growing marketing means (Strategy Analytics 2007).
Analogue to the fixed Internet (and to traditional media as well), Mobile Mar-
keting Providers act in the role of intermediaries enabling Mobile Marketing
campaigns via their mobile media market platform. On the one hand, such a
platform offers a mobile portal enabling a communication channel between mo-
bile users and advertisers. On the other hand, it operates a mobile media market,
on which mobile media performance (i.e. access to the communication channel
to mobile users) is offered and traded. This mobile media market constitutes a
two-sided media market (Evans 2005). On its content market side, the attention
of mobile users is acquired by providing informative or entertaining content. On
the advertisement market side, this attention is sold to advertisers in the form of
mobile advertising space (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 120 ff.).
With regard to the provision of mobile media performance, one distinctive fea-
ture of the mobile medium is the access to context information about mobile us-
ers (e.g. location or identity). It is considered highly beneficial for the targeting
of Mobile Marketing campaigns (Figge and Theysohn 2006). Although, context
information is hardly offered by Mobile Marketing Providers in practice, there
are several indicators that Mobile Marketing Providers will be compelled to do
so in order to differentiate their offerings from competition (Figge and Albers
2008). However, due to specific characteristics (e.g. explicity of data about mo-
bile users), context information is supposed to have several impacts on the tradi-
tional commercialisation of mobile media performance via mobile media mar-
kets (Albers 2007 and 2008; Figge and Albers 2008). Consequently, Mobile
Marketing Providers willing to provide advertisers access to context information
for Mobile Marketing campaigns have to be aware of these potential impacts.
This knowledge allows Mobile Marketing Providers to consider and address
these impacts in the design of their mobile media market platforms and thereby
take advantage of context information for their business mission (Albers 2007
and 2008).
Introduction 3

The objective of this work is to explore and analyse the impacts of context in-
formation on traditional commercialisation of mobile media performance for
Mobile Marketing Providers, in their role as enablers of Mobile Marketing cam-
paigns. Subsequently, this gained knowledge lays the foundation for the devel-
opment of an engineering recommendation framework for mobile media market
platforms. It is supposed to offer means to Mobile Marketing Providers to bene-
fit from offering context information to advertisers for Mobile Marketing cam-
paigns while being able to cope with its impacts or challenges respectively.
Section 1.1 briefly illustrates the past and recent developments in the Mobile
Marketing domain as well as the need and difficulty of exploiting the benefits of
context information, serving as research motivation. Then, Section 1.2 outlines
the research objective and the derived research questions. The general structure
of the work along with the major contributions of each chapter is presented in
Section 1.3. Finally, section 1.4 outlines the research scope and the design sci-
ence framework as methodological basis for the entire thesis.

1.1 Mobile Marketing


Online Marketing campaigns carried out using the mobile medium are mostly
subsumed under the term Mobile Marketing or Mobile Advertising (Leppäniemi
et al. 2006a). Although, literature does not provide a common understanding for
these terms, it is agreed that their unique features notably contribute to the bene-
fits of marketing campaigns (Barwise and Strong 2002; Salo and Tahtinen 2005;
Wohlfahrt 2002, p. 247 ff.). The high penetration of the population with mobile
devices, in combination with the available mobile network coverage, provides
the foundation for technically reaching more mobile users than in any other me-
dium in the Western World (Lispman 2008; Bundesnetzagentur 2008). Due to
the high interactivity, possible one-to-one communications and the deep integra-
tion of mobile devices in the personal sphere of its users, the mobile medium is
also more personal than any other media (Sultan and Rohm 2005; Feldmann
2005, p. 60 f.).
The prevailing lack of available mobile services, high prices for mobile data
communications, and usability issues of mobile devices let voice- and messag-
ing-based mobile communications predominate throughout the recent years. As
a result, Mobile Marketing means were mainly focused on messaging or text-
based Mobile Marketing campaigns in the past (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 17 ff.).
4 Introduction

Today, fuelled by the growing success of the mobile Internet, the portfolio of
Mobile Marketing campaigns is aligning with their equivalents of the fixed
Internet (i.e. towards Mobile Marketing campaigns conducted via the mobile
web). Thereby, Mobile Advertising is currently the fastest growing marketing
means (Strategy Analytics 2007, Kishore 2008). Consequently, the competition
for the attention of mobile users is increasing at the same pace. Telecommunica-
tion enterprises, Internet providers (e.g. Google1, Yahoo2), software manufactur-
ers (e.g. Microsoft3) and mobile device manufacturers (e.g. Nokia4) are position-
ing their organisations as Mobile Marketing Providers in the centre of the adver-
tising-financed mobile media market. In order to succeed in this two-sided mo-
bile media market, Mobile Marketing Providers have to satisfy the needs of both
customers on each market side. Whereas advertisers demand high effectiveness
of their Mobile Marketing campaigns (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 60), mobile users
expect Mobile Marketing campaigns relevant to their personal interests or needs
(Steimel et al. 2008, p. 47; Ehrlich 2008, p. 267).
These demands can be fulfiled by the application of context information ac-
quired from the mobile network in order to target Mobile Marketing campaigns.
It allows to distinctly identify mobile users, determine their current geographical
location and log their access time. This information can be compiled into a pro-
file, which reflects the momentary usage situation of a mobile user. It allows
advertisers to individually evaluate and select only those mobile users, which
exhibit certain relevance in relation to their momentary usage situation (e.g. only
mobile users in close vicinity to a Point-of-Sale (POS)). From a mobile user’s
point-of-view, this allows the provision of relevant offerings that can satisfy
their immediate needs (Figge and Theysohn 2006). At the same time, this can
alleviate the very limited user experience of mobile devices, with regard to

1
Online advertising market leader Google initiated the development of the open source mo-
bile operating system Android (Google Corporation 2009a) and recently acquired the lead-
ing mobile off-deck advertiser AdMob (AdMob 2009).
2
Yahoo significantly enhanced and extended its mobile advertising services (Wiley et al.
2007).
3
Microsoft bought Mobile Advertisement Provider ScreenTonic to position itself in the mo-
bile advertising market (Microsoft Press 2007).
4
Market leader for mobile handsets Nokia bought the Mobile Advertiser enPocket (Nokia
2007) and launched a mobile multimedia service Ovi, which enhances the mobile phone by
making the personal data for users accessable via the mobile Internet (Nokia 2009).
Introduction 5

screen size and input capabilities, by the reducing the search expenditures of
mobile users for the desired information (Feldmann 2005, p. 59).
The following section is going to outline the research object of this thesis with
regard to the Mobile Marketing Providers enabling this kind of context-sensitive
Mobile Marketing campaigns for advertisers.

1.2 Research Objectives and Questions


The potential and benefits of context-sensitive Mobile Marketing campaigns
have been widely acknowledged in academia. Consequently, concepts leverag-
ing available context information provided by the mobile network are not new
and have already been discussed throughout various publications (cp. Section
2.6). However, this body of literature considers context information merely as
additional means to improve the targeting effectiveness of Mobile Marketing
campaigns. Whereas focusing mainly on technical implementation issues, legal
compliance and user acceptance, the impacts of context information on the tradi-
tional commercialisation of mobile media performance, which enables Mobile
Marketing campaigns for advertisers, have hardly been covered yet.
Motivated by the relevance of context information for Mobile Marketing cam-
paigns and with respect to the existing contributions in the Mobile Marketing
domain, the research objective of this thesis is defined as follows:

Research Objective: Exploration, analysis, and addressing potential impacts of


context information on the traditional commercialisation mobile media per-
formance offered on mobile media markets by Mobile Marketing Providers.

Once the impacts of context information are explored and analysed, this knowl-
edge is translated into a market engineering recommendation framework
(MoMeMa framework) for Mobile Marketing Providers. Along its complemen-
tary engineering process model, it documents for each market development
stage/activity, which design aspects for mobile media market platforms are rec-
ommended in order to take advantage of context information to enable Mobile
Marketing campaigns.
Based on the outlined research objective, this thesis is going to follow the design
science paradigm – which is introduced later (cp. Section 1.4.2). Thereby, the
proposed MoMeMa framework for the Mobile Marketing Providers represents
6 Introduction

the IT artifact. Subsequently, it is used to implement a prototypical mobile me-


dia market platform as a software system, which demonstrates the technical fea-
sibility of the engineering recommendations proposed in the MoMeMa frame-
work. Finally, the utility of the MoMeMa framework is empirically evaluated by
conducting expert interviews.
In line with the previously covered procedure of this work, the following more
specific research questions have been derived from the specified research objec-
tive:
• How can the suspected impacts of context information be systematically ex-
plored and analysed (Chapter 3)?
• What are relevant impacts of context information on the traditional commer-
cialisation of mobile media performance by Mobile Marketing Providers in
mobile media markets (Chapter 4)?
• What is a suitable reference model that serves as a conceptional foundation
capturing the developed engineering recommendations for mobile media mar-
ket platforms to address the impacts of context information (Chapter 5)?
• How can a corresponding IT artifact, which documents the engineering rec-
ommendations of mobile media market platforms for context-sensitive mobile
media performance, be developed (Chapter 6)?
• Is the developed IT artifact technically feasibile (Chapter 7)?
• What is the utility developed IT artifact for addressing the impacts of context
information on the commercialisation of traditional mobile media perform-
ance (Chapter 8)?
The course of action of this work to answer the outlined research questions is
addressed in the following section.

1.3 Structure of the Thesis


The introducing sections of this chapter have illustrated the potential of the mo-
bile medium as the latest communication channel for advertisers. By acknowl-
edging the increasing competition for the attention of mobile users by various
market players (cp. Section 1.1), the exploration, analysis and addressing of im-
pacts, which context information are supposed have on the traditional commer-
cialisation of mobile media performance, can provide economically relevant
Introduction 7

contributions for Mobile Marketing Providers. Based on the introduction, which


served as the research motivation, the thesis consists of nine chapters as depicted
in Figure 1.1.
Chapter 2 continues with a summary of the state-of-the-art advertising-financed
media as a vehicle for marketing campaigns. First, the structure and function of
media markets are illustrated along the classic triangle relationship model –
which applies to all types of media markets. Subsequently, the characteristics of
traditional media are briefly addressed as a starting point. Then, the distinctive
features and benefits of online media are discussed in the next section. Based on
this knowledge, the work continues with the introduction of the mobile media as
subset of the online media, but with additional distinctive features, which can
become especially beneficial for Mobile Marketing campaigns. In this regard,
context information as mainly unexploited potential of mobile media for Mobile
Marketing campaigns is discussed. Following this, the special characteristics of
context information, which concern Mobile Marketing campaigns and their po-
tential main impacts on the traditional commercialisation of mobile media per-
formance, are highlighted. Finally, the obligatory literature review on this issue
will reveal that existing research has mainly focused on concepts and architec-
tures enabling the integration of context information into Mobile Marketing
campaigns. Consequently, these issues are subject to further analysis in the fol-
lowing chapters.
Chapter 3 develops a conceptional analysis framework to explore systematically
the potential impacts of context information on the traditional commercialisation
of mobile media performance. For this, this work takes a paradigm shift and
starts to consider mobile attention rather than mobile media performance as the
economic good traded in mobile media markets. Based on this new perspective,
all relevant aspects for the commercialisation of mobile attention are considered
and reflected in the conceptional analysis framework. This includes the charac-
teristics of mobile attention as an economic good, a Mobile Marketing Pro-
vider’s mobile attention value chain, as well as the features of mobile attention
as economic good from the perspective of network economics (i.e. two-sided
markets).
8 Introduction

Figure 1.1: Structure of the Thesis

A Motivation and Relevance

Introduction (Chapter 1)

State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media (Chapter 2)

B Impacts of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention

Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention (Chapter 3)

Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention (Chapter 4)

C  
       

Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets


(Chapter 5)

Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets


(Chapter 6)



  
  
D  
    

Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform


(Chapter 7)

Empirical Evaluation of the Market Engineering Recommendation


Framework (Chapter 8)

E Conclusion and Further Research

Conclusion, Contributions and Further Research (Chapter 9)


Introduction 9

Due to the unwieldy number of possible Mobile Marketing campaigns and the
number of available types of context information, Chapter 4 begins with narrow-
ing down the analysis scope in order to reduce the complexity of the analysis.
Thus, Mobile Advertising campaigns as a subset of Mobile Marketing cam-
paigns delivered via the mobile web are analysed. Then, following the previ-
ously introduced conceptional framework, the impacts of context information on
the traditional commercialisation of mobile attention are analysed. Given the
novelty of Mobile Advertising campaigns integrating context information, an
explorative literature review as a research method is used.
In order to translate the findings of Chapter 4 into engineering recommendations
for mobile media market platforms, a proven reference model is required to en-
sure all necessary engineering aspects are going to be covered. By acknowledg-
ing mobile media markets as a subset of electronic markets, Chapter 5 chooses
Market Engineering concept of Weinhardt et al. (2003), which provides a holis-
tic approach by covering Information and Commnunication (ICT) infrastructure
and business model aspects beyond the traditional focus on resource allocation
mechanisms. Nevertheless, since mobile media markets exhibit several distinct
characteristics, the Market Engineering concept has to be aligned appropriately
in some of its aspects.
Based on the adapted Market Engineering approach, Chapter 6 presents the IT
artifact in the form of the engineering recommendation framework (MoMeMa)
for mobile media market platforms of context-sensitive mobile attention. It is
developed along the complementary engineering process model provided by the
Market Engineering concept. For Mobile Marketing Providers, its main contri-
butions comprise four aspects. First, it documents the main mobile media market
stakeholders and their interests. Second, it provides a characterisation of the
economic market environment, which a mobile media market platform will be
embedded. Third, the relevant specfications for context-sensitive mobile atten-
tion as transaction object are given. Fourth and finally, the design recommenda-
tion for the market transaction service consisting of business model, resource
allocation mechanism, and ICT-infrastructure component are provided.
The technical feasibility to implement mobile media market platforms by explic-
itly applying the proposed MoMeMa framework is demonstrated in Chapter 7.
For this, a prototypical software system in the form of a mobile media market
10 Introduction

platform is implemented. It comprises a mobile web-portal, which constitutes


the communication channel between mobile users and advertisers. Furthermore,
the underlying mobile media market component provides the transaction service
for allocating the respective context-sensitive mobile attention.
The evaluation of the proposed IT artifact is presented in Chapter 8. Due to the
novelty of the context-sensitive Mobile Marketing campaigns, expert interviews
were conducted in order to substantiate the most relevant impacts of context in-
formation on the traditional commercialisation of mobile attention, as well as the
utility and feasibility of MoMeMa framework for the practice.
Finally, Chapter 9 summarises the research approach of this work and highlights
the research contributions along with practical implications. Thereby, major
findings constitute explored impacts of context information on the commerciali-
sation of mobile attention, together with the acquired knowledge on how to ad-
dress them with appropriate engineering recommendations for mobile media
market platforms. In closing the chapter, several ideas for further research are
discussed.

1.4 Research Scope and Methodology


The following Section 1.4.1 is going to outline the defined research scope for
this thesis within the Mobile Marketing domain. Subsequently, Section 1.4.2
presents the design science framework as methodology applied to address the
specified research objective.

1.4.1 Research Scope

The research scope of this thesis comprises a hierarchy of five scopes within the
information systems (IS) field (cp. Figure 1.2).
Introduction 11

Figure 1.2: Research Scopes of this Work

Information Systems Field

Mobile Marketing Domain

Geographical Region

Competitive
Environment

Market
Participants

Mobile
Marketing
Campaigns

The outline of this work comprises the IS field in which the Mobile Marketing
domain as the main research scope is further embedded. Subsequently, its com-
plex ecosystem is narrowed down as follows:
• Geographical Region: The IT artifact presented in Chapter 6 is supposed to
enable the solution to currently unsolved problems in a specific domain (Hev-
ner et al. 2004). Consequently, it has to be developed and evaluated with re-
spect to a specific market environment, which is divided into technology,
socio-demographic and legal components (Weinhardt et al. 2003). Since these
components naturally differ across the countries of the world, an engineering
recommendation framework for mobile media markets attempting to cover all
these specific aspects would be either highly complex or trivially abstract.
For this, the IT artifact aims at the development of the most relevant engineer-
ing recommendations for mobile media markets platforms in the European
Union (EU). As a conglomerate of countries covering the largest part of
Europe, the EU has common legal directives for its members (Moussis 2001).
This becomes favourable because context information is considered personal
information (Art. 29 Data Protection Working Party 2007; Klüver et al. 2006)
12 Introduction

and is protected by the European Directive on privacy and electronic commu-


nications (European Parliament 2002).
• Competitive Environment of Mobile Media Market Platforms: The con-
tribution of this work focuses on the development of engineering recommen-
dations for mobile media market platforms. Thereby, it ignores competition
between multiple Mobile Marketing Providers and assumes a monopoly mar-
ket. Nevertheless, the defined market structure is likely to reflect reality for a
limited period. Today, context-sensitive Mobile Marketing campaigns are
hardly found in practice (cp. Section 2.4), but their introduction may generate
at least a temporary monopoly for the first mover and may lead to a competi-
tive market structure later on. Thus, this work acknowledges the need to cover
mobile media market platform engineering recommendations for Mobile
Marketing Providers acting in a competitive environment, but postpones this
objective to further research (cp. Section 9.4).
• Market Participants: Mobile media markets constitute an ecosystem, which
contains various types of market participants contributing in the value crea-
tion process (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 120). However, not all of these market
participants are affected by the integration of context information into Mobile
Marketing campaigns. Consequently, those market participants are either dis-
regarded or aggregated under the roof of a Mobile Marketing Provider (cp.
Section 4.1.4).
• Mobile Marketing Campaigns: Due to the plethora of available types of
Mobile Marketing campaigns, which impose different requirements for Mo-
bile Marketing Providers, this work focusses on developing engineering rec-
ommendations for mobile media market platforms solely enabling Mobile
Advertising campaigns. According to recent market studies, this subset of
Mobile Marketing campaigns is currently the most representative and promis-
ing ones for the near future (Strategy Analytics 2007). In addition, this work
is not going to address implementation aspects of Mobile Advertising cam-
paigns (e.g. design guidelines for context-sensitive website banners). Never-
theless, it seems reasonable to also consider the development of new Mobile
Marketing concepts explicitly incorporating the availability of context infor-
mation rather than using them merely to improve the targeting effectiveness
(cp. Section 9.4).
Introduction 13

The previous paragraphs have illustrated the research scope of this work. The
following section outlines the application of design science research guidelines,
as according to Hevner et al. (2004) defined in the research scope.

1.4.2 Design Science Research Framework

Information Systems Research can be divided into design and behavioural sci-
ence branches. Although, there is still an ongoing discussion in the IS commu-
nity about the distinct differentiation of these two research approaches (Hevner
et al. 2004; March and Smith 1995), they can be roughly outlined as follows.
Whereas behavioural science aims at understanding and explaining observations
to render them into testable theories (March and Smith 1995), the objective of
design science is to “address an important organisational problem“ (Hevner et
al. 2004) by designing, developing and evaluating an IT artifact (Olivier 2004).
This work applies the design science paradigm by creating a novel IT artifact to
demonstrate a possible solution for a problem in the Mobile Marketing domain.
For this, it utilises the frequently cited and applied design science framework of
Hevner et al. (2004) as methodological approach. In the following, the seven
proposed guidelines of this framework are briefly summarised while illustrating
how this work addressed them:
• Problem Relevance: IS research starts with the identification of a relevant
problem in an organisational domain, which can be addressed by the devel-
opment of an IT artifact. The IT artifact is supposed to constitute a technol-
ogy-based solution, which addresses important business aspects relevant to
the IS community (Hevner et al. 2004).
The introducing sections of this chapter have already highlighted the potential
of mobile media for carrying out Mobile Marketing campaigns, as well as the
hardly exploited opportunities for Mobile Marketing Providers of enabling
context-sensitive Mobile Marketing campaigns.
• Design of an Artifact: The objective of design science is creating a novel IT
artifact for addressing an important organisational problem. In this regard, IT
artifacts can represent constructs, models, methods, or instantiations and have
to be described effectively in order to enable their implementation and appli-
cation in an organisational context (Hevner et al. 2004). They do not have to
be complete information systems capable of being used in practice. They
14 Introduction

rather represent concepts for e.g. practices, technical capabilities, and prod-
ucts for developing innovative information systems (Denning 1997).
This work presents the MoMeMa framework for mobile media markets as IT
artifact (cp. Chapter 6). It provides engineering recommendations for mobile
media market platforms owned and operated Mobile Marketing Providers and
it constitutes a model.
• Design Evaluation: It is not sufficient to develop an IT artifact which ad-
dresses an identified research problem without disclosing its utility to the IS
community (Hevner et al. 2004). Consequently, evaluation methods have to
be applied to assess the utility, quality, and efficiency of an IT artifact in
terms of functionality, completeness, consistency, accuracy, performance, re-
liability or usability (Hevner et al. 2004).
The evaluation of the IT artifact is conducted in two steps. First, Chapter 7
presents a developed software prototype of a mobile media market platform.
It is designed based on the MoMeMa framework in order to demonstrate the
technical feasibility to implement the proposed mobile media market engi-
neering recommendations. Second, the utility of the IT artifact to address the
identified impacts of context information on the traditional commercialisation
of mobile attention in practice, is evaluated by conducting expert interviews
with individuals from selected organisations in the mobile media ecosystem
(cp. Chapter 8).
• Research Contributions: According to Hevner et al. (2004), there are two
dimensions of contributions for design science research. The first dimension
constitutes the environment of the addressed problem space (e.g. people, or-
ganisations and technologies) and the second one represents the IS knowledge
base, which holds foundations (novel constructs or models) and methodolo-
gies (measure and evaluation metrics).
This work provides contributions to the IS knowledge base of the addressed
problem space. In the sense of Gregor (2006), the first contribution constitutes
the exploration and analysis of context information impacts on the traditional
commercialisation of mobile media performance and represents an analysis
theory (Theory Type I).
The gained knowledge from this analysis then lays the foundation for the sec-
ond contribution: The developed, prototyped, and evaluated IT artifact (Hev-
Introduction 15

ner et al. 2004), which contributes to a currently unsolved organisational


problem by translating the identified impacts of context information into a
structured engineering recommendation framework for mobile media market
platforms. For this, it produces significant value for Mobile Marketing Pro-
viders aiming to exploit the benefits of enriching Mobile Marketing cam-
paigns with context information.
• Research Rigor: Rigor in design science denotes applying rigorous methods
for the construction and evaluation of IT artifacts.
In order to conduct a sound research approach, this work follows design sci-
ence research paradigm based on the framework of Hevner et al. (2004). In
addition, chapters 3, 5, and 8 provide rigor methods either for the develop-
ment or evaluation of the IT artifact.
At first, Chapter 3 presents the development of a conceptional framework for
the analysis of context-sensitive mobile attention. It comprises network eco-
nomics models, the attention economy paradigm, as well as the aspects of
transaction cost theory.
Next, Chapter 5 introduces the proven Market Engineering concept of Wein-
hardt et al. (2003), which serves as the foundation for the development of the
MoMeMa engineering recommendation framework for mobile media markets.
Finally, Chapter 8 documents the findings of conducted expert interviews to
substantiate the feasibility and utility of the IT artifact, to address the identi-
fied impacts of context information in practice.
• Design as a Search Process: The design of an IT artifact is the result of an
iterative process in search for the most appropriate solution for an addressed
problem (Hevner et al. 2004). Since the best or optimal design cannot be de-
rived, heuristic search strategies applied in a generate/test cycle (Simon 1996)
can produce feasible design results.
The IT artifact of this work has been subject to an iterative research process
conducted over more than three years. The quality of the design has been con-
tinuously improved by incorporating the reviewer comments to five published
16 Introduction

conference research papers5. In addition, the proposed IT artifact design was


subject to review in the research project PREMIUM6 as well as its successor
PREMIUM Services7. Thereby, it was also exposed to practitioner audiences.
• Communication of Research: The results of design science research have to
be presented to the respective technology-oriented and management oriented
audiences. While practitioners can take advantage of the IT artifacts utility,
the knowledge base has to be broadened for researchers willing to extend the
provided research results.
For this work, five relevant papers8 have been published to international con-
ferences, which targeted information systems as well as computer science
(CS) communities. The received feedback from researchers and practitioners
has been incorporated in this work to improve the quality of used theoretical
foundations, the applied methodologies, and the design of the IT artifact.
The previous paragraphs have outlined how the design sciences research
process is applied in this work. Thereby, the introducing sections have already
revealed the relevance of the mobile medium and the application of context
information for Mobile Marketing campaigns. The subsequent chapter pro-
vides a state-of-the-art advertising-financed media whilst in particular high-
lighting the unexploited potential of mobile media.

5
For an overview of the published research papers, access the website of the Chair for Mo-
bile Business and Multilateral Security (http://www.m-chair.net).
6
PREMIUM: Preis- und Erlösmodelle im Internet – Umsetzung und Marktchancen (PRE-
MIUM 2003)
7
PREMIUM Services: This project attempts to take the developed pricing models of PRE-
MIUM and prototypically implement and offer them via a SOA-based pricing services
platform (PREMIUM Services 2009).
8
For an overview of the published research papers, access the website of the Chair for Mo-
bile Business and Multilateral Security (http://www.m-chair.net).
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 17

2 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media


The business mission of traditional media corporations is to generate audiences
by providing informative and entertaining content while selling the acquired at-
tention of media consumers to advertisers for conducting marketing campaigns
(Zerdick et al. 2001, p. 50). Thereby, in providing this media performance, me-
dia corporations operate a two-sided market with media consumers on the con-
tent market (side) and advertisers on the opposite advertisement market (side).
Whereas the basic structure of media markets as two-sided market remains con-
stant across the different types of media, the evolution of fixed online and mo-
bile media has tremendously changed communication processes between market
participants. Consequently, the features of new media with respect to the oppor-
tunities for marketing campaigns are subject to the following sections.
Section 2.1 begins by defining the term marketing and related concepts with re-
gard to the scope of this work. It discusses the concept and role of advertising-
financed media markets for conducting marketing campaigns. Thereby, the ide-
alised structure of media markets, which applies to all of its types, is illustrated.
Subsequently, Section 2.2 introduces traditional media markets and highlights
the allocation of media performance to advertisers in order for them to conduct
marketing campaigns.
Online media is introduced in Section 2.3. Its interactivity as its distinctive fea-
ture significantly differentiates it from traditional media and enables new target-
ing models for Online Marketing campaigns, as well as pricing models for
online media performance.
Section 2.4 introduces the mobile media as a subset of online media. Its distinc-
tive features unleash several additional advantages for marketing campaigns, but
corresponding Mobile Marketing campaigns can hardly be found in practice.
Then, Section 2.5 continues by highlighting the predominantly unexploited po-
tential of mobile media of utilising context information for marketing cam-
paigns. Thereby, available types of context information are introduced, the bene-
fits of context-sensitive Mobile Marketing campaigns are outlined and finally
indicators for possible impacts of context information on the traditional com-
mercialisation of mobile media performance revealed (Section 2.5).
18 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

Section 2.6 presents a literature review on the current research contributions


concerning context-sensitive Mobile Marketing. As a result, the need to explore
the potential impacts of context information on the traditional commercialisation
of mobile media performance is substantiated. Finally, Section 2.7 summarises
and concludes the chapter.

2.1 Marketing and Media Markets


In order to establish an understanding of the terms marketing and media markets
as well as other related concepts in the context of this work, their definition is
subject to the following sections.

2.1.1 Defining Marketing

While it is agreed that marketing as an activity of enterprises is inevitable in the


global economy of today (Nieschlag et al. 2002, p. 3 f.; Kotler et al. 2001, p. 1
f.), still a plethora of different characterisations for this term can be found (Mef-
fert 2000, p. 10). For a consistent definition and limitation of the marketing do-
main throughout this thesis, the concept of the American Marketing Association
(2007) is adapted, which defines marketing as

“ ... the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating,


communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have
value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large”.

In this context, marketing policies are representing a marketing strategy of an


organisation. They are typically categorised based on the widely and frequently
cited proposal of McCarthy (1960). Therein, he characterises marketing as a
portfolio of (P)roduct, (P)rice, (P)lace and (P)romotion policies – also known as
the 4Ps. Later on, Bordon (1964) coined the term Marketing Mix for this portfo-
lio (cp. Figure 2.1).
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 19

Figure 2.1: Policies in the Marketing Mix (based on McCarthy 1960)

Product Price
Product Differentiation Price Discrimination
Product Innovation Price Bundling
Product Elimination Seasonal Pricing

Marketing
Mix

Place Promotion
Inventory Management Advertising
Transportation Sales Promotion
Distribution Channels Personal Selling

Whereas the product policy is concerned with product-related decisions accord-


ing to the needs of customers, the price policy is supposed to define the price for
a product with respect to factors such as market competition or customer’s will-
ingness-to-pay. The distribution strategy (i.e. how a specific product is trans-
ferred to the respective customer) is constituted as place policy. Finally, the
promotion policy comprises all means of an organisation to communicate with
its customers and partners. This includes methods such as advertising, branding
or personal selling to promote a product or brand (McCarthy 1960). Therefore,
the promotion policy owns an exceptional position as it exhibits various interde-
pendencies with the other policies. On the one hand, the product, price, and
place policies utilise the promotion policy to communicate their outcome to the
customer (e.g. promotion of price discounts). On the other hand, the promotion
policy provides communication means on their own (e.g. promoting the brand of
an organisation) (Kotler et al. 2001, p. 986).
Within this outlined marketing concept, the research objective of this work is to
provide media corporations9 with means to establish an effective communication
channel between media consumers and advertisers while reducing information
asymmetries. Consequently, only those marketing instruments, which explicitly
require a communication medium, are addressed within the scope of this work.

9
In the context of mobile media markets, media corporations are referred as Mobile Market-
ing Providers.
20 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

According to Kaspar (2006, p. 11 ff.), such a communication medium can be


characterised through an instrumental, organisational, and social dimension:
• Instrumental or technological Dimension: A medium represents an instru-
ment for processing information” or “transport systems for characters”.
• Organisational Dimension: Media represents an “organised social system to
fulfil an information and communication objective”.
• Social Dimension: Media represents “social institutions providing services
for social structures and process”.
With respect to the research objective, this work follows the definition of Kaspar
(2006, p. 11 f.) for the term media as “complex institutionalised systems provid-
ing an organised communication channel with a specific performance”.
While these media serve all kinds of communication purposes, advertising-
financed media in the context of this work denotes media, which is utilised to
convey marketing campaigns from advertisers to their respective recipients.
Thereby, the service of providing advertisers with the opportunity to contact an
audience via advertising-financed media for marketing campaigns is referred to
as media performance (Zerdick et al. 2001, p. 167). It can be acquired on media
markets.
Finally, following Kotler (2001, p. 931), marketing campaigns “... constitute any
kind of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services of
a distinctly identified advertiser through the application of paid advertising me-
dia”.
The summary of all defined terms and concepts is depicted by Figure 2.2, which
defines the scope of this work within the marketing domain.
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 21

Figure 2.2: Marketing Campaigns within the Scope of this Work

Marketing Domain

Marketing
Working Definition

Marketing Mix

Medium

Marketing
Campaign

2.1.2 Concept of Media Markets

According to Kotler et al. (2001, p. 19), a market can be considered to be “...


composed of potential customers with a specific need, who are willing and able
to satisfy this need or desire through an exchange process”.
Media markets consist of a triangular relationship, which is constituted by its
participants. In the centre acts a media corporation as intermediary between me-
dia consumers and advertisers. It primarily focuses on satisfying the interests of
advertisers in the form generating reach10. Therefore, the attention of media
consumers is acquired by providing informative/entertaining content, which is
subsequently exposed to marketing campaigns of advertisers (Zerdick et al.
2001, p. 50). Depending on the medium, those measures may involve TV-spots,
radio or online / mobile advertisements. They are supposed to inform media
consumers about the products or services and ultimately aim at convincing the
media consumer to purchase (Zerdick et al. 2001, p. 49 f.). Figure 2.3 depicts the
idealised media market structure.

10
Reach denotes the number of media consumers who can be reached by a specific medium
for marketing campaigns (e.g. TV channel).
22 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

Figure 2.3: Triangular relationship of advertising media markets (based


on Zerdick et al. 2001, p. 50)

Media
Corporation

generates pays for


reach for the opportunity
medium to advertise

purchases offered products


and generates revenues
Consumers Advertisers
offers products and services

In the context of advertising-financed media and thereby in the scope of this


work, different understandings exist for the term media market. On the one
hand, a media market can represent the entire market for a certain advertising
media vehicle (e.g. the media market comprised of all TV-stations in Germany).
On the other hand, it can represent a single market, which is provided and oper-
ated by one organisation (e.g. the online advertising media market spanned by
the Online Advertising service AdWords offered by Google (Google Corpora-
tion 2009c)). Whereas in the former case, media corporations compete for ad-
vertisers requesting media performance, advertisers compete for the media per-
formance of a single media corporation in the latter case. In accordance with the
defined research objective, advertising-financed media markets throughout this
work will constitute a single market operated by a single media corporation.
Along with the specified concepts marketing and media markets, the different
types of media as well as their distinctive features are presented in the following
sections.

2.2 Traditional Media


Traditional media markets offer media vehicles (e.g. TV, radio, print, etc.) as
means for unidirectionally broadcasting editorial content to media consumers.
This content is typically bundled with marketing campaigns. Thereby, a com-
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 23

munication channel between advertisers and media consumers is established


(Zerdick et al. 2001, p. 50). It enables advertisers to influence media consumers
in ways beneficial to their organisation (Kotler et al. 2001, p. 931). Conse-
quently, media corporations act as intermediaries between these two parties
while providing media performance for advertisers (Zerdick et al. 2001, p. 50).
Advertisers allocate this media performance based on a media plan, which is
developed with the support of media agencies. Figure 2.4 depicts this idealised
process. At first, advertisers communicate their marketing objectives (impact)
and budget (costs) to the media agency. Subsequently, the latter requests pricing
and quality information from respective media corporations. Based on this in-
formation, a media plan is developed. It consists of the planned media invest-
ments as well as the planned reach and targeted audience (contacts) for a mar-
keting campaign. Finally, the media performance is allocated based on the me-
dia plan from the respective media corporations in order to conduct the planed
marketing campaigns (Bogs 2001, p. 111 ff.).

Figure 2.4: Market and Media Information for Media Planning (Bogs
2001, p. 114)

Pricing

Prices
Media
Costs
Investment
Discounts

Media Media
Media Profitability
Budget Plan

Target Group
Optimization
Impact Media Quality of Reach &
Contacts
Contact Quality

Quality
24 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

The efficiency of the allocated media performance is determined by its quality


and pricing (Bogs 2001, p. 37 f.):
• Quality: The quality of traditional media is based on the general distribution
of the medium within the population (medium quality), the number of poten-
tial recipients (contact quality) as well as available statistical information
about their average characteristics (target group). The latter may comprise
socio-demographic (e.g. age, gender or education), psychographic (e.g. per-
sonality), geographic (e.g. consumer home location) and special characteris-
tics (e.g. retiree) of target groups (Bogs 2001, p. 37 f.; Kotler et al. 2001, p.
431).
• Price: The price of media performance is typically based on static price lists,
if applicable, supplemented by discounts. In practice, predominantly the cost-
per-mille11 (CPM) pricing model is used. It denotes the price for reaching
1000 recipients by a certain marketing campaign on a specific medium (Bogs
2001, p. 35).
Today, traditional media is still considered the dominating vehicle, which offers
advertisers the highest reach in the population (European Interactive Advertising
Association 2006 and 2008d). Although, it allows broadcasting inexpensive me-
dia contents to a large audience via this unidirectional communication channel,
it prevents an interactive dialogue between advertisers and media consumers.

2.3 Online Media


With the emergence and success of the Internet, online media has become sig-
nificantly relevant for marketing campaigns within the last decade (Ehrlich
2008, p. 265 ff.; Jupiter Research 2007; Interactive Advertising Bureau Europe
2008). It constitutes an inexpensive and interactive communication channel.
Consequently, media consumers are increasingly shifting their attention towards
online media – and away from traditional media. Although, the outlined struc-
ture of media markets remains unchanged12, it offers several distinctive features
beneficial for the marketing campaigns.

11
Mille is latin and means 1000 (Online Directionary 2009).
12
In the context of online media, “media corporations” are now considered “Online Market-
ing Providers” whereas “online users” denote the “media consumers” of traditional media.
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 25

2.3.1 Distinctive Features of Online Media

Online media constitutes several distinctive features, which differentiates them


from traditional media (Urchs 2008, p. 9). In this regard, the interactivity of this
communication channel, as well as its unrestricted use is considered to have a
significant impact on the characteristics of media markets.
Traditional media offers only a unidirectional communication channel for adver-
tisers to media consumers. In order to respond, media consumers have to use
other channels (e.g. mobile SMS-based text messages) (Steimel et al. 2008, p.
70). This leads to media disruptions, which interrupts the communication proc-
ess in logistic and temporal manner (Skiera et al. 2001). By contrast, the interac-
tivity of the Internet enables a bidirectional communication channel (Skiera et al.
2001) with global reach. This changes the paradigm of advertisers dominating
the communication with media consumers and leads towards an interactive dia-
logue with equal rights (Stewart and Pavlou 2002, p. 380).
The Internet as an online medium grants unrestricted access for every organisa-
tion willing to generate and offer media performance via media markets.
Whereas traditional media is exclusively owned by media corporations (e.g. TV
or radio stations), the Internet allows any organisation to become an Online
Marketing Provider without the need for traditional media corporations as com-
munication enablers13. Thereby, the interactivity of the Internet allows a direct
communication between advertisers and online users without Online Marketing
Providers as intermediaries. Nevertheless, both parties are not directly compati-
ble. Online users are not typically seeking Online Marketing campaigns to sat-
isfy their information needs. Therefore, Online Marketing Providers as interme-
diaries, who attract online users with editorial content and allow advertisers to
bundle their Online Marketing campaigns to this content, are still required (Ev-
ans 2003).
The low entry barrier to online media markets attracts new market participants
willing to act in the role of an intermediary. These Online Marketing Providers
are driving the growth of online media markets (Jupiter Research 2007), while at

13
Nevertheless, Internet Service Providers are required to provide the communication infra-
structure of the Internet. However, in contrast to traditional media, these organisations do
not regulate the access.
26 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

the same time allowing advertisers to bypass the services of traditional media
agencies. Although the media agencies are still involved in the development of
sophisticated marketing campaigns, search engine providers like Google or Ya-
hoo, offer a simple interface for advertisers to create text-based online adver-
tisements and expose them to the targeted audience (Google Corporation 2009c;
Google Corporation 2009d; Yahoo Corporation 2009a).

2.3.2 Characteristics of Online Marketing

The interactivity of the Internet has significantly affected the effectiveness of


Online Marketing campaigns (Stewart and Pavlou 2002; Skiera et al. 2001).
Thereby, the ability of advertisers to establish a bidirectional communication
channel with media consumers (online users) exhibits the following advantages
(Hegge 2008, p. 287):
• Interactivity: The interactivity allows online users to respond immediately to
Online Marketing campaigns while advertisers are able to track and evaluate
this feedback in real-time (e.g. click on online banner).
• Immediate Feedback: Advertisers can immediately apply the gathered feed-
back in order to align their current Online Marketing campaigns. For instance,
this can involve the adjustment of an Online Marketing campaign’s targeting
concept due to newly identified online user preferences (i.e. behavioural tar-
geting).
• Pseudonymity of Online Users: The Internet theoretically allows acquiring
knowledge of online users without deeply violating their privacy. Therefore,
the usage pattern of an individual online user can be pseudonymously recog-
nised and be used to individually target an Online Marketing campaign.
Figure 2.5 further illustrates the difference between marketing campaigns con-
ducted via traditional media compared to those of online media. It highlights the
value of an interactive medium in order to eliminate media disruptions in the
communication process between media consumers and advertisers.
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 27

Figure 2.5: Targeting and Performance Measurement of Traditional vs.


Online Marketing Campaigns (based on Skiera et al. 2001)

Traditional Marketing Online Marketing

Marketing Recipient Marketing Recipient


Targeting Targeting
Activity (Consumer) Activity (Online User)
Inaccurate

Incomplete
Delayed,
Media Break

Response Recipient Online Portal


Controlling
Medium Reaction

In conclusion, the Internet as a vehicle for marketing campaigns has neither


changed fundamental marketing concepts (cp. newspaper advertisement vs.
web-banner on online newspaper) nor affected the introduced idealised triangle
media market structure. Instead, it allows an interactive communication process
between online users and advertisers, which enables new targeting models for
Online Marketing campaigns and pricing models for media performance.
2.3.2.1 Targeting and Reach of Online Marketing Campaigns
The efficient use of marketing budgets is significantly determined by an adver-
tiser’s ability to target marketing campaigns to the audience groups relevant for
the offered products and services. Consequently, targeting implies advertisers to
acquire only online media performance for those recipients, which are relevant
for a certain Online Marketing campaign (Hegge 2008, p. 286; Iyer et al. 2005).
In the case of traditional media, research organisations acquire the correspond-
ing preferences ex-post to the media broadcast on a statistical basis (Bogs 2001,
p. 36 ff.), whereas the interactivity of the Internet allows gathering the prefer-
ences of online users in real-time based on their observed online behaviour. In
this regard, a large portfolio of online targeting methods is available in practice
(Hegge 2008, p. 288 ff.):
28 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

• Technical Targeting: Online users accessing a website leave several types of


technical information that can be used for basic targeting purposes. Among
others, this involves the IP address14, browser model, or operating system.
• Contextual Targeting: Mainly text-based contents of an accessed website
are analysed and Online Marketing campaigns are targeted accordingly.
Therefore, the objective is to identify the topic of a webpage and derive po-
tential user needs or preferences as a targeting foundation. In practice, one of
the most prominent examples for this approach is Google AdSense Advertis-
ing (Google Corporation 2009d).
• Keyword Targeting: According to the keyword or query provided by an
online user, the respective Online Marketing campaigns are displayed. Its
main application area constitutes search engine marketing offered by corpora-
tions such as Yahoo (Yahoo Corporation 2009a), Microsoft (Microsoft Cor-
poration 2009b) or Google (Google Corporation 2009c).
• Behavioural Targeting: This approach observes the behaviour of online us-
ers in the web. Thereby it attempts to derive their potential needs statistically
as a targeting foundation from the acquired click stream. It is considered as
one of the most promising upcoming methods in the online marketing domain
(Ehrlich 2008, p. 268; Deschene 2008).
• Profile-based Targeting: Profile-based targeting significantly differs from
the previously presented approaches with regard to the way information about
online users is acquired. The latter methods were founded on passive data,
which is collected without the interaction of online users. By contrast, profile-
based targeting requires that online users voluntarily disclose personal infor-
mation (e.g. age, gender, personal interests). Although, this active data is con-
sidered more valuable than the corresponding passive one (Sharma et al.
2008, p. 76), this kind of information is only available and used for a small
percentage of Online Marketing campaigns. Additionally, issues such as
wrong or obsolete information as well as privacy concerns of online users
have to be taken care of.

14
For instance, IP addresses of fixed terminal devices reveal the roughly originating geo-
graphic region of an online user, which can be used for geo-targeting purposes. For in-
stance, see the service of NetIP (Müller 2009).
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 29

The ability to target Online Marketing campaigns in real-time to the preferences


of online users, reduces circulation waste, and increases response and conver-
sion rates of Online Marketing campaigns (Hegge 2008, p. 294). However, there
is a conflict of objectives between the (accuracy) of targeting and the desired
reach of Online Marketing campaigns which depends on the type of applied
online user data (cp. Figure 2.6).

Figure 2.6: Reach vs. Quality of Targeted Online Marketing Campaigns


(Hegge 2008, p. 290)

CRM / Login
“true”
Quality

Behavioral data
“likely”

Typologies /
Socio-demographic Reach
“calculated”

The highest data quality is available for Customer Relationship Management


(CRM) driven marketing campaigns (active data). It is acquired within a con-
tinuous business relationship between advertiser and online user (Dun can and
Moriarty 1998, p. 8; Albers 1998, p.17). Nevertheless, those marketing cam-
paigns exhibit the lowest reach. On the contrary, online user typologies calcu-
lated based on observed online behaviour (passive data) exhibits the lowest data
quality, but the highest reach. Consequently, advertisers need to find the right
balance between these two aspects in accordance with their marketing objec-
tives.
2.3.2.2 Pricing of Online Media Performance
The online media performance offered by Online Marketing Providers is pre-
dominantly priced and compensated based on interactive pricing models. The
most prominent pricing model for online media performance is Cost-per-Mille
(CPM), which originates in traditional media. It denotes the price an advertiser
is required to pay in order to reach 1000 recipients for a marketing campaign via
a specific media vehicle (Bogs 2001, p. 35). In contrast to traditional media, the
30 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

interactivity of the Internet allows measuring directly in real-time how many


online users were exposed to a specific marketing campaign (e.g. via ad-views15)
and to charge advertisers accordingly (Hegge 2008, p. 287).
Based on the CPM model, a plethora of advanced pricing or compensation mod-
els have been developed as of today (Dickinger and Zorn 2008). These models
can be characterised based on two aspects:
• Price Fixing: This aspect denotes the process of setting the actual price for
the provided online media performance (e.g. the display of a web-banner on a
webpage). The types of price fixings can be of static, dynamic-posted or dy-
namic, interactive nature16 (Skiera et al. 2005; Lange 2003, p. 6). Predomi-
nantly, either static (i.e. CPM model) or dynamic, interactive price fixings
such as keyword auctions in search engine marketing (Google Corporation
2009c; Yahoo Corporation 2009a) can be found.
• Compensation Condition: The interactivity of the Internet allows observing
the behaviour of online users in real-time. Thereby, the compensation for
online media performance (e.g. charging for the display of a web-banner on a
webpage) can be tied to pre-specified online user behaviour. Once this behav-
iour is observed by an Online Marketing Provider (e.g. click on a web-banner
or product purchase), the respective advertiser is charged for the provided
media performance (Dickinger and Zorn 2008)17.
In conclusion, the following advantages of interactive pricing models or more
specifically compensation models can be highlighted as follows:
• Advertisers may only be charged for effectively delivered marketing cam-
paigns. This means advertisers only have to pay for acquired online media
performance, which actually lead to the defined marketing objectives such as
exposing an online user to an online advertisement (Dickinger and Zorn
2008).

15
Ad-Views denote an online marketing metric, which shows how many times an online ad-
vertisement was viewed by online users (Freytag 2008).
16
Dynamic, interactive pricing means that a price is the result of an interaction between
buyer and seller (e.g. an auction) (Skiera et al. 2005).
17
For more information, a range of available online user behaviours applied in online com-
pensation methods can be found in Dickinger et al. (2008).
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 31

• Dynamic, interactive pricing models such as keyword auctions allow adver-


tisers to acquire media performance from Online Marketing Providers accord-
ing to their individual willingness-to-pay (WTP) (Aggarwal et al. 2006).
Online Marketing Providers such as Google (Google Corporation 2009f) have
successfully demonstrated how to utilise online media for marketing campaigns
while taking explicit advantage of these new targeting and pricing opportunities.
However, the success of Online Marketing is accompanied by an increasing
competition in online media markets, which constitutes one of the reasons why
Online Marketing Providers are seeking to extend their business towards mobile
media markets.

2.4 Mobile Media


After a long journey, which started out in the early 1990s with SMS-based text
messages over WAP-based online access, the mobile Internet is now finally con-
sidered to be on the verge of the mass market. Driven by tremendous usability
improvements of mobile devices (e.g. Apple’s iPhone18 or Palms’ Pre19), quasi
flat-rates for mobile data communication as well as expansion of mobile data
connections, the adoption of the mobile Internet in Europe is consistently fuelled
(TNS infratest 2009; Opera Corporation 2009).
From a technical perspective, the mobile Internet is still mainly considered a
subset of the fixed Internet by solely offering media content via different (mo-
bile) terminal devices. However, its distinctive features have significantly con-
tributed to the benefit of advertisers conducting Mobile Marketing campaigns
(Dufft 2003, p. 12).

2.4.1 Distinctive Features of Mobile Media

The mobile medium comprises a wide range of available mobile networks,


transport technologies (Holland and Bammel 2006, p. 22 ff.) and device termi-
nals (Holland and Bammel 2006, p. 5 ff.). The combination of these elements
results in a large set of possible mobile communication scenarios. In its simplest
form, this merely constitutes a peer-to-peer communication between two mobile
users based on their cellular phones (e.g. via Bluetooth). In a highly advanced

18
For more details on the Palm Pre, refer to Palm (Palm Corporation 2009).
19
For more details on the Apple iPhone, refer to Apple (Apple Corporation 2009a).
32 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

form, it may comprise notebooks accessing the Internet via the mobile Internet,
which ultimately corresponds to fixed Internet access. Feldmann (2005, p. 4)
classifies possible instantiations of mobile media with regard to mobility dimen-
sions and moving entities (cp. Table 2.1).

Table 2.1: Mobility dimensions and moving entities (Feldmann


2005, p. 4)

Stationary Nomadic Mobile Mobile


wireless wireless transportable portable

Moving ++ ++ ++ ++
Information

Moving -- + + ++
device

Moving -- - + ++
person

Legend: ++ applies; -- does not apply

The stationary wireless dimension comprises usage contexts in which a mobile


user and device are stationary, but information is transmitted via mobile net-
works (e.g. personal computer attached to Wi-Fi network). The nomadic wire-
less dimension represents a stationary, but frequently changing usage context
(e.g. mobile sales force person equipped with a notebook). The mobile trans-
portable dimension encompasses devices, which are connected to transportable
objects, but are not moved by the user itself (e.g. car radio, subway TV, etc.).
Finally, the mobile portable dimension refers to devices, which are actually car-
ried by users (e.g. mobile phone).
Based on this classification schema, mobile media in the context of this work
refers to wireless (mobile) transferred information for devices in the mobile
portable dimension. The distinctive features resulting from this dimension are
discussed in the following sections. Whereas there is consensus about the exis-
tence of distinct features, there is no available consistent understanding about its
definition in literature (Figge 2007, p. 28). Therefore, this work follows the
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 33

proposition of Holland et al. (2006, p. 61), who document features, which have
already been identified as beneficial to Mobile Marketing campaigns.
2.4.1.1 Location and Time Independence
One of most prominent features of the mobile medium constitutes the opportu-
nity of mobile users to access data communication services independent from
their current geographical location (Camponovo and Pigneur 2005; Nysveen et
al. 2005). This ubiquitous access is substantiated by the continuous upgrade of
mobile networks. Whereas in the early days, only the Global System of Mobile
Communication (GSM) constituted the foundation of mobile data communica-
tions, new technology standards such as Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE) or Worldwide Interoperability of
Microwave Access (WiMax) have already or will become available (BSI 2008).
In addition, the ability of contemporary mobile networks to seamlessly roam
between the heterogeneous network technologies (including dedicated Wi-Fi
hotspots), will further increase and tighten the nation-wide mobile network cov-
erage (Sasikala and Srivatsa 2006).
The geographical location independence of mobile media also implicitly in-
cludes time independence. Similar to the fixed Internet, mobile access is avail-
able for 24 hours per day, seven days per week. Since mobile users are not
bound to geographical locations (e.g. home or Internet cafés), they are able to
satisfy immediate needs in their momentary situation (i.e. defined by geographi-
cal location and time of day) (Feldmann 2005, p. 78).
2.4.1.2 Interaction with Mobile Devices
Mobile devices exhibit several intrinsic characteristics and conceptual features,
which affect their interaction with mobile users and distinctively differentiate
the mobile media from its fixed online equivalent:
• Location Independence and Instant Interaction: Due to the compactness
and battery-power, unlike the personal computers, mobile devices do not re-
quire any specific physical location (e.g. office workspace) to be used
(Feldmann 2005, p. 5). This flexibility is supplemented by the absence of boot
time for their operating system. Thus, mobile devices can be instantly avail-
able in order to satisfy immediate needs of mobile users (Stanoevska-Slabeva
2004).
34 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

• Limited Input and Output Capabilities: The compactness of mobile de-


vices is bought through a limited or missing keyboard and small display sizes
(Love 2005, p. 7 ff.; Mobile Marketing Association 2008). Although, new
technologies such as virtual keyboards or augmented reality concepts aim to
improve the situation, the user acceptance of mobile services still depends on
their ability to satisfy the immediate needs of mobile users (Yom 2002).
• Limited Hardware Performance: The mobility of cellular and smart phones
limits their available hardware performance. The main restrictions can be
found in the area of battery duration, computing power, data storage capabili-
ties, and Internet connection bandwidth (Mahmoud and Yu 2004).
• Personalisation: Unlike the fixed Internet, the core functionality of mobile
data communication allows to identify distinctly its mobile users (cp. Section
2.4.1.3). In addition, mobile devices are not exchanged or shared between
mobile users, since at least callers expect to reach a specific recipient for a
given phone number (Feldmann 2005, p. 61). Furthermore, the access to mo-
bile devices and its communication capabilities is generally secured by the
Personal Identification Number (PIN). Thus, mobile service providers inter-
acting with mobile users can generally expect to communicate with the owner
of a mobile device (Feldmann 2005, p. 57).
2.4.1.3 Availability of Context Information
The fixed Internet predominantly allows acquiring user preferences by the ob-
servation of their online behaviour (i.e. visited websites, entered search queries,
ordered products, etc.) as well as technical information such as IP-addresses and
used operation systems (Hegge 2008, p. 288). Whereas the mobile Internet of-
fers similar information, the mobile network in collaboration with mobile de-
vices, provides additional types of information about mobile users:
• User Identity: Every mobile device requires a Subscriber Identity Module
(SIM), which is located on a removable SIM card. It is used to identify the
owner of a mobile device using the mobile network. Each SIM stores an In-
ternational Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), which represents a unique
number assigned to all GSM or UMTS mobile networks. Therefore, mobile
network operators are able to identify distinctly every mobile user once
booked into the mobile network. Since this method utilises the core mobile
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 35

network functionality, it works for every mobile network and device (Schiller
2003, p. 102).
• Geographical User Location: Mobile networks are compounded of network
cells, which are spanned by physical cell towers. Each mobile device booked
into the mobile network has to be associated with at least one network cell in
order to enable the communication service (Schiller 2003, p. 100 ff.). Mobile
network operators are able to acquire the unique ID of the cell in which a mo-
bile user is currently booked in with their device. From this ID, the geo-
graphical location of the cell tower can be queried. Depending on its specifi-
cation, a cell tower can provide network coverage ranging from ca. 100m up
to 30 km radius (Schiller 2003, p. 117). Consequently, the actual geographical
location of mobile user can only be approximated (Cell-of-Orgin (COO)
method). In addition, several more accurate methods such as Time of Arrival
(TOA), which measures the signal time difference between cell tower and
mobile devices, are available (Bill et al. 2004).
Complementary to these network-based localisation methods, a mobile device
can provide location information by itself. Therefore, it has to either be
equipped with a Global Positioning System (GPS) or Wi-Fi network device.
In the case of a GPS device, a highly accurate localisation based on geo-
stationary satellites positioned in space is available. By contrast, a Wi-Fi de-
vice scans for Wi-Fi Access Points (WAP) in close vicinity, acquires its
unique ID (MAC address20) and attempts to query the corresponding geo-
graphical location from a WAP database. Since WAPs have only limited net-
work coverage (ca. 30m), they provide medium location accuracy (Albers et
al. 2005).
Both network and mobile device-based localisation approaches exhibit their
individual advantages and disadvantages. Network-based localisation, such as
COO, works for every mobile network and device, but produces often highly
inaccurate results. By contrast, GPS or Wi-Fi-based localisation methods re-
quire mobile devices to be equipped with the respective technology, but offer
more accurate results. In addition, the GPS service is globally available, but

20
Media Access Control (MAC) address represents a worldwide unique number, which iden-
tifies network interface cards or network adapters (IEEE Standards Association 2009).
36 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

performs poorly if used indoors. Wi-Fi works well indoors, but requires
highly populated areas as in large cities (Bill et al. 2004).
• Time of Day: The determination of the time of day when a mobile user ac-
cesses mobile network is trivial and represents a build-in feature of all mobile
networks (Robra-Bussantz 2005).
This outlined context information can theoretically be automatically acquired
without user interaction (cp. passive online data, Section 2.3.2.1). However, it
constitutes explicit data about individual mobile users (actively disclosed profile
data, cp. Section 2.3.2.1).

2.4.2 Characteristics of Mobile Marketing

Literature does not provide a consistent definition for the term Mobile Market-
ing and it is often synonymously used for Mobile Advertising (Leppäniemi et al.
2006b). Nevertheless, marketing campaigns conducted via the mobile medium
allow the implementation of the same marketing policies (4Ps) like fixed online
media. In this regard, advertisers are currently focusing on the following Mobile
Marketing objectives (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 67; Holland and Bammel 2006, p.
107):
• Improving Sales: Advertisers aim at increasing the sales of their products
and services by establishing an additional communication channel to the cus-
tomer.
• Improving Brand Awareness: Advertisers aim at increasing the brand
awareness in the population as well as extending their services to mobile us-
ers.
• Address Generation: Acquisition of postal user home addresses and con-
ducting market research via the mobile medium.
In order to provide a consistent definition for the term Mobile Marketing, this
thesis adapts the proposal of Leppäniemi et al. (2006b), which is in line with
general marketing understanding of this work (cp. Section 2.1.1):

Mobile Marketing is the use of the mobile medium as a means of


marketing communications.
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 37

Along with this definition, the previously outlined distinctive features of mobile
media offer several theoretical advantages for Mobile Marketing campaigns,
whose features are depicted in Figure 2.7 and are comprised of two categories:
Maximising Reach and Minimising Circulation Waste.

Figure 2.7: Advantages of Mobile Marketing (based on Dufft 2003, p. 12)

High Interactivity
Location-based Time Independent
Recipient Addressability Customer Addressability

Minimised
Extensive Personalization Maximised Mass Media
Circulation
Capabilities Reach Capabilities
Waste

Time-based Location Independent


Recipient Addressability Recipient Addressability

• Maximised Reach: By the end of the year 2007, most European regions had
exceeded a 100% mobile penetration rate (RNCOS 2008)21. Thereby, theo-
retically every citizen in Germany or Europe owned one or more mobile de-
vices and thus could be contacted independent from time of day or their geo-
graphical location (cp. Section 2.4.1.3). This opportunity is substantiated by
the fact that mobile users typically carry their mobile device like keys with
them all time whilst having it turned on an average of 14 hours per day
(Roesch 2005).
• Minimised Circulation Waste: The availability of context information (cp.
Section 2.4.1.3) allows targeting Mobile Marketing campaigns by location,
time of day and user identity. Therefore, Mobile Marketing campaigns can be
highly personalised to the suit individual needs of mobile users in their mo-
mentary usage situation. For instance, advertisers may target certain Mobile
Marketing campaigns only those mobile users, which currently reside in close
vicinity of their POS (Figge and Albers 2008; Albers 2007).

21
This is based on the ratio of European mobile subscribers to the total of European citizens.
38 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

2.4.2.1 Targeting and Reach of Mobile Marketing Campaigns


The targeting models for Mobile Marketing campaigns mainly correspond to
those of the fixed Internet (Sharma et al. 2008, p. 163 ff.). Nevertheless, for each
category of Mobile Marketing campaigns, the opportunity to improve their tar-
geting using context information does already exist in practice, but predomi-
nantly focuses only on location information about mobile users (Steimel et al.
2008, p. 118):
• Location-based Targeted Mobile Advertisements: Short range of mobile
transmission technologies based on standards such as Bluetooth or IrDA, al-
low advertisers to target Mobile Marketing campaigns according to a specific
geographic location (Birkel 2008, p. 481 f.). For instance, Blue Cell Networks
offers Bluetooth based Mobile Marketing campaigns to be installed in restau-
rants or at exhibition booths (Blue Cell Networks 2009).
• Local Search: The geographic location of mobile users can be used to target
Mobile Marketing campaigns based on the distance of mobile users to a pro-
moted POS. Prominent examples are the mobile local search services Google
Maps (Google Corporation 2009e) and Yahoo One Search (Yahoo Corpora-
tion 2009b).
• Location-based Mobile Communities: Mobile communities such as Qiro
(Qiro GmbH 2009), Loopt (Loopt Corporation 2009) or Gypsii (GyPSii Cor-
poration 2009) display only those POS in close vicinity of mobile users on a
map.
• Location-based Mobile CRM: This type of Mobile Marketing campaign
mostly benefits from the knowledge of the mobile user’s identity and targets
their offerings accordingly. The geographic location of mobile users pre-
dominantly has to be provided manually (e.g. through postal code entry). An
example for such a service illustrates the WAP portal of the automotive fuel
provider ARAL (ARAL Corporation 2009), which offers location-based mo-
bile services suited to the needs of motorists.
• Identity-based Targeted Mobile Advertisements: Mobile users submit their
personal preferences and their consent to receive Mobile Marketing cam-
paigns in advance to a Mobile Marketing Provider. Consequently, such a Mo-
bile Marketing Provider is at any point in time able to query their database for
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 39

the relevant target audience and expose mobile users to corresponding Mobile
Marketing campaigns. A prominent example is the Mobile Virtual Network
Operator (MVNO) Blyk (Blyk 2009), which offers its subscribers subsidised
mobile voice calls, text messages and data communication in exchange for
their permission to send SMS-based text advertisements to their phones.
Despite of the outlined potential of using context information for the targeting of
Mobile Marketing campaigns, it is currently hardly exploited in practice.
Whereas in the past monetary costs were held responsible for this circumstance,
today still unsolved legal data protection issues are hindering the increasing ap-
plication of this kind of information22 (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 26 f.). Mobile
Marketing Providers currently offering access to context information for Mobile
Marketing campaigns predominantly utilise only the geographic location of mo-
bile users.
In addition to the outlined targeting effectiveness benefits, the mobile medium
provides advertisers a theoretically higher reach for Mobile Marketing cam-
paigns than fixed traditional and online media (cp. Section 2.4.2.1). However,
not every mobile subscriber owns a mobile device, which is technically capable
to process every possible Mobile Marketing campaign. Even if the latter is the
case, mobile subscribers might refuse actual use of a certain mobile medium
(e.g. Mobile TV) or are not aware about the capabilities of their mobile device.
Table 2.2 illustrates this circumstance at the example of Germany.

22
This applies besides the fact that not every Mobile Marketing campaign is able to benefit
from context information.
40 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

Table 2.2: Technical vs. Actual Reach of Mobile Media in Germany


(Steimel et al. 2008, p. 50)

Mobile
Technical Reached
Advertising Marketing Instrument
Reach Consumers
Medium

Voice Automated Outbound Call, Voice Card,


100% 100%
Voice Computer, IVRs

SMS / Text PSMS, Short Codes, TV to SMS, WAP


100% 80%
Push Trigger

MMS PMMS, Mobile Content, Mobile Blogging,


Live Caching, Mobile Couponing / Mobile 80% 30%
Ticketing, Object Recognition

Mobile Internet On-Deck / Off-Deck, Banner, Microsites,


80% 15%
Interstituals, Search AdWords

Games / Java In-Game Advertising (static, dynamic),


60% / 60% 20% / 10%
Ad-Wraps / Applications, Offline Clients

Location Based LBS, Bluetooth, IR, CLP to Bluetooth,


50% 10%
Marketing Virtual Sales Folder

Video, Stream- Mobile Ads, Mobisodes, Sponsoring,


30% 6%
ing & TV Branded Content

As Table 2.2 shows, mobile media is currently very heterogeneous. Thereby,


voice and SMS-text based communications provide the highest reach for Mobile
Marketing campaigns. At the same time, the interactivity mobile Internet offers
advertisers greatest potential for the effectiveness of Mobile Marketing cam-
paigns.
2.4.2.2 Pricing Models for Mobile Media Performance
Pricing or compensation models for mobile media performance offered by Mo-
bile Marketing providers are similar to their fixed online equivalents and mainly
based on the CPM model (Kishore 2008, p. 14; Michael 2006, p. 177 ff.).
However, context information would allow the pricing of mobile media per-
formance based on the relevance of a mobile user to an advertiser. For instance,
the price of contacting a mobile user may decrease with their growing distance
to a POS (Albers 2007 and 2008). However, Mobile Marketing Providers cur-
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 41

rently do not offer this type of pricing models (Albers 2007; Steimel et al. 2008,
p. 130).

2.5 Unutilised Potential of Mobile Media for Mobile Marketing


As of today, Mobile Marketing campaigns predominantly benefit from the mo-
bile medium as being more personal than any other existing medium (Birkel
2008, p. 482; Mobile Marketing Association 2008, p. 75). This is for the follow-
ing reasons:
• Personal Device: The mobile medium allows reaching mobile users via ei-
ther voice call or messaging service (i.e. SMS/MMS) on their own dedicated
telephone number. The corresponding mobile device is typically not shared
with other persons like fixed line connections in households (Feldmann 2005,
p. 61; Kishore 2008, p. 20 f.).
• Personal Information Store: Mobile devices increasingly store personal in-
formation such as contacts, calendar items, photos or music and have user in-
terfaces which can be customised to satisfy the personal needs of its owner
(Birkel 2008, p. 482; Feldmann 2005, p. 61).
• High Attention and Involvement: Mobile users are paying high attention to
mobile communications. Incoming messages are immediately checked and
the information displayed on small screens of mobile devices receives full at-
tention (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 60; Mobile Marketing Association 2008).
Besides these intrinsic features of mobile media, predominantly unutilised by
Mobile Marketing Providers remains the ability to increase targeting effective-
ness of Mobile Marketing campaigns by using available context information
about mobile users (cp. Figure 2.8).
42 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

Figure 2.8: Utilisation of the distinctive Mobile Media Features for Mobile
Marketing Campaigns

Personal Characteristics
of Mobile Media

1 Personal
Device

Intrinsically
Personal Information
2
Store
available

High Attention and


3
Interaction

Targeting of Mobile
Marketing Campaigns
To be
4 Context Information actively
utilised

Whereas Mobile Marketing campaigns benefit per se from personal characteris-


tics (1-3) of the mobile medium, Mobile Marketing Providers have to provide
advertisers actively with context information (4) in order to exploit its benefits.

2.5.1 Context Information provided by Mobile Media

The capability of the mobile network allows acquiring real-time information


about mobile devices. This context information reflects to some extent the cur-
rent usage situation of mobile users and allows Mobile Marketing campaigns to
be targeted to the needs of mobile users in their momentary usage situation. Due
to unwieldy but limited amount of existing context information, the term context
is defined in the scope of this work and the application of context information
for Mobile Marketing campaigns is discussed.
The frequently cited work of Dey and Abowd (1999) defines context as “… any
information that can be used to characterise the situation of an entity. An entity
is a person, place, or object that is considered relevant to the interaction between
a user and an application, including the user and applications themselves”.
Along with this definition, Dey and Abowd (1999) introduce a categorisation of
context types whilst differentiating between location, time, person and activity.
This conglomerate of context types is named as primary context. It provides an-
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 43

swers to where, when, who and what questions and acts as indices for deriving
the secondary context. If context is integrated into applications, it creates a con-
text-sensitive or context-aware system: “A system is context-aware if it uses
context to provide relevant information and/or services to the user, where rele-
vancy depends on the user’s task” (Dey and Abowd 1999).
In the scope of this work, context information provided by mobile media can be
categorised in the four primary context dimensions of Dey and Abowd (1999) as
follows:
• Location: The location represents the current geographical location of a mo-
bile user. Depending on the used technology, it is represented by either exact
GPS coordinates or a roughly estimated location area (Albers et al. 2005).
• Time: The time is respresented by the time of day for a mobile user. In the
scope of this work, the Central European Time (CET) is assumed. It provides
a common time zone for a majority of the European countries (Time and Date
2009).
• Person: The identity of a person is uniquely represented by the MSISDN of a
SIM card, which each mobile device needs in order to connect to the mobile
network.
• Activity: The online behaviour of mobile users observed by tracking entered
search queries in search engines, filled out web forms, clicked links, etc.) (cp.
Section 2.3.2.1).
In order for context information to be applied to the targeting of Mobile Market-
ing campaigns, secondary context information has to be derived from the loca-
tion, person, time, and activity dimension indices. In this regard, feasible secon-
dary context information applicable for Mobile Marketing campaigns is as fol-
lows:
• POS Distance (from Location): The geographical location of a mobile user
allows determining the distance between them and a potentially promoted
POS (Huff 1964).
• Remaining Visiting Time (from Time of Day): This represents the result of
the time of day matched with available opening hours of a POS or the office
hours / leisure time of a mobile user. This allows delivering Mobile Market-
44 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

ing campaigns only if a mobile user actually has to the time to respond to an
offering.
• Personal Preferences (from Person): By uniquely identifying a mobile user
(person dimension), personal preferences relevant for Mobile Marketing cam-
paigns can be queried from a database and associated with that mobile user.
For instance, this can comprise information such as socio-demographic data,
geographic data (i.e. home residence), and transaction history (Nieschlag et al.
2002, p. 1125 ff.).
• Immediate Need (from Activity): With the knowledge of a mobile user’s ac-
tivity or request, the delivery of Mobile Marketing campaigns can be directly
attached to these requests. For instance, a mobile user selects a certain cate-
gory (e.g. restaurants) or another specific webpage (e.g. home page) in a mo-
bile portal, which indicates their wish to visit a restaurant.
In this regard, Figure 2.9 depicts an overview of the context information types
considered relevant in the scope of this work for Mobile Marketing campaigns.

Figure 2.9: Primary and Secondary Context Dimensions applied to de-


scribe the Usage Situation of Mobile Users

Primary
Context

Location Identity Time Activity

Sec. Context Sec. Context Sec. Context Sec. Context


ƒLocation of ƒ Socio- ƒ Opening Hours ƒ Requested
other mobile demographic ƒ Reachability of Content
users data user ƒ Demanded
ƒLocation of ƒGeographic ƒ Calendar product or
Point-of- data Collisions POS
Interests ƒTransaction ƒ… ƒ…
ƒ… History
ƒ…

In addition, there are also several other types of primary context information,
which are applicable to Mobile Marketing campaigns, but are not addressed
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 45

within the scope of this work. Representative examples are the mobile device
and network context. The former denotes attributes describing device capabili-
ties such as battery state and CPU / memory usage. The latter comprises attrib-
utes describing network status parameters such as quality of service, link status,
bandwidth, and topology (Sharma et al. 2008, p. 272).
Finally, besides outlined dimensions of secondary context information, it is also
important to distinguish between the different accessibilities to context informa-
tion (Sharma et al. 2008, p. 272 f.; Bulander et al. 2004). In this regard, the pri-
vate context is solely under the control of a mobile user (e.g. location informa-
tion determined by their mobile device via GPS). By contrast, the public context
can theoretically be accessed without explicit consent of mobile users. For in-
stance, the access time for a visited or an entered search engine keyword be-
comes implicitly available with the service usage.

2.5.2 Integration of Context Information into Mobile Marketing


Campaigns

Although, context information is not suitable or required for every Mobile Mar-
keting campaign, it is able to provide the following theoretical benefits for the
participants of the idealised mobile media market:
• Mobile Users: Context information allows targeting Mobile Marketing cam-
paigns to satisfy an immediate need of mobile users in their current situation.
Consequently, the provided offerings or promotions exhibit a higher utility for
mobile users (Figge 2007, p. 168) and reduce a potential disturbance of mo-
bile users with irrelevant contents (Heinonen and Strandvik 2007).
• Advertisers: Context information about mobile users decreases the uncer-
tainty of advertisers about the quality of purchased mobile media performance
because it reduces the information asymmetry between both parties (Weiber
and Adler 1995). Advertisers are able to evaluate individually the relevance of
mobile users (cp. Section 2.4.2) and subsequently satisfy the needs of mobile
users in their momentary mobile usage situation. This becomes especially
beneficial for advertisers because, according to Zängler (2000, p. 83), the in-
tent to consume is the predominant reason for the mobility of individuals.
Thereby, context-senstive Mobile Marketing campaigns allow advertisers to
promote products, which are typically not purchased online because mobile
46 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

users have to be physically present in order to evaluate the product or service


first (Michael and Rose 2008, p. 86ff; Figge 2007, p. 158).
• Mobile Marketing Providers: Context information allows Mobile Marketing
Providers to differentiate from competition by offering mobile users more
relevance and advertisers higher marketing budget efficiency. In this regard,
unlike offering traditional mobile media performance, the knowledge about
mobile users has to be acquired with great difficulty by competitors to pro-
vide context-sensitive mobile media performance. This is the equivalent of
switching costs for mobile users (Shapiro and Varian 2006, p. 126 f.; Rose
1998, p. 207). Furthermore, due to targeting capabilities of context-sensitive
mobile media performance, it has a higher value for advertisers (Figge et al.
2006). Consequently, Mobile Marketing Providers can attempt to extract a
higher willingness-to-pay from advertisers to increase their profits from this
offering.
In conclusion, context information provides additional real-time knowledge
about mobile users, which can increase the targeting effectiveness of Mobile
Marketing campaigns. This helps to bridge the gap between the two extreme in-
carnations of Mobile Marketing campaigns. On the one hand, there are tradi-
tional Mobile Marketing campaigns, which represent a mere adaption from fixed
Online Marketing campaigns. On the other hand, there are Mobile CRM cam-
paigns, which are based on an existing business relationship between mobile
users and advertisers. Thereby, these campaigns are predominantly founded on
comprehensive knowledge about mobile users’ transaction history (Schögel et
al. 2008, p. 501).
Figure 2.10 illustrates all three Mobile Marketing campaign incarnations with
respect to reach and quantity/quality of mobile user knowledge for targeting
purposes.
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 47

Figure 2.10: Types of Mobile Marketing Campaigns based on Mobile User


Information

Mobile Marketing Campaigns

Traditional Context-sensitive Mobile CRM


Mobile Marketing Mobile Marketing Services
• Typologies • Identity, Location, • Transaction
“calculated” Time, Activity: “true” History
• Behavioural data • Personal Preference, • Login
“likely” POS Distance, “true”
Opening Hours: “true”,
• Current Need “likely”

Potential Reach of Mobile Marketing Campaigns

Quantity and Quality of Information about Mobile Users

Residing on the left are traditional Mobile Marketing campaigns. These offer the
highest reach for advertisers to mobile users. Their targeting is based on ob-
served online behaviour, which typically applies to large audience groups. Due
to their statistical nature, these targeting profiles exhibit only a low information
quality (Hegge 2008, p. 290 f.).
Sitting in the middle are context-sensitive Mobile Marketing campaigns. They
offer only medium reach because context information allows the targeting of
significant smaller audience groups. However, context information can be auto-
matically acquired and constitutes explicit information about mobile users at
medium quality.
On the right, Mobile CRM campaigns are depicted. These exhibit the lowest
reach since they require an existing business relationship to individual mobile
users. However, they are founded on highly detailed transaction details about
mobile users. Consequently, they exhibit the highest quantity and quality of mo-
bile user information (Duncan and Moriarty 1998, p. 8).
48 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

2.5.3 Special Features of Context Information for Mobile Marketing


Campaigns

Although context information from a technical perspective constitutes solely


additional real-time data about mobile users, it has a significant impact on the
characteristics of mobile media performance offered by Mobile Marketing Pro-
viders.
The interactivity of the Internet fosters the trend of targeting Online Marketing
campaigns based on individual user preferences rather than on the media content
environment that is accessed by users (Ehrlich 2008, p. 267). Thereby, the inte-
gration of context information into Mobile Marketing campaigns intensifies the
trend as follows:
For the targeting of traditional Mobile Marketing campaigns, advertisers have
the knowledge, which content (e.g. soccer match) is statistically consumed by
which audience group (e.g. male, between 25-50 years). Consequently, advertis-
ers bundle their Mobile Marketing campaigns with those media contents, which
are supposedly consumed by their preferred target group (e.g. males, 25-50
years interested in sports) (cp. Figure 2.11).

Figure 2.11: Targeting of Traditional Mobile Marketing Campaigns

Mobile Users Media Content Advertiser


Environment

consumes Targeting of Males,


25-50 years interested
Soccer in sports
Match
Bundling
Mobile Marketing
campaigns with
Males, 25-50 years soccer content
(on average)

By contrast, for context-sensitive Mobile Marketing campaigns, advertisers are


able to target the explicitly described usage situation of mobile users (male, stu-
dent, in Frankfurt at lunchtime). Consequently, advertisers may bundle their
Mobile Marketing campaign with any mobile media content as long as it is con-
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 49

sumed by mobile users, whose current usage situation is relevant to them (cp.
Figure 2.12).

Figure 2.12: Targeting of Context-sensitive Mobile Marketing Campaigns

Mobile Usage Advertiser


Mobile User
Situation
Targeting of young males
in Frankfurt at lunchtime
Male, Student,
in Frankfurt at Bundling
Available
lunch time Mobile Marketing campaigns
Context
Information with any content
consumed by males in
Frankfurt at lunchtime

The outlined difference between the targeting of traditional and context-


sensitive Mobile Marketing campaigns constitutes the key impact, which context
information have on the features of the mobile media performance for advertis-
ers. As a result, advertisers acquiring context-sensitive mobile media perform-
ance have to respect the following intrinsic characteristics of context informa-
tion:
• Availability: The availability of context information for the targeting of Mo-
bile Marketing campaigns depends on the capability and willingness of the
mobile user to disclose them.
• Explicitity: Contrasting to traditional Mobile Marketing campaigns, context
information about mobile users constitutes explicit (i.e. none-statistical)
knowledge about the individual usage situation of mobile users.
In this regard, Albers (2007 and 2008) shows that integrating context informa-
tion into Mobile Marketing campaigns has impacts on characteristics and com-
mercialisation of mobile media performance, which Mobile Marketing Providers
need to understand and if applicable also need to address.
In order to explore these impacts, the following section provides a review on
related work about the integration context information into Mobile Marketing
campaigns as a research foundation.
50 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

2.6 Related Work on Integrating Context Information into Mobile


Marketing Campaigns
The concept of integrating context information about mobile users into Mobile
Marketing campaigns or mobile services respectively is not new and has already
been addressed in several research publications. Compared to the rest of Mobile
Marketing contributions in the field, it only takes an inferior position (Lep-
päniemi et al. 2006b). Although, Ranganathan (2002) and Varshney (2002) pro-
vide a general overview of the opportunities and challenges of context-sensitive
Mobile Marketing, the other workings can be roughly categorised into research
regarding design, user acceptance, and economic aspects of context-sensitive
Mobile Marketing campaigns.

2.6.1 Design of Context-sensitive Mobile Marketing

A large portion of the contributions on context-sensitive Mobile Marketing cov-


ers the development of respective technical architecture frameworks, as well as
the prototypical implementations in order to demonstrate their feasibility.
One of the earliest research projects regarding context-sensitive Mobile Market-
ing campaigns constitutes the E-LBA (2002) project (European Location Based
Advertising). Funded by the European Union (EU), its objectives were to dem-
onstrate the feasibility of location-based advertising in three selected major sce-
narios (public transport, LBA on mobile devices and advertising in warehouses).
Its results contributed to the awareness of technological challenges in the mobile
business area, revealed business opportunities for the European industry, and
offered insight into the user acceptance of innovative mobile services.
Another project conducted was SmartRotuaari (Ojala et al. 2003), which took
the development of mobile services a big step forward. This system features a
collection of several functional context-sensitive mobile multimedia services
such as service directory, map-based guidance, personal communications and
presence, personalised news as well as mobile advertisements. The contribution
of the project comprises insight on the technical design, implementation, and
integration of multiple mobile services into a single mobile portal. It also pro-
vides an extensive quantitative and qualitative empirical evaluation of the pro-
ject, which is further addressed in Section 2.6.2.
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 51

A different approach to provide context-sensitive Mobile Marketing campaigns


took the eNcentive project (Ratsimor et al. 2003). For this, POS (e.g. Cafés)
were equipped with transponders, which broadcasted promotions in close vicin-
ity to relevant mobile users. Context information, consisting of the mobile user
location, naturally resulted from the short-range transponders of the POS. The
contribution of this research project was the development of a peer-to-peer Mo-
bile Marketing architecture framework eNcentive, which “employs an intelligent
marketing scheme by collecting information like sales promotions and dis-
counts, and marketing it to other users in the network, thereby deriving benefits
when those other users utilize this information” (Ratsimor et al. 2003).
From the developers of SmartRotuaari, also came the B-MAD (Bluetooth Mo-
bile Advertising) project (Aalto et al. 2004). Similar to the eNcentive concept,
the location of the mobile user could be derived from a short-range transponder
in a POS (in this case Bluetooth). However, it does not feature a peer-to-peer
application, but sends the mobile user location specifics together with their iden-
tity over the mobile network to an information system. Subsequently, the latter
delivers advertisements according to the mobile user’s personal interests. The
contribution of this project was the development of a device-based localisation
mechanism in combination with the mobile Internet based delivery of relevant
Mobile Marketing campaigns. This project also comes with an extensive quanti-
tative and qualitative empirical evaluation, which is further addressed in Section
2.6.2.
Bulander et al. (2005a) developed the MoMa (Mobile Marketing) application,
which allows mobile users to express their immediate needs in their current us-
age situation using a mobile web-based category system (e.g. restaurants, phar-
macies, etc.). Subsequently, relevant results are personalised based on geo-
graphical user location or current time of day. However, the main objective of
the project was devoted to develop an information system design, which allows
to explicitly maintain the privacy of mobile users.
The Ad-me (Advertising for the Mobile E-commerce user) system developed by
Hristrova et al. (2004) functions in a similar fashion as the MoMa system, but
shifts its focus on the use of “as much as possible” context information for the
personalisation of Mobile Marketing campaigns. In addition, it incorporates the
willingness of advertisers to pay for the promotion of the advertisements into the
52 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

personalisation process. This allows an advertiser to increase the likelihood of


their mobile advertisements to be displayed to a mobile user by choosing to pay
a higher tariff than their competitors do.
Kurkovsky et al. (2006) developed the SMMART (System for Mobile Market-
ing: Adaptive, PeRsonalized and Targeted) system. This context-sensitive Mobile
Marketing application aims at delivering promotions to mobile users targeted to
a specific POS while respecting their privacy and preventing unsolicited mes-
sages. Based on the geographical location and identity of mobile users, their
shopping interests are intelligently matched to the promotion available at a retail
site. Therefore, the main scope of the project was on the development of an ef-
fective matching algorithm, an appropriate mobile user interface, and a proto-
typical implementation of the system in order to demonstrate its feasibility.
Tang et al. (2007) developed a SMS-based platform for location-based text ad-
vertisements. The aim of the researchers was to create generic IT-architecture,
which supports a whole range of possible Mobile Marketing campaign applica-
tions. This was archived by the implementation of a rule repository and respec-
tive rule-matching engine, which allows the platform to be customised accord-
ing to the individual business requirements of advertisers. Consequently, yet un-
known context information can be seamlessly integrated without the need to
change the platform.
Finally, Thawani et al. (2007) presented the context-aware timely information
delivery service for mobile environments on the example of mobile advertise-
ments. For this, the authors developed a modelling concept using event-based
scenarios in order to define context-aware domains, which trigger the content
delivery. Furthermore, they developed a novel approach for predicting future
events to provide a real-time content delivery.

2.6.2 User Acceptance of Context-sensitive Mobile Marketing


Campaigns

User acceptance issues about context-sensitive Mobile Marketing campaigns


arise predominantly from potential privacy issues of mobile users, design of user
interfaces, and the actual value delivered to the mobile user. Those have been
addressed and evaluated in the following publications.
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 53

The already previously presented SmartRotuaari project (Ojala et al. 2003) of-
fers, besides its application, a complementing evaluation of user acceptance and
perceived added value. In this regard, an interesting finding was the fact that it is
not sufficient to target mobile advertisements solely based on the geographical
location of a POS (Ojala et al. 2003). Instead, advertisers also have to incorpo-
rate the personal preferences of mobile users into the targeting models.
The B-MAD as the successor of the SmartRotuaari project (Aalto et al. 2004)
also provides an empirical analysis of location-based mobile advertising system.
It focused on the technical reliability of the system and the user acceptance for
Mobile Marketing campaigns. Although the Bluetooth-based location technol-
ogy was found to be not reliable, the mobile user’s attitude towards the service
was overall positive. Nevertheless, similar to the SmartRotuaari system, the
concept needs to be extended for the targeting of Mobile Marketing campaigns
based on personal user preferences as well.
Klafft et al. (2006) conducted an empirical study regarding the acceptance of
context-sensitive Mobile Couponing. In an experimental field test, they evalu-
ated the redemption of mobile coupons, which have been given to mobile users,
in accordance with their distance of a POS. Their findings indicate that mainly
young mobile users, whose immediate needs can be addressed by close-by POS,
are highly attracted by these kinds of Mobile Marketing campaigns.
Finally, Bruner (2007) has to be mentioned. He conducted an empirical study to
measure mobile users’ attitude towards location-based advertising. As a result,
he developed an analysis model dedicated to aid academics and practitioners in
evaluating different design concepts of Mobile Marketing campaigns.

2.6.3 Mobile Marketing Providers enabling Context-sensitive Mobile


Marketing

Regarding the business model and operated mobile media market platforms of
Mobile Marketing Providers enabling Mobile Marketing campaigns, only a few
publications so far have been published.
Tripathi (2003) presents decision models for wireless advertising companies op-
timising the delivery time of SMS-based promotional text messages. For this, an
algorithm for Mobile Marketing Providers was developed. It incorporates time
54 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

of day, user location, price of promotional messages and network load into its
distribution algorithm.
Gopal and Tripathi (2006) continued and extended the work of Tripathi (2003).
They have further analysed the aspects, which have impact on the delivery of
SMS-based promotional text messages. Thereby, the user’s mobility, estimated
time window for the advertisement delivery, learning about mobile user prefer-
ences over time, measurement of advertising effectiveness, network capacity
modelling, capacity purchase decisions, availability of location data and real-
time processing capacities were identified and discussed. In order to determine
the relevance of the distance between a retail store (i.e. POS) and advertising
delivery location (i.e. mobile user location), an initial experimental study on the
effectiveness of mobile advertising was conducted. Their findings show a sig-
nificant correlation of the distance between retail location and point of adver-
tisement delivery: A small distance shows a higher likelihood of a mobile user
to redeem a provided coupon. It also shows that the characteristics of the coupon
itself have to match the personal preferences of a mobile user in order to be of
value.
Finally, Figge (2007) extended the traditional business model of mobile network
operators offering mobile voice and data communications by developing a mo-
bile portal, which features context-sensitive Mobile Marketing campaigns. For
this, Figge has developed a corresponding business model framework whilst an-
swering the following research questions for mobile network operators:
• How can context information about mobile users be represented in order to
be applied to Mobile Marketing campaigns?
• How can a business model be developed to enable context-sensitive Mobile
Marketing campaigns based on its traditional equivalent?
• How can a prototypical mobile portal be designed to enable context-sensitive
Mobile Marketing campaigns, in order to demonstrate ICT-related feasibility
of the business model?

2.7 Summary and Conclusion


This chapter presented state-of-the-art advertising-financed media. Although,
traditional media is still dominating the market, media consumers are increas-
State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media 55

ingly shifting their attention towards online media with interactivity as its most
distinctive feature.
Online media enables an interactively personalised media consumption for
online users as well as the establishment of a bidirectional communication chan-
nel for advertisers with those online recipients. Thereby, it enables new targeting
models for Online Marketing campaigns and new pricing models for the respec-
tive online media performance offered by Online Marketing Providers.
Evolved from online media, mobile media constitutes the latest vehicle for mar-
keting campaigns. It offers several distinctive features beneficial to marketing
campaigns, but currently advertisers predominantly take advantage of its charac-
teristic in being more personal than any other media. However, this intrinsic fea-
ture of mobile media does not comprise its full potential. Enriching mobile me-
dia performance with context information about mobile users, allows advertisers
to target their Mobile Marketing campaigns to the momentary usage situation of
individual mobile users. As a result, advertisers are able to increase the effec-
tiveness of their Mobile Marketing campaigns and mobile users receive offer-
ings more relevant to their immediate needs.
From a technical perspective, this context information can be considered solely
as additional data about mobile users. However, with regard to the targeting of
Mobile Marketing campaigns, it is able to describe explicitly the individual us-
age situation of mobile users. Thereby, its availability to do so depends on the
capability and willingness of mobile users to disclose this kind of information.
Consequently, Mobile Marketing Providers willing to enrich their mobile media
performance with context information have to be aware to potential impacts on
its commercialisation and the mean to cope with them.
As the previous section on related work has revealed, the body of literature con-
cerned with context-sensitive Mobile Marketing is relatively small compared to
the total number of publications on traditional Mobile Marketing (Leppäniemi
2006b). Existing contributions in this field can be roughly categorised as techni-
cal design / architectural, user acceptance and economic publications. Thus, lit-
erature has mainly focused on concepts and architectures enabling the integra-
tion of context information into Mobile Marketing campaigns. Consequently,
context-sensitive Mobile Marketing still is a young field (cp. Section 2.4.2) and
56 State-of-the-Art Advertising-financed Media

the impacts of context information on the traditional commercialisation of mo-


bile media performance have hardly been researched.
In order to provide means for Mobile Marketing Providers to address these im-
pacts for their mobile media market platform, Chapter 3 develops a conceptional
analysis framework to systematically explore relevant impacts of context infor-
mation on the traditional commercialisation of mobile media performance in
mobile media markets.
Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention 57

3 Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile


Attention
In order to explore the impacts of context information on the traditional com-
mercialisation of mobile media performance, a conceptional analysis framework
is presented in this chapter. It is supposed to allow a systematic and comprehen-
sible analysis approach for this objective.
As foundation for this framework, this work takes a paradigm shift and starts to
consider mobile attention rather than mobile media performance as the eco-
nomic good traded in mobile media markets. Based on this new perspective, all
relevant aspects for the commercialisation of mobile attention are integrated into
the conceptional analysis framework.
For this, the first aspect to be addressed, are the characteristics of mobile atten-
tion as an economic good (cp. Section 3.1). Furthermore, the mobile attention
value chain of a Mobile Marketing Provider is modeled and integrated into the
framework (cp. Section 3.2). Finally, Section 3.3 introduces the network eco-
nomics discipline, which allows the description of the basic structure of mobile
media markets in the form of two-sided network markets. Thereby, as last
framework component, it allows analysing the impacts of context information
on the structure and the functioning of a mobile media market market as a
whole.

3.1 Attention as an Economic Good in Mobile Media Markets


Driven by increasing information overflow, mobile users are confronted with a
growing number of brands, products, and ultimately marketing campaigns. From
an economic point-of-view, information is no longer a scarce resource in media
markets. Instead, the potential attention23 of individuals, which is paid by online
consumers to marketing campaigns, becomes the valuable and critical good for
advertisers (Goldhaber 1997a).
The ability of advertisers to capture this attention for their marketing campaigns
significantly depends on the relevance of a promoted product or service for the
targeted audience group. The foundation of this targeting activity constitutes the

23
Potential attention is referred to as attention throughout the remainder of this work.
58 Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention

knowledge of the personal preferences of individuals, who are supposed to pay


attention to marketing campaigns (Nieschlag et al. 2002, p. 1064 ff.). In tradi-
tional Mobile Marketing campaigns, this knowledge is predominately consti-
tuted by statistically aggregated data, which applies to large audience groups
(cp. Section 2.5.2). By contrast, the availability of context information allows
the targeting of Mobile Marketing campaigns to significantly smaller, explicitly
described audience segments (cp. Section 2.5.2).
By considering mobile attention as a scarce resource in mobile media markets
and context information as the basis for individual targeted Mobile Marketing
campaigns, this work takes a paradigm shift at this point. From now on, it con-
siders mobile attention as the economic good traded in mobile media markets.
This leads to the following benefits for the exploration and analysis of the im-
pacts of context information on the commercialisation of mobile media perform-
ance:
• Complexity: The characteristics of mobile media performance (i.e. provision
of mobile advertising space), which enables Mobile Marketing campaigns are
very complex. There is an unwieldy number of mobile advertising space char-
acteristics (e.g. with position and size on a mobile webpage). Thus, analysing
mobile attention rather than mobile advertising space or mobile media per-
formance respectively, allows separation from all the implementation details
of Mobile Marketing campaigns as well as its underlying mobile advertising
space.
• Value Creation Process: Considering mobile attention as economic good
allows describing its value creation process as a linear value chain. Thus, in a
two-side mobile media market, mobile attention is acquired on the content
market (procurement), transformed into a tradable economic good (produc-
tion) and sold on the advertisement market (sale & distribution).
• Separation: The analysis of context information in order to acquire new
knowledge in the sense of Hevner et al. (2004) requires the separation from
the technological, legal and market snapshots of the present, since they are
subject to rapid change. Consequently, considering mobile attention as eco-
nomic good satisfies this requirement.
Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention 59

3.1.1 The Attention Economy

What constitutes attention in an economy? From a psychological perspective


Davenport and Beck (Davenport and Beck 2001, p. 25) define attention as the
“selective, cognitive process through which we absorb selected information”
whereas the actual process of getting attention is described in three steps. At
first, there is awareness as the current general mental dedication towards items.
This leads to a narrowing phase, in which a person begins to pay attention to a
particular item. In the final decision phase, a person chooses to act on their at-
tention (cp. Figure 3.1).

Figure 3.1: Model of Attention Process (Davenport and Beck 2001, p. 21)

Narrowing Decision
Awareness Phase Attention Phase
Action
Between the narrowing
Items come into phase and the decision Decide
awareness phase, attention is paid whether or
to a particular item not to act

Nevertheless, in the marketing domain as well as within the attention economy


in general, there is no consistent definition for the term attention (Goldhaber
1997a; Ghosh 1997). Consequently, this thesis uses the following working defi-
nition for attention as an economic good in mobile media markets:

Attention constitutes an economic good offered by Mobile Mar-


keting Providers, which, if purchased, provides advertisers the
opportunity to expose mobile users to Mobile Marketing cam-
paigns in order to influence their behaviour according to their
needs.

The attention economy’s approach of considering attention as a scarce and valu-


able economic resource is not a recent one. Already in the pre-Internet era prior
to the existence of our information centric society, Herbert Simon (1971) stated:
“... in an information-rich world, the wealth of information means a dearth of
something else: a scarcity of whatever it is that information consumes. What in-
formation consumes is rather obvious: it consumes the attention of its recipients.
60 Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention

Hence a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention and a need to allo-


cate that attention efficiently among the overabundance of information sources
that might consume it.”
As in recent years, the increasing information overload became an economically
relevant problem (Rose 1998, p. 1 f.), analysts from a certain school of business
started to address Simon’s early postulated statement under the term attention
economy. Although, the attention economy does not represent a proven theory
framework (Zerdick et al. 2001, p. 37), it allows analysing the characteristics of
mobile attention as an economic good with the scope of this work.
Following the attention economy approach, mobile media markets as a whole
can be considered attention markets (Goldhaber 1997a; Sacharin 2001, p. 3).
Mobile users are paying attention to offered mobile content provided by Mobile
Marketing Providers, which subsequently convert this attention into an eco-
nomic good of financial value. It is monetised by selling it to advertisers for
conducting Mobile Marketing campaigns (cp. Zerdick et al. 2001, p. 45).
Thereby, the key challenge for Mobile Marketing Providers is that mobile users
are free to choose on which content they are spending their attention. Therefore,
mobile users have to be provided with contents, which are relevant for them
(e.g. based on their personal preferences). If it succeeds, mobile users are likely
to spend more attention time on content bundled with Mobile Marketing cam-
paigns, which increases an advertiser’s opportunity to sell (Iskold 2007).
The ability of Mobile Marketing Providers to offer relevant contents to mobile
users strongly relies on the quantity and quality the existing attention data about
mobile users. This data reflects what mobile users are interested in and on which
things they are typically spending time.
Thereby, this data can exist in either implicit form (passively provided; e.g. by
tracking visited mobile websites of mobile users) or explicit form (actively pro-
vided; e.g. tracking submitted search queries of mobile users). Ultimately, it
needs to be translated into an attention profile, which reflects the personal pref-
erences of a mobile user (Iskold 2007).
In order to target Mobile Marketing campaigns to the attention of mobile users,
advertisers define targeting profiles, which specify the characteristics of their
preferred mobile users. Then, the matching of attention and targeting profiles
Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention 61

allows advertisers to determine which mobile users are relevant and thereby ex-
posed to Mobile Marketing campaigns (cp. Figure 3.2).

Figure 3.2: The Relation of Attention Data, Attention Profiles and Target-
ing Profiles for Mobile Marketing Campaigns

Attention Profile Preferences


of Mobile
Implicit describes Users
Attention Data

Explicit
Attention Data matching Attention of
relevant Mobile
Users to be
exposed to
Targeting Profile Mobile Marketing
Campaigns
Targeted
Preferred describes Mobile Users
Attention Data For Mobile
for Mobile Marketing
Marketing Campaign
Campaign

The significance of targeting Mobile Marketing campaigns based on attention


data of mobile users is underlined by the fact that attention data is more valuable
than any other information in today’s information economy (e.g. product infor-
mation). However, the challenge remains to collect as much relevant attention
data as possible whilst respecting the privacy of mobile users (Lai et al. 2005;
Kobsa 2001; Ehrlich 2008).

3.1.2 Tradability of Mobile Attention

For mobile attention to be considered as tradable good in mobile media markets,


three basic economic conditions have to apply. Mobile attention has to be
scarce, measurable and transferable (Davenport and Beck 2001, p. 9). The ful-
filment of these requirements is outlined as follows:
• Scarcity: In today’s information society, information is no longer a scarce
good. At least with the emergence and commercialisation of the Internet, digi-
tal information has become easily accessible and replicable at a very low price
or even free of charge (Goldhaber 1997a). At the same time, it becomes
62 Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention

harder for advertisers to capture the attention of mobile users for the market-
ing campaigns in a world of information overflow. In contrast to mobile atten-
tion, mobile advertising space is almost indispensably available. Conse-
quently, mobile websites attracting much attention become very valuable and
are more difficult to find (Sacharin 2001, p. 3).
• Measurability: Depending on the applied types of Mobile Marketing cam-
paigns, several metrics are in place to measure the (potential) attention of mo-
bile users paid to advertisements. For instance, the mobile Internet as an in-
teractive medium offers the direct measurement of attention by tracking the
click-streams of mobile users on websites (Thomas 2008). Nevertheless, the
actual attention of mobile users can only indirectly and inaccurately be meas-
ured since there is no metric for attention in existence (Goldhaber 1997a;
Ghosh 1997). Consequently, mobile attention can only be measured if a Mo-
bile Marketing campaign was able to induce some user action such as a prod-
uct purchase or visiting an advertised mobile website. Metrics such as the
brand awareness generated by a Mobile Marketing campaign cannot be di-
rectly acquired via the mobile media (Thomas 2008).
• Transferability: Ownership rights of an economic good needs to be ex-
changeable between different parties (Hill 1999, p. 427). Mobile attention in
mobile media markets is acquired by Mobile Marketing Providers and sold to
advertisers as media mobile performance. By bundling provided content with
Mobile Marketing campaigns, Mobile Marketing Providers are conditionally
able to transfer this attention to advertisers.

3.1.3 Nature and Characteristics of Mobile Attention

Research in the field of the digital economy shows how the characteristics of
economic goods can significantly determine the requirements for the design of
market transactions. A prominent example represents the pricing of physical vs.
digital goods. Whereas physical goods have constant production and reproduc-
tion costs, digital goods such as information are expensive to produce, but cheap
to reproduce (first copy costs paradigm). These different cost structures have to
be reflected in varying respective pricing models for these goods (Shapiro and
Varian 2006, p. 20 ff.), which ultimately leads to different designs for market
transactions (Hill 1999, p. 427). Consequently, the understanding of the charac-
Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention 63

teristics of mobile attention as an economic good in mobile media markets lays


the foundation for the analysis of the impacts of context information on its tradi-
tional commercialisation24.
At first, the nature of mobile attention as an economic good in mobile media
markets can be characterised by its very difference compared to other goods.
According to Goldhaber (1997b) independent from its nature, attention cannot
be manufactured like traditional goods (e.g. software) or bartered for something
else. Thus, attention is no commodity – otherwise it could be bought on the
market.
Further, if attention were considered a resource, it would rise from an audience
as its source. By enriching mobile attention with acquired attention data, it be-
comes an economic good, which can be commercialised by selling it to advertis-
ers. However, this resource cannot be acquired on traditional procurement mar-
kets. It has to be attracted by providing relevant entertaining and informative
content (Zerdick et al. 2001, p. 51) in order to attract mobile users paying atten-
tion. Nevertheless, it also does not represent a currency because two of the con-
stituting features of currencies are to be interchangeable and purpose neutral
(Goldhaber 1997b). Since this mobile attention is attached to a mobile user with
individual preferences who is paying attention, it is not interchangeable and not
purpose neutral for advertisers (Goldhaber 1997b).
Furthermore, mobile attention obviously represents no physical good since these
are tangible, material objects. This leaves attention to the category of intangible
goods, which have no physical dimension and can be further divided into digital
goods (e.g. software or information) and those that can be digitally represented
(e.g. property rights or patents) (Hill 1999, p. 440). Thus, mobile attention is re-
lated to the class of digital represented goods because it cannot be stored or re-
produced like pure digital goods (Goldhaber 1997b). However, it can be indi-
rectly digitally represented in the form of mobile attention profiles and trans-
ferred from Mobile Marketing Providers to advertisers through the provision of
mobile advertising space or mobile media performance respectively.

24
The characteristics of attention also apply to other types of media markets (e.g. online me-
dia) but are in the following solely discussed in the context of mobile media.
64 Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention

Finally, by considering mobile attention as an intangible, non-digital good, the


characteristics of market transactions of this good can be further analysed. As
already mentioned, the attention economy provides no proven, underlying the-
ory framework in order to capture transactions for attention in media markets.
Therefore, a concept generally addressing intangible goods has been used for
this discussion.
In this regard, a literature review revealed the framework of Choi et al. (1997),
which is concerned with intangible goods, but investigates solely digital goods.
Koppius (1999) broadened this framework to be applicable to intangible goods
in general. In his model, he applies a simplified market transaction described by
a buyer, a seller, as well as a delivery process as the most relevant components
to outline the characteristics of intangible goods. Figure 3.3 depicts the corre-
sponding framework adapted for mobile attention as an intangible, non-digital
good.

Figure 3.3: Characteristics of Mobile Attention as an Economic Good in


Mobile Media Markets (based on Koppius 1999)

Mobile Marketing Advertiser


Provider

Specificity Delivery Value Determination

Customisability Perishability
Transfer Mode
Substitutability Recipient
Options for
Intensity of Use Tangible Support Externalities

Existence of a Complexity of
Tangible Equivalent Product Use

Under the assumption that Mobile Marketing Providers have already acquired
the attention from mobile users and are ready to sell it, the characteristics of
mobile attention can be described based on of Koppius (1999) as follows:
Buyer-related Dimensions (Advertiser):
• Value Determination: Intangible goods exhibit two characteristics, which
complicate their value determination. First, the value of intangibles can often
Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention 65

only be derived from an underlying product (e.g. patent). Secondly, the tradi-
tional economics of production (e.g. marginal costs concept) no longer ap-
plies if the good can be digitised. Therefore, Koppius (1999) proposes the dif-
ferentiation between search and experience goods. The quality of search
goods can be inspected prior to the purchase (e.g. price) whereas the quality
of goods with experience qualities can only be determined after the purchase
or consumption (e.g. information goods such as books or papers). Further-
more, this classic categorisation of goods was extended by Darby and Karmi
(1973) with credence goods. The value of such goods cannot be determined at
all – even after consumption or purchase (e.g. consultancy).
The value of mobile attention for advertisers is determined by its relevance
for a Mobile Marketing campaign. Advertisers determine this relevance by
matching attention profiles of mobile users with the respective targeting pro-
file of a Mobile Marketing campaign (cp. Nieschlag et al. 2002, p. 1061). Fur-
thermore, the value of mobile attention depends on the number of advertisers
it was sold to at the same time. Theoretically, mobile attention could be split
up into infinite units and used by multiple advertisers. However, the value of
this attention decreases with each additional sold unit because mobile users
have only a limited capability of apprehending the provided Mobile Market-
ing campaigns25.
• Perishability: Value of a good decreasing over time is considered as perish-
able.
Mobile attention as well as attention in general cannot be stored. Conse-
quently, the value of mobile attention perishes immediately if not applied di-
rectly to Mobile Marketing campaigns.
• Who or what is the direct Recipient?: This dimension is concerned with the
question what type of recipient an intangible good has. This can be either per-
sons (e.g. editorial content) or business services (e.g. insurance).
Advertisers are recipients of mobile attention. They expose it to Mobile Mar-
keting campaigns. However, if following Simon (1971), who states that in-
formation consumes attention, one could also consider the contents of Mobile

25
For example, a webpage overloaded with online banners would be of no value to both mo-
bile users and advertisers.
66 Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention

Marketing campaigns as information and thereby as the actual recipient of at-


tention.
• Complexity of Product Use: This aspect concerns requirements, which are
necessary for utilising intangible goods. Whereas consuming music is a trivial
task, handling certain software applications often requires training.
The complexity of using attention for marketing purposes is not trivial task.
Existing literature shows that merely exposing mobile users to Mobile Mar-
keting campaigns is neither efficient nor successful (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 82
ff.). It requires careful media planning as well as the appropriate design of the
Mobile Marketing campaigns. Thus, advertisers often outsource these tasks to
specialised media or advertisement agencies (Bogs 2001, p. 45 ff.), which ul-
timately indicates the complexity of using of mobile attention for Mobile
Marketing campaigns.
• Externalities: This aspect describes the positive or negative externalities,
which occur for intangible goods and potentially increase or decrease the con-
sumer value.
As it is going to be outlined in Section 3.3.2, mobile attention in two-sided
mobile media markets exhibits indirect cross network externalities. Conse-
quently, the higher the number of mobile users paying attention to offered
content, the more beneficial it becomes for potential advertisers because the
reach of Mobile Marketing campaigns increases, creating more opportunity to
generate conversions.

Seller-related dimensions (Mobile Marketing Provider):


• Specificity: Specificity determines how accurately a buyer of a good is able
to assess “whether or not a good will satisfy the purpose it is purchased for”
(Malone et al. 1987).
Mobile attention in general is not uniformly measurable for a psychological
point-of-view (Goldhaber 1997b; Davenport and Beck 2001, p. 34 ff.). How-
ever, it can be described using attention profiles of mobile users. Then, adver-
tisers are able to select the attention of mobile users, which is relevant for
their Mobile Marketing campaign.
Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention 67

• Customisability: Customisability addresses the question how intangible


goods can be customised according to the preferences of a buyer.
Mobile attention in itself is not customisable (Goldhaber 1997b). It has to be
selected by advertisers based on available attention profiles about mobile us-
ers.
• Substitutability: Substitutability describes the extent to which a good can be
replaced by another good of the same functionality. Thereby, the highest de-
gree of substitutability is offered by commodity goods.
As previously outlined, mobile attention is not uniformly measurable for a
psychological point-of-view. However, mobile attention can be described by
attention profiles about mobile users. The more accurately an attention profile
is able to reflect the personal preferences of a mobile user, the more individ-
ual a mobile user becomes, and the less likely their attention can be substi-
tuted by a different mobile user.
• Intensity in Use: Intangible goods can be distinguished between single-use
(non-durable) and multi-use (durable) ones. A single-use good is say a stock
option, which can only be initiated once. Multiple-use goods can be patents,
which apply whenever someone other than the owner wants to use an inven-
tion protected by this patent (Hill 1999, p. 439).
Mobile attention constitutes a single-use good because it cannot be stored.
The attention of individuals perishes immediately when the object of interest
is no longer available.
• Existence of a Tangible Equivalent: Intangible goods often have a tangible
equivalent (e.g. intangible online newspaper vs. tangible printed newspaper).
This aspect is important to consider because the tangible version of a good
might increase its value as it provides a reliable physical backup, which may
increase the trust individuals have in this good.
As mobile attention cannot be stored respectively, it does not have a tangible
equivalent. Only the attention data of mobile users can be stored in an intan-
68 Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention

gible (e.g. database) as well as tangible form (e.g. media data report26), but
this does not represent a tangible equivalent.

Delivery-related dimension:
• Transfer Mode: The transfer mode primarily aims at intangible digital
goods. The delivery of digital goods can either be accomplished at once (e.g.
download) or may require several interactions (e.g. Internet search engine re-
sult).
Mobile attention cannot be stored and has to be used at the same time it is ac-
quired. Thus, mobile attention is delivered at once by Mobile Marketing Pro-
viders to the advertiser.
• Options for Tangible Support: The utilisation of intangible goods always
requires tangible support in order for them to have value. For instance, a
software application may be delivered electronically or via a physical medium
(e.g. DVD).
Tangible support for mobile attention is always required and not optional.
Advertisers receive mobile attention through displaying their Mobile Market-
ing campaigns on the respective advertising space on mobile websites.
After outlining the characteristics of mobile attention as an economic good, the
following section illustrates the main aspects of its value creation process along
the classic value chain model.

3.2 Value Chain of Mobile Attention


By considering mobile attention as an economic good in mobile media markets,
the respective mobile attention value chain of a Mobile Marketing Provider is
analysed. In this value chain, mobile users are considered suppliers of mobile
attention, Mobile Marketing Provider are producers converting it into a valuable
economic good and advertisers are consumers of mobile attention.

26
Media data reports are issued by media corporations (e.g. Mobile Marketing Providers).
They are supposed to inform advertisers about the reach and types of recipients of their
media channels (Bogs 2001, p. 39 ff.).
Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention 69

Based on the simplified model of Porter (1985), the mobile attention value chain
comprises procurement, production, and sales & distribution chain links (cp.
Figure 3.4). It is connected to the content and advertisement market, which are
both operated by the Mobile Marketing Provider (two-sided mobile media mar-
ket).

Figure 3.4: Attention Value Chain of Mobile Marketing Providers

Mobile Marketing
Provider

Procurement Production Sales &


Distribution Advertisement
Content
Market
Market

• Acquisition of • Generation of • Sale of Attention


Mobile Attention Attention Profiles • Delivery of Mobile
• Acquisition of • Enriching Marketing
Supplier Attention Data Attention with Campaigns Customer
(Mobile User) Profiles
(Advertiser)

Mobile Attention Value Chain

Mobile Marketing Providers offering mobile attention to enable Mobile Market-


ing campaigns act in two intermediary roles between mobile users and advertis-
ers:
• Information Intermediary Role (Rose 1998, p. 188 ff.): Attention data is
acquired from mobile users, subsequently compiled to attention profiles, and
finally disseminated to advertisers to enable the targeting of Mobile Market-
ing campaigns. These three activities are directly related to the respective
links of the mobile attention value chain.
• Match Maker Intermediary Role (Rose 1998, p. 69): The attention of mo-
bile users is matched to relevant advertisers on the mobile media market.
This role assumes that mobile attention as an economic good already exists.
It becomes relevant in the sales & distribution link of the mobile attention
value chain.
70 Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention

Along with these intermediary roles of a Mobile Marketing Provider, the charac-
teristics of each value chain link are further elaborated in the following sections.

3.2.1 Procurement of Mobile Attention

The first activity in the mobile attention value chain constitutes the procurement
of mobile attention from mobile users. In general, mobile attention in media
markets cannot be acquired directly like physical goods on procurement markets
(e.g. oil, steel, etc.). Mobile users freely choose which media content provides
the highest value in satisfying their informative or entertaining needs (Kaspar
2006, p. 158). In exchange, they are paying their attention to Mobile Marketing
campaigns bundled to this media content.
In order to enable effective Mobile Marketing campaigns, Mobile Marketing
Providers have to acquire attention data about mobile users (cp. Section 3.1).
Aggregated to attention profiles, this data allows deriving the personal prefer-
ences of mobile users and enables the targeting of Mobile Marketing campaigns
for advertisers. In this regard, Rose (1998, p. 22 ff.) presents relevant data acqui-
sition aspects, which also apply for Mobile Marketing Providers, as information
intermediaries:
• Type of Attention Data Acquisition: Mobile attention data either can ac-
tively or passively be acquired. Passive acquisition means that Mobile Mar-
keting Providers observe the online behaviour of mobile users on their mobile
websites (e.g. followed website links). By contrast, active acquisition means
that mobile users actively provide attention data when using a mobile website
(e.g. entered search query).
• Attention Data Acquisition Costs: Attention data acquisition costs signifi-
cantly depend on the type of attention data acquisition. Mobile users typically
demand monetary or incentives in exchange for actively providing attention
data (Awad and Krishnan 2006), which may cause significant costs. By con-
trast, passively observing the online behaviour of mobile users generates
fewer costs since no user interaction is required.
Furthermore, Rose (1998, p. 26 ff.) discusses the credibility of information as
well as the trust in the information source. Those aspects can be directly related
to the quality of attention data. In this regard, Wang and Strong (1996) provide
Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention 71

one of the most comprehensive, but generic frameworks on the meaning of data
quality for its consumers (cp. Figure 3.5)

Figure 3.5: Data Quality Framework (Wang and Strong 1996)

Data
Quality

Intrinsic Contextual Representional Accessability

ƒ Believability ƒ Value-added ƒ Interpretability ƒ Accessability


ƒ Accuracy ƒ Relevancy ƒ Ease of ƒ Access
ƒ Objectivity ƒ Timelineness Understanding Security
ƒ Reputation ƒ Completeness ƒ Representational
ƒ Appropriate Consistency
amount of data ƒ Concise
representation

However, this framework mainly applies to traditional attention data, which is


statistically evaluated to generate the respective attention profiles. Nevertheless,
Buchholz et al. (2003, p. 5 ff.) provide a quality of context framework, which
exclusively covers the data quality aspects mainly relevant for context informa-
tion: Precision, Probability of Correctness, Trust-worthiness, Resolution, and
Up-to-dateness. It is applied in Section 4.3.1.

3.2.2 Production of Mobile Attention as a Tradable Good

In order for acquired mobile attention to become an economic good tradable in


mobile media markets, Mobile Marketing Providers have to provide a descrip-
tion based on acquired mobile attention data. Since attention data does not di-
rectly represent the personal preferences of mobile users (e.g. observed online
behaviour), the different types of attention data about mobile users have to be
translated into a mobile attention profile. This enables advertisers to target their
Mobile Marketing campaigns by matching it with their respective targeting pro-
file.
72 Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention

Regarding the generation of a mobile attention profile generation, Rose (1998, p.


171 f.) differentiates between the following forms of information processing for
information intermediaries:
• Synthetic Processing: Bundling of information from different heterogeneous
information sources, which includes the elimination of duplicate information.
• Synoptic Processing: Categorisation, selection or rearrangement of informa-
tion in accordance with specified criteria.
• Analytic Processing: Condensation, valuation, and critical judgement of
available information. This results in a new information product, which does
not only reproduce existing information, but also estimates the quality of in-
formation.
Depending on the Mobile Marketing campaigns supported by Mobile Marketing
Providers, any of these three forms of information processing is feasible for the
generation of mobile attention profiles (cp. Section 2.4.2.1).

3.2.3 Sales and Distribution of Mobile Attention

Finally, mobile attention as a tradable economic good is sold and distributed to


advertisers on the mobile media market (advertisement market side) of a Mobile
Marketing Provider. This market transaction “corresponds to a finite number of
interaction processes between market participants in various roles. Its goal is to
initiate, arrange, and complete a contractual agreement for exchange of goods
and services in the most efficient manner. The involved interaction processes
can be grouped into classes and form the phases of a market transaction”
(Schmid and Lindemann 1998).
By following Schmid and Lindemann (1998), mobile media markets can be con-
sidered as electronic markets since at least one of its transaction phases is sup-
ported electronically. This allows describing market transactions for mobile at-
tention along the model of Schmid and Lindemann (1998), who subdivide them
into the information, agreement, and settlement phases (cp. Figure 3.6).
Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention 73

Figure 3.6: Phases of Transactions managed and executed by Intermedi-


aries (based on Schmid and Lindemann 1998 and Rose 1998,
p. 179 ff.)

Mobile Marketing Advertiser Information Phase


Provider (Seller) (Buyer)
• Product Description
• Standards
• Language
• Protocols
Offers • Description

Agreement Phase

• Standard Contracts
• Negotiation Infrastructure
• Auctions
Contract • ...

Settlement Phase

• Logistic flows
End of Transaction • Delivery of Product
• Financial flow
• Information flow

For each of these transaction phases, Rose (1998, p. 179 ff.) as well as Schmid
and Lindemann (1998) highlighted the aspects, which an intermediary in the role
of an electronic market operator can support:
• Information Phase: In the information phase, buyers and sellers acquire
knowledge about the general business environment, market partners as well as
available goods and services. The phase ends with a submission of an offer
for a good or service and consecutively starts the agreement phase (Schmid
and Lindemann 1998).
Thereby, goods in electronic markets have to be distinctly identifiable, which
requires a common language or semantic basis respectively (Schmid 1999, p.
10). Consequently, goods and services have to be described by means of elec-
tronic media covering all relevant characteristics. Therefore, several descrip-
tion approaches can be distinguished: Informal (e.g. individual description of
product characteristics), semiformal (e.g. based on a set of predefined charac-
teristics) and formal (e.g. using a formal language) (Rose 1998, p. 182).
74 Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention

Mobile Marketing Providers offer this product description through the provi-
sion of mobile attention profiles (cp. Section 3.2.2). Depending on the type of
Mobile Marketing campaign, different product description approaches may
apply. For instance, mobile attention profiles applied in mobile display adver-
tising campaigns are predominantly described on a semi-formal basis. By
contrast, mobile attention profiles for SMS-based mobile text-promotions are
typically formally described since they are automatically processed for the
targeting of the campaign (Steimel et al. 2008).
• Agreement Phase: In the agreement phase, the conditions of the transaction
are negotiated. This most importantly concerns the price fixing process,
which is supposed to leads to a legally binding contract (Schmid and Linde-
mann 1998). This phase can be supported by an intermediary in offering stan-
dardised contracts, negotiation on behalf of the transaction partners or by the
provision of an electronic negotiation infrastructure (e.g. for auctions).
For Mobile Marketing Providers, the focus of this phase is on the price fixing
process. For this, they are offering mobile attention predominantly based on
static pricing mechanisms (i.e. CPM) and dynamic, interactive pricing (i.e.
auction models) (cp. Section 2.4.2.2).
• Settlement Phase: In the settlement phase, the terms of the closed contract
are fulfilled. This concerns the logistic (i.e. delivery of product), financial and
information flows. Thereby, electronic goods may be delivered via electronic
networks such as the Internet, whereas physical goods require a different dis-
tribution channel. Financial flows can be executed electronically. In this re-
gard, an intermediary can manage and fulfil all these coordination processes
between sellers and buyers (Rose 1998, p. 183).
Once purchased, mobile attention is delivered to advertisers by displaying
their respective Mobile Marketing campaigns on the mobile website, provided
by the Mobile Marketing Provider. Advertisers become informed by Mobile
Marketing Providers about the performance of the campaign (e.g. received
clicks on a mobile advertisement) and are charged based on the agreed com-
pensation model (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 60).
Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention 75

3.3 Mobile Media Markets in the Economics of Networks


Finally, the impacts of context information are analysed based on the theory of
network economics from a two-sided market perspective.

3.3.1 Introduction to Two-Sided Markets

Markets can be understood as an abstract place where supply and demand for
goods meets and exchange processes between buyers and sellers are enabled
(Picot et al. 2003, p. 338). Thereby, markets can either evolve over time or are
designed by market engineers (Holtmann 2004, p. 22 f.). The latter types are
based on formal rules as well as standards for a specific purpose and are referred
to as organised markets. While the former types presented are self-organised27,
organised markets require a market operator, which enables and monitors the
transactions on the market (Weinhardt et al. 2003; Holtmann 2004, p. 22 ff.).
Operators of organised markets often act as intermediaries between sellers and
buyers and may provide several economic benefits. On the Internet, information
intermediaries play an important role by helping to overcome market imperfec-
tions (Rose 1998, p. 51 f.), such as information asymmetries by enabling the
matching of appropriate trading partners (Jullien 2004). Furthermore, they can
reduce necessary number of interactions between trading partners. The outcome,
known as the Baligh/Richartz-Effect (Bogs 2001, p. 79), lowers the necessary
contacts from n*m to n+m. They also act as a trust provider between the in-
volved parties (Picot e al. 2003, p. 381) whilst offering charging, billing or other
logistic functionality necessary for the execution of market transactions (Jullien
2004).
Although, intermediaries cannot be justified in every market to address prevail-
ing imperfections such as search costs (Rose 1998), their role becomes a neces-
sity in two-sided markets. The intermediary provides services for two (or more)
parties in disjunctive markets in order to enable their interaction by bridging
possible incompatibilities. These markets are linked by their common pricing
structure and the indirect cross-network externalities (Roson 2005a; Jullien

27
For example, the German mobile media market is highly regulated but the market transac-
tions are not organised (Heinemann et al. 2004).
76 Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention

2004). A more formal definition for this two-sided market concept was provided
by Roson (2005b):

“Two-sided networks, markets or platforms, are defined as an


economic environment in which goods or services are sold to two
distinct sets of customers, that benefit from an increase in the
number of agents in the other set.“

Typical examples of such markets are credit cards systems, software platforms
such as Microsoft Windows or shopping malls (Roson 2005b; Peitz 2005; Jul-
lien 2004) as well as advertising-financed media (Anderson and Gabszewicz
2006), which will be covered in more detail later in this section. The general
two-sided market is exemplified and outlined in Figure 3.7.

Figure 3.7: Two-sided Market Concept (based on Dewenter 2006)

Intermediary

€ €

Market 1 Market 2
Indirect
Network Externalities

Although, network externalities have been addressed by academia for a decent


period of time (Katz and Shapiro 1985; Arthur 1989; Farrell and Saloner 1986),
research on network externalities in two-sided markets is still a young field
(Dewenter 2006; Roson 2005a). Nevertheless, several particular characteristics
of two-sided markets are already identified and analysed (Rochet and Tirole
2006; Parker and Van Alstyne 2005). In this context, network economic charac-
teristics of two-sided markets relevant for analysis of mobile media markets can
be summarised as follows:
• Indirect Network Externalities between Markets: Goods or services with
network externalities gain utility or value for its users with each additional
unit acquired by another user (Shapiro and Varian 2006, p. 13; Katz and
Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention 77

Shapiro 1985). Thereby, direct network externalities are the result of the im-
mediate value created by additional users joining the network (e.g. increasing
number of participants of a telephone network). By contrast, indirect network
externalities are a secondary result of users adapting a service or good (e.g.
cheaper telephones) (Katz and Shapiro 1985). Indirect network externalities
can occur in one-sided as well as two-sided markets, but the distinct charac-
teristic of two-sided markets is that indirect network externalities occur across
both of the markets (Evans 2003). Therefore, the value of the first network is
the function of the size of the second network and vice versa.
This can be further illustrated by taking the previously mentioned software
platform Microsoft Windows as an example. The first market-side (or net-
work) is represented by the users of Windows software applications. This
party benefits from a large number of software developers on the second mar-
ket-side – given that an increasing number of software developers provide a
greater variety of software applications. From the software developers’ per-
spective, a large network of users increases the number of potential software
application purchases.
• Pricing: One of the key characteristics of two-sided markets is that the de-
termination of optimal prices must be balanced between both market sides
(Evans 2003). Prices cannot be assigned independently to each market side.
This is because the price of one market side has a direct impact on the other
market side. Thus, both markets are linked by a common pricing structure and
level (Rochet and Tirole 2002). The determination of these prices depends on
several aspects such as the price elasticity of a network or its existing network
externalities (Roson 2005b). Consequently, this prevents the application of
traditional pricing strategies used in ordinary markets (Jullien 2004; Parker
and Van Alstyne 2005).
• Interaction Types: An intermediary enables two types of possible interac-
tions between the two market sides – each providing value to the network in
their own way. The previously illustrated software platform represents a mul-
tiple interacting network, which benefits from each possible interaction of us-
ers and application developers. Single interacting networks on the other hand,
only benefit from a single matching interaction (e.g. real estate or dating
agencies) (Poulios 2007; Roson 2005a).
78 Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention

• Two-sided Market Categories: Two-sided markets can be differentiated ac-


cording to their purpose. Evans (2003) proposes three categories: Market-
makers (1), audience-makers (2) and demand coordinators (3). Market-makers
enable the transaction between the networks of the respective market sides
(e.g. real estate agencies), audience-makers match advertisers with their po-
tential recipients (e.g. TV-stations, Internet Portals) and demand coordinators
match goods or services with indirect externalities across two or more net-
works (e.g. payment systems or software platforms).
• Market Development: The main characteristic involved in the development
of two-sided markets is often referred to as the chicken & egg problem
(Parker and Van Alstyne 2005; Caillaudy and Jullien 2001). In order to con-
vince potential participants to join one market side, the other side already has
to have a critical mass of participants (Shapiro and Varian 2006, p. 14).
Another relevant characteristic of two-sided markets represents the impact of
competition between intermediaries on the two-sided markets, especially with
regard to the pricing structure (Caillaudy and Jullien 2003; Armstrong 2006).
However, this issue is not covered any further since this work assumes a mo-
nopoly intermediary (cp. Section 1.4.1).

3.3.2 Two-sided Mobile Media Markets

The model of two-sided markets outlined in the previous chapter can be applied
to describe the specific characteristics of the mobile media markets (Anderson
and Gabszewicz 2006; Reisinger 2003) on an abstract level28.
In mobile media markets, the intermediary platform is typically represented by
Mobile Marketing Providers, which serve two disjunctive markets. Participants
on the first market (content market) are mobile users willing to receive informa-
tive and/or entertaining contents. In exchange for their mobile attention paid to
advertisements bundled with the provisioned contents, they receive this service
free of charge or on subsidised basis. On the second market (advertisement mar-
ket), advertisers purchase this generated attention of an audience in order to ex-

28
On a more detailed level, mobile media markets may contain more market participants in
order to create value (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 120). However, in the context of this work,
this abstraction level of two-sided markets is sufficient in order to address the research ob-
jective.
Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention 79

pose it to Mobile Marketing campaigns. Between these two markets, indirect


cross-network externalities exist and consequently advertisers benefit from the
size of the content market and mobile users vice versa (cp. Figure 3.8).

Figure 3.8: Two-sided Mobile Media Market (based on Dewenter 2006)


Mobile Marketing
Provider


 

Mobile Advertisers
Users
Indirect
Network Externalities

The general characteristics of mobile media markets considered relevant within


the research scope of this work are outlined along with the previously introduced
two-sided market concept:
• Indirect Network Externalities between Markets: On the advertisement
market, advertisers benefit from an increasing number of mobile users (con-
tent market size) because it increases the reach of their Mobile Marketing
campaigns. The content market also benefits from the number of advertisers
since it offers a higher variety of Mobile Marketing campaigns for mobile us-
ers (advertisement market size).
Although the utility of the advertisement market is always positively corre-
lated with the size of the content market (positive network externalities),
negative correlations are possible in the opposite direction. The higher the
number of advertisers in the advertisement market, the higher the potential
number of advertisements to which mobile users may be exposed. This may
lead mobile users to reject the provided content as well as to the offered
commercials, thereby generating negative network externalities. If the variety
of available Mobile Marketing campaigns is used to select the most relevant
80 Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention

ones for a mobile user, an increasing number of advertisers can also lead to
positive network externalities29 (Ferrando et al. 2004; Dewenter 2006).
• Pricing: The balancing of the price structure between the advertisement and
content market is predestined. On the content market side, prices are typically
lower than on the advertisement market or non-existent at all (Evans 2003).
Mobile users receive content predominantly free-of-charge or at a price which
is typically below marginal production costs of these contents (Anderson and
Gabszewicz 2006). In this regard, the pricing strategy in two-sided markets
must not be confused with cross-subsidy of products as known on traditional
one-sided markets. Cross-subsidy is of a temporary nature whereas this strat-
egy applies permanently (Anderson and Gabszewicz 2006).
• Interaction Types: Although traditional mobile media markets constitute a
multiple interacting network, the sophisticated personalisation features result-
ing from available context information of mobile media (Stewart and Pavlou
2002) theoretically tends towards a single interacting network such as one-to-
one marketing campaigns (Kotler et al. 2001, p. 1203).
• Two-sided Market Categories: Mobile media markets belong to the cate-
gory of audience makers. They are matching advertisers to audiences (i.e.
mobile users as recipients of Mobile Marketing campaigns) (Evans 2003).
• Market Development: The chicken & egg problem of mobile media markets
is typically addressed by attracting mobile users with content whilst subsidis-
ing the price of Mobile Marketing campaigns for advertisers until the critical
mass of mobile users is reached to get a sufficient number of advertisers on
board (cp. Evans 2003).

3.4 Summary
This chapter presented a conceptional framework to be applied to the explora-
tion of impacts of context information on the traditional commercialisation of
mobile media performance in mobile media markets.

29
For instance, this applies to the AdSense Advertising Network of Google Corporation:
From a pool of available advertisements, only a limited number of relevant advertisments
is selected and displayed to the online user (Google Corporation 2009d).
Conceptual Analysis Framework for Mobile Attention 81

For this, based on the attention economy school, the attention of mobile users
rather than mobile media performance has been considered the scarce economic
good traded in the mobile media markets. Along this new paradigm, all relevant
aspects for the commercialisation of mobile attention as an economic good have
been covered by respective concepts, which led to the following three compo-
nents of the conceptional analysis framework:
The first framework component covers the nature and characteristics of mobile
attention as an economic good in mobile media markets. Based on the model of
Koppius (1999), its characteristics as an intangible, non-digital good have been
outlined.
The second framework component is concerned with the value creation process
of mobile attention. Thereby, the role of a Mobile Marketing Provider can be
analysed from two perspectives along the value chain. First, this role constitutes
the information intermediary, which acquires mobile attention about mobile us-
ers, compiles it to attention profiles, and finally disseminates it to the respective
advertisers. Secondly, Mobile Marketing Providers act in the matchmaker in-
termediary role. This enables and supports market transactions for mobile atten-
tion from Mobile Marketing Providers to advertisers.
Finally, the third framework component constitutes the consideration of mobile
media markets as two-sided markets based on the theory of network economics.
This allows analysing the impact of applying context information on the main
functioning and behaviour of an entire mobile media market.
This outlined conceptional analysis framework is applied in the following chap-
ter in order to systematically explore and analyse the impacts of context infor-
mation on the traditional commercialisation of mobile attention as an economic
good in mobile media markets.
Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention 83

4 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile


Attention
Due to the specific characteristics of context information in the role as market-
ing-related knowledge about mobile users (cp. Section 2.5.3), Mobile Marketing
Providers willing to enable context-sensitive Mobile Marketing campaigns are
supposed to experience impacts on the traditional commercialisation of the re-
spective context-sensitive mobile attention30.
Based on the special characteristics of context information and the developed
conceptional analysis framework (cp. Chapter 3), this chapter presents the ex-
ploration of relevant impacts of context information. In the sense of Gregor
(2006), the result constitutes an analysis theory, which subsequently lays the
foundation for the development of the IT artifact in the form of an engineering
recommendation framework for mobile media market platforms offering con-
text-sensitive mobile attention.
At first, Section 4.1 defines the application scope of mobile attention for Mobile
Marketing campaigns in order to outline the focus of this analysis. Subse-
quently, Section 4.2 presents the analysis of the characteristics of context-
sensitive mobile attention as an economic good traded in mobile media markets.
Subsequently, Section 4.3 continues to outline the explored the impacts of con-
text information on the Mobile Marketing Provider value chain. Finally, Section
4.4 shows the analysis of the impacts of context-sensitive mobile attention in
mobile media markets from the network economics perspective.
After the discussion of the analysis results, Section 4.5 discloses the limitations
of the exploration and the analysis process whereas Section 4.6 summarises and
concludes the chapter.

4.1 Analysis Scope


The plethora of existing Mobile Marketing campaigns, for which context-
sensitive mobile attention could be applied, represents an unwieldy analysis en-
vironment in the context of this work. Although, mobile attention is defined and
considered independent from concrete Mobile Marketing campaign implementa-

30
Context-sensitive mobile attention denotes mobile attention enriched or described with
context information.
84 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention

tions, still some aspects (e.g. available context information, mobile medium,
etc.) affect the characteristics of mobile attention. Consequently, the following
section is going to narrow the potential analysis scope down to the current most
prospective Mobile Marketing campaigns for context-sensitive mobile attention.

4.1.1 Mobile Medium

The most fundamental enabler of Mobile Marketing campaigns is the mobile


medium as the communication channel between advertisers and mobile users.
The mobile medium features several types of data communication technologies
as well as terminal devices (cp. Figure 4.1) whose combination may lead to sig-
nificantly different user experiences and respective application scenarios (cp.
Section 2.4.1).

Figure 4.1: Data Communication Technologies and Terminal Devices of


the Mobile Medium

Mobile
Medium

Mobile Data
Terminal Devices Communication
Technologies

• Desktop Computer • SMS / MMS


• Notebook • Bluetooth
• Cellular Phone • Wi-Fi
• Smart Phone • WAP Push
•… • GPRS, UMTS

Since implementations of Mobile Marketing campaigns are expected to ap-


proach those of the fixed Internet (Strategy Analytics 2007), the mobile Internet
(e.g. based on GSM or UMTS) represents the underlying mobile medium in the
context of this work. Furthermore, it is assumed that this communication chan-
nel is exclusively provided by mobile network operators.
The access to the mobile Internet requires a terminal device. While as for the
fixed Internet this device is typically represented by personal computers (PCs)
and notebooks, the mobile Internet is predominantly accessed via cellular or
smart phones and notebooks (Feldmann 2005, p. 5 f.). However, notebooks are
Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention 85

not considered to exhibit the characteristics and benefits of personal devices.


They have only limited mobility compared to cellular or smart phones and do
not have other distinct features as outlined in Section 2.4.1. Consequently, cellu-
lar or smart phones31 represent the mobile devices in the context of this work.
They are not shared with others persons, are always brought along, have instant
available functionality (no boot-time) and their functioning does not require spe-
cial location32.

4.1.2 Traditional and Context-sensitive Mobile Attention

In order to explore the impacts of context information on mobile attention, tradi-


tional and context-sensitive mobile attention are going to be compared based on
the previously developed conceptional analysis framework. This involves ex-
plicitly outlining the differences of these mobile attention types, which solely
originate from the kind of available attention data:
• Traditional mobile attention is solely described by personal preferences of a
mobile audience, which have been acquired by observing and classifying the
online behaviour of mobile users (e.g. deriving personal preferences from
visited mobile content on using statistical methods). Thereby, the corre-
sponding traditional attention profile typically describes or fits to a large
number of recipients.
• Context-sensitive mobile attention is solely described by context information
explicitly disclosed by mobile users. Primary context information comprises
identity, location, time of day and activity of mobile users and is provided by
the mobile network. Secondary context information, which is considered
relevant due to its existing application in practice (cp. Section 2.4.2.1), is rep-
resented by the personal profile, POS distance, remaining visiting time and
immediate need of a mobile user (cp. Section 2.5.1). Thereby, the corre-
sponding context-sensitive attention profile typically describes an individual
mobile user.

31
Whilst mobile phones typically provide basic voice and data communication services,
smart phones are offering advanced capabilities, which can be compared to PC functional-
ity (Feldmann 2005, p. 55ff.).
32
For instance, notebooks are not typically used by persons walking through a pedestrian
precinct.
86 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention

4.1.3 Mobile Marketing Campaigns

The current available Mobile Marketing campaigns can be roughly classified in


the following categories (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 79 ff.):
• Direct Media Response Marketing: Advertisers initiate the contact to a mo-
bile user via another non-mobile medium (e.g. TV, radio, mailings). Mobile
users can respond to these offerings by utilising various mobile communica-
tion means such as SMS-based text messages.
• Mobile Permission: Advertisers acquire the permission of mobile users to
contact them about Mobile Marketing campaigns. Their personal preferences
are kept in databases from which relevant mobile users are queried on demand
in relation to a Mobile Marketing campaign.
• Mobile Advertising: Mobile Advertising denotes the promotion of commer-
cial messages through various forms of mobile advertising space on mobile
websites. Mobile users can directly respond to this offering on the same me-
dium.
• Mobile CRM: Whereas the previous three categories of Mobile Marketing
campaigns are conducted on demand, Mobile Customer Relationship Man-
agement (mCRM) is based on continuous highly personalised marketing
measures. It requires an existing business relationship between advertiser and
mobile user, and implies that advertisers do not have to compete on mobile
advertising spaces for the attention of their mobile users, since they already
own them for these marketing measures.
Figure 4.2 depicts an overview of the existing outlined Mobile Marketing cam-
paigns in practice.
Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention 87

Figure 4.2: Overview of Mobile Marketing Activities at Present (Steimel


et al. 2008, p. 79)

Mobile
Marketing

Mobile Direct
Mobile Permission Mobile Advertising Mobile CRM
Response Marketing

PULL PUSH CONTEXT-PULL • Infoservices


• SMS / MMS • SMS / MMS • On/Off Portal • Product Support
• Bluetooth • Bluetooth • Client/Apps • Order Service
• VoiceCard • VoiceCard • Idle Screen • Notification Service
• Mobile Couponing • Mobile Couponing • Games •…
•… •… • Radio, TV
• Music, Video
• Podcasts
• RSS feeds

Campaign-driven continuously

Although, Mobile Marketing campaigns expenditures in Europe are still low


compared to their fixed online equivalents, Mobile Advertising as a subset of
Mobile Marketing is currently the fastest growing marketing means (Strategy
Analytics 2007; Kishore 2008, p. 46 f.). Mobile Advertising campaigns in prac-
tice are predominantly based on mobile service technologies such as SMS or
MMS. However, the increasing success of the mobile Internet shifts the focus of
Mobile Advertising towards the mobile web-based campaigns. Thereby, the
mobile media market situation approaches that of the fixed Internet with web-
based display advertising (banners) as dominant marketing measure (cp. Figure
4.3).
88 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention

Figure 4.3: Development of Mobile Advertising Revenues in Western


Europe (based on Strategy Analytics 2007)

Mobile Advertising Yearly average


Revenues in growth rate
Western Europe (in Mio. €) 2007 - 2011
2.500
2.184 Total +94%

2.000

1.075 Banner +100%


1.500

1.000
619 Search +169%
Video/TV +109%
500
284 Text/MMS +17%
155
In-Application +226%
0
2007 2011

Consequently, the analysis of context information focuses on mobile attention


applied to display-based Mobile Advertising campaigns, which currently repre-
sent the most prospective type Mobile Marketing campaigns.

4.1.4 Players in Mobile Media Markets

In contrast to the idealised triangle structure of media markets (cp. Section


2.1.2), the provision of Mobile Marketing campaigns in practice requires the
collaboration of several market players along the value chain in the mobile eco-
system (cp. Figure 4.4).
Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention 89

Figure 4.4: Mobile Marketing Value Chain and participating Market


Players (based on Steimel et al. 2008, p. 120)33

Content Content Access, Billing Terminal


Platform Portal
Production Aggregation Transport & CC Device

Mobile Platform & OS Vendors

Device Manufacturers

Core Access Players

Content Providers

Mobile Payment Service

Portal Player

Wireless App. Providers

Multimedia Agencies

The foundation of this Mobile Marketing value chain represents the infrastruc-
ture equipment vendors, device manufacturers, as well as core access players,
which together enable the current mobile data communications. Based on this
communication layer, portal players attract mobile users with content delivered
by content providers / aggregators. The acquired mobile attention of users is
subsequently exposed to Mobile Marketing campaigns developed by wireless
application providers and multimedia agencies. Finally, potentially initiated pur-
chases of mobile users can be supported by mobile payment services (Steimel et
al. 2008, p. 120 ff.).
For the provision of Mobile Marketing campaigns, these organisations form a
value network. However, this work focuses on the analysis of transactions for
mobile attention between mobile users and advertisers, which are enabled by
Mobile Marketing Providers. Since other organisations are not directly affected

33
The black labelled market players in the value chain exhibit strong relevance to the provi-
sion of Mobile Marketing campaigns. Grey labelled boxes denote future areas of relevance
and white boxes denote an involvement of the player in this chain link but without rele-
vance to Mobile Marketing.
90 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention

by the integration of context information, this work is going to summarise all of


these organisations under the roof of the Mobile Marketing Provider. This leads
back to the previously introduced idealised market structure of media markets
(cp. Figure 4.5).

Figure 4.5: Players in Mobile Media Market

Mobile
Marketing
Provider

Mobile
Advertisers
Users

Consequently, Mobile Marketing Providers, mobile users and advertisers are


considered to be actively participating in the mobile media market. However,
due to the personal nature of context information, regulators for data protection
aspects need to be considered as well. Nevertheless, they act in a passive role
and are therefore discussed later in this work.

4.1.5 Market Transactions for Context-sensitive Mobile Attention

In order to conduct Mobile Marketing campaigns, advertisers have to acquire


mobile attention on mobile media markets. While the basic structure of mobile
media markets is similar to its traditional equivalent (cp. Section 2.1.2), the
communication between the market participants is significantly different. The
mobile Internet is an electronic medium, which enables a bi-directional, interac-
tive communication between the market participants – independent from time
and space (cp. Section 2.4.1). Since all market transactions between market par-
ticipants are electronically supported by the mobile and stationary Internet, mo-
bile media markets are considered electronic markets in the sense of Schmid
(2000). The corresponding mobile media market platform, which enables market
transactions for mobile attention is considered to consist of the following two
components:
Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention 91

• Mobile Portal: A mobile web-portal allows Mobile Marketing Providers to


attract the mobile attention of mobile users by providing entertaining and in-
formative content. Furthermore, this content can be bundled with Mobile Ad-
vertising campaigns to be delivered to mobile users.
• Mobile Media Market: The mobile media market component enables market
transactions for mobile attention between Mobile Marketing Providers and
advertisers.
Figure 4.6 illustrates the functioning of a mobile media market platform oper-
ated by Mobile Marketing Providers to enable Mobile Advertising campaigns
within the scope of this work.

Figure 4.6: Mobile Media Market Platform enabling Mobile Advertising


Campaigns

Mobile Marketing Provider


Mobile Media
Mobile Portal
Market

pays for
opportunity
to advertise
2

1 4
purchases offered products
7
and generates revenues
Mobile Advertisers
Users
offers products and services 6
according to user context

Following the model of Zerdick and Picot (2001, p. 50), interactions between
the market players to conduct Mobile Advertising campaigns can be described
as follows:
1. Mobile users signal their immediate need for informative or entertaining con-
tent to the Mobile Marketing Provider by logging on to their mobile web por-
92 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention

tal. At the same time, they may disclose primary context information (i.e. lo-
cation, time, identity and activities), which can be used to determine and de-
scribe their current usage situation.
2. The Mobile Marketing Provider attempts to satisfy these needs by offering
mobile content personalised according to derived secondary context informa-
tion (e.g. local weather report, news, etc.).
3. In exchange for these predominantly free-of-charge mobile contents, the mo-
bile user pays attention to Mobile Advertising campaigns.
4. The Mobile Marketing Provider enriches the attracted mobile attention with
acquired context information about mobile users and offers it to advertisers.
The latter choose the mobile attention, which exhibits the highest relevance
for their Mobile Advertising campaigns (e.g. mobile users in close vicinity to
the POS of an advertiser).
5. Advertisers pay for the opportunity to expose this mobile attention to their
Mobile Advertising campaigns.
6. Mobile advertising space provided by the Mobile Marketing Provider, which
actually enables advertisers to convey their marketing objectives to the re-
spective recipients.
7. Mobile users can purchase products / services promoted via the Mobile Ad-
vertising campaign – which may generate additional revenues for the adver-
tisers.
By following the outlined analysis scope, the next section proceeds with the first
component of the framework by analysing context-sensitive mobile attention as
an economic good in mobile media markets.

4.2 Characteristics of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention as an


Economic Good
Based on the introduced concept of considering mobile attention as an economic
good in mobile media markets, the characteristics of context-sensitive mobile
attention as an economic good are analysed within the dimensions of intangible
goods (cp. Figure 4.7).
Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention 93

Figure 4.7: Context-sensitive Attention as an intangible Good in Mobile


Media Markets (based on Koppius 1999)

Context-sensitive
Mobile Marketing Mobile Attention Advertiser
Provider

Specificity Value Determination


Delivery
Customisability Perishability

Substitutability Transfer Mode Recipient

Intensity of Use Options for tangible Externalities


Support
Existence of a Complexity of
Tangible Equivalent Product Use

For this, all characteristics of traditional and context-sensitive mobile attention


are compared to the outlined dimensions of intangible goods introduced by
Koppius (1999).

4.2.1 Advertiser-related Dimensions

The advertiser-related dimension comprises the following characteristics:


• Value Determination: For mobile attention, classical approaches of value
determination do not apply since its value can only be indirectly determined.
Therefore, advertisers evaluate mobile attention by matching the correspond-
ing attention profile of mobile user to the targeting profile for Mobile Adver-
tising campaigns. In order to differentiate between the value determination of
traditional and context-sensitive mobile attention, the characterisation of
search, experience, and credence qualities is applied.
Traditional attention profiles comprise clusters of statistically derived per-
sonal preferences about large groups of mobile users, which are predomi-
nately gathered by observing online behaviour of mobile users. Consequently,
advertisers can only determine ex post to the conduction of a Mobile Adver-
tising campaign if a mobile user actually exhibited proposed personal prefer-
94 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention

ences34. Consequently, traditional mobile attention constitutes an experience


good.
By contrast, context-sensitive mobile attention explicitly describes an indi-
vidual mobile user in their momentary usage situation. Consequently, its can
be inspected prior to purchase, which shifts its qualities towards a search
good (cp. Figure 4.8).

Figure 4.8: Information Qualities of Mobile Attention

Search
Qualities Context-sensitive
Traditional Mobile Attention
Mobile Attention

Experience Credence
Qualities Qualities

• Perishability: Independent from the availability of context information, mo-


bile attention cannot be stored and sold later. It has to be sold and used at the
same time it is acquired (cp. Section 3.1.3).
• Recipient: The integration of context information into traditional Mobile
Marketing campaigns does not change its recipient. Consequently, advertisers
remain the recipients of context-sensitive mobile attention.
• Complexity of Use: Context-sensitive attention profiles about mobile users
comprise dynamic attention data. This is frequently updated and not always
completely accessable to advertisers35. Contrasting to traditional mobile atten-
tion, the decision to purchase context-sensitive mobile attention has to be

34
In other words: If a mobile user can be influenced according to the objective of a con-
ducted Mobile Advertising campaign, he is likely to exhibit the personal preferences upon
which the Mobile Advertising campaign was targeted.
35
For instance, a mobile user may not give his consent in order to determine his current geo-
graphic location.
Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention 95

made in real-time once a mobile user accesses the mobile portal of a Mobile
Marketing Provider. Since this can only be accomplished automatically, ad-
vertisers have to specify their corresponding targeting profiles in advance
without the knowledge of the actual mobile users. Consequently, context-
sensitive mobile attention is assumed to exhibit a higher complexity of use
than their traditional equivalents.
• Externalities: As already discussed in Section 3.3.2, traditional mobile atten-
tion exhibits cross-network externalities. This also applies to context-sensitive
mobile attention, but in a different manner, which is discussed in more detail
later in Section 4.4.1.

4.2.2 Mobile Marketing Provider-related Dimensions

Subsequently, the Mobile Marketing Provider-related dimension comprises the


following characteristics for mobile attention:
• Specificity: The specificity of mobile attention as a good is closely related to
the value determination characteristic in the buyer-related dimension. It fo-
cuses on the need of Mobile Marketing Providers to communicate the value
of mobile attention to advertisers. Thereby, advertisers need to be able to as-
sess if this good will satisfy the purpose of their Mobile Advertising cam-
paigns.
Traditional mobile attention is predominantly described by semi-formally
specified attention profiles (Nieschlag et al. 2002, p. 1064 ff.) and purchased
on a CPM-basis. Thus, advertisers can assess its value in advance (e.g. 10000
mobile users between 20 and 30 years old, interested in sports, can be reached
at a price of 10€ CPM). By contrast, the description of context-sensitive mo-
bile attention is not available in advance. The attention profile of these mobile
users is not available unless they logon to the mobile portal of a Mobile Mar-
keting Provider. Consequently, advertisers need to be able to specify general
criteria, which allow a later assessment of the value of context-sensitive mo-
bile attention in real-time.
• Customisablity: Mobile attention itself cannot be customised according to
the preferences of advertisers. Instead, advertisers have to choose the mobile
attention of mobile users, which exhibits the highest relevance in relation to
their Mobile Marketing campaigns. Since context information constitutes ex-
96 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention

plicit information about individual mobile users, advertisers are able to ar-
chive a significantly higher targeting effectivness for their Mobile Advertising
campaigns.
• Substitutability: The substitutability of mobile attention is determined by the
specificity of the underlying attention profiles. The higher, the specificity of
mobile attention, the less likely it can be substituted by the mobile attention of
a different mobile user.
Whereas traditional mobile attention profiles describe large, homogenous au-
dience groups (e.g. based on an entered keyword), the traditional mobile at-
tention is more likely to be replacable compared to context-sensitive mobile
attention. Since context information allows describing an individual momen-
tary usage situation of a mobile user, its mobile attention is more difficult to
substitute.
• Intensity of Use: Mobile attention is a single-use good since it has to be ac-
quired anew for each Mobile Advertising campaign. This applies to tradi-
tional as well as context-sensitive mobile attention.
• Existence of tangible equivalent: Since mobile attention cannot be stored,
there is no existence of tangible equivalent. This applies to both traditional
and context-sensitive mobile attention.

4.2.3 Delivery-related Dimensions

Finally, delivery-related dimensions comprise the following characteristics for


context-sensitive mobile attention:
• Transfer mode: There is no differentiation between traditional and context-
sensitive mobile attention with regard to its form of transfer from buyer to
seller. Independent from the initiation of the transfer (i.e. pull or push), mo-
bile attention is delivered at once to the advertisers (buyers) by displaying
their Mobile Advertising campaign on the respective advertising space of the
mobile portal of a Mobile Marketing Providers (seller).
• Options for tangible support: There is also no differentiation between tradi-
tional and context-sensitive mobile attention regarding its tangible support.
Mobile Marketing Providers electronically transfer the mobile attention to the
Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention 97

advertiser by displaying the Mobile Advertising campaign on their mobile


portal.

4.2.4 Concluding Research Propositions

The analysis of context-sensitive mobile attention as an economic good in mo-


bile media markets along the framework of Koppius (1999) revealed several but
only two main impacts of context information on the traditional commercialisa-
tion of mobile attention:
• Search Qualities: The description of mobile attention based context-sensitive
attention profiles rather than their traditional equivalents, increases its search
qualities towards a search good. Whereas traditional mobile attention profiles
reflect the average preference of mobile users, context-sensitive attention pro-
files represent the explicit, current usage situation of individual mobile users.
• Specificity: Due to the need for real-time purchase decisions regarding con-
text-sensitive mobile attention, the respective mobile attention and targeting
profiles have to be formally specified in order to be automatically matched
with each other once a mobile user accesses the mobile portal of the Mobile
Marketing Provider.
This leads to the following two research propositions:
• Proposition P1a: Context information increases the search qualities of mo-
bile attention, which allows advertisers to evaluate its actual relevance prior
to the purchase.
• Proposition P1b: The provision of context-sensitive mobile attention re-
quires formally specified mobile attention and targeting profiles.
After the presentation of the analysis of the characteristics of context-sensitive
mobile attention as an economic good in mobile media markets, the following
section continues to discuss its impacts along the mobile attention value chain of
a Mobile Marketing Provider.

4.3 Value Chain of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention


The effectiveness of Mobile Marketing campaigns significantly depends on the
provision of the relevant mobile attention as well as respective attention profiles
for advertisers (Goldbach Media Gruppe 2009a). Consequently, Mobile Market-
98 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention

ing Providers willing to maximise their profits from the commercialisation of


context-sensitive mobile attention have to implement the following strategy:
1. Acquire that quality of context-sensitive mobile attention profiles, which
most accuractely describes the attention of a mobile user according to the re-
quirements of advertisers.
2. Sell this context-sensitive mobile attention at an optimal price to advertisers.
Along the value chain for mobile attention as outlined in Section 3.2, the im-
pacts of context information on this business strategy are examined in the fol-
lowing sections. Therefore, the subsequent section begins with the procurement
of context-sensitive mobile attention.

4.3.1 Procurement of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention

The procurement of context-sensitive mobile attention predominantly differs


from its traditional equivalent with regard to the acquisition of its corresponding
mobile attention data. Therefore, the first step of the analysis is to discuss the
way mobile attention data is acquired from mobile users.
Figure 4.9 shows on the left side the acquisition of traditional mobile attention
data. Mobile Marketing Providers acquire it by observing the online behaviour
of mobile users (e.g. entered keywords, visited websites, etc.) without or only
low user involvement. By contrast, context-sensitive mobile attention data is
actively disclosed by mobile users. Although, primary context information (i.e.
identity, location, and time) could theoretically be acquired automatically from
mobile network operators without user involvement, it typically requires the
user consent (European Parliament 1995). In addition, the acquisition of secon-
dary identity-related context information even more requires the user’s willing-
ness to disclose information such as personal preferences (e.g. age, gender, or
personal interests). Other secondary context information such as geo-marketing
related information (e.g. POS distance) can be acquired from specialised content
providers such as Microsoft Bing Maps (Microsoft Corporation 2009a) but re-
quire the existing primary context information.
Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention 99

Figure 4.9: Acquisition of Traditional vs. Context-sensitive Attention Data

Traditional Context -sensitive


Attention Data Attention Data

Behavioural POS Remaining


Data
Distance Time

Content Content
Personal Provider 1 … Provider n
Preferences

Secondary Context Information

Primary
Context
Information

Mobile
Network
Operator

Consequently, the intrinsic value of context-sensitive mobile attention in mobile


media markets is determined by the willingness of mobile users to disclose their
context information. In this regard, Friberg (2007, p. 22 ff.) provides a compre-
hensive overview of general factors influencing individual privacy attitudes of
online users. Her identified factors apply to Mobile Advertising campaigns as
follows:
• Collection and Benefit Trade-Off: A mobile user’s willingness to disclose
personal information is influenced by the proposed purpose of the information
usage (e.g. service personalisation vs. personalisation of Mobile Advertising
campaigns). In addition, a mobile user expects an incentive or wants to per-
ceive value as compensation in exchange for the disclosure of personal infor-
mation (e.g. in the form of a discount coupon) (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 89).
Thereby, especially monetary incentives (e.g. mobile coupons) can generate
significant costs, which have to be considered in the pricing of mobile atten-
tion for advertisers.
• Control: A mobile user’s influence on disclosure of their personal informa-
tion in the form of approval, modification, or refusal is significantly related to
their personal privacy concerns.
100 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention

• Awareness: Advertisers acquiring the permission of mobile users to gather


personal information raise less privacy concerns compared to those organisa-
tions, which collect personal information without the knowledge of mobile
users and they become aware of this fact afterwards (Lai et al. 2005).
• Type of Information: Privacy concerns of mobile users also depend on the
type of personal information collected by advertisers. Fewer concerns may
arise from the collection of lifestyle characteristics, shopping or media habits.
By contrast, medical records, financial records or real-time location informa-
tion are regarded highly sensitive (Friberg 2007, p. 24).
• User Experience: A mobile user’s previous online experience affects their
willingness to disclose personal information. As long as the mobile user has
not had their privacy invaded (e.g. e-mail spam originating from a disclosed
e-mail address) in the past, they are less concerned about their personal pri-
vacy. Once their privacy has been violated, they may be less willing to share
personal information in order to receive personalised advertisements (Awad
and Krishnan 2006).
• Trust, Risk, and Behavioural Intentions: Trust defined as “the willingness
of a party to be vulnerable to the actions of another party based on the expec-
tation that the other will perform a particular action important to the trustor,
irrespective of the ability to monitor or control that other party” (Mayer et al.
1995) constitutes an important influence on the privacy concerns of mobile
users. It mitigates their perceived risk regarding online transactions or activi-
ties, which require the disclosure of personal information. Thus, the higher
the trust towards a transaction or online partner (here, the Mobile Marketing
Provider), the lower the perceived risk of mobile users and consequently the
higher the willingness to disclose personal information.
• Personality Traits: There is a consensus in literature about the fact that per-
sonal traits influence trust and risks the belief of consumers (Friberg 2007, p.
27). This implies that disclosure of personal information to Mobile Marketing
Providers by mobile users depends on such beliefs as well. Consequently,
mobile users with high privacy concerns also have a low trust in Mobile Mar-
keting Providers.
• Information Transparency: Awad and Krishnan (2006) consider informa-
tion transparency as the access for users to the information that an organisa-
Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention 101

tion has collected about them, and the explanation on how this information is
going to be used (e.g. data transparency, data removal, and time expiration of
data). In this regard, Friberg (2007, p. 82) concludes that information trans-
parency is able to reduce privacy concerns and increase the user’s willingness
to disclose personal information. This implies the need for Mobile Marketing
Providers to make the targeting process of Mobile Advertising campaigns for
mobile users transparent. For instance, it could be disclosed to a mobile user
that a certain Mobile Advertising campaign has been displayed on their mo-
bile device because of their close vicinity to a promoted POS.
In addition to the willingness of mobile users to disclose context-sensitive mo-
bile attention data, the data quality aspects of traditional and context-sensitive
mobile attention data have to be compared. This is because the data quality de-
termines an advertiser’s ability to target Mobile Advertising campaigns effec-
tively.
The quality of traditional mobile attention data predominantly depends of the
amount of collected behavioural data and its interpretation for the targeting of
Mobile Advertising campaigns (Oesterer and Winkler 2008, p. 579 ff.). This
data quality can be characterised based on the data quality framework of Wang
and Strong (1996) as outlined in Section 3.2.1. However, since context-sensitive
mobile attention data is the focus of this analysis, it is no longer addressed
within the scope of this work.
For context-sensitive mobile attention data, the data quality can be analysed
based on quality of context framework of Buchholz et al. (2003, p. 5 ff.). It is
defined by the following quality criteria:
• Precision: Precision describes how accurate provided context information
about mobile users is. For instance, although GPS is able to position mobile
users on a scale of a few metres, the precision of COO-localisation can vary
between 100m and 30km (cp. Section 2.4.1.3).
• Probability of Correctness: Depending on the source of context information
different probabilities for its correctness exists. For instance, a GPS device
may fail to provide their correct location due to the lack of satellite connec-
tivity.
102 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention

• Trust-worthiness: Whereas the probability of correctness is concerned with


the ability of a context information source to provide correct data, trust-
worthiness can be referred to mobile users. Depending on the available incen-
tives, mobile users may or may not disclose the correct personal information
(e.g. gender, age, etc.) (Friberg 2007, p. 22).
• Resolution: The resolution denotes the granularity, which context informa-
tion can represent. For instance, the POS distance for a mobile user may only
be calculated in 100m rather than 1m units.
• Up-to-dateness: Up-to-dateness describes the current age of context informa-
tion. This is information is important because the value of mobile attention is
significantly determined by the ability of context information to describe the
momentary usage of a mobile user (e.g. student, at Frankfurt main train sta-
tion, at lunchtime).
In conclusion, the quality criteria for context information are of a predominantly
quantitative nature compared to its traditional equivalents. Thus, the evaluation
of context-sensitive mobile attention data quality requires less interpretation and
can be measured more objectively.

4.3.2 Production of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention

In order to convert acquired mobile attention into a tradable good, Mobile Mar-
keting Providers have to produce mobile attention profiles from the attention
data (Figge 2007, p. 66 ff.). These profiles represent the personal preferences of
mobile users in their momentary usage situation and enable the targeting of Mo-
bile Advertising campaigns for advertisers.
Depending on the requirements of advertisers as recipients of mobile attention
profiles, those can be processed in various forms (i.e. analytically, synoptically
or synthetically). Traditional attention data represents observed online behaviour
of mobile users (e.g. followed links, entered keywords, etc.). It is analytically
processed to derive mobile user preferences. Those traditional mobile attention
profiles represent the statistical average preferences of a group of mobile users,
who regulary pay attention to a certain type of Mobile Advertising campaign
(Hegge 2008, p. 288 ff.; Oesterer and Winkler 2008, p. 579 ff.).
By contrast, context-sensitive attention data represents explicit information
about individual mobile users. It is synthetically processed (Rose 1998, p. 172)
Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention 103

by compiling the different types of attention data to a unified context-sensitive


mobile attention profile. Since the availability and accuracy of attention data
may vary (cp. Section 4.3.1), adding quality information (e.g. location data ac-
curacy) to the profile allows advertisers to assess the overall quality of the atten-
tion profile to a certain extent by themselves. The same applies to integration of
privacy polices into the attention profile, since Section 4.3.1 revealed the influ-
ence of the ability of mobile users to the control the usage of their personal data
on their willingness to disclose this data.

4.3.3 Sale and Distribution of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention

Mobile Marketing Providers commercialise the produced context-sensitive mo-


bile attention via their mobile media market. Thereby, they act in two different
roles. On the one hand, they act as merchant intermediaries, which acquire mo-
bile attention from mobile users to sell them to advertisers. On the other hand,
they operate the mobile media market on which they offer the mobile attention
to advertisers. In the latter case, they support the different phases of the neces-
sary market transactions. As outlined in Section 3.2.3, these market transactions
can be divided into an information, agreement, and settlement phase. The impact
of context information on these phases is addressed in the following sections.
4.3.3.1 The Information Phase
In the information phase, advertisers acquire general information about the mo-
bile media market. Since a monopolistic Mobile Marketing Provider is assumed
within the scope of this work, this activity can be reduced to the evaluation and
selection of relevant context-sensitive mobile attention for their Mobile Adver-
tising campaigns. In order to do so, advertisers match available mobile attention
profiles with the targeting profiles for their corresponding Mobile Advertising
campaigns.
Traditional mobile attention is predominantly purchased by advertisers prior to
conducting a Mobile Advertising campaign. Therefore, advertisers select the
most relevant mobile attention based on traditional mobile attention profiles.
Those are semi-formally specified and comprised of a set of predefined mobile
user preferences. In order for advertisers to assess the value (relevance) of mo-
bile attention, a common semantic understanding is required between Mobile
104 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention

Marketing Providers and advertisers about the meaning of the attributes con-
tained in the traditional mobile attention profile (Figge 2007, p. 82).
By contrast, context-sensitive mobile attention is purchased at the very moment,
a mobile users accesses the mobile portal of a Mobile Marketing Provider.
Therefore, context-sensitive mobile attention profiles have to be matched in
real-time with the corresponding targeting profile of a Mobile Advertising cam-
paign. Consequently, context-sensitive mobile attention profiles as well as the
respective targeting profiles have to be formally specified (cp. Section 4.2) in an
electronically processable data format. Therefore, a common semantic under-
standing about the contained attributes is required as well (Schmid 1999, p. 10).
However, since context information is actively disclosed by mobile users, this
understanding has to be extended to them too. If mobile users are unable to ex-
press their real personal preferences (e.g. personal interests) against a Mobile
Marketing Provider or advertiser respectively, the targeting of a Mobile Adver-
tising campaign may fail.
As result of the information phase, the advertiser selects the mobile attention of
their preferred mobile audience by formally specifying their targeting profile
(e.g. male students, currently in Munich on holiday). Subsequently, the price
fixing process for this mobile attention is the main objective of the agreement
phase.
4.3.3.2 The Agreement Phase
The main subject of the negotiation of an agreement between Mobile Marketing
Providers and advertisers is the price fixing for the provision of mobile attention.
The type of negotiation significantly depends on the applied pricing model. For
static pricing models such as CPM, the terms of conditions are already available
in the information phase (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 93). By contrast, dynamic, in-
teractive pricing models typically found in the search engine-marketing domain,
are auctioning off the position of a mobile advertisement on the result page of
search engines (Google Corporation 2009c; Yahoo Corporation 2009a).
Traditional mobile attention is predominately priced based on the static CPM
pricing model (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 22). Theoretically, this model could also
be applied to context-sensitive mobile attention. However, the availability of
context information for mobile attention leads to the ability to target very small
audiences groups or even individual mobile users.
Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention 105

Figure 4.10 depicts the different types of targeted groups. For traditional mobile
attention, all mobile users within the targeting profile (e.g. male students living
in Frankfurt) have the same single value for advertisers. By contrast, for context-
sensitive mobile attention, all mobile users within a targeting profile (e.g. mobile
users with a max. POS distance of 500m) can exhibit further individual, distinc-
tive values for advertisers (e.g. individual personal preferences derived from
their identity information).

Figure 4.10: Targeting of Traditional vs. Context-sensitive Mobile Atten-


tion

Traditional Context-sensitive
Mobile Attention Mobile Attention

Value A

Value B

Value C

Value D
Mobile
Value X Users

Targeting Profile

Consequently, the characteristics, which determine the individuality of context-


sensitive mobile attention for advertisers, can be summarised as follows:
• Quantity of disclosed Context-sensitive Mobile Attention Data: This as-
pect denotes the amount of available mobile attention data about mobile us-
ers, which can be used in order to generate a mobile context-sensitive atten-
tion profile. For instance, due to privacy issues, a mobile user may only dis-
close a subset of the attention data relevant for an advertiser, which conse-
quently lowers the value of their mobile attention (Albers et al. 2008; Albers
2007).
• Quality of Context-sensitive Attention Profile: This aspect denotes the
quality of context-sensitive attention data based on the quality criteria frame-
106 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention

work introduced by Buchholz et al. (2003). For instance, the quality of con-
text information can be described by its up-to-dateness, precision or the reso-
lution (cp. Section 4.3.1).
• Advertiser’s Ability to assess the Value of Context-sensitive Attention:
Advertisers need to be able to assess the actual value or relevance of mobile
attention for their planned Mobile Advertising campaign. Otherwise, they will
not able to reveal their true willingness-to-pay for it (Skiera and Spann 2002,
p. 279).
In conclusion, context-sensitive mobile attention exhibits better search qualities
than traditional mobile attention, which helps to reduce the information asym-
metries between advertisers and mobile users. This allows advertisers to select
the individual mobile attention of mobile users, which they consider relevant for
their Mobile Advertising campaigns. Thereby, the context-sensitive mobile at-
tention of each mobile user has a distinct value for each advertiser. Conse-
quently, the pricing of context-sensitive mobile attention based on classic CPM
approaches is no longer efficient. Mobile Marketing Providers have to differen-
tiate prices for mobile attention in accordance with an advertiser’s individual
WTP. This allows them to increase their profits by reducing the advertiser’s sur-
plus (Varian 1996).
According to Odlyzko (2003), three prerequisites have to be met in order that
Mobile Marketing Providers are able to conduct price discrimination:
• Advertisers have to accept price discrimination for mobile attention (1).
• Mobile Marketing Providers can successfully prevent arbitrage (2).
• Mobile Marketing Providers have to gain knowledge about the individual
WTP of an advertiser for the mobile attention of a mobile user in their mo-
mentary usage situation (3).
The ability to meet the first condition originates from the fact that advertisers
cannot compare the prices of mobile attention to prices offered by theoretical
competitors. Context information leads to an individual value of mobile atten-
tion for each advertiser. Thus, context information converts the homogenous
good mobile attention into a heterogeneous one. This makes it a non-commodity
good, which can be price-discriminated.
Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention 107

The second condition is met by intrinsic characteristics of mobile attention.


Since attention is not storable and as such has to be consumed by Mobile Adver-
tising campaigns at the very moment is has been acquired (cp. Section 3.1.3), no
arbitrage is possible.
In order to meet the third condition an appropriate pricing mechanism has to be
implemented, which reveals the WTP of advertisers for context-sensitive mobile
attention. For instance, the Vickrey Auction (Cary et al. 2007) represents under
certain circumstances such a pricing mechanism (Klemperer 2002).
The consecutive and final transaction phase for context-sensitive mobile atten-
tion constitutes the settlement phase.
4.3.3.3 The Settlement Phase
In the settlement phase, mobile attention is transferred to the respective advertis-
ers in exchange for monetary compensation. In order to deliver mobile attention
to advertisers, Mobile Marketing Providers have to visually display the corre-
sponding Mobile Advertising campaigns on the advertising space of their mobile
portal. While this process is same for traditional and context-sensitive attention,
the availability of context information contributes to the reduction of click fraud,
as well as the gain of knowledge about the physical behaviour of mobile users in
relation to conducted Mobile Advertising campaigns:
• Click-Fraud Reduction: The most basic form of click fraud aims at causing
financial harm to competing advertisers. For this, an online or mobile display
advertisement is clicked until the marketing budget for this campaign is ex-
hausted and the advertisement is no longer displayed (Bennefeld 2008, p.
594). Due to the global availability of the Internet, this fraud can be commit-
ted from any place in the world for traditional Mobile Advertising campaigns.
By contrast, for context-sensitive Mobile Advertising campaigns, a mobile
user has to be in the targeted usage context of a Mobile Advertising campaign
(e.g. a mobile user sees and can only click on a mobile advertisement if he re-
sides in close vicinity of a POS).
• Knowledge of Physical Behaviour of Mobile Users: Traditional perform-
ance measurement solely captures the online reaction of a mobile user to a
conducted Mobile Advertising campaign (e.g. click on the mobile advertise-
ment) (Steimel 2008, p. 74). The performance measurement of context-
sensitive Mobile Advertising campaigns additionally allows incorporating the
108 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention

momentary usage situation. Consequently, advertisers could gain knowledge


in which context mobile users actually respond to a delivered Mobile Adver-
tising campaign. For instance, the Sense Networks Corporation (Sense Net-
works 2009) provides a platform, which is dedicated to analysis mobile loca-
tion data in real-time. It allows deriving information such as “how the dis-
tance to a POS correlates to the likelihood of a mobile user actually visiting
the POS for a purchase”.

4.3.4 Concluding Research Propositions

Based on the analysis of impacts of context information on the mobile attention


value chain of Mobile Marketing Providers, the following research propositions
have been developed:
• Proposition P2a: The general value of context-sensitive attention signifi-
cantly depends on the willingness of individual mobile users to disclose qual-
ity attention data.
• Proposition P2b: Context-sensitive mobile attention profiles allow advertis-
ers to individually determine the relevance of mobile users and select them
accordingly for their Mobile Advertising campaigns.
• Proposition P2c: Context-sensitive mobile attention profiles require a for-
mal representation and common semantic understanding between all market
participants to enable effective targeting for Mobile Advertising campaigns.
• Proposition P2d: The value of context-sensitive attention is individual for
each advertiser, which leads to an individual willingness-to-pay. Conse-
quently, traditional CPM-based pricing models are no longer efficient for
Mobile Marketing Providers.
Finally, after the presentation of the analysis of the characteristics of mobile at-
tention as an economic good as well as its corresponding value chain, the im-
pacts of context-sensitive mobile attention on the functioning and characteristics
of mobile media markets from the network economics perspective are presented.

4.4 Two-sided Mobile Media Markets of Context-sensitive Mobile


Attention
The impact analysis of context information on mobile attention closes with the
analysis of context-sensitive mobile attention from the perspective of network
Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention 109

economics in the form of two-sided markets. Consequently, the following sec-


tions evaluate the main characteristics of two-sided mobile media markets as
introduced in Section 3.3.

4.4.1 Indirect Network Externalities

One of the most distinct characteristics of two-sided media markets are indirect
network externalities across both markets (cp. Section 3.3.2). In traditional mo-
bile media markets, advertisers benefit from an increasing number of mobile
users (reach) whereas the utility of mobile users can either be positively or nega-
tive correlated to the number of advertisers in the market (cp. Section 3.3.1).
With the availability of context information, the mobile attention of mobile users
can be described more accurately and thus individually. While this provides
benefit to advertisers and mobile users (cp. Section 2.5), it also decreases the
indirect cross-network effects within the two-sided mobile media market. The
more accurately a mobile attention profile describes the preferences of a targeted
mobile user, the more difficult it becomes to find this mobile user among the
visitors of a Mobile Marketing Provider’s mobile portal. Consequently, the mere
size of the content or advertiser market side becomes less relevant compared to
having the right mobile users matched to the targeting profiles with advertisers
in the market.

4.4.2 Common Pricing Structure

Two-sided media markets are linked by their common pricing structure across
both markets. In general, advertising-financed media markets offer content to
mobile users predominately free-of-charge, while advertisers are charged for the
attention of users (cp. Section 3.3.2).
In traditional mobile media markets, the situation is similar. However, the acqui-
sition of context information in order to target Mobile Advertising campaigns
generates additional costs (cp. Section 3.2.1). This is because mobile users ex-
pect incentives in exchange for the active disclosure of personal information
(Awad and Krishnan 2006). Consequently, Mobile Marketing Providers are fac-
ing the question of how to balance the acquisition costs for context information,
in relation to the potentially higher willingness-to-pay of advertisers, due to a
higher targeting effectiveness for context-sensitive mobile attention.
110 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention

4.4.3 Interaction Types

Two-sided mobile media markets exhibit the single interactions (one-to-one)


and multiple interactions (one-to-many) between participants on both market
sides, which cause network externalities (cp. Section 3.3.2).
In traditional mobile media markets, attention profiles define large audience
groups based on their personal preferences (cp. Section 2.4.2.1). Consequently,
advertisers typically benefit from each additional mobile user on the opposite
market side. Therefore, traditional mobile media markets represent multiple in-
teraction markets.
By contrast, context-sensitive mobile attention profiles allow advertisers to tar-
get their Mobile Advertising campaigns more individually towards mobile users.
Thus, advertisers only benefit if an additional mobile user fits their very specific
targeting profile. Consequently, context-sensitive mobile attention shifts tradi-
tional two-sided mobile media markets towards the single interaction market
type.

4.4.4 Development of new Two-sided Mobile Media Markets

The main issue of developing and establishing a two-sided market is often called
the chicken & egg problem. It refers to the fact that a market intermediary has to
get a certain number of participants onboard for both market sides at the same
time. Once a critical mass of participants on either side has been reached, the
market starts to function on its own. This issue can be addressed by various
forms of subsidisation for one or both markets (cp. Section 3.3.2).
Context information allows advertisers to target Mobile Advertising campaigns
to individual mobile users. Therefore, subsidising one market becomes more
difficult than in traditional mobile media markets. Although the latter benefits
from any new participant, the development of mobile media markets for context-
sensitive mobile attention can only take advantage from a new participant, if he
is directly relevant to the opposite market. In other words, a new mobile user is
only beneficial to the two-sided mobile media market development if he
matches to the targeting profile of an existing advertiser.
Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention 111

Consequently, subsidisation of one mobile media market side has to be targeted


to the needs of the opposite market side, which translates to bringing in the right
new market participants.

4.4.5 Two-sided Market Type

Finally, the service enabled by a market intermediary in a two-sided market also


determines its market type. In general, advertising-financed media markets are
audience maker markets. Their purpose is to generate an audience, which atten-
tion can be offered to advertisers for conducting marketing campaigns.
The same applies to mobile media markets for traditional and context-sensitive
mobile attention. Consequently, these markets are audience maker markets as
well.

4.4.6 Concluding Research Propositions

Based on the previous analysis of context-sensitive mobile attention from the


network economics perspective for two-sided markets, the following main re-
search propositions have been developed:
• Proposition P3a: Context-sensitive mobile attention decreases indirect net-
work externalities due to its capability of individually describing the prefer-
ences of mobile users in their current usage situation.
• Proposition P3b: Critical mass of participants for the development and op-
eration of mobile media markets for context-sensitive mobile attention is
harder to reach than for traditional mobile media markets.

4.5 Limitations of the Analysis


The analysis of context-sensitive mobile attention exhibits some conceptional
limitations, which predominantly originate from the novelty of context-sensitive
Mobile Advertising campaigns and therefore the lack of corresponding mobile
media markets in practice.
First, due to the novelty of context-sensitive Mobile Advertising campaigns, this
analysis has an explorative character. Consequently, not all relevant impacts of
context information on mobile attention might have been identified.
Second, the analysis was conducted by literature review. Thus, the identified
impacts of context information on the traditional commercialisation of mobile
112 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention

attention can only indicate the need for different or new engineering require-
ments for mobile media markets than empirically proving them.
Finally, the developed conceptional analysis framework (cp. Chapter 3) consid-
ers mobile attention as an economic good in mobile media markets. Although,
the attention economy school lays the foundation for this approach, it does not
constitute a proven theory (Zerdick et al. 2001, p. 36 ff.).

4.6 Summary and Conclusion


The provision of context-sensitive mobile attention allows a more effective tar-
geting of Mobile Marketing campaigns for advertisers, whilst delivering more
relevance to mobile users. However, in contrast to traditional mobile attention
data, context information constitutes explicit knowledge on the current usage
situation of a mobile user, which needs to be willingly disclosed by them.
In order to identify and analyse possible impacts originating from these special
characteristics of context information, the developed conceptual analysis
framework presented in Chapter 3 was applied. Consequently, all relevant as-
pects concerning the commercialisation of context-sensitive mobile attention in
mobile media markets along with the impacts of context information on Mobile
Marketing Providers have been examined.
By narrowing down the analysis scope from Mobile Marketing campaigns to
Mobile Advertising campaigns as its most prospective subset, the following
concrete aspects of the commercialisation of mobile attention have been ana-
lysed:
• Mobile Attention as an Economic Good in Mobile Media Markets: Im-
pacts of context information on the characteristics of mobile attention as an
economic good, which is being traded in mobile media markets.
• Mobile Attention Value Chain of Mobile Marketing Providers: Impacts
of context information on the acquisition, production, and sales & distribu-
tion of mobile attention by Mobile Marketing Providers.
• Mobile Media Markets as Two-sided Markets: Impacts of context infor-
mation on the characteristics and functioning of mobile media markets from
the network economics perspective.
Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention 113

Based on the analysis results, multiple research propositions reflecting the ex-
plored impacts have been developed. The following Table 4.1 summarises these
propositions based on the perspectives from which the analysis was conducted.

Table 4.1: Summary of developed Research Propositions on the Impacts


of Context Information on Mobile Attention

Analysis Analysed Aspects Developed Research Proposition


Perspective

Characteristics of - Proposition P1a: Context information in-


Context-sensitive creases the search qualities of mobile attention,
Attention as an which allows advertisers to evaluate its actual
Economic Good relevance prior to the purchase.

Proposition P1b: The provision of context-


sensitive mobile attention requires formally
specified mobile attention and targeting profiles.

Value Creation Procurement of Proposition P2a: The general value of context-


Process for Con- Context-sensitive sensitive attention significantly depends on the
text-sensitive Mobile Attention willingness of individual mobile users to disclose
Mobile Attention quality attention data.
Production of Con-
text-sensitive Mo-
bile Attention Proposition P2b: Context-sensitive mobile at-
tention profiles allow advertisers to individually
determine the relevance of mobile users and
select them accordingly for their Mobile Advertis-
Sales and Distribu- ing campaigns.
tion of Context-
sensitive Mobile
Attention Proposition P2c: Context-sensitive mobile at-
tention profiles require a formal representation
and common semantic understanding between
all market participants to enable effective target-
ing for Mobile Advertising campaigns.

Proposition P2d: The value of context-sensitive


attention is individual for each advertiser, which
leads to an individual willingness-to-pay. Thus,
traditional CPM-based pricing models are no
longer efficient for Mobile Marketing Providers.
114 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Attention

Analysis Analysed Aspects Developed Research Proposition


Perspective

Two-sided Mobile Indirect Network Proposition P3a: Context-sensitive mobile at-


Media Markets of Externalities across tention decreases indirect network externalities
Context-sensitive both Markets due to its capability of individually describing the
Attention preferences of mobile users in their current us-
Multiple Interaction age situation.
Externalities

Common Pricing Proposition P3b: Critical mass of participants


Structure for development and operation in mobile media
markets for context-sensitive mobile attention is
Development of
harder to reach than for traditional mobile media
new Two-sided
markets.
Mobile Media Mar-
kets

Two-sided Market
Type

Indirect Network
Externalities across
both Markets

Technically, context information can be considered as additional data, which


allows describing the momentary usage situation of mobile users. It could be
integrated into mobile media market platforms of Mobile Marketing Providers
with a reasonable effort. However, the outlined research propositions indicate
the need for Mobile Marketing Providers to align the current design of their mo-
bile media market platforms in order to address the identified impacts of context
information on the traditional commercialisation of mobile attention.
For this, the developed research propositions constitute an analysis theory (The-
ory Type I) in the sense of Gregor (2006) and contribute as foundation for the
development of engineering recommendation framework for mobile media mar-
ket platforms.
In order to develop and document the engineering recommendations in a struc-
tured, applicable, and proven manner, the following chapter presents the selec-
tion and adaption of a reference framework and process model from the field of
electronic markets for the engineering of mobile media markets.
Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets 115

5 Reference Model for the Development of Mobile


Media Markets
Following Schmid and Lindemann (1998), mobile media markets can be consid-
ered electronic markets because all transaction phases are electronically sup-
ported. The design of these markets is considered a complex and error-prone
task. Thereby, the development process towards a desired market outcome is
typically conducted in a trial and error manner (Weinhardt et al. 2003).
Consequently, in order to develop engineering recommendations for mobile me-
dia market platforms, existing electronic market frameworks are reviewed and
their suitability to capture the engineering recommendations is examined. For
this, Section 5.1 gives an introduction to traditional and electronic markets from
an institutional perspective whilst highlighting their basic components. Subse-
quently, Section 5.2 shows the literature review on the design of electronic mar-
kets in the search for existing engineering frameworks suitable to capture the
aspects of mobile media markets.
Section 5.3 introduces the Market Engineering Framework of Weinhardt et al.
(2003) as the model most appropriate for addressing the design aspects of mo-
bile media markets. Subsequently, Section 5.4 reveals the complementary engi-
neering process model of the Market Engineering Framework. It specifies a se-
ries of activities to be accomplished to develop and rollout electronic markets.
Finally, Section 5.5 presents how the Market Engineering Framework of
Weinhardt et al. (2003) is aligned to be able to develop and document the engi-
neering recommendations of mobile media market platforms. The actual engi-
neering recommendation framework is then presented in Chapter 6.

5.1 Introduction to Electronic Markets


A broadly acknowledged theoretical foundation for the concept market comes
from the discipline of Economics by Smith (1982). He introduced the microeco-
nomic system framework, which describes an economic system as a set of inter-
related concepts for markets as institutions (cp. Figure 5.1).
116 Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets

Figure 5.1: Microeconomic System Framework (Smith 1982)

System Performance
Efficiency, Revenue

Behaviour
Based on dispersed
private information
given the Institution

Institution
System Performance
Language of Market,
Efficiency, Revenue
Rules of Communication and Contract,
Procedural Structure

Economic Environment
Agent Preferences, Costs,
Resources, Knowledge

The first component of this framework comprises the economic environment. It


documents the preferences of agents (market participants) towards available
transactions, the characteristics of resources (tradable goods) as well as the ex-
isting knowledge of agents (market information). Within this environment a
mechanism, which can be considered as dialogue between agents, leads to an
allocation of resources. This mechanism is governed by an institution, which
represents the second component of the framework. It represents a set of basic
rules, which control the dialogue process of the agents and ultimately determines
the outcome of the mechanism (agent behaviour) leading to a resource allocation
(outcome in the economic system). The comparison of this outcome to the initial
economic environment results in the system performance.
While from the abstract institutional perspective, electronic markets can also be
characterised as the microeconomic system framework of Smith (1982), they
exhibit several distinctive characteristics. By following Schmid and Lindemann
(1998), electronic markets at least support one phase of a market transaction
electronically. In addition, electronic markets do not evolve, but have to be de-
Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets 117

signed towards a desired market outcome (Weinhardt et al. 2003). They require
a market operator, who provides an electronic marketplace, in order to enable
the allocation of resources in exchange for monetary compensation (Neumann
2007, p. 63). Thereby, the market operator needs to compensate their invest-
ments in the electronic market and gain profits from their operation. Conse-
quently, the design of electronic markets involves the development of a market
operator’s business model as well (Weinhardt et al. 2006, p. 9). Furthermore, the
information and communication technology (ICT) has to be considered too. Be-
cause of this, the development of distributed market platforms (e.g. via Peer-to-
Peer architectures), multi-agent systems targeting scalability, security and trust,
as well as the computability of resource allocation comprise the most recent
challenges to be addressed in this field (Weinhardt et al. 2006, p. 9).
Electronic markets do not merely comprise the development of a resource allo-
cation mechanism conducted via electronic media. Market designers have to
consider the interdisciplinary aspects of electronic markets, which require an
integrated development approach (Schmid and Lindemann 1998). In this regard,
the following section shows the review of existing contributions to this field.

5.2 Related Work on the Design of Electronic Markets


Literature reviews on electronic markets show that a large body of contributions
merely focuses on isolated aspects of electronic markets – especially on their
resource allocation mechanism.
Tewari and Maes (2000) developed an agent-based intermediary infrastructure
for electronic markets whilst focussing on the development of a resource alloca-
tion mechanism for heterogeneous goods, and deriving a suitable IT-
infrastructure. Bichler (2001) analysed multi-attributive auctions on electronic
markets with respect to the required ICT-infrastructure. In addition, Gogolin and
Schneider (2004) have developed a flexible technical infrastructure for enabling
electronic markets.
Regarding the business aspects of electronic markets, Bellmann et al. (2006) and
Rose (1998) have developed an economic model of electronic markets based on
the economics of search as an underlying foundation. Furthermore, Dai and
Kauffman (2002) introduced a business model for Internet-based B2B Elec-
tronic Markets. Yoo et al. (2002) introduced pricing strategies of electronic B2B
118 Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets

marketplaces with two-sided network externalities. Schubert (1997) aimed at


developing a framework to capture socio-economic aspects of electronic mar-
kets. Finally, Subrahmanian and Talukdar (2003) discussed the relationship be-
tween engineering and economic-driven approaches of designing of markets.
In contrast to the research of isolated aspects of electronic markets, Lindemann
and Schmid (1998) proposed an interdisciplinary reference model of electronic
markets (cp. Figure 5.2).

Figure 5.2: Reference Model for Electronic Markets (Lindemann and


Schmid 1998)

Information Agreement Settlement


Phase Phase Phase
Business
Business Model
View

Transaction
Market Transactions and Business Scenarios
View

Service Mediating E- Computer


Electronic
Product Integrated
View Contracting Tool
Catalogue Logistics

Infrastructure
Communication Infrastructure
View

t
Market Transaction

The reference model vertically structures the design aspects of the different dis-
ciplines as views along the classic phases of a market transaction. In this regard,
the two upper views are concerned with organisational aspects, whereas the
lower equivalents are addressing the technological aspects of the electronic mar-
ket. Although, acknowledging the need to address the interdisciplinary aspects
of electronic markets with the development of a multi-layered reference model,
the authors did not provide a structured process model to alleviate the complex
and error-prone design of electronic markets. In this regard, Weinhardt et al.
(2003) introduced the Market Engineering approach for the design of electronic
Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets 119

markets. It provides an interdisciplinary framework as well as a complementary,


structured process model for the engineering electronic markets.
In the following section, this Market Engineering Framework is further elabo-
rated and substantiated why it is chosen for the development and documentation
of the engineering recommendation for mobile media markets of context-
sensitive mobile attention.

5.3 Introduction to the Market Engineering Framework


The Market Engineering Framework as well as its process model were initially
introduced by Weinhardt et al. (2003) and have further been shaped by Neu-
mann (2007) and Holtmann (2004). Although, they were designed to suit finan-
cial electronic markets, the following sections will introduce them and subse-
quently show their applicability to mobile media markets.
Weinhardt et al. (2003) developed and introduced the Market Engineering
framework based on the Microeconomic System Framework of Smith (1982). It
explicates the relation between the market structure, behaviour of market par-
ticipants and finally the market outcome (cp. Figure 5.3).

Figure 5.3: Electronic Market Engineering Framework (based on


Weinhardt et al. 2003)

Transaction Service
Environment (market structure) Behaviour of
• Technological Transaction Market E-Market
• Social- • Microstructure outcome
Object Participants
economical • ICT-Infrastructure
• Legal • Business Model

Market Performance
(Allocation, Prices)

Markets and especially electronic markets do not exist independently in empty


space. They are embedded in a market environment, which can be characterised
by technological, socio-economic, and legal aspects. Those cannot be influenced
by a market designer (cp. next section).
120 Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets

5.3.1 Market Environment

The market environment is comprised of three components. The technological


environment reflects the available underlying ICT-infrastructure, which enables
the market participants to communicate and interact via electronic media. To-
day, this especially involves the Internet as the electronic communication me-
dium and the information technology required to process the resource allocation
mechanisms (Weinhardt et al. 2006, p. 9). The socio-economic environment is
concerned with the relation between economic activities of the market partici-
pants and their social life. Thereby, the focus is on the social impact of occurring
economic change such as the emergence of new technologies, introduced laws
and impacts on physical or ecological environment (Schubert 1997, p. 3). Fi-
nally, legal environment outlines the boundaries of market operators defined by
the applicable law. Therefore, markets for electronic commerce are, among oth-
ers, affected by the European data protection directives, which aim to protect the
privacy of online users or electronic markets participants respectively (European
Parliament 1995; European Parliament 2002).

5.3.2 Transaction Object

Based on the given market environment, the market designer describes the
transaction object by specifying its key characteristics. According to Holtmann
(2004, p .137) this includes answering the following questions:
• What kind of good can actually be traded on the market (e.g. tangible vs. in-
tangible goods)? This is directly determined by the interests of the market
stakeholders as well as the market environment.
• What are the key characteristics, which suitably describe the transaction ob-
ject? For instance, this includes ensuring that buyers are able to distinctly
identify a trading object and determine its quality.
• How can this good actually be traded on the market (e.g. minimum requested
quantity)? For instance, information as an economic good is traded differently
than physical goods (Shapiro and Varian 2006, p. 3 f.).
The transaction object specification constitutes the link between the market en-
vironment in which an electronic market is embedded, and the market transac-
tion service to be designed (Weinhardt et al. 2003, p. 137). Thereby, this trans-
Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets 121

action service of an electronic market consists of the three components, which


are introduced in the following sections.

5.3.3 Transaction Service

The transaction service of an electronic market consists of the market operator’s


business model, the market microstructure, and its underlying ICT-
infrastructure.
5.3.3.1 Business Model
Intuitively, a business model aims at conceptualising the business of an organi-
sation. In this regard, one of the most comprehensive contributions was provided
by Osterwalder (2004, p. 23 ff.). He analysed an extensive body of literature on
business models and subsequently proposed a unified reference model synthesis-
ing all evaluated business model approaches (Osterwalder 2004, p. 42 ff.).
Therefore, this work follows his definition of the term business model (Oster-
walder 2004, p. 14):

A business model is a conceptual tool that contains a set of ele-


ments and their relationships and allows expressing a company's
logic of earning money. It is a description of the value a company
offers to one or several segments of customers and the architec-
ture of the firm and its network of partners for creating, market-
ing and delivering this value and relationship capital, in order to
generate profitable and sustainable revenue streams.

Nevertheless, to describe the business model component of the Market Engi-


neering Framework, the model of Osterwalder is oversized for the scope of this
work. Instead, the business model based of the frequently cited concept of Zer-
dick et al. (2004, p. 37), Timmers (1998) and Stähler (2001) is used. They simi-
larly identify value proposition, revenue model and value creation architecture
as the main three components of a business model:
• Value Proposition: The value proposition of an organisation defines the pro-
posed value for customers and partners participating in the value creation
process (Stähler 2001, p. 43).
• Revenue Model: According to Skiera et al. (2005), the revenue model de-
fines how an organisation generates revenues from its economic activities.
122 Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets

This can be further subdivided into revenue source, revenue partner and price
model components with regard to commercialised products or services.

Figure 5.4: Revenue Model Framework (Skiera et al. 2005)

Revenue
Source

Product Contact Information

Revenue
Partner

Seller Buyer

Price
Model

Non-
Interactive
Interactive

There are three types of revenue sources. Product represents the provision of
products or services in exchange for monetary compensation. Contact de-
notes the provision of an opportunity to contact customers for marketing
purposes, and Information constitutes the provision of acquired knowledge
about customers for Third Parties.
The revenue partner constitutes the party from which the revenue of a busi-
ness is generated. This can be either the seller or buyer of a product or ser-
vice. If the revenue source is provided by the seller of a product, it is as-
sumed that the organisation acts in the role of an intermediary between both
parties and charges the seller for its services.
The price model represents the price fixing method, which can either be in-
teractive or non-interactive. Interactive pricing involves the interaction of
sellers and buyers in the price fixing process (e.g. auctions). For non-
interactive or static pricing respectively, the seller has to determine the price
of a product or service.
• Value Creation Architecture: The architecture for the value creation of an
organisation determines the interaction of the involved business partners in
Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets 123

order to produce products and services (Stähler 2001, p. 43). In this regard,
the value chain model developed by Porter (1998) applies. It consists of chain
links of which each represents a distinct activity to create value for the cus-
tomer. Figure 5.5 depicts a simplified model of the value chain based on Zer-
dick et al. (2001, p. 33). It is assumed that the left end of the value chain is
connected to the organisation’s suppliers, and the corresponding right end to
its customers (Zerdick et al. 2001, p. 31).

Figure 5.5: Simplified Value Chain Model (based on Zerdick et al. 2001,
p. 33)

Investment Production Sales Billing Customer

Since in the scope of this work, the value creation in mobile media markets is
modelled as an mobile attention value chain (cp. Section 3.2), the frequent criti-
cism of this Porter model is that it is not being able to capture the complexity of
today’s value creation in the Internet economy (Tapscott et al. 2000). However,
since this work converts a value network into a value chain by the abstraction of
all participants in the mobile media markets (cp. Section 4.1.4), which are not
relevant in relation to the analysis of context information, this still allows the
application of Porter’s value chain model.
5.3.3.2 Market Microstructure
Although, the market microstructure theory originates in the financial domain to
study the exchanging assets in markets (Rose 1998, p. 72; Holtmann, p. 133),
this work applies its theory in the sense of a resource allocation mechanism for
context-sensitive mobile attention.
A resource allocation mechanism represents a protocol by which agents (i.e.
market participants) can realise a solution to a resource allocation problem.
Thereby, a mechanism maps messages or signals into a solution. For market-
based mechanisms, a price is assigned to each resource in the form of money.
Prices are non-negative numbers that determine the exchange value of resource
124 Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets

in a market. They provide an aggregation of global information and enable


agents to make rational decisions (Bichler 2001, p. 48).
In the context of this work, the resource allocation mechanism constitutes an
institution. It is comprised of a set of rules, which define the way market partici-
pants can communicate and interact in order to conduct market transactions.
Trading rules define a language as possible messages the communication proc-
ess in the form of the resource allocation, pricing as well as respective financial
and good exchanges between the market participants. Access rules assign the
traders, which are allowed to participate in the market and their respective trad-
ing rights (Holtmann 2004, p. 133 ff.). Figure 5.6 depicts the comprising aspects
of a resource allocation mechanism.

Figure 5.6: Process and Rules of a Resource Allocation Mechanism (based


on Holtmann 2004, p. 133)
Resource Allocation Mechanism Phases

Start Access Rules

Communication
Process

Trading Rules
Allocation

Pricing

End

5.3.3.3 ICT-Infrastructure
The ICT-infrastructure comprises the underlying technology required to enable
the operation of electronic markets. This involves information systems as the
combination of software and hardware, including their architecture in order to
conduct market transaction (Holtmann 2004, p. 190 f.). Thereby, the ICT-
architecture of an electronic market can be typically based on the classic three-
tier architecture for information systems (Edwards 1999, S. 4 ff.) (cp. Figure
5.7).
Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets 125

Figure 5.7: Three-Tier Architecture of an Electronic Market (based on


Holtmann 2004, p. 191 f.)

Electronic Market Architecture

Presentation Tier
• Market Participants User Interfaces (Trading)
• Market Operator User Interface (Administrator)

Logic Tier
Processing of Market Transactions

Data Tier
Transaction and User Data Storage

At the top of the ICT-architecture resides the presentation tier. It constitutes the
interface for market participants to enable the submission of offers and requests
for economic goods. Furthermore, the market operator is provided with an inter-
face to administrate the electronic market. In the middle, the logic tier is respon-
sible for the processing of market transactions (Lindemann and Schmid 1998).
At the bottom, the data tier stores the required data about the market participants
and transactions (Holtmann 2004, p. 192).
5.3.3.4 Interdependency of the Transaction Service Components
The outlined components of an electronic market exhibit possible interdepend-
encies and consequently have to be designed in an integral way of viewing
things. Although, there is an unknown list of potential interdependencies, market
designers have to be aware of this fact and evaluate possible occurrences during
the design process (Holtmann 2004, p. 138). In order to illustrate this issue, Fig-
ure 5.8 exemplifies a possible set of interdependencies:
A market operator introduces combinatorial auctions as new resource allocation
mechanism for selected products of their catalogue. Since the complexity of this
auction protocol exhibits a higher complexity than their previous one, it requires
a higher ICT-infrastructure performance (i.e. predominantly more computational
126 Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets

processing power). However, the provision of increased processing power typi-


cally causes additional costs, which have to be compensated in the business
model by raising the prices for the provision of the market transaction service.
Thereby, higher fees for the usage of the market transaction service may swing
back to reducing the number of market traders. This also may affect the market
microstructure as well as the overall market outcome.

Figure 5.8: Possible Interdependencies between Electronic Markets Com-


ponents

Electronic Market
Complex Resource
Allocation Mechanism

Market Microstructure

Combinatory
Auction
Fewer Market
Participants Higher
IT-Requirements

Business Model ICT Infrastructure

Pricing of Higher Computational Processing


Transaction Service Usage Power
Fees

The outlined complexity of electronic markets and the interdependency of its


components further indicate the need for a structured engineering process for the
electronic markets (Holtmann 2004, p. 139).

5.4 Introduction of the Market Engineering Process Model


The design of electronic markets was traditionally a trial and error process. For
this, the Market Engineering approach of Weinhardt et al. (2003) proposes a
complementary engineering process model derived from the Service Engineer-
ing discipline to enable a structured and goal-oriented design of electronic mar-
kets. It allows systematic addressing of relevant market characteristics, enables
an improved traceability of the market performance whilst fostering a higher
quality for newly introduced electronic markets (Holtmann 2004, p. 139 f.).
Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets 127

According to Weinhardt et al. (2003), the Market Engineering process model


can be divided into six consecutive phases, which roughly encompass require-
ment analysis, design and implementation tasks (cp. Figure 5.9).

Figure 5.9: Market Engineering Process Model (based on Weinhardt et al.


2003)

Requirements
Definition of Design of Implementation, Roll-out
Stakeholder Engineering
Transaction Transaction Test operation,
Identification based on
Object Service Evaluation controlling
Market
Environment

The first phase of the process model is concerned with the identification of the
electronic market stakeholders and their particular interests.
The consecutive phase constitutes the requirement engineering for the develop-
ment of the electronic market. This comprises the evaluation of the socio-
economic, technological, and legal environment in which the market is embed-
ded. The results provide the foundation for an appropriate definition of the
transaction object.
Based on the characteristics of a defined transaction object and the requirements
gathered from the environment analysis, the market transaction service is de-
signed – comprised of the market microstructure, business model as well as
ICT-infrastructure.
Once the transaction object has been defined and transaction service imple-
mented, the market design has to be tested for its economic performance based
on the given design objective. This involves testing the functionality of the elec-
tronic market software against its specification and its economic performance.
For this, a set of methods range from welfare economic or game theory ap-
proaches, to empirical lab or prototype evaluations (Neumann 2007, 169 ff.).
The final phase of the market engineering process constitutes the electronic
market roll-out, operation and performance controlling. Market operation and
performance controlling intuitively may to be not part of the market design
128 Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets

process. However, the knowledge gathered from these activities, provides the
foundation for the continuous and iterative re-evaluation and if applicable redes-
igning of an electronic market.
Since the Market Engineering Framework, as well as its complementary engi-
neering process model originally targeted electronic markets exchanging finan-
cial assets, the last section of this chapter illustrates how this concept can be
adopted for mobile media markets.

5.5 Adaption of the Market Engineering Framework for Mobile


Media Markets
Since the Market Engineering Framework was originally developed for financial
electronic markets, this section aims to show and enable its suitability for the
development and documentation of engineering recommendations for mobile
media markets. Whereas the complementary Market Engineering process model
can be used without modifications, each component of the Market Engineering
Framework (cp. Section 5.3) is evaluated and, if applicable, aligned or detailedly
specified with regard to requirements of mobile media markets in the following
sections.

5.5.1 Market Environment of Mobile Media Markets

The first component of the Market Engineering Framework represents the envi-
ronment in which a market is typically embedded. It consists of a legal, socio-
economic, and technologic environment component (cp. Section 5.3). Thereby,
the Market Engineering Framework is able to capture the interdisciplinary as-
pects especially relevant to mobile media markets (cp. Figure 5.10).
Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets 129

Figure 5.10: Mobile Media Market Environment

Electronic Market Mobile Media Market


Environment Environment
Legal Environment
Legal Environment European and National
Regulations

Socio-Economic Environment
Socio-Economic Environment Personal Nature of
Mobile Media

Technologic Environment
Technologic Environment Sophisticated Infrastructure
enabling Mobile Media

Mobile media markets are highly regulated by the European Union as well as
their national authorities (European Parliament 1995 and 2002), exhibit distinct
socio-economic aspects due to its very personal nature of mobile media (Sultan
and Rohm 2005; Feldmann 2005, p. 60 f.), and require sophisticated ICT-
infrastructures in order to enable mobile data communications (Schiller 2003, p.
16 f.).

5.5.2 Mobile Attention as the Transaction Object

Although, the Market Engineering Framework is able to represent two-sided


electronic markets (Holtmann 2004, p. 178 f.), mobile media markets are two-
sided markets on which two distinct goods (i.e. content and attention) are traded
for each market side. Nevertheless, it can still be adapted to mobile media mar-
kets. By following the attention economy paradigm, mobile attention is consid-
ered the only economic good traded in mobile media markets. Thereby, the Mo-
bile Marketing Provider acquires attention from mobile users on their own ac-
count (i.e. on the content market) and adds value by enriching it with respective
attention data about the mobile user. Finally, this attention is sold to the adver-
tisers (i.e. on the advertising market). Consequently, mobile attention can be
considered the only transaction object of this market. Since the original Market
Engineering framework implicitly assumes that the transaction object is pro-
vided by its seller, it has to be extended to include the acquisition of mobile at-
130 Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets

tention (cp. Section 3.3). Figure 5.11 depicts this extension of the Electronic
Market Engineering Framework, with respect to the procurement of mobile at-
tention.

Figure 5.11: Mobile Attention as the Transaction Object in Mobile Media


Markets

Mobile Media Market Engineering Framework


Aspects relevant for the Transaction Object

Sale of
Procurement of Mobile Attention
Mobile Attention (Transaction Object)
Mobile Mobile
Advertiser
User Marketing
Delivery of Monetary (Buyer)
(Supplier) Provider
Mobile Content Compensation

Electronic Market Engineering Framework


Aspects relevant for the Transaction Object

5.5.3 Transaction Service for Mobile Media Markets

The three components of the transaction service of an electronic market corre-


spond to that of mobile media markets as outlined in the following sections.
5.5.3.1 Business Model of Mobile Marketing Providers
The business model of Mobile Marketing Providers in operating a mobile media
market platform can be described by the value proposition, the revenue model,
and the architecture of value creation (cp. Section 5.3.3.1).
• Value Proposition: The value proposition of Mobile Marketing Providers
operating can be twofold based on the considered perspective. From the tradi-
tional perspective, Mobile Marketing Providers act in a two-sided mobile me-
dia market serving two types of customers. On the content market, the Mobile
Marketing Providers aims to satisfy immediate information needs of mobile
users whereas on the advertising markets, they provide mobile media per-
formance for advertisers.
By contrast, from the perspective of the attention economy and for the re-
mainder of this work, the value proposition Mobile Marketing Provider con-
Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets 131

stitutes the provision of mobile attention for advertisers conducting Mobile


Advertising campaigns.
• Revenue Model: The revenue model of Mobile Marketing Providers deter-
mines how revenue is generated. Following the concept of Skiera (2005), as
introduced in Section 5.3.3.1, the revenue model consists of revenue source,
revenue partner and price model.
Since mobile content is assumed to be advertising-financed (cp. Section 2.1.2)
and is offered free of charge to mobile users, the revenue source of Mobile
Marketing Providers constitutes selling mobile attention to advertisers to con-
duct Mobile Advertising campaigns (revenue source type: contact).
The revenue partner is the party (i.e. seller or buyer of a product) from which
the revenue can be generated. Based on the previously identified revenue
source of selling mobile attention, this party is the advertisers.
The pricing model represents the price fixing method. For mobile attention,
this can be either interactive or non-interactive. Whereas interactive pricing
involves the interaction of sellers and buyers in the price fixing process (e.g.
keyword auctions), for non-interactive or static pricing (e.g. CPM pricing) re-
spectively, the seller has to determine the price of a product or service (cp.
Section 2.4.2.2).
• Architecture of Value Creation: The architecture of value creation of Mo-
bile Marketing Providers is constituted by their mobile media market plat-
form. It consists of mobile web presence as an interface to the mobile user
(i.e. mobile portal) and a mobile media market component in charge of proc-
essing the market transactions for mobile attention.
5.5.3.2 Mobile Media Market Resource Allocation Mechanism
For the allocation of mobile attention, the microstructure component constitut-
ing the exchange rules for financial assets has to be replaced by or reduced to a
traditional resource allocation mechanism for mobile media markets. While a
concrete allocation mechanism has to be determined by a Mobile Marketing
Provider based on their enabled Mobile Advertising campaigns, CPM and auc-
tion based models are currently the most common implementations in the Mo-
bile Marketing domain (cp. Section 2.4.2.2).
132 Reference Model for the Development of Mobile Media Markets

5.5.3.3 ICT-Infrastructure
According to Holtmann (2004, p. 192), the ICT-infrastructure of mobile media
market platforms can be designed as a classic three-tier architecture consisting
of user interfaces (presentation tier), transaction processing (logic tier) and
transaction and user data storage (data layer). At this abstraction level, the same
aspects also apply for the ICT-infrastructure of mobile media markets.

5.6 Summary
The analysis of the impacts of context information on the traditional commer-
cialisation of mobile attention has revealed various aspects Mobile Marketing
Providers need to address with regard to the engineering of their mobile media
market platform. In order to develop and document these aspects in a structured,
proven manner, a suitable market engineering framework for this objective has
been evaluated.
After a brief introduction to electronic markets from an institutional perspective
and the discovery of their multidisciplinary nature, a literature review on elec-
tronic market frameworks as a superset of mobile media markets has been con-
ducted in this field. As a result, the Market Engineering Framework by
Weinhardt et al. (2003) was found to be most suitable. In combination with its
complementary engineering process model, the Market Engineering Framework
provides a structured and multidisciplinary, but holistic approach for the design
of electronic markets. Although, the Market Engineering Framework was origi-
nally developed for financial markets, it has been demonstrated that it could be
adapted to develop and document engineering recommendation for mobile me-
dia markets. The subsequent chapter presents the application of this reference
model for this objective.
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 133

6 Engineering Recommendation Framework for


Mobile Media Markets
Based on the engineering model for mobile media markets adapted from the
Market Engineering Framework of Weinhardt (2003), this chapter presents the
developed IT artifact MoMeMa (mobile media market) in the form of an engi-
neering recommendation framework for mobile media markets of context-
sensitive mobile attention. It is supposed to provide the feasible means for Mo-
bile Marketing Providers in order to take advantage of the benefits of context
information for the commercialisation of mobile attention, while addressing its
impacts (cp. Chapter 4).
It is developed and documented based on the activities of the complementaty
Market Engineering process model. The outcome constitutes generic engineer-
ing recommendations for mobile media market platforms rather than an actual
operational implementation. Consequently, there is no concrete market design,
which can be implemented, tested, and evaluated. Instead, Chapter 7 presents
the prototypical implementation a mobile media market platform, which sup-
ports a fictitious but realistic application scenario. It demonstrates the technical
feasibility to pour the developed engineering recommendations into a software
application. In addition, Chapter 8 provides the results of an empirical evalua-
tion of the engineering recommendations by experts. Finally, the market rollout
phase is omitted since developed engineering recommendations do not consti-
tute an actual market (cp. Figure 6.1).
The actual MoMeMa framework is documented alongside the activities of its
complementary engineering process model. Therefore, not all results are neces-
sarily engineering recommendations. For the stakeholder identification activity,
the specific stakeholders of mobile media markets, as well as the corresponding
interests are documented rather than introducing a new or different method to
identify the stakeholders. The same applies for the requirements engineering
activity. Here, the market environment specifically for mobile media markets is
described rather than aligning the requirements of the engineering process. By
contrast, regarding the transaction object definition, a feasible definition for
context-sensitive mobile attention is actually recommended. This continues for
the design of the market transaction service. Thereby, design recommendations
134 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

for a business model, resource allocation mechanism, and ICT-infrastructure are


provided.

Figure 6.1: Engineering Recommendation Framework as a foundation for


the Development of the MoMeMa Framework

Adapted Market Engineering Framework for Mobile Media Markets (Chapter 5)

Definition of Design of Implementation, Roll-out


Stakeholder Requirements
Transaction Transaction Test, operation,
Identification Engineering
Object Service Evaluation controlling

Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention

Market Context- Transaction Implementation,


Mobile Media Roll-out
Environment sensitive Service Test (Chapter 7)
Market operation,
of Mobile Media Mobile Design
Stakeholders Evaluation controlling
Markets Attention Recommend.
(Chapter 6) (Chapter 8)
(Chapter 6) (Chapter 6) (Chapter 6)

Section 6.1 begins with the presentation of the mobile media stakeholders and
the discussion of their interests. Then, Section 6.2 continues to document the
relevant characteristics of market environment in which mobile media markets
are embedded. It comprises the socio-economic, technological, and legal envi-
ronmental aspects.
Subsequently, Section 6.3 presents a feasible definition for context-sensitive
mobile attention as a transaction object. It involves specifying its key character-
istics, qualities, and treatment in the trading process. The engineering recom-
mendations of the market transaction service are documented in the Section 6.4.
Its main components constitute the business model, resource allocation mecha-
nism as well as the underlying ICT-infrastructure.
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 135

Section 6.5 completes the engineering recommendation framework by discuss-


ing its limitations from an academic and practical perspective. Finally, Section
6.6 concludes the chapter.

6.1 Mobile Media Market Stakeholders


Stakeholders represent groups of individuals with legitimate claims against an
organisation. Therefore, the identification of possible stakeholders and the cor-
responding analysis of their potential influence are crucial in order for an or-
ganisation to archive their business mission (Post et al. 2002, p. 1 f.).
Following the defined analysis scope (cp. Section 4.1), the relevant stakeholders
are the mobile users, advertisers, the Mobile Marketing Provider as well as the
regulators. Their interests to be addressed towards the mobile media market can
be characterised as follows:
• Mobile Users: Mobile users are individuals seeking means to satisfy their
information, entertainment, and communication needs independently from
current time and location. This can be archived by the provision of mobile
content such as information, news, sports, lifestyle (information), mobile
games, music, shopping and TV (entertainment) and mobile communities
(communication). In this regard, available context information about mobile
users enables the personalisation of this mobile content (Steimel et al. 2008,
p. 41 ff.).
At the same time, mobile advertisements bundled to this content can be per-
sonalised to the momentary usage situation of a mobile user as well (e.g. loca-
tion, time, personal preferences, etc.). However, the application of context in-
formation for this purpose may generate the risk of disturbing mobile users if
the mobile advertisement is not relevant (Heinonen and Strandvik 2006). This
is because mobile advertisements consume more attention than fixed online
advertisements, and context-sensitive mobile advertisements may involve
promoted POS, which a mobile user might be willing to actually physically
visit (Albers 2007). In conclusion:
Mobile users being exposed to context-sensitive mobile advertis-
ing campaigns claim to receive information highly relevant to
their momentary usage situation.
136 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

• Advertisers: Advertisers are enterprises conducting Mobile Advertising


campaigns. Typical objectives in this regard are the establishment of an addi-
tional distribution channel to the customer, increasing the brand awareness of
a product and the acquisition of new customers (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 33).
Advertisers willing to conduct context-sensitive Mobile Advertising cam-
paigns are able to satisfy the immediate need of a mobile user in their mo-
mentary situation. The applied context-sensitive mobile attention for their
Mobile Advertising campaigns exhibits a lower reach at higher acquisition
costs (cp. Section 3.2.1), which has to be compensated by higher targeting ef-
fectiveness of Mobile Advertising campaigns. In conclusion:
Advertisers claim higher targeting effectiveness for the Mobile
Advertising campaigns if they acquire context-sensitive mobile
attention.
• Mobile Marketing Provider: Mobile Marketing Providers act in the role of
intermediaries between mobile users and advertisers. For this, they acquire
mobile attention for mobile users and sell it to advertisers. The provision of
context information for advertisers allows them to differentiate from their
competitors (offering only traditional Mobile Advertising campaigns) and to
increase their profits. In conclusion:
The intrinsic aim of a Mobile Marketing Provider regarding the
provision of context-sensitive mobile attention is to increase
profits from their business and to differentiate from their com-
petitors.
• Regulator: The European Union as regulator in the scope of this work is con-
cerned with ensuring fair competition between Mobile Marketing Providers
and the protection of their customers (in particular mobile users). In the scope
of this work, a Mobile Marketing Provider offering context-sensitive mobile
attention is considered a monopolist (cp. Section 4.1). This allows omitting
any regulations regarding competitive law. Instead, the data protection direc-
tives and its national implementations are considered significantly important
since context information represents personal information about individual
mobile users (European Parliament 1995). In conclusion:
The European Union and ultimately the national authorities as
regulators claim to protect personal information of mobile users
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 137

and their privacy during and after their usage of services on the
mobile Internet.
A comparison of the outlined stakeholder interests towards context-sensitive
mobile attention reveals several conflicts of interests. The reasons for these con-
flicts are two-fold but predominately originate from the application of context
information for Mobile Advertising campaigns (cp. Figure 6.2).

Figure 6.2: Conflict of Interests in Mobile Media Markets for Context-


sensitive Attention

Mobile Mobile Marketing


User Provider Advertiser 1
Relevant
Maximising Maintaining
Relevant Attention of
Profits Relevance
Mobile Mobile Advertiser 2
Advertising Users
Campaigns .
.
.
Context-sensitive
Limited Mobile Attention Comprehensive
Disclosure Attention Profiles
Advertiser n
of Attention
Data Compliance
regarding
personal data
usage

Regulator

On the one hand, mobile users disclose only as much context-sensitive attention
data as they receive incentives (of any kind) in exchange. This generates con-
flicts to the interests of advertisers, which demand the most comprehensive at-
tention profiles possible about mobile users in order to archive a targeting effec-
tiveness (cp. Section 4.3.1). On the other hand, mobile users only accept or do
not feel disturbed by Mobile Advertising campaigns, if these are relevant to their
momentary usage situation (Heinonen and Strandvik 2006). This may conflict
138 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

with an advertiser’s possibly different and more commercially driven perception


of which Mobile Advertising campaigns are relevant for mobile users36.
Furthermore, Mobile Marketing Providers are joining in on this conflict as they
are aiming to increase or maximise their profits from operating the mobile media
market platform. Intuitively, this objective translates to selling the mobile atten-
tion of a mobile user to the highest bidder. However, this may conflict with the
mobile users’ expectation of receiving relevant Mobile Advertising campaigns.
For instance, the highest bidder (advertiser) may own a POS farther away than
other relevant promoted POS of other advertisers. This may lead to a distur-
bance of mobile users if they are directed to the most distant POS because its
advertiser represents the highest bidder. Mobile users, as a consequence, may
refuse to receive this kind of Mobile Advertising campaigns any further (Hei-
nonen and Strandvik 2006).
Finally, the regulator has the objective to protect the personal information of
mobile users. This conflicts with interests of Mobile Marketing Providers and
advertisers. Both are aiming to acquire as much relevant context information as
possible about mobile users. However, putting mobile users in control of their
personal information may lead to the fact that mobile users only disclose the
minimum amount of information required for the usage of the mobile applica-
tion, or may demand more incentives from advertisers in exchange for the dis-
closure of their personal information (Awad and Krishnan 2006).
The presentation of mobile media market stakeholders shows the interests,
which a mobile media market platform needs to address and which respective
conflicts of interests have to be negotiated. Based on this knowledge, the follow-
ing section continues by outlining the market environment in which mobile me-
dia markets are embedded.

6.2 Mobile Media Market Environment Requirements


The requirements engineering activity within the Market Engineering process
model is concerned with the analysis of the market environment in which the
mobile media markets are going to be embedded. It is comprised of socio-
economic, technological, and legal components. The results of this analysis

36
For instance, the perception of the term “in close vicinity” may divert between mobile us-
ers and advertisers.
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 139

document the general requirements to be addressed by market designers for the


development of a mobile media market platform of context-sensitive mobile at-
tention.

6.2.1 Social-Economic Environment

Social-economics are concerned with the relationship between economic activi-


ties and social life of individuals (Schubert 1997). For mobile attention for Mo-
bile Advertising campaigns, the socio-economic impacts are driven by the his-
torical development of the mobile medium and its impact on individuals in re-
cent years (Feldmann 2005, p. 60 f.).
Access to the mobile Internet represents more than just substituting a fixed ter-
minal device (e.g. PC) by a mobile device. Instead, it allows voice and data
communication for mobile users to be independent from the time and location
on a 1to1 basis (cp. Section 2.4.1). Mobile devices typically belong to an indi-
vidual person and they are not shared among others. This makes mobile users
permanently reachable to other individuals as well as service providers (cp. Sec-
tion 2.5). With the capability of mobile devices to store personal information
(e.g. contacts, photos, text messages, etc.), they increasingly represented the
digital identity of its owners. Thereby, the mobile medium becomes deeply inte-
grated into the personal sphere of mobile users and is now the most personal
communication medium existing (Sultan and Rohm 2005; Feldmann 2005, p. 60
f.).
The utilisation of these characteristics offers a unique opportunity and at the
same time high risk for advertisers. The very personal nature of the mobile me-
dium allows acquiring highly valuable attention of mobile users in their momen-
tary usage situation. Consequently, in a society of information overflow, this
mobile attention represents a very scarce good. On the contrary, there is high
potential of disturbing mobile users with irrelevant or intrusive mobile adver-
tisements due to the very personal nature of the mobile medium (cp. Section
2.5). In conclusion, Mobile Marketing Providers offering context-sensitive mo-
bile attention to advertisers have to ensure the relevance of the corresponding
Mobile Advertising campaigns for mobile users.
140 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

6.2.2 Technological Environment

The technological environment comprises state-of-the-art information and


communication technology available for enabling the operation of an electronic
media market. In order to acquire the ICT requirements of a mobile media mar-
ket platform as an information system, it is modelled based on the classic three-
tier architecture, which constitutes a minimal structure for information systems
(Edwards 1999, p. 4 ff.). Consequently, its technical requirements comprise cli-
ent access for mobile users and advertisers to the market (presentation tier), the
processing of market transactions (logic tier) as well as the access to and storage
of context-sensitive attention data (data tier).
6.2.2.1 Market Access for Clients
Unlike financial electronic or other electronic markets, buyers and sellers of
mobile attention in mobile media markets are never of the same entity. In other
words, advertisers always acquire mobile attention and mobile users always sell
their attention. For this, Mobile Marketing Providers have to consider different
types of access to their mobile media market platform:
• Mobile Users: First, given a suitable mobile network coverage and band-
width, mobile portals have to be capable of supporting the mobile device type
of a mobile user (cp. Section 2.4.2.1). In contrast to the fixed Internet, which
is predominantly accessed via PCs or notebooks, each class of mobile devices
exhibits its own hardware capabilities such as display size or mobile operation
system (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 50 f.). Mobile Marketing Providers have to ad-
dress these issues by an appropriate design of their mobile portals.
• Advertisers: Advertisers need an interface to the mobile media market plat-
form for the management of the Mobile Advertising campaigns. This involves
the specification of the Mobile Advertising campaign contents (i.e. marketing
message), management of targeting profile and marketing budget as well as
performance measurement of conducted Mobile Advertising campaigns. For
instance, currently large Mobile Marketing Providers (e.g. Google, Yahoo,
etc.) provide advertisers the ability to manage their Mobile Advertising cam-
paigns via an Application Programming Interface (API) (Google Corporation
2009g; Yahoo Corporation 2009c).
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 141

6.2.2.2 Processing of Market Transactions


Mobile users expect their requested mobile content to be displayed in a rela-
tively short period of time. Otherwise, they are likely to discontinue the usage of
this service (Nah 2004). Consequently, Mobile Marketing Providers need to en-
sure the processing of market transactions for context-sensitive mobile attention
to the respective advertisers without notable delay. Therefore, the appropriate
processing power has either to be provided in-house (i.e. from Mobile Market-
ing Provider) or to be acquired from external providers (i.e. outsourced).
Currently, the leading search engine providers Google, Yahoo and Microsoft
demonstrate with their advertisement-financed search products that real-time
processing with complex algorithms for millions of accessing users is feasible
(Google Corporation 2009c, Yahoo Corporation 2009a , Microsoft Corporation
2009b). Whereas these organisations have the capability to host their own ICT-
infrastructure, smaller more specialised organisations may choose services of-
fered in or by the cloud.
Cloud computing denotes computing services provided by specialised service
providers, which are hosting large globally distributed data centres (Schmidt
2008). According to its requirements, a Mobile Marketing Provider can acquire
a range of cloud services, which is delivered via the Internet. At the lowest level,
this is a hosted conglomerate of servers offered and accessed in virtualised form
(infrastructure as a service). On top of these platform services, an environment
for design, development, testing, deployment, and hosting of individual applica-
tion (platform as a service) is available. Finally, at the highest level, full soft-
ware applications can be licensed (software as a service)37.
6.2.2.3 Context Information about Mobile Users
Market transactions for mobile attention requires context information about mo-
bile users in order to enable the targeting of Mobile Marketing campaigns for
advertisers. While the primary context information location, identity, access
time, and activity is provided by the mobile network (cp. Section 4.1.2), the fol-
lowing secondary context information can currently be acquired by Mobile
Marketing Providers:

37
For a comprehensive overview on available cloud services, refer to the market leader
Amazon (Amazon Corporation 2009).
142 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

• POS related information (derived from Location): Based on the location of


a mobile user, a large variety of secondary context information is offered by
specialised service providers. Currently, this information mainly consists of
POS locations for restaurants, ATMs, bars, or pharmacies and the opportunity
to determine the POS distance of a mobile user (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 26 f.;
Tweakersoft 2009).
• Remaining Visiting Time (derived from Access Time): Currently, the ac-
cess time of mobile users is only used for the time-based delivery of SMS-
based mobile advertising messages to a mobile user38. However, further bene-
ficial secondary context information, such as opening times for individual
POS is to the best knowledge of the author not available yet.
• Personal User Profiles (derived from Identity): Based on the determined
identity of mobile users, Mobile Marketing Providers are able to query in ad-
vance disclosed preferences of mobile users to target and personalise Mobile
Advertising campaigns. This information is most commonly used in mobile
communities where users actively disclose their identity profiles and are sub-
sequently matched with other mobile users exhibiting similar preferences
(Loopt Corporation 2009; Belysio 2009; GyPSii Corporation 2009). By con-
trast, Mobile Marketing Providers automatically acquiring the identity of mo-
bile users from the mobile network to personalise Mobile Advertising cam-
paigns is currently to the best knowledge of the author not available.
• Immediate Need (derived from Activity): Based on the online behaviour of
mobile users observed by tracking and interpreting entered search queries in
search engines, filled out web forms, clicked links, etc., the immediate need
of a mobile user in their momentary usage situation can be derived.

6.2.3 Legal and Regulatory Environment

Besides the general legal aspects in Europe to which each commercial organisa-
tion has to comply with, the EU issued several directives for the protection of

38
For instance, Orange Wednesdays is a Mobile Advertising campaign, which sends cross
selling offers (e.g. information on the DVD version) to cinema visitors, shortly after a
movie has ended (Orange Corporation 2009).
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 143

personal data of individuals. Those directives are implemented by its member


states and consequently have to be respected by Mobile Marketing Providers.
The main objective and scope of the data protection directive is to regulate the
processing of personal data in order to protect the privacy of individuals. Per-
sonal data is defined as “any information relating to an identified or identifiable
natural person (data subject); an identifiable person is one who can be identified,
directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identification number or to
one or more factors specific to his physical, physiological, mental, economic,
cultural, or social identity” (European Parliament 1995). In addition, processing
denotes “any operation or set of operations which is performed upon personal
data, whether or not by automatic means, such as collection, recording, organi-
sation, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure
by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or
combination, blocking, erasure or destruction” (European Parliament 1995).
In this regard, personal data can only be processed only if one of the following
condition categories applies:
• Transparency: The data subject has the right to be informed, when personal
data is processed and has to give their consent. Furthermore, the data subject
has the right to access all personal data processed about them. They can also
demand the deletion or blocking of data that is inaccurate or not processed ac-
cording to the data protection rules (European Parliament 1995).
• Legitimate Purpose: Personal data can only be processed for the declared
and legitimate purpose and must not be processed otherwise (e.g. unauthor-
ised transfer of personal data to Third Parties) (European Parliament 1995).
• Proportionality: Personal data may only be processed adequately and rele-
vant for the given purpose (European Parliament 1995). This means that per-
sonal data has to be complete, accurate and does not contain more information
than required for the given purpose. Furthermore, personal data should no
longer be linkable to an individual than necessary for the given purpose.
Because the Data Protection Directive is considered not to provide sufficient
legal protection in the sector of electronic communications, the EU has decided
to supplement this directive with the directive 2002/58/EC. With the publication
of this so-called E-Privacy Directive, the former Data Protection Directive only
144 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

applies in situations, which are not covered by the E-Privacy Directive (FIDIS
2007a).
The E-Privacy Directive is specifically concerned with processing personal data
in the electronic communications sector. It “harmonises the provisions of the
Member States required to ensure an equivalent level of protection of fundamen-
tal rights and freedoms, and in particular the right to privacy, with respect to the
processing of personal data in the electronic communications sector and to en-
sure the free movement of such data and of electronic communication equip-
ment and services in the Community” (European Parliament 2002, Art. 1).
In order to comply with these directives or its national implementation respec-
tively, Mobile Marketing Providers enabling context-sensitive Mobile Advertis-
ing campaigns have to first identify the nature of their used primary context in-
formation. Therefore, they have to determine if context information about mo-
bile users constitutes either personal or traffic data for Mobile Advertising cam-
paigns.
Whereas the definition for personal data from Data Protection Directive still ap-
plies, traffic data “... means any data processed for the purpose of the convey-
ance of a communication on an electronic communications network or for the
billing thereof” (European Parliament 2002, Art. 2). Depending on the type of
processed data, different requirements have to be addressed. For personal data,
the already outlined requirements of the Data Protection Directive apply. By
contrast, for traffic data the following main requirements according to the E-
Privacy Directive are relevant (FIDIS 2007a):
• Communications and related traffic data has to be confidential. This means
eavesdropping, wiretapping, storage, or other kinds of interception or surveil-
lance of communications is prohibited without the consent of the users con-
cerned.
• Traffic data relating to subscribers or users, stored by the provider of a public
communication network, or publicly available electronic communication ser-
vice have to be erased or to be made anonymous, once it is no longer needed.
• Traffic data, which constitutes certain application contexts of personal data
has to be treated as stated in the Data Protection Directive.
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 145

Although, the existing discussion and interpretation of these directives shows


the actual complexity of classifying processed data as personal or traffic data
(FIDIS 2007a), the following basic classification indicators have been developed
for context information with the scope of this work:
• Identity: The identity of mobile users in the form of the MSISDN is available
at least to the mobile network operator once a mobile user accesses the mobile
Internet. The MSISDN denotes a worldwide unique number which can be di-
rectly linked to the SIM-card of a mobile subscriber (Turowski and Pousttchi
2004) and consequently constitutes personal data in line with the Data Protec-
tion Directive.
• Location: The E-Privacy Directive defines location data as “any data proc-
essed in an electronic communications network, indicating the geographic po-
sition of the terminal equipment of a user of a publicly available electronic
communications service” (European Parliament 2002). In this regard, the
FIDIS deliverable (FIDIS 2007a) shows the complexity and issues of this
definition for service providers:
Depending on the application context, location data can be personal data (if
linkable to an individual), can be traffic data (if anonymous and not directly
used for value added services), or can be solely location data (if used for
value added service and anonymous).
• Access Time: The issue of characterising the nature of the access time of mo-
bile users to certain mobile services or applications is that the E-Privacy di-
rective did not specifically define this concept. However, by following the
definition of personal data in accordance with the Data Protection Directive, it
can be derived that like location data, the access time of mobile users to the
mobile Internet can be personal data once it is linkable to them.
• Secondary Context Information: As stated earlier, additional information
about mobile users derived from primary context information is considered
secondary context information. Therefore, it can be stated that if primary con-
text information about mobile users in a certain application context represents
personal data, then consequently the derived secondary context information
is personal data as well. For instance, if the location of a mobile user consti-
tutes personal data during the usage of a location-based service, also the POS
distance of a mobile user constitutes personal data.
146 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

In summarising the previous discussion, the FIDIS Deliverable (FIDIS 2007a)


has developed a checklist for service providers in order to find a basic orienta-
tion, which directives and corresponding articles apply to them. Aligned to the
needs of Mobile Marketing Providers, the checkpoints questioned are as fol-
lows:
• Is the data to be processed “personal data”? (cp. E-Privacy Directive, Art. 2a)
• Is the data to be processed “traffic data”? (cp. E-Privacy Directive, Art. 2b)
• Is the data to be processed “location data”? (cp. E-Privacy Directive, Art. 2c)
• Does the data relate to users or subscribers of public communications net-
works or publicly available electronic communication services? (cp. E-
Privacy Directive, Art. 6).
• Are exceptions such as access for national security and law enforcements ap-
plicable? (cp. Data Protection Directive, Art. 13 and E-Privacy Directive, Art.
15)
Based on the general requirements for mobile media market platforms, acquired
from the market environment analysis, and based on the identified impacts of
context-sensitive mobile attention in Chapter 4, the following section defines
context-sensitive mobile attention as a transaction object in mobile media mar-
kets.

6.3 Definition of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention as a


Transaction Object
The economic good to be traded in mobile media markets constitutes context-
sensitive mobile attention. In order to make it tradable, it has to be defined as a
transaction object. Thereby, an interface between the immutable mobile media
market environment and the market transaction service is established (Holtmann
2004, p. 136). The corresponding tasks are the specification of the good’s key
characteristics (e.g. attention profile attributes), which quality criteria has to be
met (e.g. required attention data) and how it is treated in the actual trading proc-
ess (e.g. how often to be sold) (Holtmann 2004, p. 137).
However, mobile attention is not directly offered on mobile media market by
mobile users. Instead, it has to be acquired by Mobile Marketing Providers first
and then is sold on their own account to advertisers (cp. Section 5.5.2). For that,
this chapter begins to address the procurement process for context-sensitive mo-
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 147

bile attention (cp. Section 6.3.1) and then continues to define mobile attention as
a transaction object (cp. Section 6.3.2) as well as its related trading rules (cp.
Section 6.3.3).

6.3.1 Acquisition of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention

The acquisition of context-sensitive mobile attention depends on the provision


of mobile content in order to attract the attention of mobile users and requires
the acquision of context-sensitive mobile attention data.
6.3.1.1 Provision of Mobile Content
Mobile attention cannot be acquired on procurement markets like other goods.
Instead, it has to be acquired indirectly by attracting mobile users with the provi-
sion of mobile content (cp. Section 2.1.2). In this regard, three basic types of
mobile content can be distinguished based on its producer (Lindic 2009):
• Editorial Content: This is the traditional type of content (e.g. news, enter-
tainment, product information, etc.), which is typically professionally created
by specialised content providers (e.g. news or media agencies).
• User-generated Content: The Web 2.0 trend in the past years has fostered
the emergence of a plethora of online and mobile media platforms, which en-
abled users to create their own content in the form of blogs, social networks,
wikis, photo/video sharing, product reviews or virtual worlds.
• Advertiser Content: Mobile content can also originate from advertisers
themselves. For instance, branded content denotes advertiser produced media
content, which aims at blurring the difference between advertisements and en-
tertaining content (e.g. mobile ad-games) (Feldmann 2005, p. 22). Further-
more, business directories often referred to as Yellow Pages represent adver-
tisements as well as content satisfying informative needs of users (cp. AT&T
Inc. 2009).
Intuitively, mobile attention attracted by advertiser-generated content sup-
posedly provides the highest value for advertisers. On the one hand, mobile
users actively request these advertisements under the assumption that it is able
to satisfy their information needs (e.g. need for a restaurant in close vicinity).
On the other hand, the full attention of a mobile user is dedicated to the adver-
148 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

tisements since they represent the main mobile content and are not comple-
mentary to regular mobile content.
At the same time the mobile attention of mobile users is acquired, the comple-
menting attention data has to be gathered as well.
6.3.1.2 Acquisition of Attention Data
The value of the economic good mobile attention is significantly determined by
its complementing attention data about mobile users. Consequently, the aim of
Mobile Marketing Providers has to be to acquire the appropriate quality of atten-
tion data required for the effective targeting of Mobile Advertising campaigns.
Since context-sensitive mobile attention data has to be explicitly disclosed by
mobile users, Mobile Marketing Providers have to encourage the latter to do so
(cp. Section 3.2.1). For this, the following sections outline possible means for
this objective.

6.3.1.2.1 Mobile User Incentives to Disclose Mobile Attention Data


Although, Awad and Krishnan (2006) show that the willingness to disclose per-
sonal information significantly depends on several individual characteristics of
users (e.g. privacy concerns, gender, education, income, etc.), Kobsa (2007) pre-
sents the following general incentive concepts, which Mobile Marketing Provid-
ers can evaluate for their mobile media market platform:
• Personalisation of Mobile Content: The personalisation of mobile content
based on acquired mobile attention data saves mobile users search costs
whereas its value can immediately be perceived (e.g. local weather reports,
personalised news, etc.).
• Social Adjustment Benefits: Adding social features to mobile content allows
mobile users to establish a social identity within a mobile community. For
this, the mobile users are required to disclose personal information about
themselves to the community.
• Monetary Incentives: Mobile coupons or raffles are used to direct the mobile
user’s attention to a certain product or brand while acquiring mobile attention
data.
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 149

6.3.1.2.2 Mobile Identity Management


According to Friberg (2007, p. 23) several studies suggest that the ability of
online users to control their personal information is directly related to their pri-
vacy concerns. In this regard, the introduction of a Mobile Identity Management
System (MIdMS) allows mobile users to manage and control their personal data.
Furthermore, several value added services for the usage of the mobile portal can
be provided for mobile users as well (FIDIS 2005b, p. 8).
The primary functions of IdMS or MIdMS respectively “... are creating, manag-
ing, manipulating and deleting of digital (partial) identities and the correspond-
ing roles of a user” (FIDIS 2009b, p. 34). The corresponding manipulation of an
identity involves adding, changing, and deleting attributes such as name, postal
or e-mail address (FIDIS 2009b, p. 34). Based on this core functionality, further
features can be provided, which support the mobile user in protecting their pri-
vacy in mobile advertising contexts (FIDIS 2005b, p. 11 f.):
• Partial Identities: Without the attempt to define the concept of identity39, the
concept of partial identities can be described as conglomerates of characteris-
ing attributes of an individual person, which are required in a certain applica-
tion context. On the one hand, this allows a mobile user to disclose only that
personal data necessary to use a certain mobile service. On the other hand, it
allows creating multiple identities and switching between them based on their
current usage context (e.g. personal vs. business context) (FIDIS 2005c, p. 35
f.).
• Pseudonymity of Personal Data: MIdMS allows hiding the real identity of a
mobile user as well as avoiding the link-ability of their used partial profiles.
Instead of their real identity, mobile users retrieve a pseudonym for each par-
tial identity. This becomes especially beneficial since theoretically mobile us-
ers can be automatically identified by mobile network providers via their
unique MSISDN (FIDIS 2005b, p. 25 f.).
• Definition of Privacy Policies: Privacy policies give mobile users the ability
to control the use of their personal data by giving or refusing their consent
during a service usage (FIDIS 2005b, p. 47 f.).

39
For more details on the concept of identity refer to the FIDIS deliverable Identity of Identi-
ty: Models (FIDIS 2005a).
150 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

While the previous features enable mobile users to manage their personal data,
the following features aid them to disclose this data in a convenient but con-
trolled manner:
• Single-Sign-On (SSO): This feature stores authentication information of mo-
bile users for different services. At the beginning of an online session, a mo-
bile user has to be authenticated only once to SSO service. From that moment
on, for each accessed mobile service known to the SSO service, the mobile
user is automatically authenticated until they finish their online session
(FIDIS 2005d, p. 28).
• Form Auto-Completion: The auto-completion-assistant or form filler respec-
tively aids mobile users to complete mobile web-forms such service registra-
tions or checkout forms. Compared to the SSO feature, this functionality re-
duces the input effort of mobile users even more (Rukzio et al. 2008).
In addition to theses value-added services, two other MIdMS functions make the
usage of mobile attention data for Mobile Advertising campaigns transparent to
mobile users (FIDIS 2005b, p. 12):
• History Management: History management allows mobile users to keep
track of their engaged interactions and service usages of the past as well as
their corresponding disclosed personal data. Thereby, it constitutes an impor-
tant functionality for mobile users to monitor the usage of their personal data
and contributes to privacy policy management.
• Context Monitoring: MIdMS can support a mobile user in the use of the ap-
propriate partial identity and the disclosure of the necessary personal data for
a mobile service. For instance, a mobile user might not have concerns reveal-
ing their current physical location in a business setting but may refuse to do
so in a private context. The monitoring of their current context allows the
automatic selection of the appropriate privacy policy.

6.3.1.2.3 Transparency for Context-sensitive Mobile Advertising Campaigns


On a general level, history management and context monitoring make the usage
of attention data transparent for mobile users. However, it is also important to
make the processing of personal data transparent within a mobile application.
This fosters the establishment of a trusted relationship between the Mobile Mar-
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 151

keting Provider and mobile users along with the disclosure of personal data
(Friberg 2007, p. 64 ff.; Radmacher 2007a).
Due to the personal nature of the mobile medium and the resulting sensibility of
the personal data of mobile users, these measures are significantly more impor-
tant than in the stationary online medium. For Mobile Marketing Providers, this
can translate to the following measures for Mobile Advertising campaigns:
• Trusted Advertisers: Advertisers can be evaluated regarding the correctness
of statements in their context-sensitive Mobile Advertising campaigns. For
instance, for a POS, this may concern its geographic location, opening times,
and the promoted products. Since this promoted POS is physically visited by
mobile users, wrong or inaccurate information (e.g. a supposedly open POS is
closed) may lead to the disturbance of mobile users and in the worst case to
the refusal to use the mobile portal (Kobsa 2007).
• Transparent Targeting of Mobile Advertising Campaigns: Due to the con-
text-sensitiveness of the Mobile Advertising campaigns, it is important to ex-
plain why it is considered relevant to a mobile user (e.g. because of the close
POS vicinity). This increases a mobile user’s trust in the relevance of a Mo-
bile Advertising campaign and prevents privacy concerns due to opaque per-
sonal data usage of Mobile Marketing Providers (Radmacher 2007a).
Once attention data has been acquired from mobile users, Mobile Marketing
Providers have to produce attention profiles to make the good mobile attention
tradable in mobile media markets.

6.3.2 Transaction Object Definition and Production

In order to make mobile attention a tradable good, its characteristics and quality
have to be assessable for advertisers. Thus, the acquired attention data about
mobile users has to be converted to mobile attention profiles, which reflect their
current usage situation. This requires the development of a suitable representa-
tion form, which is able to establish a common semantic understanding about
mobile attention profiles among all market participants (cp. Section 4.3.3). For
this, a formal data model with a syntactic definition of context-sensitive atten-
tion mobile profiles and commonly understood semantics is proposed. A con-
ducted literature review reveals the following two main concepts for this objec-
tive:
152 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

• Product Catalogues: Transaction objects in electronic markets are often


specified by electronic product catalogues. These describe all the items for
sale and consist of fixed formats and syntax (Schmid 1999, p. 18). However,
electronic product catalogues are not very flexible when it comes to new in-
formation (e.g. dynamic mobile attention profiles).
• Ontologies: A more sophisticated concept represents an ontology. It is a for-
mal specification of a set of concepts within a domain and the documentation
of the relationships between those concepts. Common objects are instances
and classes, attributes of classes and instances, functions and processes with
relationships to classes and instances, etc. (Daconta et al. 2003, p. 167). The
implicit manner of knowledge representation allows addressing the required
semantic flexibility for context-sensitive mobile attention profiles.
For targeting the Mobile Marketing campaigns based on context-sensitive mo-
bile user profiles, Figge (2007, p. 86 ff.) developed an ontology which is re-
ferred to as semantic identity concept (SIC). Consisting of three sub-ontologies,
it is capable of representing the momentary usage situation of mobile users
based on the sub-ontologies identity, location, and time. First, the identity ontol-
ogy describes the typical characteristics of mobile users relevant to advertisers
(e.g. gender, age, occupation, education, or personal interests). Furthermore, the
location ontology reflects the current location of a mobile user using geo-
coordinates as well as additionally derived secondary information such as city,
county, country etc. The time ontology describes the current time of day and de-
rives further secondary information such as the day of the week, public holiday,
or lunchtime. Figure 6.3 depicts the SIC, which is implemented based on the
semantic web, description logic and first order logic.
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 153

Figure 6.3: Semantic Identity Concept and relevant Sub-Ontologies for


the Description of the Usage Situation of Mobile Users (Figge
2007, p. 87)

Identity Location
V
E D E
A C A G

Context

Time
H J

A G

Whilst SIC is able to establish a common understanding between the market par-
ticipants and allow the electronic matching of SIC-based attention profiles with
the respective targeting profiles, it currently does not cover the following as-
pects, which are relevant in the scope of this work for describing context-
sensitive mobile attention:
• Activity of Mobile Users: Context information in the scope of this work also
includes the activity of a mobile user attempting to satisfy the information
needs in their momentary usage situation (e.g. submitting a search query).
This is significantly important because the mobile Internet is accessed pre-
dominantly for spontaneous needs rather than on a regular basis like the fixed
Internet (Feldmann 2005, p. 108 f.). For the fixed Internet, longer online time
of users allows behavioural targeting approaches in order to determine the in-
tentions of an online user (Hegge, p. 289 f.) whereas the mobile Internet bene-
fits the actvity of a mobile user.
• Quality Information about Context-sensitive Attention Data: Due to the
highly varying nature of context information (cp. Section 4.3.1), it is impor-
tant to provide quality information about context information such as location
accuracy about mobile users. This allows advertisers a more accurate assess-
ment of the offered mobile attention. Therefore, the quality of context infor-
154 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

mation positively correlates to the WTP of advertisers (Figge and Theysohn


2006).
• Privacy Policies for the Use of Context Information: Because context-
sensitive mobile attention data has to be explicitly disclosed by mobile users,
they have to be able to express their explicit willingness to do so (FIDIS
2007b). Consequently, mobile attention profiles have to include privacy poli-
cies, which Mobile Marketing Providers have to abide. For instance, a mobile
user could knowingly blur or even completely disguise their current location
for privacy reasons (FIDIS 2007b).
Consequently, the SIC is extended to meet the outlined requirements as well. A
corresponding proposed context-sensitive attention profile model is illustrated
by Figure 6.4.

Figure 6.4: Model for Context-sensitive Mobile Attention Profiles

Identity Location
1 1
A B C A B C
P Q P Q P Q P Q P Q P Q

Context

Time Activity
1 1
A B C A B C
P Q P Q P Q P Q P Q P Q

1: Primary Context Information


A,B,C: Secondary Context Information
P: Privacy Policy, Q: Context Quality Information

From each type of primary context information (identity, location, time, activ-
ity), several other types of secondary context information (A, B, C) can be de-
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 155

rived. For each type of secondary context information, a privacy policy (P) as
well as context quality information (Q) can be specified40.
In order to establish a common understanding of context-sensitive mobile atten-
tion profiles between the mobile media market stakeholders, the application of
existing identity standards is recommended. Although, there is a portfolio of ex-
isting standards for the representation of a person (FIDIS 2005a, p. 40), there is
currently no standard available to model the momentary usage situation of mo-
bile users for the targeting Mobile Advertising campaigns.
Finally, the acquired attention data has to be compiled to a context-sensitive at-
tention profile based on the previously outlined model. Figure 6.5 briefly illus-
trates this process, which is less complex compared to traditional Mobile Adver-
tising campaigns because of the non-statistical nature of context-sensitive atten-
tion profiles.

Figure 6.5: Compilation Process of Context-sensitive Attention Profiles

Data Data
Conversion Compilation

Attention Data Uniform Data Format Attention Profile

Data Attribute 1
Source 1
Attribute 1

Data Attribute 2
Source 2
Attribute 2
. . .
. . .
. . .

Data Attribute n
Source n
Attribute n

The compilation process consists of two major activities. First, the acquired mo-
bile attention data is converted into uniform data format for each type of atten-
tion data. Secondly, the resulting attention data is compiled to a context-

40
The concrete specification for context-sensitive mobile attention is determined by the cor-
responding characteristics of Mobile Advertising campaigns, enabled by a Mobile Market-
ing Provider. However, these aspects will not be addressed in the scope of this work.
156 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

sensitive mobile attention profile based on the defined mobile attention profile
model (i.e. transaction object definition) of a Mobile Marketing Provider. This
includes the integration of context quality information, as well as the application
of privacy policies as specified by the mobile user.
Subsequent to the definition of context-sensitive mobile attention as transaction
object and production of its profiles, the trading rules recommended for context-
sensitive mobile attention are discussed.

6.3.3 Trading Rules

Finally, the way context-sensitive mobile attention as a transaction object has to


be treated in the actual trading or transaction process is specified. Based on the
analysis of the impacts of context information on the traditional commercialisa-
tion of mobile attention (cp. Section 4.3.3), the following trading rules for Mo-
bile Marketing Providers are recommended:
• Sell high while minimise unsold Inventory: Like traditional products, con-
text-sensitive mobile attention is supposed to be sold at the highest possible
(optimal) price to advertisers. However, Mobile Marketing Providers need to
minimise their unsold inventory of mobile attention since it is not a storable
good (cp. Section 3.1) and invested acquisition costs would be lost (Bohte et
al. 2004). Consequently, an allocation mechanism is required, which allows
advertisers to propose their individual WTP for the specific attention of a mo-
bile user and unsold mobile attention due to static prices can be avoided.
• Limit Number of Mobile Attention Buyers (Advertisers): Mobile attention
can only be sold as many times as a mobile user is capable of cognitively
processing multiple mobile advertisements displayed at once (cp. Section
3.1). Although, this fact depends on the individual capability of mobile users
as well as on the design of Mobile Advertising campaigns, it still applies
tough. Thus, the WTP of advertisers will decrease with the increasing number
of advertisers. Thereby, for Mobile Marketing Providers the challenge re-
mains to find the right balance between these two dimensions (cp. Figure 6.6).
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 157

Figure 6.6: Exemplified Development of Mobile User’s Attention


Span in relation to the Number of delivered Mobile Ad-
vertisements

Mobile User‘s
Attention to
Advertise-
ments

Number of Advertisers

• Avoid Disturbance of Mobile Users: Due to the high potential of disturbing


mobile users with irrelevant offerings or promotions (Heinonen and Strandvik
2007), Mobile Marketing Providers have to maintain a certain relevance of
Mobile Advertising campaigns for mobile users (cp. Section 4.3.3). However,
solely advertisers themselves are aware of the actual relevance of mobile at-
tention for their Mobile Advertising campaigns. Thus, Mobile Marketing Pro-
viders can only determine the relevance on a high abstraction level and only
relative to other competing advertisers41. A feasible solution for this objective
is discussed in Section 6.4.2.
Based on the definition of context-sensitive mobile attention as a transaction ob-
ject and the outlined requirements gathered from the mobile media market envi-
ronment, the engineering recommendations for the market transaction service
are presented in the following section.

41
Search Engine Marketing Provider Google successfully demonstrates such an approach by
adjusting the auction bid for keywords with advertisement quality factors (e.g. current ad
click-rate) (Google Corporation 2009c).
158 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

6.4 Design of the Transaction Service for Mobile Media Markets


The heart of the engineering recommendation framework for mobile media mar-
ket platforms constitutes the design of market transaction service. It enables
market transactions for context-sensitive mobile attention between Mobile Mar-
keting Providers and advertisers. Following the Market Engineering framework
introduced and adapted in Chapter 5, the transaction service comprises a busi-
ness model, resource allocation, and ICT-infrastructure component, which are
presented in the following sections.

6.4.1 Business Model

The business model of a Mobile Marketing Provider operating a mobile media


market platform is comprised of its value proposition, revenue model, and archi-
tecture of value creation.
6.4.1.1 Value Proposition
The value proposition of Mobile Marketing Providers constitute the provision of
context-sensitive mobile attention for the conduction of Mobile Advertising
campaigns by advertisers. In this regard, context-sensitive attention mobile pro-
files allow advertisers to assess the relevance of individual mobile users, and
acquired context-sensitive mobile attention enables advertisers to target their
Mobile Advertising campaigns to the momentary usage situation of mobile us-
ers.
6.4.1.2 Revenue Model
The revenue model of a Mobile Marketing Provider determines the way revenue
is generated. Following the concept of Skiera (2005), the revenue model consists
of revenue source, revenue partner and price model (cp. Section 5.5.3.1).
The revenue source of Mobile Marketing Providers constitutes the acquisition of
context-sensitive mobile attention from mobile users and its subsequent sale to
advertisers. Consequently, the revenue source type is Contact (i.e. the genera-
tion of contacts to mobile users for advertisers). The revenue partner is the ad-
vertiser as the buyer of mobile attention. Whereas the recommended revenue
source and revenue partner for context-sensitive mobile attention does not differ
from its traditional equivalent, the pricing model or mechanism respectively
does significantly.
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 159

For traditional Mobile Advertising campaigns, mobile attention is predomi-


nantly statically priced based on the CPM model (Steimel et al. 2008, p. 24).
Consequently, the optimal pricing has to be determined by Mobile Marketing
Providers only for large homogenous audience groups described by static tradi-
tional mobile attention profiles.
By contrast, the volatility of context-sensitive mobile attention profiles and their
capability to describe the usage situation of very small groups or even individual
mobile users (cp. Section 2.5.3), would make the determination of an optimal
static price a highly inefficient planning problem for Mobile Marketing Provid-
ers. In other words, a corresponding static pricing mechanism would require de-
termining the maximal WTP of an advertiser for each individual mobile user,
based on their current context-sensitive attention profile (Albers 2007).
In order to reveal an advertiser’s WTP for the context-sensitive mobile attention
of a mobile user, pricing mechanisms, which allow advertisers to express their
individual valuation (e.g. in the form of an active price proposal) has to be im-
plemented. Those pricing mechanisms are referred to as interactive, dynamic
pricing mechanisms (Skiera 2005). In this regard, dynamic denotes the fact that
for the same good the price may be changed over time for its potential buyer;
interactive means that the price for a good is determined in an interaction be-
tween buyer and seller (Skiera 2005).
Due to the mainly advertiser (buyer) determined value of context-sensitive mo-
bile attention (cp. Section 4.3.3), pricing mechanisms in which buyers and sell-
ers are both directly involved in the price fixing process (e.g. price negotiations)
are excluded. Following Skiera (2005), the remaining dynamic, interactive pric-
ing mechanism implementations are Reverse Pricing and Auctions.
For reverse pricing, the buyer proposes a price for the good, which is up for sale.
If the proposed price lies above the secret price threshold of a seller, the buyer
receives the good. In the other case, a new bidding round begins or the buyer is
not able to acquire the good (Bernhardt et al. 2005). Once again, the advertiser-
driven valuation of context-sensitive mobile attention would require Mobile
Marketing Providers (sellers) to set this secret threshold not once but for the
context-sensitive mobile attention of each individual mobile user. Consequently,
this would also result in an inefficient planning problem similar to the static
price discrimination (Albers 2007).
160 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

Finally, this leaves auctions in which advertisers as buyers submit monetary bids
corresponding to their WTP for this mobile attention, based on their context-
sensitive mobile attention profiles.
In summary, the revenue model of Mobile Marketing Providers is constituted by
generated revenues from selling mobile attention to advertisers (revenue source
contact). The latter are at the same time the revenue partners as buyers of mo-
bile attention and the proposed price model is a dynamic, interactive pricing
mechanism in the form of an auction (cp. Figure 6.7).

Figure 6.7: Revenue Model for Mobile Marketing Providers

Revenue
Source

Product Contact Information

Revenue
Partner

Seller Buyer

Price
Model

Non-
Interactive
Interactive

6.4.1.3 Architecture of Value Creation


The architecture of value creation of Mobile Marketing Providers, which corre-
spondes to its traditional mobile media market platform equivalent, is comprised
of the mobile portal and mobile media market component. On the mobile portal,
mobile users are paying attention to mobile content (1), which is consecutively
offered via the market transaction service of the mobile media market to adver-
tisers (2). Once the mobile attention is acquired by an advertiser (3), their corre-
sponding Mobile Advertising campaigns are displayed on the mobile portal (4)
(cp. Figure 6.8).
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 161

Figure 6.8: Architecture of Value Creation for Mobile Media Market


Platforms

Mobile Media Market


Paying Platform
1 4 Display of
Attention Advertisements
Mobile Portal

Offering 2 Advertiser
Mobile Attention
User
Mobile Media Acquisition
Market of Attention 3

In contrast to other mobile websites, mobile portals offer a single point-of-


access to various kinds of mobile content. Rather than offering mobile content
only one specific topic, service or product, it features various categories with
links to content of different services providers and provides navigation support
to access the desired content (Figge 2007, p. 35 f.). Figure 6.9 illustrates the dif-
ference and relation between a mobile portal and a mobile website. A horizontal
mobile portal aggregates mobile advertisements of multiple POS, which pro-
vides offerings in various categories. Once a mobile user accesses and chooses a
product category (e.g. movies), they are presented with all listings in that cate-
gory. When the mobile user selects a certain POS (e.g. cinema A), they are di-
rected to the mobile website of the corresponding POS.
162 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

Figure 6.9: Mobile Portal vs. Mobile Website

Mobile Portal Mobile Website

Store
Mobile Owner 1 Mobile
Portal Website of
Cinema A
Cinema A
• Books Store Owner
• Music Owner 2
• Action
• Clothes • Classics
• Movies …
Store Owner
• Drama
•… •…
n

Offerings from the


Offerings from multiple selected mobile
store owners cinema

From the perspective of the Mobile Marketing Provider, a market transaction


service as part of the mobile media market platform enables transactions for
mobile attention in exchange for mobile content between mobile users and ad-
vertisers (cp. Zerdick et al. 2001, p. 218). Figure 6.10 illustrates the interaction
between the involved market participants.

Figure 6.10: Mobile Media Market Component of the Mobile Media Mar-
ket Platform

Provision of
3 Provision
Content Advertiser 1
1 of Attention

Mobile Media
Market Advertiser 2
Acquisition Monetary

of Attention Compensation
Mobile 2
Users 4 Advertiser n
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 163

Typically, transactions on mobile media markets are initiated by Mobile Market-


ing Providers offering mobile content to mobile users (1). In exchange, mobile
users pay with their attention (2). This mobile attention is sold by Mobile Mar-
keting Providers to advertisers (3) for monetary compensation (4).

6.4.2 Resource Allocation Mechanism

The analysis of context-sensitive mobile attention has revealed that static pricing
mechanisms are not optimal from the perspective of a Mobile Marketing Pro-
vider (cp. Section 4.3.3). Due to the individual WTP of advertisers for context-
sensitive mobile attention, Mobile Marketing Providers have to implement a
new pricing mechanism in order to capture this consumer surplus. As previously
evaluated, a suitable interactive pricing mechanism for mobile attention consti-
tutes an auction. Although, basic auction formats are already applied to tradi-
tional mobile attention for search engine marketing campaigns (Google 2009c),
the availability of context information requires a more sophisticated concept,
which is outlined in the following sections.
6.4.2.1 General Auction Design Aspects for Context-sensitive Mobile
Attention
According to Bichler (2001, p. 11) auctions can be considered as specific forms
of negotiations between market participants. In this regard, McAfee and McMil-
lian (1987) define auctions as “a market institution with an explicit set of rules
determining resource allocation and prices on the basis of bids from the market
participants”. Thereby, one can add the description of Milgrom and Weber
(1982): “In an auction a bid taker offers to two or more potential bidders, who
send bids indicating willingness-to-pay for an object”.
For auctions, four fundamental formats can be distinguished based on bid sub-
mission type and the determination of the winning bid (Bichler 2001, p. 12):
• English Auction: The English Auction is an ascending auction format in
which potential buyers continuously raise their bids until only one buyer re-
mains. This last buyer wins the auction at the price of their last bid.
• First-Price Sealed Auction: This kind of auction works similarly to the Eng-
lish auction format, except that potential buyers are only allowed to submit
one sealed, private bid. The buyer with the highest submitted bid wins the
auction.
164 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

• Dutch Auction: This auction format constitutes the counterpart of the Eng-
lish Auction by working in the opposite way. The auction begins with a high
price for an object. Then this price is successively decreased until a buyer
calls to accept the current price. He wins the auction and the object.
• Vickrey Auction: The Vickrey auction format is also referred to as second-
price sealed auction and works similarly to the first-price sealed auction. The
exception is that the auction winner only has to pay the price of the second
highest bidding.
For these basic auctions types, Skiera and Spann (2004) present a framework for
design aspects and decisions (cp. Table 6.1).

Table 6.1: Basic Design Aspects of Auctions (based on Skiera and Spann
2004)

Design Aspect Design Decision

Auction Object Description of auction object, definition of bidding variables,


auctioning of options

Auction Closed or open auction participation, participation fees


Participation

Auction Duration Overall auction duration, fixed or variable auction ending

Regulatory Reservation prices, flexibility of auction rules, binding nature


Framework of auction rules

Sales of multiple Simultaneous or sequel auction, common or individual win-


Units ning bid price for multiple units

Along this presented auction design framework, the general auction type and
design requirements for context-sensitive mobile attention are discussed:
• Auction Type: As previously outlined, the auction type determines the way
an object is allocated to its potential buyers.
An appropriate auction type has to be processable in real-time (cp. Section
4.2) since context-sensitive mobile attention cannot be stored. English auc-
tions are not sealed in order to give the competing bidder the time to evaluate
and react to the currently highest bid. Consequently, this auction format has
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 165

no fixed duration. For Dutch auction formats, Mobile Marketing Providers


face the problem of determining the individual starting price for the context-
sensitive attention of a mobile user. This leaves sealed first or second price
auctions as suitable formats.
• Auction Object: The auction object is represented by context-sensitive mo-
bile attention as defined in Section 4.1. The biding variable of an auction con-
stitutes the payment type of the winning price (e.g. one-time payment,
monthly fees, etc.) (Skiera 2004, p. 11). This depends on the particular reve-
nue model of a Mobile Marketing Provider, which cannot be further specified
in the context of this work. Furthermore, no options on mobile attention are
auctioned.
• Auction Participation: It is highly important to deliver relevant mobile ad-
vertisements to mobile users – especially with regard to physically visited
POS (cp. Section 4.3.3). For this, the access to the auction should be restricted
to certified advertisers, which targeting profiles have been validated in ad-
vance (e.g. the provided POS location or opening times).
• Auction Duration: See Auction Type bullet above.
• Basic Regulatory Framework: The determination of reservation prices,
flexibility of auctions rules and binding of auction bidding constitutes the ba-
sic regulatory framework of an auction. It significantly determines the risk of
the auctioneer as well as the behaviour of the bidders (Skiera 2004, p. 12).
Due to the potentially high number of market transactions for mobile attention
and typically remote geographic location of advertisers, the auction rules can-
not be flexibly changed if the situation demands it and thus have to be auction
bids have to be binding. Reservation prices can be raised in order to maintain
a computable number of advertisers competing for the mobile attention of
mobile users.
• Sales of multiple Units: The sale of multiple units would mean the selling the
mobile attention of multiple mobile users in a single market transaction to an
advertiser. Since the mobile attention of a mobile user is unique for each ad-
vertiser, its relevance has to be individually evaluated for each advertiser (cp.
Section 4.3.3). Consequently, context-sensitive mobile attention is not sold in
multiple units.
166 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

In conclusion, context-sensitive mobile attention should be auctioned off to ad-


vertisers using an ascending, sealed auction format. However, to incorporate the
required relevance of Mobile Advertising campaigns for mobile users into the
auction processs, additional auction rules are necessary. These extend the latter
general design aspects to a more specific and sophisticated auction format.
6.4.2.2 Multi-attributive Auction Format for Context-sensitive Mobile Attention
The personal nature of the mobile medium specifically requires Mobile Market-
ing Providers to maintain a certain relevance of Mobile Advertising campaigns
for the attention of mobile users (cp. Section 6.3.3). Consequently, Mobile Mar-
keting Providers have to determine this relevance and incorporate it into the auc-
tion format. Since scoring models represent the most suitable means for the
matching or rating of individual customer profiles along multiple dimensions in
the marketing domain (Krafft 2002, p. 57), the implementation of a multi-
attributive auction format is proposed as appropriate for context-sensitive mo-
bile attention.
This special type of auction allows, besides of the price, integrating additional
attributes of a good into the auction bidding. It originates from a procurement
domain, in which a buyer expresses their preferences for a good in the form of a
utility function. For instance, it may depend on price, quality, or delivery time.
Once all bids have been submitted, the seller, whose goods and other proposed
conditions, maximises a buyer utility function, wins the auction (Bichler 2000,
p. 253).
According to Bichler (2001, p. 142 f.), the utility function represents the key
characteristic of multi-attribute auctions. It reflects the overall value of a good
for a buyer based on its known attributes. Thus, each bid comprises a monetary
bid as well as multiple quality dimensions. Thereby, it can be represented as n-
dimensional vector Q of either monetary or non-monetary relevant attributes. In
the case of an additive utility function S(xj), the bid of a buyer can be expressed
as x = (x1 ... xn). The seller evaluates each relevant attribute xj through their utility
function. As a result, the function S: QIR translates the value of each attribute
into a utility score. Lastly, the overall utility S(x) for bid x constitutes the sum of
all individual utility scores resulting from each attribute. If applicable, the indi-
vidual utility scores can be weighted, with the weights w1 ... wn summing up to
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 167

the value of one. The overall utility of bid is given by the following Equation
6.1.

Equation 6.1: Overall Utility Score for a Buyer


   

 
 


For m submitted bids, a seller determines the winning bid as follows (Equation
6.2):

Equation 6.2: Winning Bid Determination of Buyer

        

For the first-price auctions, the winning buyer pays the submitted price. By con-
trast, in second-price auctions the difference between the highest and second
highest utility score is calculated and transformed into a corresponding monetary
value. This value is deducted from the submitted price of the winning buyer
(Bichler 2001, p. 143).
6.4.2.3 Multi-attributive Utility Scoring of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention
In order to apply multi-attributive auctions as a resource allocation mechanism
for context-sensitive mobile attention, the following requirements have to be
met:
• Multi-attributive Utility Theory (MAUT) as an underlying foundation of the
multi-attribute auction formats has to be suitable to translate the relevance of
Mobile Marketing campaigns into an utility score, which can be incorporated
into the auction process.
The general compatibility of MAUT to evaluate the interests of individuals
was analysed by Schäfer (2001). He reviewed a portfolio of approaches for
estimating user preferences along multiple dimensions and presented a set of
rules on how to apply MAUT for this purpose. Consequently, MAUT is con-
sidered suitable to translate the relevant of mobile user into a utility score to
be used in a multi-attributive auction.
168 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

• For multi-attributive auctions as a special case of procurement auctions, the


classic roles of buyers and sellers are reversed (Bichler 2001, p. 139 f.). This
means that buyers define a utility function, which reflects the preferred
price/quality of a good and the seller submits their bids with regard to these
requirements. However, this would require advertisers rather than Mobile
Marketing Providers to specify this utility function. Thus, it would leave Mo-
bile Marketing Providers without the ability to maintain the relevance of Mo-
bile Advertising campaigns for mobile users.
The successful application of the multi-attribute auction format with non-
reverse buyer/seller roles is demonstrated by the Internet Search Engine Pro-
vider Google by its search engine-marketing platform based on traditional at-
tention profiles (Varian 2007, p. 183). Based on this, Albers (2007) derives
and outlines a similar concept for context-sensitive mobile attention. Thus,
multi-attributive auctions can be applied in this regard.
In order to calculate the utility score reflecting the relevance of a context-
sensitive mobile attention for a Mobile Advertising campaign, two preparatory
steps are required:
First, primary context information (e.g. location, identity, etc.) contained in the
mobile attention profile of a mobile user is used to derive the corresponding
secondary context information (e.g. POS distance, personal preferences, etc.)
(cp. Section 4.1.2). Then, this secondary context information is matched with the
Mobile Marketing Provider’s targeting profile of a corresponding class of Mo-
bile Advertising campaigns (e.g. restaurant promotions) (cp. Figure 6.11).
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 169

Figure 6.11: Matching of an Attention Profile with a Mobile Marketing


Provider Targeting Profile

Mobile Mobile Marketing Provider


Attention Profile Targeting Profile
• Personal Preferences • Preferred Preferences
• POS Distance Matching
• Max. POS Distance
• Remaining Visiting Time • Min. Visiting Time
• Immediate Need • Value Proposition

Context Relevance
• Personal Attraction
• Geographical Relevance
• Temporal Relevance
• Satisfiable Needs

The matching of a mobile user’s attention profile with the targeting profile of a
Mobile Marketing Provider results in multiple non-normalised values (e.g. per-
sonal attraction, POS distance, etc.), which reflect the context relevance of a
Mobile Advertising campaign for the attention of a mobile user. In order to al-
low an overall assessment of this context relevance, in the second step, the cal-
culated non-normalised values for each mobile attention profile attribute have to
be translated into a single overall utility score, which represents the overall rele-
vance of a mobile user for a Mobile Advertising campaign. For this, a utility
function has to be developed which meets the following requirements:
• The non-normalised matching results of a specific attention profile attribute
have to be converted into normalised values within the interval [0,1].
• The scoring function has to be able to handle missing but relevant context in-
formation. For instance, a mobile user may refuse to disclose their current lo-
cation (cp. Section 4.3.1).
• The matching results for each context information type have to be weighted in
accordance with the requirements imposed by the kind of Mobile Advertising
campaigns (for instance, with an increasing price of a promoted product, mo-
bile users are willing to overcome greater distances, which require a suitable
weighing of the POS distance).
170 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

• In order to aggregate each matching result for context information type to a


utility score reflecting the overall relevance of a mobile user for a Mobile Ad-
vertising campaign, a specific approach is required since the additive scoring
functions typically applied for multi-attributive auctions are not appropriate.
In the following sections, the feasible matching concepts and utility functions
for each attention profile attribute (i.e. personal attraction, POS distance, re-
maining visiting time) are proposed, and finally incorporated into an overall util-
ity function. Thereby, the context relevance type satisfiable needs is not further
addressed since its matching result is always binary: A mobile user expresses
their immediate need by selecting a certain mobile portal category (e.g. restau-
rant). Either the Mobile Advertising campaign is able to satisfy this need (i.e. it
promotes a restaurant) or not. Consequently, neither sophisticated matching
concept nor scoring function for this context relevance type is required here.

6.4.2.3.1 Determination and Utility Scoring of Personal Attraction


From the primary context information identity, in advance provided personal
preferences of mobile users can be acquired (cp. Section 2.5.1). This informa-
tion can be matched with the preferred preferences for a Mobile Advertising
campaign and results in the personal attraction of a mobile user (Nieschlag et al.
2002, p. 1064 ff.).
According to Krafft (2002, p. 79), the matching of multi-dimensional static
characteristics of customers can be accomplished based on a customer scoring
criteria catalogue. For the targeting of Mobile Advertising campaigns, this trans-
lates to matching each personal preference attribute contained in a mobile atten-
tion profile of a mobile user with its corresponding equivalent in the targeting
profile. The matching results of each attribute pair can also to be weighted and
are finally cumulated to a utility score.
Table 2.1 illustrates this approach by using a scenario of a mobile user, whose
mobile attention profile describes them as male, 25 years and interested rock
music. The corresponding Mobile Advertising campaign for a pop music concert
event is targeted to males, between 20 and 30 years. First, it is determined if the
Mobile Advertising campaign is able to satisfy the immediate need of the mobile
user (satisfiable need). Assuming this is the case, the matching of mobile atten-
tion and targeting profile is conducted. The matching and scoring of the results
shows a utility score of 70 out of a utility ideal score of 100.
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 171

Table 6.2: Simplified Utility Scoring Scenario for Personal Attraction


(based on Krafft 2002, p. 79)
Attention Targeting Matching Weight Value
Profile Profile Results
Gender Male Male 1 10 10
Age 23 20-30 1 20 20
Interests Rock, Pop, Pop, Rock
1 40 40
Classic music Music
Income
Low Medium 0 60 0
Level
Sum - - - 100 70

In this regard, Equation 6.3 proposes an additive utility function in order to


score the personal attraction of a Mobile Advertising campaign for a mobile
user. For this, the standard scoring function of Krafft (2002, p. 79) provides the
foundation. Nevertheless, it has to be modified to include means to specify how
the attractiveness decreases if an expected attribute (e.g. age of mobile user) is
missing from the mobile attention profile of a mobile user. This aspect is con-
trolled by the variable t. If t=1, the matching result of a missing attribute is con-
sidered no match; for t=0, it is ignored that the attribute is missing.

Equation 6.3: Calculation of Personal Attraction


%
" !" #  $"
   % ' 
" " &  # " %( !"
!
where PA= The personal attractiveness based on the weighted matched personal
attributes of a mobile user with the preferred preferences of an adver-
tiser; Value Range ]0,]
gk = Weight of the attribute k; Value Range [0,]
yk = Matching result of the mobile attention profile and targeting profile
for attribute k; Value Range [0,1]
K= Number of specified target profile attributes relevant for the specified
category of Mobile Advertising campaigns
m= Number of specified target profile attributes relevant for the specified
category of Mobile Advertising campaigns
t= Weight of the attractiveness reduction for an unavailable attribute;
Value Range [0,1]
172 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

The resulting calculated utility score, based on matching results of the personal
preferences of a mobile user and the preferred personal preferences for a Mobile
Advertising campaign, is considered the personal attraction.

6.4.2.3.2 Determination and Utility Scoring of Geographic Reachability


Based on the momentary location of a mobile user and the location of a pro-
moted POS, the distance between the two geographic points (POS distance) can
be calculated. The value represents an important indicator for the relevance of a
Mobile Advertising campaign for a mobile user. Several empirical studies have
documented the reciprocal correlation of the POS distance to the probability of a
consumer or mobile user respectively to physically visit a POS and making a
purchase (Huff 1964; Reilly 1931).
Under the assumption of both locations to be described by geo-coordinates, the
distance between the POS and mobile user location can be calculated by multi-
ple methods. However, due to various irregularities of the earth, those methods
are rather complex and nonetheless not exact (Wikipedia 2009). Since advertis-
ers preferably target marketing campaigns in traditional media based on the
postal code, no exact distances are needed, though (Figge and Theyson 2006).
Consequently, the most straightforward approach to calculate short distances is
calculating the airline distance using the Pythagorean Theorem. For this, Equa-
tion 6.4 depicts the simplest formula to calculate the distance between two geo-
graphic locations whilst assuming a flat earth (Wikipedia 2009).

Equation 6.4: Calculation POS Distance based Pythagorean Theorem


(Wikipedia 2009)

DPoS = R abs ( x1 − x2 )² + abs ( y1 − y2 )²

where DPos= The distance between the geo-coordinates


(x1,y1) and (x2,y2); Value Range ]0,]
x1,y1= Latitude
x2,y2= Longitude
R= Earth Radius 6.371,009 km

In order to calculate the utility of the POS distance for a mobile user, several
approaches can be found in the geo-marketing domain. In this regard, the Huff
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 173

model (Huff 1964) as a frequently cited approach is discussed and subsequently


proposed. The earliest model constitutes the O’Reilly model (Reilly 1931),
which attempts to determine the probable willingness of a consumer (i.e. mobile
user) to overcome a certain distance in order to purchase products at a specific
POS. O’Reilly, known as a “retail gravitationalist” based his model on the gravi-
tation theory. It states that two objects attract each other more as the smaller
their distance and the larger the masses are. Thereby, O’Reilly described the at-
traction between a consumer and POS as the exponentially42 decreasing function
of the POS distance of a consumer.
In the model of Huff (1964), this exponent became variable since empirical
studies have revealed that overcoming a distance to a POS also depends on the
product category offered by the POS43. Consequently, the formula can be simply
applied for any POS but has to be configured for each POS individually. Equa-
tion 6.5 depicts the formula for the calculation of the attraction of a mobile user
to specific POS based on Huff (1964).

Equation 6.5: Calculation of Geographic Reachability (based on Huff


1964)

)*  
+
where GR= Geographic reachability of a POS for a mobile user at a
given location; Value Range [0,1]
w= Attraction of a POS for a mobile user; Value Range [0, 1]
d= Distance in km between mobile user and POS location;
Value Range ]0, ]44
= Parameter which is to be estimated empirically to reflect
the effect of distance on the different types of POS as well
as their offered products; Value Range ]0, ]

42
The value of the exponent is two and thereby it complies to Gravitation-Theory (Reilly
1931)
43
For instance, mobile users are willing to overcome greater distance to shop for clothes
compared to POS offering groceries because the latter is cheaper.
44
The calculated remaining visiting time discussed in the next section, remains unrelated to
the travel time, since the shopping time is assumed significantly longer than the travel time
(i.e. hours vs. minutes) and thereby is not included in the formula.
174 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

The formula of Huff measured the attraction w in the size of a shopping centre.
Thereby, he assumed that the larger the size of a POS, the more products are
available for sale and thus the higher the attractiveness for a shopper. The  pa-
rameter is to be individually determined by a POS (Huff 1964) and is not dis-
cussed here any further. Translated to the shopping scenario, the mass of an ob-
ject corresponds to the size of a POS (i.e. greater size equals greater varity of
choice) and the distance of the masses is the POS distance to consumer.
The resulting utility score based on the POS distance of a mobile user is consid-
ered the geographical reachability.

6.4.2.3.3 Determination and Utility Scoring of Temporal Reachability


The temporal aspects for the targeting of Mobile Advertising campaigns are
typically based on the current time of day, day of the week or occasionally
events (e.g. display of restaurant ads during lunch time) (Oracle Communica-
tions 2008, p. 5). However, incorporating the remaining visiting time for a POS
promoted in Mobile Advertising campaigns becomes intuitively relevant for
mobile users as well. For instance, the value of a mobile advertisement for a
lunchtime offered by a restaurant (POS) significantly depends on the mobile
user’s (remaining) time to visit the restaurant. Thereby, matching the current
time of day and opening hours of the POS results in the remaining visiting time
of a mobile user.
Contrasting to the geographic relevance, an underlying theory for the calculation
of the utility score for the remaining visiting time of a mobile user does not to
the best knowledge of the author exist yet. However, it can be intuitively as-
sumed that a utility function constitutes an increasing function of the remaining
visiting time. Furthermore, similar to the calculation of the geographic reachabil-
ity, the function needs to allow addressing the individual shopping characteris-
tics of a mobile user and the required shopping time for specific products. Con-
sequently, following the Huff model, Equation 6.6 depicts a proposed utility
function for the remaining visiting time.
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 175

Equation 6.6: Calculation of Temporal Reachability


012134
TR ,-. / 6 78
51

where TR= Temporal reachability of a POS for a mobile user at a


given time of day; Value Range [0,1]
ct= Closing time of POS
tod= Time of day
st= Parameter which is to be estimated empirically to re-
flect the required shopping time for specific goods; a
lower value indicates less required time; Value Range
]0, ]

Thereby, the utility score regarding the time of day constitutes the relation be-
tween remaining visiting time and the required shopping time for specific goods
of a POS. It is considered as temporal relevance.
6.4.2.4 Overall Utility Function for the Multi-attributive Auction Format
Finally, the geographic and temporal reachability as well as personal attraction
of a POS for mobile users have to be aggregated to one single overall utility
function. For this, the Huff model, which accepts POS distance and attraction as
parameters, is applied as an underlying scoring function.
First, the attraction of a POS originally described in the Huff model by the
physical size of a POS is replaced by the personal attraction of a mobile user.
Second, the Huff model is extended in order to incorporate the temporal reach-
ability. Thereby, Equation 6.7 depicts the formula of the proposed overall utility
function reflecting the relevance of a mobile user for a Mobile Advertising cam-
paign.
176 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

Equation 6.7: Calculation of Business Relevance for Mobile Attention45



9*    : ;*
+
where BR= Probability of a mobile user to react to a Mobile Adver-
tising campaign; Value Range [0,1]
PA= Personal attraction of mobile for a POS; Value Range
[0,1]
d= Distance in km between mobile user and POS location;
Value Range ]0, ]
= Parameter which is to be estimated empirically to re-
flect the effect of distance on the different types of POS;
Value Range ]0, ]
TR= Temporal reachability of a POS for a mobile user;
Value Range [0,1]

In conclusion, it has to be noted that the MAUT provides means for Mobile
Marketing Providers to assess the relevance of context-sensitive mobile atten-
tion. However, the challenge for Mobile Marketing Providers remains to de-
velop the appropriate utility function (cp. Bichler 2001, p. 142) for a given cate-
gory of Mobile Advertising campaigns (e.g. restaurant promotions).
6.4.2.5 Auction Bid Calculation and Winner Determination
The previously developed utility function for context-sensitive mobile attention
provides the foundation for two aspects of the multi-attributive auction protocol.
On the one hand, it allows the Mobile Marketing Provider to adjust the monetary
bid of an advertiser based on the relevance of their Mobile Advertising cam-
paign for the mobile attention of a mobile user. On the other hand, advertisers
can apply this utility function model to calculate their momentary bid for this
mobile attention based on their own, individual evaluation of the relevance of a
mobile user for their Mobile Advertising campaign.

45
For simplicity reasons, the individual factors of the equation are currently not weighted.
Nevertheless, this can be included into the equations of the respective factors.
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 177

6.4.2.5.1 Automated Auction Bid Calculation for Advertisers


Advertisers have to make their purchase decision for mobile attention in real-
time (cp. Section 4.2.1). Consequently, the calculation and bid submission has to
be automatically processed. Therefore, advertisers have to configure their own
utility function based on their understanding of the relevance of mobile users for
their Mobile Advertising campaigns. The related process consists of four activi-
ties:
1. The parameters of the utility function presented in the previous section are
specified in order to suit the individual needs of an advertiser.
2. An ideal context-sensitive mobile attention profile derived from the targeting
profile of a Mobile Advertising campaign is fed into the utility function. The
resulting value consitutes the ideal utility score. It has to be calculated only
once for each Mobile Advertising campaign.
3. Once a mobile user accesses the mobile portal, the actual context-sensitive
mobile attention profile is automatically matched with the corresponding tar-
geting profile, and the result fed into the advertiser’s utility function. The re-
sult is the actual utility score for the context-sensitive mobile attention of a
mobile user.
4. Finally and similarly to traditional Mobile Advertising campaigns (cp.
Google 2009c), advertisers can specify the maximum monetary amount,
which they are willing to pay for the mobile attention of a mobile user with
an ideal mobile attention profile. This bid is then multiplied with the ratio of
an actual and ideal utility score for the respective mobile attention (cp. Equa-
tion 6.8).
178 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

Equation 6.8: Calculation of Monetary Advertiser Auction Bid


<
9  ,9 #  
-<
where AAB= Calculated bid of an advertiser to be submitted in
the auction process
AAU= Mobile attention utility score calculated based the
on current (actual) mobile attention profile of a
mobile user
IAU= Mobile attention utility score calculated based on
an ideal mobile attention profile of a mobile user
MAB= Maximum monetary budget to be spent on mobile
attention with ideal mobile attention profile

The resulting monetary auction bid (AAB) is then submitted to the auction proc-
ess and evaluated by the Mobile Marketing Provider as discussed in the follow-
ing section.

6.4.2.5.2 Auction Bid Adjustment by the Mobile Marketing Provider


The relevance of Mobile Advertising campaigns for mobile users is significantly
important due to the highly personal nature of the medium (cp. Section 2.4.1). In
order to maintain this relevance, Mobile Marketing Providers are supposed to
adjust the submitted monetary bids of advertisers based on their own targeting
profile and utility function.
Similarly to an advertiser, a Mobile Marketing Provider defines their utility
function as well as an ideal mobile attention profile. Since Mobile Marketing
Providers do not have the knowledge to determine the relevance of a Mobile
Advertising campaign objectively for the mobile attention of a mobile user, the
utility function has to be specified on a more abstract level. Then, similarly to
the advertisers, the ratio between an actual and ideal utility score of a mobile
attention profile determines the portion by which the advertisers bid is reduced.
Whereas advertisers calculate the absolute relevance of mobile attention, Mobile
Marketing Providers assess the relevance of a Mobile Advertising campaign for
the attention of a mobile user, relative only to other competing advertisers.
Equation 6.9 depicts a simple approach based on the Google AdWords auction
concept (Google Corporation 2009c) to adjust a submitted advertiser’s bid ac-
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 179

cording to the Mobile Marketing Provider’s relative utility score of mobile at-
tention profiles. As a result, a virtual bid for the auction process is generated.

Equation 6.9: Calculation of Virtual Bid by Mobile Marketing Provider


<>
=9  9 #
-<>
where VB= Virtual bid (adjusted by the calculated utility score
of te Mobile Marketing Provider)
AAB= Auction bid of advertiser as submitted in the auction
process
AAUM= Mobile attention utility score calculated by the Mo-
bile Marketing Provider and based on the actual
attention profile of a mobile user
IAUM= Mobile attention utility score calculated by the Mo-
bile Marketing Provider and based the on ideal at-
tention profile of a mobile user

In order to illustrate this approach, Figure 6.12 depicts a sample scenario of a


Mobile Marketing Provider calculating the virtual bids of five advertisers, all
competing for the mobile attention of a mobile user based on the POS distance.
For simplicity reasons, the virtual bids of advertisers are calculated by solely
dividing the monetary advertiser bid by the POS distance in kilometres. The re-
sults show that by including the POS distance as a relevance factor into the bid-
ing process, not necessarily the highest monetary bidder (here POS 1) wins the
auction. Instead, POS 3, which submitted a lower bid but has a smaller POS dis-
tance to the mobile user, wins the mobile attention of the users. POS 5 is not al-
lowed to participate in the auction in the first place due to its too large POS dis-
tance.
180 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

Figure 6.12: Example illustrating the Virtual Bid Calculation by a Mobile


Marketing Provider
Virtual Bids
POS1: 4€ / 0,25 km = 16,0
POS2: 3€ / 0,15 km = 20,0
POS3: 2€ / 0,05 km = 40,0
POS
2
POS4: 1€ / 0,10 km = 10,0

3€

150 m

100 m POS
50 m 4
POS 1€
3

2€
250 m

4€
500 m
POS
0,5 €
1
POS Targeting Profile
5 (Mobile Marketing
Provider)

6.4.2.6 Multi-attributive Auction Protocol for Context-sensitive Mobile


Attention
After the proposals and discussion of a multi-attributive auction format as a re-
source allocation mechanism for context-sensitive mobile attention, a general
overview of the corresponding auction protocol is provided. It is supposed to
establish a general understanding about the involved participants, their activities,
as well as auction process.
Figure 6.13 depicts the multi-attributive auction process in the form of a Unified
Modelling Language (UML) activity diagram. In order to provide a more illus-
trative description of the auction protocol, it assumed that Mobile Advertising
campaigns are about restaurant promotions, and the targeting of advertisers is
solely focussed on the POS distance of a mobile user to their restaurant. Fur-
thermore, two preparatory activities are assumed to be already completed:
• For certain types of Mobile Advertising campaigns (i.e. restaurant promo-
tions), a Mobile Marketing Provider has already specified their targeting pro-
file. It reflects on a high abstraction level which mobile users are presumably
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 181

relevant to this type of Mobile Advertising campaign. For instance, a target-


ing profile may specify that promoted restaurants are only relevant for mobile
users if they are within a maximum distance of 1000 meters.
• An advertiser has already specified a targeting profile for their Mobile Adver-
tising campaign. It contains the same kind of information as the targeting pro-
file of the Mobile Marketing Provider, but on a more detailed and individual
level (e.g. targeting of students, in 500m vicinity of the restaurant at lunch-
time).

Figure 6.13: Multi-attributive Auction Protocol for Context-sensitive Mo-


bile Attention
182 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

Based on the latter two completed preparatory activities, the auction process is
triggered by a mobile user accessing the mobile portal of the Mobile Marketing
Provider. After selecting a mobile portal category, which best suits them to sat-
isfy their immediate need, their available context-sensitive mobile attention data
is acquired and a corresponding profile generated.
Subsequently, the Mobile Marketing Provider matches the current context-
sensitive mobile attention profile of a mobile user with all available targeting
profiles of advertisers. Those Mobile Advertising campaigns, whose matching
results meet the requirements of the targeting profile of the Mobile Marketing
Provider (e.g. restaurants in less than 1000m distance to the mobile user) are
considered relevant. Consequently, their corresponding advertisers are allowed
to participate in the bidding process for the current mobile attention of the mo-
bile user.
In the next step, advertisers match the attention profile with their targeting pro-
file and determine if this mobile attention is relevant (e.g. targeting of mobile
users in less than 500m distance to the restaurant). If the current mobile attention
is found relevant by an advertiser, the utility score of the POS distance for their
Mobile Advertising campaign is calculated (e.g. 250m distance to the restaurant
equals an utility score 50 out of 100). Based on this utility score, the advertiser
calculates the corresponding monetary bid (e.g. 50 (actual utility) /100 (ultility)
* 2€ (budget per mobile user) = 1€). Eventually, this bid is submitted to the Mo-
bile Marketing Provider.
The Mobile Marketing Provider takes the bid and calculates their own utility
score based on their targeting profile (e.g. 250m distance to the restaurant com-
pared to 1000m distance maximal allowed, equals an utility score 25 out of
100). The Mobile Marketing Provider applies their utility score in order to ad-
just the received monetary bid of the advertiser (e.g. 1€ (advertiser bid) * 25
(distance score POS) /100 (max. distance score (Mobile Marketing Provider) =
0,25 € (virtual bid of advertiser)). Finally, depending on the applied auction
type, the virtual bid of an advertiser, which is considered the most valuable,
wins the mobile attention.
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 183

6.4.3 ICT-Infrastructure

At last, the proposed design aspects of the ICT-infrastructure component of the


mobile media market platform are presented.
The ICT-infrastructure is supposed to enable a mobile portal as an interface to
mobile users as well as to enable market transactions for mobile attention with
advertisers. Following the ICT-infrastructure model for electronic markets (cp.
Section 5.3.3.3), the mobile media market platform can be described based on
the classic three-tier architecture model, which represents the minimal architec-
tural structure of an information system (Edwards 1999, p. 4 ff.). Thereby, the
mobile media market platform technically acts in the role of a server, whereas
mobile users and advertiser represent its clients (client / server concept).
For context-sensitive mobile attention to be traded on this platform, the process-
ing of context information imposes two main conflicts of interests regarding its
disclosure for Mobile Advertising campaigns (cp. Section 4.3.1):
• Mobile Users: Depending on their privacy attitude, mobile users are only
willing to disclose as minimal attention data as possible in exchange for per-
ceived value or incentives.
• Advertisers: The aim of advertisers is to acquire as much mobile attention
data as possible about mobile users to archive a highly targeted effectiveness
of their Mobile Advertising campaigns.
In order to address these conflicting interests, the Multilateral Security approach
can be applied. Its aims at balancing between the competing privacy or security
interests of these different parties. Therefore, its proposed concepts can be de-
scribed as follows (Rannenberg 2000a):
• Consideration of Conflicts: Multilateral Security acknowledges the natural
existence of conflicts of interests and security goals between involved market
participants.
• Respecting Interests: The involved market participants are able to specify
their own interests and security goals. Conflicts are identified, negotiated and
the results reliably enforced.
• Supporting Sovereignty: Each market participant is only required to place
minimal trust in the honesty and technology of others.
184 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

Consequently, the ICT-infrastructure has to empower mobile users to control the


disclosure and use of their personal information, although advertisers still have
to be able to apply the disclosed information for the targeting of their Mobile
Advertising campaigns.
Although the basic three-tier architecture is comparable to the online media
market platforms of Google (Google Corporation 2009d) and Yahoo (Yahoo
Corporation 2009a), the integration of context information exhibits several spe-
cifics on each tier of the ICT-infrastructure, which are discussed in the following
three sections.
6.4.3.1 Presentation Tier
Starting at the top, the user interface of the mobile media market platform (pres-
entation tier) has to enable advertisers, mobile users, and Mobile Marketing
Providers to communicate their requests (i.e. requests, offerings and compensa-
tions) with regard to the market transaction process (cp. Schmid and Lindemann
1998). Thereby, the existence and processing of context information imposes the
following special requirements to the respective user interfaces:
• Mobile Users: Mobile users have to be able to control the disclosure and ap-
plication of their context-sensitive mobile attention data. Consequently, a mo-
bile identity management system (MIdMS) is required (FIDIS 2005b, p. 16
ff.). It allows specifying privacy policies in accordance with the privacy atti-
tude of individuals. For this, it allows the review and deletion of their per-
sonal usage history as well as stored user information (FIDIS 2005b, p. 11 f.).
• Advertisers: Advertisers require an interface to setup and manage their Mo-
bile Advertising campaign as well as measure its performance (Brommund
and Amthor 2008, p. 566). This can be constituted by either a Graphical User
Interface (GUI) or Application Programming Interface (API). The latter al-
lows the integration of the management of Mobile Advertising campaigns
into the business processes of an advertiser’s information system (cp. Google
Corporation 2009g; Yahoo Corporation 2009c).
• Mobile Marketing Provider: Based on Weinhardt et al. (2003, p. 637), a
Mobile Marketing Provider, as a market operator, requires a user interface to
setup general trading rules for mobile attention in the form of participation
rules, targeting profiles, etc. as well as monitoring the behaviour of the market
participants and market outcome.
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 185

Thereby, for all of these developed interfaces a common understanding between


the market participants based on the extended SIC model with regard to the se-
mantic of context-sensitive mobile attention profile has to be established (cp.
Section 6.3.2).
6.4.3.2 Logic Tier
In the middle resides the logic tier. It is supposed to process the market transac-
tions triggered by the market participants according to the specified trading
rules. This involves generating context-sensitive mobile attention profiles, que-
rying relevant targeting profiles of advertisers, and ultimately processing the
multi-attributive auction protocol for the mobile attention (cp. Section 6.4.2). In
this regard, two aspects have to be addressed by the logic tier:
• In order to ensure the security and privacy of the mobile attention data about
mobile users, by following the Multilateral Security approach putting in only
the minimal trust in others, the matching of context-sensitive attention pro-
files with the targeting profiles of advertisers has to take place on the ICT-
infrastructure of the Mobile Marketing Provider (i.e. on the central server).
• Market transactions have to be processed almost in real-time since mobile us-
ers are not willing to wait for mobile content or advertisements to be dis-
played, because sophisticated allocation mechanisms are being processed in
the background (Nah 2004).
Both outlined aspects call for a central storage of mobile attention profiles and
targeting profiles on the ICT-infrastructure of the Mobile Marketing Provider in
order to maintain the privacy and security of context-sensitive mobile attention
data, and to avoid response delays for mobile users.
6.4.3.3 Data Tier
Finally, the data tier stores the all information required to process market trans-
actions for context-sensitive mobile attention. Similar to the logic tier and fol-
lowing the Multilateral Security concept by putting in only the minimal trust in
others, the processed transaction data also has to be centrally stored at the ICT-
infrastructure of the Mobile Marketing Provider. This includes the following
data for the involved stakeholders:
• Mobile Marketing Providers: Mobile Marketing Providers store the Mobile
Advertising campaign setup (e.g. participation rules, targeting profile, etc.) in
186 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

the database of the mobile media market platform. Furthermore, the transac-
tion history for each Mobile Advertising campaign is stored as well. It pro-
vides the foundation for accounting, billing, and performance measurements
of Mobile Advertising campaigns.
• Advertisers: Advertisers register their individual Mobile Advertising cam-
paign for a category of Mobile Advertising campaigns as defined by a Mobile
Marketing Provider. In this regard, they define their Mobile Advertisement
contents, targeting profile, and maximum bid per attention of a mobile user.
• Mobile Users: Once generated, the mobile attention profile of mobile users is
stored in the database. It consists of primary, secondary context information a
mobile user as well as further meta-data about the quality of context informa-
tion and privacy policies, but is only of temporary nature.
Figure 6.14 depicts the mobile media market platform in the three-tier model
while highlighting the most relevant previously discussed aspects of each tier.

Figure 6.14: Mobile Media Market Platform in the Three-Tier-Model

Mobile Media Market Platform

Presentation Tier
• Identity Management System for Mobile Users
• Management Interface for Advertisers and Mobile
Marketing Provider
• Common understanding between Market Participants

Logic Tier
• Real-Time Processing of Transactions
• Processing of Transaction on the Mobile Media
Market Platform

Data Tier
• Transaction Data Storage centrally at the Mobile
Media Market Platform
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 187

In order to fully assess the applicability of the outlined engineering recommen-


dation framework for a mobile media market, its limitations are at last discussed
in the following section.

6.5 Limitations of the Engineering Recommendation Framework


The engineering recommendation framework for mobile media market platforms
MoMeMa addresses the explored impacts of context information on the tradi-
tional commercialisation of mobile attention. In this regard, it focuses on ena-
bling Mobile Marketing Providers to take advantage of the benefits of context
information while addressing its challenges. In this role, the engineering rec-
ommendation framework exhibits a set of limitations, which are disclosed in the
following.
First, the MoMeMa framework addresses only Mobile Marketing campaigns
within the European region. Nevertheless, Asia leads the market in the Mobile
Marketing domain (ABI Reseach – Technology and Market Intelligence 2009),
but the MoMeMa framework cannot directly be assumed to be applicable in this
region as well. Consequently, it needs to be re-evaluated for this market.
Furthermore, due to the complexity of electronic markets in general, the respec-
tive engineering frameworks and process models only constitute partial models.
Thereby, they support the objective to design electronic markets in an objective-
orientated, structure and error-prone manner, but cannot be a blueprint for the
implementation of an electronic market, which would naturally deliver the ex-
pected outcome of the market operator (Weinhardt et al. 2003).
Then, the scope of the MoMeMa framework has been narrowed down to pull-
based Mobile Advertising campaigns for mobile web-portals, which are accessi-
ble via the mobile Internet. Whereas the Mobile Marketing campaigns feature a
much broader spectrum of implementations (cp. Section 2.4.2), the impacts of
context information has only been addressed by the MoMeMa framework with
regard to these Mobile Advertising campaigns.
In addition to restricting the scope of the MoMeMa framework to Mobile Adver-
tising campaigns, the types of primary context information have been limited to
those directly available from the mobile network. The same applies for secon-
dary context information due to complexity reasons as well. Those context types
have been chosen based on the identified benefits for mobile users willing to
188 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

satisfy a consumptive need in their momentary situation. However, there are


many more types of context information available, which have not yet been con-
sidered but still might be valuable for advertisers.
Moreover, the possible interdependencies of transaction service components (cp.
Section 5.3.3.4) have been not further addressed since they predominately de-
pend on actual mobile media market platform implementations.
Finally, the MoMeMa framework exhibits conceptional limitations, which stem
from the fact that context-sensitive Mobile Advertising campaigns, to the extent
discussed within the scope of this work, do not exist in practice yet (cp. Section
2.5). This prevents an empirical evaluation of the impacts of context information
on the traditional commercialisation of mobile attention. Consequently, the im-
pacts have been explored and analysed based on literature reviews. Once mobile
media markets for context-sensitive mobile attention emerge in practice, the
MoMeMa framework can be empirically evaluated and if necessary aligned ac-
cordingly.
In conclusion, the MoMeMa framework at hand provides a high-level guideline
for Mobile Marketing Providers on how to engineer feasible implementations of
mobile media market platforms for the commercialisation context-sensitive mo-
bile attention. Nevertheless, Mobile Marketing Providers still have to detail
those engineering recommendations (e.g. selection of auction model, scoring
function configuration, etc.) in order to address their individual requirements
and objectives (e.g. expected market outcome). Thereby, other engineering rec-
ommendation frameworks for mobile media market platforms could also lead to
successful outcomes, but have not yet been developed (cp Section 2.6).

6.6 Summary
The MoMeMa recommendation framework for mobile media markets addresses
impacts of context information on the traditional commercialisation of mobile
attention (cp. Figure 6.15).
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 189

Figure 6.15: Main Aspects of the MoMeMa Engineering Recommendation


Framework for Mobile Media Market Platforms

ƒ Mobile Users
Relevance of Mobile Advertisements
Mobile Media ƒ Advertisers
Market Marketing Budget Efficiency
Stakeholders
ƒ Mobile Marketing Provider
Increasing Profits
ƒ Regulator
ƒ Socio-Economic Environment
Data Protection of Mobile Users
Personal Nature of Mobile Media
ƒ Technological Environment Mobile Media
Context Information Access and Market
available Processing Power Environment
Requirements
ƒ Legal and Reg. Environment
Data Protection (EU Directives)
ƒ Semantic Identify Concept
Common, semantic understanding
for Mobile Attention
Definition of
Mobile Attention ƒ Incorporation of Meta Information
as Transaction Quality of Context Information and
Object Privacy Policies
ƒ Specific Trading Rules
Relevance for Mobile Users
ƒ Business Model
Interactive, dynamic Pricing
ƒ Resource Allocation Mechanism Design of
Multi-attributive Auction Transaction
Service for
ƒ ICT-Infrastructure Mobile Attention
Centralized, Real-Time
Processing of Market Transactions

Along with the four major activities of the mobile media market engineering
process model, the main aspects of the MoMeMa have been documented:
• Mobile Media Market Stakeholders: The ability to describe the momentary
usage situation of mobile users for Mobile Advertising campaigns has im-
pacts on the interests of the involved mobile media market stakeholders. Mo-
bile users expect highly relevant Mobile Advertising campaigns in exchange
for the disclosure of their context-sensitive mobile attention data. Advertisers
demand a higher Mobile Advertising campaign effectiveness, whereas Mobile
Marketing Providers aim at additional revenues due to the increased value of
context-sensitive mobile attention. Finally, the interests of the regulators are
190 Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets

to protect the privacy of mobile users (i.e. their context-sensitive mobile at-
tention data).
• Mobile Media Market Environment Requirements: The market environ-
ment for mobile media markets is subdivided into the socio-economic, legal,
and technological environment. The analysis of the market environment re-
vealed for the social-economic component that the mobile medium is very
personal for mobile users. Consequently, it is able to attract high attention but
also raises the risk of disturbing the mobile user. Regarding the legal compo-
nent, it could be stated that Mobile Marketing Providers have to comply with
the European Data Protection directive or their national implementation re-
spectively regarding the use of context information about mobile users. Fi-
nally, the technology component focuses first on the access to the context in-
formation source. Therefore, mainly location-based context information (e.g.
POS locations) is available about mobile users. Secondly, sufficient comput-
ing power for processing transactions in an appropriate period of time is re-
quired, but already available today.
• Definition of Mobile Attention as Transaction Object: There are several
particular characteristics of context-sensitive mobile attention, which have to
be addressed for the transaction object definition. First of all, the mobile at-
tention has to be indirectly acquired from mobile users. This is not covered by
the framework of Weinhardt et al. (2003). Second, a common understanding
for context-sensitive mobile attention profiles has to be established between
all market participants. Second, due to the varying quality of context-sensitive
attention profiles, quality information has to be integrated into the mobile at-
tention profiles as meta-information. Third, since context-sensitive mobile at-
tention profiles contain personal data about mobile users, they have to incor-
porate user-driven privacy policies for this data. Finally, specific trading rules
have to be specified for this good. For instance, context-sensitive mobile at-
tention cannot be sold to the highest bidder without ensuring certain relevance
between advertisers and mobile users.
• Design of Transaction Service for Mobile Attention: Based on the stake-
holder’s interests and the characteristics of the transaction object, the engi-
neering recommendations proposed for the market transaction service have
been developed and presented. They are concerned with the business model,
Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets 191

resource allocation mechanism, and ICT-infrastructure of the transaction ser-


vice for mobile attention.
The business model, especially the revenue model, exhibits notable design
recommendations. Due to the individual valuation of context-sensitive mobile
attention by advertisers, a dynamic, interactive pricing mechanism over a
static one is preferred. As a result, it offers Mobile Marketing Providers the
opportunity for acquiring the maximum WTP from advertisers for their of-
fered mobile attention. Consequently, a corresponding resource allocation
mechanism in the form of a multi-attributive auction format was proposed.
Whereas this allows advertisers to express their individual WTP, it also en-
ables Mobile Marketing Providers to maintain a certain level of relevance be-
tween the mobile user and Mobile Advertising campaigns. Finally, with re-
gards to the ICT-infrastructure, it has been recommended to store and process
all transaction data centrally on the server of the Mobile Marketing Provider.
This allows maintaining the security and privacy of the attention data and
provides the foundation for real-time processing of the transaction, since no
other parties (e.g. advertisers) can thereby delay corresponding communica-
tion process.
In conclusion, the MoMeMa engineering recommendation framework docu-
ments feasible means for Mobile Marketing Providers in order to take advantage
of available context information about mobile users. It does not claim to be op-
timal nor the only feasible recommendation framework for this purpose.
Thereby, Mobile Marketing Providers considering applying the MoMeMa
framework do not necessarily implement successful mobile media markets plat-
forms for context-sensitive mobile attention. The MoMeMa framework is not a
blueprint for the implementation of a concrete market. It abstractly documents
general engineering recommendations for mobile media markets, which should
be addressed or considered, and design aspects which should be implemented.
In the following chapter, the feasibility of the proposed MoMeMa framework is
demonstrated by implementing a prototypical mobile media market platform,
based on the developed engineering recommendations of this framework.
Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform 193

7 Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media


Market Platform
The implementation of a software prototype does not constitute research per se
(Olivier 2004, p. 51). However, it can play different roles to support in research.
According to Olivier (2004, p. 51) the term prototype refers, in the information
technology domain, to “a simplified program or system that serves as a guide or
example for the complete program or system”. Thereby, the construction of a
prototype allows concentrating specifically on those aspects, which need to be
studied while others are neglected.
In the scope of this work, the prototypical implementation of a mobile media
market platform, which enables context-sensitive Mobile Advertising campaigns
constitutes a prove of concept. However, prove does not represent the rigor of
other evaluation methods (Hevner et al. 2004). Instead, this prototype demon-
strates the technical feasibility of a mobile media market platform based on the
developed engineering recommendations presented in Chapter 6.
The MoMeMa framework outlines recommendations whose level of abstraction
would allow the implementation of an unwieldy number of different mobile me-
dia market platforms. For this, Section 7.1 begins with the presentation of an
application scenario in order to narrow down the scope of possible Mobile Ad-
vertising campaigns to be supported by the prototype.
Based on this scenario, relevant use cases and involved actors are derived and
described in Section 7.2. Subsequently, Section 7.3 complements this documen-
tation by specifying the respective application process for the usage of the mo-
bile portal as well as the corresponding transactions on the mobile media mar-
ket.
The developed prototype CoMPaS (Context-sensitive Mobile Portal Service) is
documented along the three-tier architecture model mentioned in Section 7.4. In
addition, the ICT-infrastructure applied to the prototype is documented in Sec-
tion 7.5. This includes the applied database technology, programming language
and graphical interface technologies.
Due to the prototypical nature of the CoMPaS application, Section 7.6 discloses
its main conceptional, functional, and performance-related limitations. The
194 Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform

chapter concludes with a summary of the developed mobile media platform pro-
totype (cp. Section 7.7).

7.1 Application Scenario


The prototype realises a mobile media market platform operated by Mobile
Marketing Providers, with the main purpose of generating and selling context-
sensitive mobile attention to advertisers. By considering Mobile Advertising
campaigns as a prospective subcategory of Mobile Marketing campaigns (Strat-
egy Analytics 2007, Kishore 2008) and mobile portals as beneficial entry points
for mobile users (Figge 2007, p. 149), the application scenario is concerned with
enabling Mobile Advertising campaigns via mobile portals (cp. Figure 7.1).

Figure 7.1: Application Scenario supported by the Mobile Media Market


Platform Prototype

Mobile Marketing Provider


Mobile
User
Mobile Media Platform Mobile
Portal

Mobile User Advertiser 1


Profile
Accessing • Services
Create mobile (2)
Mobile Portal
(1) attention profile


Campaigns
Promotions Advertiser 2
• Customer
Care 
(3) 

Personalised
Service-Offering
Advertiser n
Setting up
Define Targeting
Personal Preferences
(0) Profile-DB Location-DB Profile (0)
Targeting Profile-DB

Initially in the preparation phase, advertisers (e.g. restaurant owners) and mobile
users have to register themselves with the mobile media market platform of a
Mobile Marketing Provider (0). For this, advertisers have the option to configure
targeting profiles, which reflect the targeted usage situation of the mobile user
(e.g. preferred age, interests, or location) as well as the maximum monetary
budget per mobile user.
Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform 195

Mobile users may submit their personal preferences. These contain a particular
set of personal information (e.g. age, gender, etc.) and some more specific in-
formation about their preferences (e.g. pizza, movies). Both profiles are stored
by the Mobile Marketing Provider. They constitute the foundation for matching
Mobile Advertising campaigns with relevant mobile users.
The service provision of the mobile media market platform is triggered once the
mobile user accesses the mobile portal by using their mobile device (1).
Thereby, their personal preferences and momentary location are queried from
the respective databases and aggregated, together with a time stamp, into a con-
text-sensitive mobile attention profile (2). Once the mobile user has selected a
mobile portal category, the Mobile Marketing Provider matches the mobile
user’s attention profile with the targeting profiles of the advertisers available for
this portal category. If there is a match, the Mobile Advertising campaigns are
considered relevant and the advertisers are allowed to participate in the follow-
ing auction process. Once the auction winners are determined, the respective
Mobile Advertising campaigns are displayed on the mobile portal (3).

7.2 Use Cases derived from the Application Scenario


For the specified application scenario, four relevant use cases concerning the
mobile media market platform and its involved actors are identified (cp. Figure
7.2).
196 Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform

Figure 7.2: Use Cases of the Mobile Media Market Platform

In order to illustrate these use cases, the following sections are going to outline
their main aspects in detail.

7.2.1 Management of Mobile Portal Categories

The foundation of the mobile portal constitutes the mobile content categories,
which are defined by the Mobile Marketing Provider. Advertisers register their
Mobile Advertising campaign to be displayed in an appropriate category of their
choice.
Similarly to the Yellow Pages service (AT&T Inc. 2009), these mobile portal
categories feature certain types of content (e.g. information on restaurants,
cinemas, sport events, etc.). Furthermore, Mobile Marketing Providers may
specify the maximum number of displayed mobile advertisements per user re-
quest, a pricing mechanism (e.g. first price auction) for the offered mobile atten-
tion as well as the corresponding compensation method (e.g. pay-per-click) (cp.
Section 2.4.2).
In addition, Mobile Marketing Providers specify a targeting profile, which de-
fines the group of mobile users relevant for this category of Mobile Marketing
Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform 197

campaigns. This includes mandatory information to be disclosed by advertisers


(e.g. POS location or opening times) in order to be allowed to register their Mo-
bile Advertising campaign to this mobile portal category.
Finally, to assess the actual relevance of an individual mobile user, its utility
function is configured. With the matching results of attention profile and target-
ing profile (i.e. context relevance) as input, its resulting utility score reflecting
the relevance of a mobile user for a certain Mobile Advertising campaign is ap-
plied to the auction process in order to adjust the monetary bid of an advertiser.

7.2.2 Management of Mobile Advertising Campaigns

Advertisers willing to conduct a Mobile Advertising campaign can register for


one or more mobile portal categories. Subsequently, several characteristics of
the Mobile Advertisement campaign have to be specified.
First, the textual message of the Mobile Advertising campaign has to be pro-
vided. Then, information such as POS location or opening hours is required by
the Mobile Marketing Provider. After that, advertisers have to disclose the mo-
bile portal category to be registered to (e.g. restaurants). Next, the maximum
budget an advertiser is willing to spend on the attention of a mobile user with an
ideal mobile attention profile has to be specified. Furthermore, advertisers define
their targeting profile, which comprises preferred personal mobile user prefer-
ences, max. POS distance and opening hours. Finally, advertisers specify their
individual utility function to assess the relevance of mobile users. Eventually,
the result provides the foundation for the calculation of the monetary auction
bid.

7.2.3 Management of User Profile

Due to the identified need for mobile users to be able to manage and control the
personal information disclosed during the usage of the mobile portal, the func-
tionality of a mobile identity management system is required. It has to offer mo-
bile users the following features (cp. Section 6.3.1.2.2):
• Management of Personal Data: For the identity-based targeting of Mobile
Advertising campaigns, mobile users have to disclose personal information
such as gender, age, interests prior to the mobile portal usage. Therefore, they
198 Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform

have to be able to manage, manipulate, or delete this personal information af-


terwards.
• Pseudonymity of Personal Data: In order to spare a mobile user from dis-
closing their real identity to the Mobile Marketing Provider, their personal in-
formation as well as other context information can be attached to a pseudo-
nym.
• Management of Privacy Policies: To control the use of their disclosed per-
sonal information, the mobile user has to be able to define several basic pri-
vacy policies. First, the disclosure of their identity (i.e. in form of a pseudo-
nym) and their momentary location for Mobile Advertising campaigns can be
allowed or disallowed. Second, they need to be able to specify whether or not
their personal profile (i.e. socio-demographic data) can be queried based on
their available pseudonym.
• Management of Transaction History: The Mobile Marketing Provider is
able to record market transaction histories. Whereas such a history may help
advertisers improve the targeting of their Mobile Advertising campaigns, it
may also might violate the mobile user’s privacy. Consequently, the mobile
user has to be able to prevent the generation of a transaction history in the
first place or delete it later on.
Since the mobile user has to be able to access this MIdMS functionality via their
mobile device, this use case is part of the use of mobile portal, which is de-
scribed in the following section.

7.2.4 Use of Mobile Portal

The use case use of the mobile portal comprises a mobile user, who accesses the
mobile portal via their mobile device (e.g. smart phone). From the mobile por-
tal’s homepage, they are able to choose from multiple portal categories as speci-
fied by the Mobile Marketing Provider. Meanwhile, the context-sensitive mobile
attention profile reflecting the current usage situation of a mobile user is gener-
ated – while respecting their privacy policies.
After the mobile user has selected the mobile portal category of their choice, the
transaction service provided by the mobile media market allocates the mobile
user’s attention to the appropriate Mobile Advertising campaigns or advertisers
respectively.
Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform 199

For instance, if a mobile user has selected the portal category restaurants, they
are exposed to a list of Italian restaurants (personal preferences), which are
within their close vicinity (location) and are currently open (time of day). Once
the mobile user chooses a specific offering by clicking on the Mobile Adver-
tisement, they are presented with additional POS details and directions − if ap-
plicable.
Based on the outlined use cases for the mobile media market platform prototype,
the sequential application process is described in the following section.

7.3 Application Process


The application process for the activities previously outlined in the use cases
concerns the Mobile Marketing Provider, advertisers and the mobile user. It be-
gins with the Mobile Marketing Provider defining the mobile portal categories
and setting up the respective targeting profiles and utility function.
Subsequently, a mobile user registers at the mobile portal and discloses their
personal information along with their corresponding privacy policies. Mean-
while, advertisers register their Mobile Marketing campaigns (e.g. portal cate-
gory, advertising message, targeting profile, etc.) at the mobile media market
platform.
Once the preparation phase is completed, the mobile user can access the mobile
portal. Their context-sensitive mobile attention profile is generated based on ac-
quired context information. At the same time, they are presented with a list of
mobile portal categories for them to choose from.
Once the mobile user has selected a portal category suiting their immediate
needs, the auction process is initiated. Since all necessary transaction data has
already been submitted by advertisers and mobile users, the auction process is
executed and completed without any further interaction from advertisers.
Finally, the mobile attention is delivered to the auction winner(s) by displaying
their mobile advertisements on the mobile portal. Now, the mobile user can click
on a mobile advertisement in order to receive more details or be directed to the
landing page of the advertiser. At the end of this activity, the mobile user has the
opportunity to start over and select a new portal category.
Figure 7.3 depicts an UML activity diagram for the described application proc-
ess whilst focusing on the main activities of the mobile media market platform.
200 Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform

Figure 7.3: Mobile Portal Activity Diagram


     


    


      
  
 


    '   

  

  

     

   



 
 &  
   

!
"
()
!"

# $ %
&

!"

!
"

In the following section, the architecture of the CoMPaS prototype required to


enable the outlined application process is presented.

7.4 Three-Tier Prototype Architecture


The architecture of the CoMPaS prototype follows the outlined ICT-
infrastructure recommendations of Section 6.4.3. Consequently, it represents a
client/server concept, which is structured along the three-tier architecture model.
Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform 201

Its presentation tier is located remotely with the clients (i.e. advertisers and mo-
bile users), whereas the logic- and data tier are situated at the server (i.e. at the
ICT-infrastructure platform of the Mobile Marketing Provider). Each of these
three tiers are presented and discussed in detail in the following sections.

7.4.1 Presentation Tier

The presentation layer is the topmost layer of the CoMPaS prototype architec-
ture. It is divided into the graphical user interfaces (GUI) for mobile users, ad-
vertisers and the Mobile Marketing Provider.
7.4.1.1 Mobile User GUI
The GUI for mobile users enables access to the content of a mobile portal via
mobile devices. Implemented as a HTML-based mobile web interface, it pre-
sents on its homepage, an overview of all available mobile user choices. On the
one hand, in the search & find section (designed in the YellowPages style)
(AT&T Inc. 2009) exclusively Mobile Advertising campaigns can be found. On
the other hand, the content section allows access to editorial content bundled
with Mobile Advertising campaigns.
Figure 7.4 depicts the initial overview page of the mobile portal on the left side.
Assuming a mobile user feels hungry, they could select the restaurant category
from the search & find section. They are presented with a list of relevant restau-
rants in accordance with their personal food preferences, current geographic lo-
cation and time of day (cp. Figure 7.4, right side). The percentage number for a
list entry indicates the aggregated relevance of this Mobile Advertising cam-
paign and is supposed to support the mobile user decision.
202 Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Mediaa Market Platform

Figure 7.4: Mobile Porrtal Component of the CoMPaS Protootype

Additionally, the mobile portal allows a mobile user to creaate, manage, and
choose from multiple pseuudonyms. These represent a set of perssonal preferences
and privacy policies. The latter comprise the disclosure of pushh activities, loca-
tion or identification information, personal mobile user profile,, and the genera-
tion of a transaction historry (cp. Figure 7.5).

Figure 7.5: Mobile Useer Profile and Privacy Setting Interfaace


Prototypical Implementation
n of a Mobile Media Market Platform 203

Although Mobile Advertissing Push Activities are not in the scoppe of the outlined
application scenario (cp. Section
S 7.2), they are supported by thee CoMPaS proto-
type. If activated, a mobiile user receives mobile push advertissements on their
mobile device if an adverrtiser is able to satisfy one or more of their current re-
quests whilst matching thee attention profile of the mobile user.
7.4.1.2 Advertiser GUI
In order to enable the intteraction of advertisers with the mobiile media market
platform, the CoMPaS prrototype offers a second GUI, which allows defining,
configuring and controllinng of Mobile Advertising campaigns (ccp. Figure 7.6).

Figure 7.6: Selected CooMPaS GUI Components for Advertiisers


204 Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Mediaa Market Platform

The management GUI for advertisers allows registering a plannned Mobile Ad-
vertising campaign for a specific mobile portal category. It is divided into the
following three main funcctional sections:
• Advertiser Activity: This
T section allows defining a planned Mobile
M Advertis-
ing campaign. It involvves, among others, the specification of the advertising
message, the POS locaation, opening hours, and maximum marketing
m budget
per mobile user (cp. Figgure 7.6, top).
• Filter: This section alllows setting up a basic filtering functtionality such as
maximum POS distancce, targeted opening hours, and how too proceed if this
information about a mobile
m user cannot be determined. Thhis specification
comprises the targetingg profile of an advertiser (cp. Figure 7.66, bottom, left).
• Matching: This sectioon allows the configuration of the predefined
p utility
functions for evaluatingg matching qualities between targetingg and mobile at-
tention profiles. Therebby, advertisers are able to adjust the coourse of the func-
tions, set the weight of
o a resulting utility score for a profiile attribute, and
specify how to proceedd if relevant information is missing (cp. Figure 7.6, bot-
tom, right).
Finally, the advertiser hass the opportunity to control the perforrmance of a Mo-
bile Advertising campaignn (e.g. click-rate) and the correspondingg accrued costs.
Prototypical Implementation
n of a Mobile Media Market Platform 205

g Provider GUI
7.4.1.3 Mobile Marketing
The Mobile Marketing Prrovider management GUI defines mobiile portal catego-
ries featuring specific conntent topics such as “restaurants” in thhe search & find
section (cp. Figure 7.7).

Figure 7.7: Selected CooMPaS GUI Components for the Moobile Marketing
Provider

In this regard, the GUI is divided


d into the following three functioonal sections:
• General: The general characteristics for a mobile portal cattegory are speci-
fied here. This involvves the maximum number of displayeed mobile adver-
tisements per request, mandatory
m advertiser information (e.g.. POS location or
206 Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform

opening hours), the pricing mechanism (e.g. auction format), and the com-
pensation method (cp. Figure 7.7 top, left).
• Filtering: Similar to the advertiser’s management GUI, filtering allows the
specification of general targeting profiles applicable to all registered Mobile
Advertising campaigns, for a certain portal category. For this, completely ir-
relevant Mobile Advertising campaigns for a mobile user (e.g. based on
maximum POS distance and relevant opening hours) can be filtered out (cp.
Figure 7.7 top, right).
• Matching: Similar to the advertiser management GUI, utility functions can
be configured in order to assess the matching qualities (i.e. context rele-
vance) between a mobile attention profile and the targeting profiles of all reg-
istered Mobile Advertising campaigns in this section (utility score) (cp. Fig-
ure 7.7 bottom).

7.4.2 Logic Tier

The logic tier of the CoMPaS prototype is depicted in Figure 7.8. An UML class
diagram documents those classes essential for the understanding of the prototype
application logic46.
The central component of the CoMPaS prototype represents the mobilePortal
class, which is responsible for the interaction with the mobile user and the re-
sulting information flows.
Once a mobile user accesses the mobile portal, the idmFunc class attempts to
generate their mobile attention profile. For this, the mobileOP class requests
their identity and current location from the mobile operator interface. Once the
mobile attention profile is created, the mobile user can select a mobile portal
category of their choice. Subsequently, the targeting class is in charge of filter-
ing out the irrelevant Mobile Advertising campaigns for this portal category -
based on the corresponding targeting profile of the Mobile Marketing Provider.

46
In reality, the prototype is much more complex and comprises many more classes.
Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform 207

Figure 7.8: UML Class Diagram of the CoMPaS Prototype

Then, the matching class is responsible for auctioning off the mobile attention of
the mobile user. Firstly, the mobile attention profiles are matched with the tar-
geting profiles of the Mobile Advertising campaigns, which have been consid-
ered relevant by the targeting class. Secondly, the matching results are evaluated
based on the respective utility functions of the advertisers, and the correspond-
ing monetary bid for each advertiser is calculated. Thirdly, all advertiser bids are
discounted based on the utility function of the Mobile Marketing Provider.
Finally, the mobilePortal class determines the auction winners (advertisers) and
displays their Mobile Advertising campaigns via the mobile portal GUI. If the
mobile user clicks on the mobile advertisement, they receive more details about
the promoted product and a map with directions to the POS.

7.4.3 Data Tier

The lowest tier constitutes the data tier. It stores and maintains all necessary data
required to operate the mobile portal and the underlined mobile media market. A
corresponding ER-Model of the data tier is depicted in Figure 7.9.
208 Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform

Figure 7.9: ER-Model of the CoMPaS Data Tier47

The central entity of the data tier represents the MarketingActivity, which sum-
marises all relevant information in order to provide the mobile portal service.
Each data record holds a mobile portal category to be specified by the Mobile
Marketing Provider. Attached to the table is the AdvertiserActivitiy entity. It
comprises the Mobile Advertisement campaigns, which an advertiser has regis-
tered to this portal category. Furthermore, attached to this entity are multiple
additional dependent entities, which are used to specify filters and utility func-
tions (e.g. consumerInterests, filtering, targeting).

47
It has to be noted that the table names in the ER-Model may slightly differ from the termi-
nology used throughout this work. The prototype is able to provide more functionality than
discussed in the scope of this work and therefore the naming convention is more abstract or
general. This mainly concerns the tables MarketingActivity (corresponding to MobileAd-
vertisingCategory) and AdvertiserActivity (corresponding to AdvertiserCampaignProfile).
Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform 209

For each mobile user request of a certain mobile portal category, the Transac-
tionRound entity holds the information required to process an auction round for
the mobile attention of a mobile user. For each auction bid of an advertiser
within an auction round, the related entity TransactionDetail holds the necessary
information. For controlling purposes, the Matching and MatchingDetail entities
hold further detailed information about the results from matching mobile atten-
tion and targeting profiles.
Finally, the entity Pseudonym stores the personal information of the mobile user
under multiple pseudonyms. In this regard, the entity VirtualConsumer is used
to simulate the momentary usage situation of a mobile user and consequently the
use of the mobile portal.
The necessary ICT-infrastructure required and applied to enable the operation of
the previously outlined prototype architecture is presented in the following sec-
tion.

7.5 ICT-Infrastructure Setup


The ICT-Infrastructure setup required to run the CoMPaS prototype comprises
several software and hardware components. Furthermore, the applied software
platform and used programming language for the prototype is outlined.

7.5.1 ICT-Infrastructure Elements

The ICT-infrastructure used to implement and operate the CoMPaS prototype


consists of four types of hardware components as well as the corresponding
software platforms (cp. Figure 7.10).
210 Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform

Figure 7.10: Overview of the Elements of the Prototype System

The central element of the ICT-infrastructure represents the Mobile Portal Ap-
plication Server. It is responsible for the translation of mobile user requests into
application events, which trigger the corresponding application processes. It is
based on a standard Intel-based server with Microsoft Windows Server 2003 as
the operating system.
In order to acquire geo-information, Mobile Portal Application Server connects
via the fixed Internet to the Microsoft Bing Maps Server (Microsoft Corporation
2009a). Using the TCP/IP, HTTPS and the SOAP protocol, a Web Service con-
nection is established48. This provides access to geographic maps and routing
directions for mobile users to promoted POS. Thereby, the application as well as
the data resides at the Microsoft Bing Data Centre and can be accessed on de-
mand (Microsoft Corporation 2009a).
The GUI for advertisers, which enables the interaction with the mobile media
market platform, has been implemented as a desktop application, which locally
runs on standard PCs. It communicates via the Internet using the TCP/IP and
Microsoft Server Message Block (SMB) protocol with the CoMPaS database
residing on the Mobile Portal Application Server.
For the interaction of mobile users with the mobile portal, a mobile web inter-
face has been developed. In order to run, the mobile device has to have access to

48
For more information on Web Services, refer to the respective W3C Activity Website at
http://www.w3.org/2002/ws, accessed 2010-02-04.
Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform 211

the mobile Internet and a mobile web browser featuring HTML 4.049 needs to be
installed.

7.5.2 ICT-Infrastructure Software Technology

Following the three-tier architecture model, the applied software technology for
the introduced infrastructure elements of the prototype and its communication
means is outlined (cp. Figure 7.11).
First, as operating system software, Microsoft Windows Server 200350 has been
used. On top of that, the Microsoft DotNet 2.0 Runtime51 provides the execution
environment for the CoMPaS prototype. Since the mobile portal GUI for mobile
users represents a web application, the Microsoft Internet Information Server 6.0
(IIS6)52 is used to generate and deliver the respective mobile web pages.
The actual mobile portal application is embedded into this system software en-
vironment. On the bottom tier (data) resides the CoMPaS database in the form
of a Microsoft Access 200353 database file. No further database software is re-
quired to access and manipulate this database since Microsoft DotNet Frame-
work offers the required functionality.
The middle tier (logic tier) constitutes the application logic for processing the
market transactions on the mobile media market platform. It has been imple-
mented as Microsoft DotNet 2.0 Dynamic link library (DLL) in order to make
its functionally centrally accessible to all CoMPaS prototype components.

49
For more information of HTML 4.0, refer to the respective W3C Activity Website at
http://www.w3.org/TR/html4, accessed 2010-02-04.
50
For more information on Microsoft Windows Server 2003, refer to the Microsoft Product
Website at http://www.microsoft.com/germany/windowsserver2003/default.mspx, ac-
cessed 2010-02-04.
51
For more information on Microsoft DotNet, refer to the Microsoft Product Website at
http://www.microsoft.com/NET, accessed 2010-02-04.
52
For more information on Microsoft Internet Information Server 6.0, refer to the Microsoft
Product Website at http://www.microsoft.com/windowsserver2003/iis/default.mspx, ac-
cessed 2010-02-04.
53
For more information on Microsoft Access 2003, refer to the Microsoft Product Website at
http://office.microsoft.com/de-de/access, accessed 2010-02-04.
212 Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform

Figure 7.11: ICT-Infrastructure Software Technology Overview for Proto-


type

Application Runtime Environment

Mobile Portal Application

ASP.NET 2.0 WinForms 2.0


(Web GUI) (Windows GUI)

Presentation Layer

Dot Net 2.0 Application


Dot Net 2.0 Application
(Mobile Portal Services)
(Mobile Portal Services)

Application Layer
Application Layer

Microsoft Access 2003


(Mobile Portal Database)

Data Layer

Internet Information Server 6.0

Microsoft Dot Net Runtime 2.0

Microsoft Windows Server 2003

On the top tier (presentation) resides the GUI for mobile users, advertisers and
the Mobile Marketing Providers. Here, mobile web interfaces are implemented
with Microsoft ASP.Net54, which allows the development of dynamic web pages

54
For more information on Microsoft ASP.Net, refer to the Microsoft Product Website at
http://www.asp.net, accessed 2010-02-04.
Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform 213

generated by the IIS6. By contrast, the advertisers’ GUI has been implemented
using the Microsoft DotNet WinForms 2.055 technology, which results in a lo-
cally executed desktop application.
In summary, the ICT-infrastructure for the CoMPaS prototype universally relies
on Microsoft software technology. For the prototype development, the choice of
technology from a single vendor ensures high compatibility between the differ-
ent components of the prototype. However, in reality, such homogenous ICT-
infrastructure environments are preferred but hardly exist. Nevertheless, by de-
signing the prototype along the three-tier architecture paradigm, using well-
defined interfaces, reduces the risk of incompatibilities if a tier has to be re-
placed by a different software technology.

7.5.3 Programming Language and Development Environment

The previous sections presented the ICT-infrastructure elements and software


technology applied in order to implement the CoMPaS prototype. However, this
does not capture the used programming languages or other means to access the
application database, implemented application logic and GUI interfaces. Once
more following the three-tier architecture, these aspects are addressed.
On the data tier, application data is accessed and manipulated by using the
Structure Query Language (SQL)56. Moving up to the logic tier, the application
logic was programmed in Visual C#.Net 200557, which constitutes a full-
featured object-orientated programming language. On the top tier (i.e. presenta-
tion tier), again Visual C#.Net 2005 has been used to build dynamic web pages
using the ASP.Net technology. Furthermore, traditional Windows GUIs have
been developed by taking advantage of the Microsoft DotNet WinForms tech-
nology.
Finally, in order to enable a consistent development process across all applica-
tion components and to provide support for application development along the

55
For more information on Microsoft Windows Server 2003, refer to Microsoft Product
Website at http://www.microsoft.com/NET, accessed 2010-02-04.
56
For more information SQL, refer to the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) Website at http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=34133, accessed
2010-02-04.
57
For more information on Microsoft Visual C#.Net, refer to Microsoft Product Website at
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vcsharp, accessed 2010-02-04.
214 Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform

three-tier-architecture, Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 as an integrated develop-


ment environment (IDE) has been used for all ICT-infrastructure components.
In closing this chapter, the conceptional, functional, performance and security
related limitations of the CoMPaS prototype are discussed in the following sec-
tion.

7.6 Limitations of the Prototype


The prototype is supposed to demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a mo-
bile media market platform based on the proposed MoMeMa framework. Due to
the prototypic nature of CoMPaS, it exhibits a set of limitations, which are dis-
closed in the following sections.

7.6.1 Conceptional and Functional Limitations

Conceptional limitations of the CoMPaS prototype can be found on different


application levels. First, although the actual implementation of the CoMPaS pro-
totype addresses the aspects specified by the MoMeMa framework, it solely
aims at supporting the outlined application scenario of Section 7.1. Conse-
quently, no alternative application scenarios have been evaluated.
Furthermore, the CoMPaS prototype restricts the flexibility for Mobile Market-
ing Providers and advertisers with regard to the specification of their targeted
profiles. Due to the unwieldy number of possible instances of targeting profiles,
the prototype offers only a limited set of attributes to specify a targeting profile
for mobile attention. At the same time, the utility functions for assessing the
relevance of an attention profile are predefined and can only be adjusted based
on a few parameters.
Besides the conceptional limitations, some functional limitations also have to be
disclosed. Firstly and most importantly, the usage situation of a mobile user is
not determined based on real context information (e.g. current location). For the
sake of simplicity in demonstrating the impacts of different usage situations to
the auction process, a small application for maintaining a so-called virtual mo-
bile user has been developed. It instantly allows the generation of fictional usage
contexts in relation to varying locations, changing their personal attributes and
privacy settings. Consequently, no real identity and location information are ac-
quired from the mobile network operator.
Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform 215

7.6.2 Performance and Security Limitations

One of the main engineering recommendations regarding the ICT-infrastructure


concerns the real-time processing performance of market transactions for mobile
attention (cp. Section 6.4.3). Due to the prototypical nature of CoMPaS, this as-
pect cannot be guaranteed. However, the CoMPaS prototype provides a per-
formance test and monitoring feature in order to gain knowledge about the in-
creasing processing complexity that comes with each advertiser and mobile user
joining the mobile media market.
In addition, the CoMPaS prototype generates information flows about personal
information of mobile users and targeting profiles of advertisers. Those can im-
pose security issues, which can be classified based on the four types of classical
security goals (Rannenberg 2000a, Rannenberg 2000b):
• Confidentiality: Confidentiality is concerned with the prevention of unau-
thorised access to data (e.g. customer data or business secrets).
For the information flow between all mobile media market participants no se-
cure communication channels (e.g. via HTTPS) have been explicitly estab-
lished. Consequently, a potential attacker could intercept and gain access to
the transferred information.
• Integrity: Integrity is denoted by the protection of stored or transferred data
from unnoticed modification (i.e. intentionally or unintentionally).
The integrity of personal information about mobile users and those of the ad-
vertisers is not explicitly protected. The unauthorised modification of mobile
attention or targeting profiles may lead to mobile users being exposed to ir-
relevant Mobile Advertising campaigns. Consequently, mobile users could be
disturbed and advertisers may suffer financial loss due to ineffective Mobile
Advertising campaigns.
• Availability: Availability denotes the undisturbed functionality of a system
(e.g. availability of an online web shop).
The availability of a mobile portal for mobile users cannot be guaranteed. On
the one hand, access to the mobile portal requires mobile network and Internet
coverage, which cannot be influenced by the Mobile Marketing Provider. On
the other hand, the CoMPaS prototype is not protected against internal system
216 Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform

failures or even denial-of-service attacks, which prevent the access for mobile
users and advertisers to the mobile media market platform.
• Accountability: Accountability means that a responsible person or system
can be definitely identified. This security goal especially becomes relevant in
business relations, where information and financial flows are exchanged elec-
tronically, and the involved need to be identified without any doubt.
The accountability of mobile users or advertisers cannot be guaranteed. This
may lead to click-fraud58. Whereas click fraud currently cannot completely be
prevented (Bennefeld 2008, p. 596 f.), the availability of context information
about mobile users allows the alleviation of this issue. Compared to tradi-
tional Mobile Advertising campaigns, click-fraud with their context-sensitive
campaign equivalents is much harder to accomplish. In order to generate costs
for an advertiser, the momentary usage situation of a fraudster has to match
the context to which a Mobile Advertising campaign has been targeted (e.g. in
close vicinity of a POS). By contrast, for fixed Online or traditional Mobile
Advertising campaigns, a fraudster can be anywhere in the world clicking on
an online or mobile advertisement.
Although the outlined security goals are valid in reality, they are not necessarily
required to demonstrate the general feasibility of implementing a mobile media
market platform, based on the developed engineering recommendations.

7.7 Summary
The CoMPaS prototype demonstrated the technical feasibility of applying the
developed MoMeMa framework to implement a mobile media market platform
for context-sensitive mobile attention. In this regard, it supports four use cases,
which relate to the mobile user, advertiser, and the Mobile Marketing Provider.
Completely relying on Microsoft software technology and standard consumer
PC hardware, the prototype implements a client / server concept, structured
along the three-tier architecture. On the data tier, all application data required to
conduct transactions for mobile attention are stored. One level up, on the logic

58
For instance, click-fraud could comprise competitors clicking, instead of mobile users, on
the displayed mobile advertisements. Thereby, draining the advertisement budget of an ad-
vertiser to the point at which he is no longer able to participate in the auction process. Con-
sequently, the Mobile Advertising campaign is not further displayed.
Prototypical Implementation of a Mobile Media Market Platform 217

tier, the application processes for conducting market transactions has been im-
plemented. Finally, on the presentation tier, GUIs for the interaction with the
market participants have been developed. The GUI of mobile users constitutes a
mobile web-based portal, whereas advertisers and Mobile Marketing Providers
have been provided with a local desktop application.
Like most prototypes, the CoMPaS application exhibits several limitations with
regard to conceptional, functional, performance and security aspects. Although
conceptional and functional aspects are candidates for further research, perform-
ance and security aspects are not explicitly addressed. Nevertheless, they are
relevant in practice, but not required in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the
MoMeMa framework.
Since the implementation of a software prototype does not replace an evaluation
of the developed IT artifact, the following chapter presents a conducted empiri-
cal evaluation of the MoMeMa framework with regard to its general utility for
the practice.
Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework 219

8 Empirical Evaluation of Engineering


Recommendation Framework
The evaluation of the utility of the developed IT artifact represents an important
activity in the design science process. Thereby, the appropriate evaluation crite-
ria and respective assessment against these criteria has to be identified (March
and Smith 1995). Therefore, this chapter presents the empirical evaluation of the
MoMeMa framework to document its utility for the practice.
Section 8.1 introduces the applied evaluation methodology. In order to assess
the utility of the developed MoMeMa framework, expert interviews have been
conducted and the acquired data has been analysed using the qualitative content
analysis.
Thereafter, Section 8.2 develops four hypotheses to be tested based on the expert
interviews. They represent selected core aspects of the MoMeMa framework.
Then, Section 8.3 continues with an outline of the interview design and data ac-
quisition from the interview partners. Thereby, the main four sections compris-
ing the interview guide are introduced and some background on the types of ac-
quired data is given.
Conducted data analysis and its interpretation to demonstrate the validity of each
developed hypothesis with respect to the MoMeMa framework is presented in
Section 8.4.
Based on the previous interpretation of the interview results, corresponding im-
plications of the IT artifact evaluation are derived in Section 8.5. Then, Section
8.6 complements this by highlighting the limitations of the methodology in gen-
eral and the limitations of the interview results specifically.
Finally, Section 8.7 summarises the chapter whilst illustrating the main evalua-
tion results with regard to the validity of the MoMeMa framework.

8.1 Evaluation Objective and Methodology


The evaluation objective of the MoMeMa framework as an IT artifact is to as-
sess the utility of its key aspects for practice. Consequently, the suitable evalua-
tion assessment methodology has to be identified. In this regard, Hevner et al.
(2004) distinguishes between observational, analytical, experimental, testing and
distributive evaluation methods.
220 Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework

Since context-sensitive Mobile Advertising campaigns hardly exist in practice


(cp. Section 2.4), the utility of the proposed engineering recommendations can-
not be evaluated on an observational basis (e.g. case study). Furthermore, ana-
lytical and experimental approaches are also not appropriate since the MoMeMa
framework neither constitutes an IS architecture to be analysed nor an algorithm,
whose utility could be simulated – the same applies to the testing methods.
Finally, a descriptive evaluation seemed appropriate. Application scenarios
could be constructed in order to demonstrate the utility of the IT artifact. How-
ever, this imposes two issues. Firstly, due to the novelty of the IT artifact, it is
unclear what representative scenarios in practice are and how the IT artifact has
to support these to demonstrate its utility. Secondly, the proposed engineering
recommendations have been developed solely based on a theoretical analysis.
Consequently, the evaluation has been accomplished by acquiring empirical data
through conducting expert interviews.

8.1.1 Expert Interviews

The acquisition of empirical data aims at describing an excerpt of reality as ac-


curately as possible based on distinctive characteristics (Bortz and Döring 2006,
p. 138). In this regard, quantitative methods seek ways to quantify these charac-
teristics. The corresponding evaluation leads to statistical processing of the ac-
quired data. By contrast, qualitative approaches aim to describe these characte-
ristics verbally and evaluate the acquired data by interpretation (Bortz and
Döring 2006, p. 296).
One common method for the acquisition of empirical data in social sciences
constitutes the conducting of interviews. This technique is mostly driven by the
subjective perspective of the interviewee and becomes particularly appropriate
when acquiring empirical data about new and innovative problems (Bortz and
Döring 2006, p. 308). Consequently, interviews have been conducted to evaluate
the potential and utility of the MoMeMa framework.
Thereby, the appropriate group of interviewees has to be determined. Since the
MoMeMa framework is supposed to be evaluated from the perspective of a Mo-
bile Marketing Provider, its interdisciplinary nature imposes the conducting of
interviews with experts, which cover the main parts of a mobile media ecosys-
tem. Those individuals exhibit specialised knowledge in a specific domain and
Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework 221

substitute many other individuals to be questioned, to acquire the same insight


on a certain topic. At the same time, a common understanding about the relevant
concepts and aspects between these experts can be assumed (Gläser and Laudel
2009, p. 11 f.).

8.1.2 Qualitative Content Analysis

In order to conclude from the acquired empirical data of the expert interviews on
the utility of the MoMeMa framework, this data is evaluated using the qualita-
tive content analysis (QCA). It provides means for the analysis of material,
which originated from any kind of communication (Mayring 2008, p. 11). Ac-
cording to Mayring (2008, p. 42 ff.), the main characteristics of QCA can be
summarised as follows:
1. QCA is strongly founded on the concepts of the communication theory. The
analysis and interpretation of content always takes place in the context of
communication in which the content is acquired.
2. QCA always follows a redefined set of rules and process models to ensure a
systematic and comprehensible approach. However, a standard does not ex-
ist. Instead, a new process model always has to be developed in accordance
with the contents to be analysed.
3. The central component of the QCA is the category system. It structures the
content according to the specific criteria, which serves for the next interpreta-
tion steps.
For the evaluation of the IT artifact, an interview guideline has been formulated
containing multiple questions regarding the main aspects of the MoMeMa
framework. In order to build a QCA category system from this interview guide-
line, each question is considered a distinctive category, which aggregates all in-
put from the experts for this question59.
For the subsequent interpretation of the category contents, the QCA distin-
guishes between three types of basic interpretations60 (Mayring 2008, p. 59). In
this case, Summarising QCA as an interpretation method has been applied in or-

59
There several other QCA analysis approaches available. For an overview refer to Mayring
(2008, p. 59ff.)
60
For two other basic interpretation methods, refer to Mayring (2008, p. 57).
222 Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework

der to extract a general expert opinion for each category. It aims at reducing the
empirical data to the extent at which only the relevant contents remain. The re-
sult represents a content corpus, which still relates to the original material.
For an existing content category system, this interpretation approach constitutes
the following three steps (Mayring 2008, p. 61 ff.):
1. Paraphrasing: A content category is paraphrased to a form solely represent-
ing its essential contents. The resulting paraphrases are supposed to be for-
mulated using a uniform language.
2. Generalisation: For the generated paraphrases, a specific abstraction level is
defined and consequently applied. Thereby, paraphrases above the abstrac-
tion level remain untouched, whereas those residing below the baseline are
generalised.
3. Reduction: The meanings of the remaining paraphrases are compared. Simi-
lar or duplicate paraphrases are removed; irrelevant paraphrases are deleted.
Finally, the remaining paraphrases are aggregated to statements representing
the contents of the analysed category.
Table 8.1 illustrates the result of this basic interpretation process in the form of a
fictitious example, which is concerned with the integration of context informa-
tion into Mobile Marketing campaigns.
Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework 223

Table 8.1: Fictitious Example of a Summarising QCA

Inter- Answer Paraphrase Reduction Generalisation


viewee (Category)

1 I think Mobile Mobile Marketing high potential a) Context-sensitive


Marketing utilis- utilising context Mobile Marketing
ing context in- information with has high potential in
formation has a high potential the future
high potential for
the future.
b) Costs of Context
2 The acquisition Context information Acquisition Information are still
costs for context acquisition costs costs still an an issue for Mobile
information have have to drop issue Marketing Cam-
to drop before paigns
Mobile Market-
ing can take off.

3 Context- Context-sensitive Allows high


sensitive Mobile Mobile Marketing personalisation
Marketing Cam- campaigns are
paigns are an weapons against
important information over-
weapon against flow
information over-
flow of mobile
users.

Three interviewees were asked about the potential of context-sensitive Mobile


Marketing campaigns for advertisers in the near future. In the analysis process,
their answers were reduced to their essential content and generalised afterwards.
Finally, answer (1) and (3) could be reduced to one statement and answer (2) by
itself to another one.

8.1.3 Evaluation Process

Expert interviews constitute a method used to acquire empirical data about a cer-
tain topic from experts in a specific domain (Gläser and Laudel 2009, p. 9 f.),
whereas the QCA analyses and interprets the contents generated by any form of
communication (Mayring 2008, p. 11). Consequently, combining both methods
allows analysing the empirical data acquired from the expert interviews with the
224 Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework

QCA (Mayring 2008, p. 62 ff.). Figure 8.1 depicts the link between both meth-
ods with the scope of this work.

Figure 8.1: Evaluation Process based on Expert Interviews and Qualita-


tive Content Analysis

Expert Interviews QCA

Spefication of Interview Questions as


Research Question Categories
1

Hypotheses
Paraphrasing
Development

Derival of Interview
Generalisation
Questions

2
Interview Conduction Reduction & Statement
& Results Development

The evaluation process begins with the design and conducting of the expert in-
terview guideline. At first, the research question to be addressed in the expert
interviews is specified. Then, hypotheses supporting the main aspects of the re-
search question are developed. For each hypothesis, several questions are de-
rived based on the analysis of the impacts of context information on the tradi-
tional commercialisation of mobile attention (cp. Chapter 4) and the IT artefact
design (cp. Chapter 6).
Equipped with this interview guideline, the expert interviews were conducted61.
The defined questions served as categories for the QCA (1). For each answer in
a category, the steps paraphrasing, generalisation, and reduction were conducted
(2). The process was repeated for each defined category (3). Finally, the evalua-

61
It has to be noted that the interview guideline was in English, whereas the interviews were
conducted in German. Furthermore, the naming of some terms has been translated to terms
more likely to be used in practice (e.g. the term “mobile attention” became “mobile user
contact”).
Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework 225

tion process was concluded with a review of the results for each hypotheses and
a discussion of the implications for the initially specified research question.

8.2 Evaluation Research Question and Development of Hypotheses


The objective of the MoMeMa framework evaluation is to demonstrate the util-
ity of the developed IT artifact (MoMeMa framework) to address the identified
impacts of context information on the traditional commercialisation of mobile
attention. Consequently, the respective research question is specified as follows:

Research Question: Are the proposed engineering recommendations for mobile


media markets of context-sensitive mobile attention appropriate?

Based on this research question four hypotheses have been developed to support
the defined research question. These hypotheses are supposed to cover the key
aspects of the MoMeMa framework as well as the validity of assumed pre- and
post-conditions.

Since context-sensitive Mobile Advertising campaigns are still hardly available


in the industry (cp. Section 2.4), the first aspect to be evaluated constitutes
whether or not Mobile Marketing Providers are actually planning to integrate
context information into Mobile Marketing campaigns (precondition). The result
of evaluating H1 helps to determine the relevance of the MoMeMa framework in
practice.

Hypothesis H1: Mobile Marketing Providers are planning to integrate context


information into Mobile Marketing campaigns.

Based on H1, hypothesis H2 assumes that context information generates impacts


on the traditional commercialisation of mobile attention for Mobile Marketing
Providers. If those impacts exist, they will affect all the key design aspects of a
mobile media market platform (i.e. business model, ICT-infrastructure, and re-
source allocation mechanism).

Hypothesis H2: Context information will create impacts on the traditional


commercialisation of mobile attention and will affect all constituting parts of a
mobile media market platform (business model, ICT-infrastructure, and alloca-
tion mechanism).
226 Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework

Subsequently, the feasibility of appropriately addressing the identified impacts


of context information by the MoMeMa framework for all the stakeholders Mo-
bile Marketing Provider, advertisers, and mobile users, was evaluated.

Hypothesis H3: The occurring impacts of context information, with regard to


the allocation of context-sensitive mobile attention, can be addressed by the de-
veloped engineering recommendations for a mobile media market platform.

Finally, the main proposed engineering recommendations were evaluated for


their technical and legal feasibility to be implemented in practice whilst consid-
ering state-of-the-art ICT-infrastructure technology and existing EU data protec-
tion frameworks.

Hypothesis H4: The proposed engineering requirements for mobile media mar-
ket platforms are technically and legally feasible.

The interviewees chosen to test the outlined hypotheses and corresponding the
data acquisition process is documented in the following section.

8.3 Interviewees and Data Acquisition


To conduct the expert interviews, invitations to several organisations operating
in the mobile media ecosystem were issued (cp. Table 8.2)62.

Table 8.2: Organisations, which participated in the Expert Interviews


Name Organisation Type
allesklar.com AG Online / mobile Portal offering content personalised to every
German city
Deloitte & Touche GmbH Consultancy covering the areas of auditing, tax accountancy
and corporate finance
Detecon International IT-Business Consultancy in the ICT Sector
InteractiveMedia CCSP Marketer for Digital Media and Online Advertisements in Ger-
GmbH many
Nokia-Siemens Networks Provider of Telecommunication Equipment and Services
T-Systems International ICT Provider for multination Enterprises and Public Institutions
GmbH

62
Please refer to Appendix B for detailed contact information of these organisations.
Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework 227

This portfolio of organisations covers the relevant aspects of the value network
required to develop a mobile media market platform. Although, the expertise of
each organisation in relation to the expert interview focused on a specific area,
all organisations contributed to all questions to their best knowledge.
Starting from the top, the perspective of a Mobile Marketing Provider
(allesklar.com) and of a Mobile Advertising Agency (InteractiveMedia) was
covered. Furthermore, identity management and privacy aspects of mobile users
were specifically covered by Deloitte. Regarding the validity of business models
in the mobile Internet, Detecon offered its expertise. Finally, the aspects of the
ICT-infrastructure could specifically be addressed by T-Systems and Nokia-
Siemens-Networks (cp. Figure 8.2).

Figure 8.2: Knowledge Coverage of interviewed Organisations

Mobile Advertising
Mobile Portal Provider
Marketer
(Allesklar)
(InteractiveMedia)

Consultancy on
Identity and Privacy
(Deloitte)

Telco Business
Consultancy
(Detecon)

Context Information Telco ICT Provider


Provider (Nokia-Siemens-
(T-Systems) Networks)

The data acquisition through the expert interviews was comprised of several
preparation tasks, the actual interview, and the processing of the interview re-
sults. Firstly, initial contact to the organisation and eventually to the interviewee
was established by either e-mail or telephone. Only persons working for several
years in a specific field or domain were considered experts. Once the potential
interviewee agreed to the interview, a common understanding about the inter-
228 Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework

view aspects was established. For this, the interviewee was provided with a
PowerPoint presentation consisting of five slides, which illustrated a basic con-
text-sensitive Mobile Advertising campaign scenario to be supported by a mo-
bile media market platform (cp. Appendix C). Once the interviewee and the au-
thor of this work came to a common understanding of this scenario and its de-
fined prerequisites, an appointment for the actual interview was arranged.
The actual interview was conducted following a prepared interview guideline
(contrary to open interviews), which was comprised of multiple questions de-
rived from the developed hypotheses (cp. Appendix A). It consisted of three
parts: The first part motivated the interviewee to address the potential of con-
text-sensitive Mobile Marketing campaigns in the near future. Subsequently, the
second part was concerned with the existence of impacts of context information,
the utility of an engineering recommendation framework, as well as the general
technical and legal feasibility of developing a mobile media market platform
based on the proposed engineering recommendations. Finally, the third part en-
couraged the interviewees to address open or not yet covered aspects relevant to
this interview.
Following this guideline, either a personal interview at the organisation or a
telephone interview was conducted. Interviews never took any longer than 90
minutes. They were not electronically recorded since no interviewee gave their
consent. Instead, the author of this work took written notes. These were detailed
out shortly after the interview and sent back to the interviewee for review and
confirmation.
In total, seven interviews in six organisations were conducted between 1st May
2008 and 1st December 2008. For T-Systems, two employees of different de-
partments participated in the interview. In total six interviews were conducted at
the organisation of the interviewees, whereas for InteractiveMedia, a telephone
interview was conducted. The interviews were solely conducted in German and
the interview guideline was developed in English. When applicable, the wording
(not the actual questions) of the guideline was refined incorporating the experi-
ences of the last interview and finally being conformed to the wording of this
thesis.
Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework 229

8.4 Data Analysis and Discussion of Results


The analysis of the empirical data acquired from the expert interviews was ana-
lysed based on the quality content analysis (cp. Section 8.1.2). Due to the mana-
geable complexity of the acquired empirical data, Microsoft Excel 200763 was
used as a software tool to support the analysis process.
In the following sections, the analysis results are presented for each hypothesis
in a summarised form and eventually against the background of the research
question.

8.4.1 Potential of Context-sensitive Mobile Marketing Campaigns

The first hypothesis was concerned with the planned integration of context in-
formation into Mobile Marketing campaigns in order to substantiate its rele-
vance in the context of this work (cp. Section 2.5):

Hypothesis H1: Mobile Marketing Providers are planning to integrate context


information into Mobile Marketing campaigns.

For Hypothesis H1, the interviewees were presented with three questions. The
first question was concerned with the kind of context information provided by
the mobile network and currently used by Mobile Advertising campaigns.
For the predominant number of interviewees location information about mobile
users is currently the most applied type of context information for Mobile Ad-
vertising campaigns. Time and identity profile information was considered rele-
vant only in niche applications. Although, not directly provided by mobile net-
works, the observable online behaviour of users on mobile websites (e.g. entered
keywords or clicked links) was considered as relevant context information as
well.
The second question was concerned with the kind of context information
planned to be integrated into Mobile Advertising campaigns in the near future.
The interviewees predicted a strong trend towards location and identity informa-
tion about mobile users. Although other context information was also considered
to be potentially beneficial, the market is not considered ready for this yet.

63
For more information on Microsoft Excel 2007, refer to: http://office.microsoft.com/de-
de/excel, accessed 2010-02-04.
230 Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework

Under the assumption of a broad availability of context-sensitive Mobile Adver-


tising campaigns, the third question addressed the current drivers and obstacles
for the integration of context information. In their response, the interviewees
spoke with one voice on the benefits for improving the targeting of Mobile Ad-
vertising campaigns through the application of context information. By contrast,
the interviewees saw various obstacles on the road to context-sensitive Mobile
Advertising campaigns. Expected privacy issues of mobile users were consid-
ered a main hindrance. Besides these, costs for the acquisition of context infor-
mation as well as the complexity of handling and maintaining large amounts of
data generated by context-sensitive mobile profiles, were noted.

8.4.2 Impacts of Context Information on Mobile Marketing Providers

Hypothesis H2 was concerned with the potential impacts of context information


on the traditional commercialisation of mobile attention in mobile media mar-
kets (cp. Chapter 4):

Hypothesis H2: Context information will create impacts on the traditional


commercialisation of mobile attention and will affect all constituting parts of a
mobile media market platform (business model, ICT-infrastructure, and re-
source allocation mechanism).

The first question was concerned with whether or not existing traditional mobile
advertising platforms such as Google AdSense (Google Corporation 2009d) or
Yahoo (Yahoo Corporation 2009b) were capable of enabling context-sensitive
Mobile Advertising campaigns, without offering incentives to mobile users in
exchange for their disclosure of context information.
The predominant opinion of the experts was that the active disclosure of per-
sonal information requires the provision of directly perceivable incentives to
mobile users. In this case, monetary incentives have been considered the most
prospective form. However, the experts think that a mobile portal should pref-
erably be able to provide benefits intrinsically for the mobile user in exchange
for disclosing their personal information (e.g. via the personalisation of mobile
content based on context information).
The second question was concerned with whether or not a common understand-
ing about the semantic meaning of the applied context information, between all
Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework 231

participants of the mobile media market (Mobile Marketing Provider, advertisers


and mobile user), has to be established.
In general, the interviewees recommended the introduction of a standard for
identity profiles of mobile users. Furthermore, the need to integrate privacy po-
lices into these identity profiles was identified. This identity standard should be
based on the evaluation, which context information is actually required to pro-
vide for a certain type of Mobile Advertising campaign. This would allow
minimising the acquisition and use of personal information relevant for a given
purpose.
The third question was concerned with whether or not context information
changes the product mobile advertising space offered by Mobile Marketing Pro-
viders in any way. Traditionally, advertisers target Mobile Advertising cam-
paigns by bundling them to media content, which is typically consumed by their
preferred audiences (Ehrlich 2008, p. 269). By contrast, the availability of con-
text information enables advertisers to target individual mobile users based on
their explicitly described usage situation. Consequently, the decision of adver-
tisers to acquire mobile advertising space could be based on the actual character-
istics of an individual mobile user, paying attention to their Mobile Advertising
campaigns, rather than based on the content potentially attracting a preferred
audience.
The interviewees did not agree that context information changes the product
mobile advertising space. Nevertheless, there was almost overall consent that
context information allows targeting mobile advertisements on a more individ-
ual level. Thereby, the experts predicted that individual personal preferences of
mobile users would become more relevant for the targeting of Mobile Advertis-
ing campaigns compared to the current predominant content-based targeting.
Finally, the experts mentioned that privacy issues of mobile users for context-
sensitive Mobile Advertising campaigns would increase. This underlines the
more personal nature of the mobile medium in relation to context information.

8.4.3 Engineering Recommendations Addressing the Impacts of


Context Information

Based on the identified and analysed impacts of context information on the tra-
ditional commercialisation of mobile attention, engineering recommendations
232 Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework

have been developed. Thereby, the central recommendation concerns the re-
source allocation mechanism for the mobile media market. Since other recom-
mendations (i.e. for business model and ICT-infrastructure) directly depend on
the resource allocation mechanism design, the corresponding questions of the
expert interviews focussed on the proposed need for the individual pricing of
mobile attention as well as the requirement of Mobile Marketing Providers to
maintain a certain relevance of Mobile Advertising campaigns for mobile users
(cp. Section 6.4.2).

Hypothesis H3: The occurring impacts of context information, with regard to


the allocation of context-sensitive mobile attention, can be addressed by the de-
veloped engineering recommendations for a mobile media market platform.

The first question involved static pricing mechanisms such as the CPM model
and their appropriateness to price offered context-sensitive mobile user contacts.
Since context information is able to individually describe the momentary usage
situation of individual mobile users, is a traditional auction model (e.g. that of
Google) or static pricing still reasonable? Are different pricing models required?
The interviewees uniformly proposed the need for a dynamic, interactive pricing
mechanism for context-sensitive mobile user contacts for Mobile Advertising
campaigns. This gives advertisers the opportunity to express their individual
WTP. However, it was also stated that static pricing models would still be valid
to some extent, since Mobile Marketing Providers simply might want to sell
context-sensitive mobile user contacts for a static premium.
The second question aims at exploring if advertisers would take the opportunity
to express their individual WTP as participants in an auction for context-
sensitive mobile user contacts.
The majority of interviewees represented the opinion that advertisers will use
context information to determine the relevance of individual mobile user con-
tacts. In other words, context information allows filtering out irrelevant mobile
users (e.g. those too far away from a certain POS). The remaining mobile users
are expected to be acquired at a premium price. However, advertisers are con-
sidered to welcome auctioning as a pricing mechanism for less relevant mobile
user contacts.
Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework 233

The third question was concerned with the required relevance between mobile
users and Mobile Advertising campaigns. Is it reasonable to sell mobile user
contacts always to the highest biding advertiser, or does a Mobile Marketing
Provider have to weight the submitted advertiser bids for an auction, in order to
maintain a certain level of relevance between Mobile Advertising campaigns
and mobile users?
Although the interviewees represented the opinion that Mobile Marketing Pro-
viders should influence this process to some extent, the ideas for the actual im-
plementations were rather diverse:
• Auction bids should be weighted by Mobile Marketing Providers.
• Advertisers should compensate the low relevance of their Mobile Advertising
campaigns with incentives for mobile users.
• Mobile Marketing Providers should solely focus on highly detailed profiles
of mobile users.
• Mobile Marketing Providers should limit the number of Mobile Advertising
campaigns per mobile user and period of time.
In conclusion, this conglomerate of proposed concepts for maintaining the rele-
vance underlines the necessity for Mobile Marketing Providers to install a re-
spective mechanism, although the actual implementation remains unclear.

8.4.4 Feasibility of Proposed Engineering Recommendations

Finally, the proposed MoMeMa framework was evaluated for its feasibility to be
technically implemented in practice. First, this concerned the ability of the ICT-
infrastructure to support to the MIdMS requirements of mobile users, with a
special focus on the management of context information (cp. Section 6.3.1.2.2).
In addition, the processing capability of current ICT-infrastructures in order to
deliver Mobile Advertising campaigns within an appropriate time was evaluated
(cp. Section 6.4.3). Finally, the legality of processing the context-sensitive mo-
bile attention profiles for Mobile Advertising campaigns was analysed from a
practical perspective (cp. 6.2.3).

Hypothesis H4: The proposed engineering requirements for Mobile Media


Market Platforms are technically and legally feasible.
234 Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework

The first question was concerned with an existing Mobile Marketing Provider’s
technical ability to process market transactions for context-sensitive mobile at-
tention. In other words, is the recommended mobile media market platform de-
sign capable of storing and processing context-sensitive attention profiles based
on current state-of-the-art ICT-infrastructures?
The interviewed experts certify that current state-of-the-art ICT-infrastructures
in general have the capability to cope with the requirements of processing and
managing context-sensitive attention profiles of mobile users. However, most of
them still demand either minor or major upgrades. IdM systems operated by
mobile network operators are genuinely predestined for this task, since the used
primary context information originated from the mobile network. However, their
distributed storage architecture makes it currently difficult to compile all avail-
able mobile user information into one mobile user profile. In this regard, one
expert demanded to separate storage of context information from other identity-
related data to minimise the risk of privacy violations. Furthermore, one other
expert was not sure how to deal with the huge amounts of data resulting in the
storage, processing and monitoring of context-sensitive mobile user profiles. As
a possible solution, the expert simply suggested ignoring or filtering irrelevant
context information about mobile users.
The second question addressed the capability of current ICT-infrastructures to
cope with the increased complexity and performance load imposed by process-
ing context-sensitive attention profiles. In this regard, the experts uniformly
agreed that ICT-infrastructures of today are completely capable of processing
this kind of information. However, the experts stressed that this processing has
to be accomplished at a reasonable cost and has to prevent privacy violations for
mobile users. In the end, this may always be a compromise between perform-
ance and occurring costs, which Mobile Marketing Providers have to balance.
The third question was concerned with the legality of processing context-
sensitive mobile attention profiles with regard to the corresponding European
Data Protection Directives (cp. Section 6.2.3). The uniform opinion of all ex-
perts was that it is legal if a Mobile Marketing Provider complies with the re-
spective EU directives and corresponding national implementations, regarding
the protection of personal data. Thereby, the experts stressed the outstanding
Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework 235

importance of acquiring the consent of a mobile user in order to use their per-
sonal data.
Based on the summarised results for each hypothesis, the following section dis-
cusses the implications of this evaluation in the relation to the defined research
question.

8.5 Evaluation Implications


By interpreting the result of the expert interviews, the evaluation implications
can be assessed based on the defined research question:

Research Question: Are the proposed engineering recommendations for mobile


media markets of context-sensitive mobile attention appropriate?

For Hypothesis H1, one can conclude that it has been confirmed by the experts.
Context information in the form of location and identity information are already
in use. An increasing use of context information is expected by most experts in
the near future. Consequently, the expected increasing targeting effectiveness of
Mobile Marketing campaigns outweighs the named obstacles.
The evaluation of the potential impacts of context information on the traditional
commercialisation of mobile attention in mobile media markets (Hypothesis H2)
has been substantiated by the interviewed experts. The central reason for this
constitutes specific characteristics of context information. It results in the neces-
sity of Mobile Marketing Providers to provide incentives for mobile users in ex-
change for context information. This contrasts with traditional mobile marketing
campaigns in which the online behaviour of mobile users is solely passively ob-
served. Furthermore, a common understanding about context-sensitive attention
profiles of mobile users has to be established among all market participants
through – for instance, based on an identity standard. For traditional mobile at-
tention, there was no need to archive this understanding for mobile users since
they are simply being observed rather actively disclosing personal information
to Mobile Marketing Providers. Finally, with the availability of context informa-
tion, the value of mobile user contacts for advertisers is increasingly determined
based on the relevance of an individual mobile user, rather than on the mobile
content a mobile user is consuming. Consequently, the individual attention of a
mobile user becomes increasingly the preferred economic good in mobile media
markets once context information is available.
236 Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework

The proposed main engineering recommendations for a mobile media market


platform (Hypothesis H3) have also been supported by the experts. They ac-
knowledged the need for a dynamic, interactive pricing mechanism (i.e. auction)
in order to enable advertisers to express their individual willingness-to-pay for
context-sensitive mobile user contacts. At the same time, this allows Mobile
Marketing Providers to increase their profits through extracting an increased
buyer’s surplus from advertisers. In this regard, the experts do not confirm the
advertiser’s willingness to accept this form of pricing mechanism for all mobile
users, but at least for the less relevant ones. Finally, the experts agree to the ne-
cessity of maintaining a certain level of relevance between mobile users and
Mobile Advertising campaigns – however, with a large variety of different ideas
for the actual implementation.
Finally, Hypothesis H4 aimed at the technological and legal feasibility of the
proposed engineering recommendations. As far as the current technological fea-
sibility of ICT-infrastructures enabling the necessary IdM systems are con-
cerned, the experts did not find any obstacles, which could not be overcome.
Nevertheless, they saw the need for minor as well as major architecture up-
grades. In terms of processing power, the current ICT-infrastructures are consid-
ered capable. However, the reasonability of costs and the protection of personal
data have to be kept in mind. Finally, the experts considered mobile media mar-
ket platforms which process and offer context-sensitive mobile attention legal,
as long as they comply with the EU-directives and national implementations.
Thereby, they highlighted the need to acquire user consent for personal data us-
age.
Regarding the open issues section of the interview guideline, some experts men-
tioned that they are concerned about the feasibility of context-sensitive Mobile
Marketing campaigns across country borders. Experts doubted the availability of
context information roaming across country borders and the sufficient data pro-
tection outside the jurisdiction of a domestic Mobile Marketing Provider. Al-
though, these aspects are relevant in practice, they are outside of the scope of
this work.
In conclusion, by evaluating the key aspects of the proposed engineering rec-
ommendation framework, it can be stated that the interviewed experts consider
context information relevant for Mobile Marketing campaigns of today, and es-
Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework 237

pecially in the near future. Furthermore, they acknowledge several central im-
pacts of context information on the traditional commercialisation of mobile user
contacts or mobile attention respectively in mobile media markets. Finally, the
proposed engineering recommendations, in order to address these impacts, were
found to be reasonable as well as technically and legally feasible.
Although, the evaluation substantiated the utility of the MoMeMa framework
from a practical point-to-view, several limitations of this evaluation have to be
disclosed in the following section.

8.6 Limitations of the Evaluation


The acquisition and analysis of empirical data always imposes insufficiencies
(Bortz and Döring 2006, p. 16) which have to be considered and disclosed when
assessing an evaluation result64. This evaluation exhibits several conceptual
limitations and further limitations with regard to the acquired and analysed con-
tent.
Starting with conceptual issues, although the expert interviews addressed certain
aspects of the mobile media domain, all the interviewed organisations use a cer-
tain terminology within their focus of work. Therefore, despite the fact that ex-
perts have been interviewed, a certain level of common understanding still had
to be established using the initial application scenario. This may not have been
accomplished to its full extent. Furthermore, the derived questions asked to sub-
stantiate the developed hypotheses, may not have been completely accurate for
this purpose, since there is not a standard process to generate these questions and
define QCA categories based on them (Mayring 2008, p. 42).
Regarding the content related issues, the first limitation to be disclosed is that
experts were questioned about the utility of a generic engineering recommenda-
tion framework, rather than a concrete implementation of a mobile media market
platform. This makes it more difficult for experts to assess the utility of the pro-
posed engineering recommendations. Furthermore, context-sensitive Mobile
Advertising campaigns, as discussed in the scope of this work, currently do not
exist in practice. Consequently, the developed questions have been based on the
experts’ assumptions of the future. Finally, only selected but nevertheless central

64
For a general overview about the limitations of empirical research methods, refer to Bortz
and Döring (2006, p. 16ff.)
238 Empirical Evaluation of Engineering Recommendation Framework

aspects of the proposed MoMeMa framework have been evaluated rather than
the complete framework concept.
Summarising the outlined limitations, one can conclude that the evaluation
shows that the experts did not see any unreasonable engineering recommenda-
tions and technical or legal obstacles, which could not be overcome by Mobile
Marketing Providers. However, the utility of the entire MoMeMa framework
could not be demonstrated. This will be possible once context-sensitive Mobile
Advertising campaigns start to take off in practice and empirical case study-
based evaluations or user surveys become feasible. Thus, the MoMeMa frame-
work, as an IT artifact, outlines a proposed possible set of engineering recom-
mendations for Mobile Marketing Providers to commercialise context-sensitive
mobile attention.

8.7 Summary and Conclusion


This chapter documented the empirical evaluation of the developed MoMeMa
engineering recommendation framework for the commercialisation of context-
sensitive mobile attention in mobile media markets. For this, seven expert inter-
views were conducted and the resulting empirical data was analysed using QCA.
Although the evaluation exhibited several limitations, the experts substantiated
that context information will be become relevant for Mobile Marketing Adver-
tising campaigns and will generate several significant impacts on the commer-
cialisation of traditional mobile attention. The proposed MoMeMa framework is
considered feasible to address those impacts by offering a corresponding engi-
neering recommendation framework for mobile media market platforms.
Conclusion and Further Research 239

9 Conclusion and Further Research


This thesis has provided new findings in the field of Mobile Marketing research.
It provides new knowledge about the impacts of context information on tradi-
tional commercialisation of mobile attention in mobile media markets. For this,
it developed and documented an IT artifact, which guides Mobile Marketing
Providers enabling context-sensitive Mobile Advertising campaigns to benefit
from context information, whilst being able to cope with its challenges.
In the following Section 9.1, the thesis is summarised based on the taken re-
search approach. Section 9.2 continues to highlight the main research contribu-
tions of this work and Section 9.3 focuses on presenting the major implications
for practice. Finally, this chapter concludes with Section 9.4 giving an outlook
on possible further research, which the contributions of this thesis have enabled
or raised.

9.1 Summary of the Thesis


The tremendous success of mobile data communications in recent years has led
to increasing competition for the commercialisation of the attention of mobile
users for Mobile Marketing campaigns. Consequently, Mobile Marketing Pro-
viders are seeking means to differentiate their service. At the same time, adver-
tisers push for more effective Mobile Marketing campaigns whereas mobile us-
ers demand relevant contents on their mobile devices. Thus, the attention of mo-
bile users increasingly becomes the scarce resource in today’s information soci-
ety.
The availabilty of context information about mobile users allows Mobile Mar-
keting Providers to address this market situation by offering advertisers access
to this context information for the targeting of their Mobile Marketing cam-
paigns. However, context information is assumed to have impacts on the tradi-
tional commercialisation of mobile attention in mobile media markets. Conse-
quently, Mobile Marketing Providers have to address these impacts in order to
gain benefits from the distinct features of context information. Therefore, this
work has aimed to explore, analyse, and address these impacts. By following the
design research paradigm based on Hevner et al. (2004), a corresponding IT arti-
fact, in the form of an engineering recommendation framework, has been devel-
240 Conclusion and Further Research

oped and evaluated. It provides the foundation for the understanding of this
problem field and contributes to feasible solutions.
At first, Chapter 2 gave an overview about the state-of-the-art advertising-
financed media applied to marketing campaigns. Along with the historical de-
velopment of this media, the distinctive features of advertising-financed tradi-
tional, online, and mobile media as vehicles for conducting marketing cam-
paigns are presented.
In particular, mobile media constitutes the latest communication channel to ad-
vertisers for their recipients. Its main feature currently exploited by Mobile
Marketing campaigns is that it is more personal than any other media. Besides
this intrinsic feature, context information provided by the mobile network offers
knowledge about a mobile user’s current location, identity and time of day.
Therefore, advertisers are enabled to target Mobile Marketing campaigns to the
momentary usage situation of a mobile user. However, the potential benefits for
advertisers (effectiveness) and mobile users (relevance) have to be bought, at the
expense of several impacts of context information on the traditional commer-
cialisation of mobile media performance from the perspective of Mobile Market-
ing Providers. These impacts originate from the specific characteristics of con-
text information in relation to Mobile Marketing campaigns. Although, several
basic context-sensitive Mobile Marketing campaigns already exist in practice,
these impacts had not been comprehensively analysed yet.
In order to explore and analyse the impacts of context information on the tradi-
tional commercialisation of mobile media performance, Chapter 3 presented the
development of a conceptional analysis framework. For this, a paradigm shift
away from mobile media performance towards mobile attention, as scarce re-
source in mobile media markets, was introduced. Based on this perspective, all
aspects relevant for the commercialisation of mobile attention have been incor-
porated into the analysis framework. It comprises the characterisation of mobile
attention as an economic good in mobile media markets, the characteristics of a
Mobile Marketing Provider’s mobile attention value chain as well as the influ-
ence of mobile attention in mobile media markets, from the perspective of net-
work economics.
Conclusion and Further Research 241

Chapter 4 applied the previously developed conceptional analysis framework to


explore and analyse the impacts of commercialising context-sensitive mobile
attention in mobile media markets. Its main findings were:
• The intrinsic value of context-sensitive mobile attention significantly depends
on the mobile user’s willingness to disclose context information.
• A common understanding for mobile attention profiles among all market par-
ticipants (i.e. mobile users, advertisers, and Mobile Marketing Provider) is re-
quired.
• The valuation of context-sensitive mobile attention is unique for each adver-
tiser.
In order to address the previously explored and analysed impacts, Chapter 5
presented an engineering reference model for mobile media markets based on
the Market Engineering Framework of Weinhardt et al. (2003). It allows devel-
oping and documenting engineering recommendations for mobile media markets
along a proven model for electronic markets. Since the Market Engineering
Framework was originally designed to suit electronic financial markets, some of
its aspects were aligned and detailed out to fit the characteristics of mobile me-
dia markets.
Based on the adapted engineering reference model for mobile media markets,
Chapter 6 presented the development of engineering recommendations frame-
work for mobile media markets (MoMeMa), which explicitly addresses the ex-
plored impacts of context information on the traditional commercialisation of
mobile attention. Its central aspect constitutes the implementation of a suitable
resource allocation for context-sensitive mobile attention to address the distinct
characteristics of context-sensitive mobile attention as an economic good in mo-
bile media markets. Derived from the need to implement a dynamic, interactive
pricing mechanism (business model), the application of a multi-attributive auc-
tion format was recommended (resource allocation mechanism). On the one
hand, it allows advertisers to express their individual WTP. On the other hand, it
allows Mobile Marketing Providers to maintain a certain level of relevance be-
tween Mobile Advertising campaigns and mobile users by incorporating this
relevance into the auction or bidding process respectively. Finally, it is recom-
mended that the underlying ICT-infrastructure of a mobile media market plat-
242 Conclusion and Further Research

form has to be able to process transactions for mobile attention in real-time, to


prevent content delivery delays of mobile users.
In order to demonstrate the technical feasibility of the proposed MoMeMa
framework, Chapter 7 documented the implementation of a prototypical mobile
media market platform. It featured a mobile portal as an interface to the mobile
user and a mobile media market component for the trading mobile attention with
advertisers. Thereby, the prototype follows a classic three-tier architecture and
has been implemented using Microsoft software technology and programming
languages.
Finally, the empirical evaluation of the MoMeMa framework as an IT artifact
was documented in Chapter 8. For this, several interviews with experts from the
mobile media domain were conducted. These experts substantiated the relevance
of context information for Mobile Advertising campaigns in the near future, and
supported the proposed engineering recommendations as feasible to address the
impacts of context information on the traditional commercialisation of mobile
attention from the perspective of a Mobile Marketing Provider.

9.2 Research Contributions


In the sense of the design science paradigm based on Hevner et al. (2004), this
work aimed at solving a specific problem in the Mobile Marketing domain by
creating and evaluating a novel IT artifact. The resulting major contributions of
this thesis are summarised as follows:
• Analysis of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention: The analysis of context-
sensitive mobile attention in mobile media markets has revealed several sig-
nificant impacts on its traditional commercialisation from the perspective of
Mobile Marketing Providers. It documented that context information is more
than solely additional data about mobile users. Its distinctive features signifi-
cantly change the characteristics of traditional mobile attention as an eco-
nomic good in mobile media markets. This acquired knowledge constitutes an
analysis theory of Type I in the sense of Gregor (2006) and contributes as
foundation for the development of the IT artifact in form of the MoMeMa
framework by providing an understanding of the problem field, which has
been addressed by this work.
Conclusion and Further Research 243

• Engineering Recommendation Framework for Mobile Media Markets of


Context-sensitive Mobile Attention: The developed and evaluated IT arti-
fact, represented by the MoMeMa framework, documents generic engineering
recommendations for a mobile media market platform. It covers the design of
the business model, resource allocation mechanism, and ICT-infrastructure
component of a mobile media market platform and enables the addressing the
impacts of context information on the traditional commercialisation of mobile
attention.
• Implementation of Mobile Media Market Platform Prototype: The CoM-
PaS prototype demonstrates the technical feasibility to implement a mobile
media market platform for the commercialisation of context-sensitive mobile
attention. This proof of concept constitutes a foundational IT artifact and con-
tributes to the IS knowledge base (Hevner et al. 2004), and thereby can be the
foundation for further behavioural research.

9.3 Practical Implications


The design science paradigm aims at solving problems in organisational con-
texts by developing novel IT artifacts (Hevner et al. 2004). Because of that,
these problems have to have a certain practical relevance. The contributions
provided by this work for practice are summarised as follows:
• Generation of Problem Awareness: The analysis of context-sensitive mo-
bile attention in mobile media markets provides understanding for the poten-
tial impacts of context information on its traditional commercialisation. Con-
sequently, Mobile Marketing Providers can become aware of the specific re-
quirements for mobile media markets of context-sensitive mobile attention,
and can search for means in order to meet them.
• Development Guideline for Mobile Media Markets: The MoMeMa frame-
work demonstrates the feasibility to address the impacts of context informa-
tion with specific design aspects for mobile media markets. At the same time,
it provides a guideline for Mobile Marketing Providers to implement these
mobile media market platforms in a systematic and less error-prone manner.
For this, it documents the relevant cornerstones to be considered and ad-
dressed in the development process.
244 Conclusion and Further Research

• Prototype as a Foundation for the Implementation of Mobile Advertising


Campaigns: The implemented CoMPaS prototype demonstrates the technical
feasibility of mobile media market platforms enabling context-sensitive Mo-
bile Advertising campaigns, whilst complying with the proposed engineering
recommendations. Due to the novelty of context-sensitive Mobile Advertising
campaigns, it can be used to empirically evaluate Mobile Advertising cam-
paigns based on different mobile media market configurations. Furthermore,
it allows testing, simulating and estimating required computing, and process-
ing performance for market transactions of context-sensitive mobile attention.
Based on these presented contributions, the next section concludes this work by
summarising problems unsolved in the context of this work. However, they are
supposed to be addressed by further research.

9.4 Further Research


Based on the previously outlined contributions for research as well as practitio-
ners, indicators and directions for fruitful contributions beyond the scope of this
work (cp. Section 1.4) are discussed. With respect to the outlined limitations of
the MoMeMa framework as the main contribution of this work, the following
selected opportunities for further research are considered relevant:
• Development of Mobile Media Market Engineering Recommendations
for Non-European Countries: The developed engineering recommendations
are targeted to support Mobile Marketing Providers in Europe. However, Asia
currently represents the leader in spending on Mobile Marketing campaigns
(ABI Reseach - Technology and Market Intelligence 2009). Consequently, the
MoMeMa framework should be evaluated against the Asian mobile media
markets.
• Analysis of the Commercialisation of Mobile Attention in a Competitive
Environment: The scope of this work focused solely on the analysis of con-
text-sensitive mobile attention offered by a monopolistic Mobile Marketing
Provider. This scenario may be realistic during its entrepreneurial days. How-
ever, under the assumption of their success, competitors may arrive in the
market. Consequently, research approaches addressing the behaviour and de-
velopment of mobile media market platforms in a competitive environment
can aid Mobile Marketing Providers to position themselves in this market ap-
Conclusion and Further Research 245

propriately. Thus, the potential impacts of the market competition on the tra-
ditional commercialisation of mobile attention or its characteristics as an eco-
nomic good, can be considered prior and during the development of the mo-
bile media market platform.
• Analysis of the Commercialisation of Mobile Attention for Mobile Mar-
keting Campaigns in Mobile Communities: Equipped with rich mobile user
profiles in combination with a high attention of mobile users, Mobile Com-
munities Providers own a prospective position to commercialise the mobile
attention of the users for Mobile Marketing campaigns. However, due to the
fact that mobile users access community sites in order to communicate with
other individuals rather than getting informed, the corresponding Mobile
Marketing spendings do not live up to these exceptations. Nevertheless, the
business model for most mobile community sites strongly relies on this kind
of revenue streams. Therefore, the question has to be raised how one can tar-
get the attention of mobile users mainly spend on communicating with other
users rather than spend on consuming traditional mobile content bundled with
Mobile Advertising campaigns (Kahl and Albers 2010).
• Aggregation of Distributed Mobile Attention Profiles of Mobile Users:
Due to the potential existence of competitors in the market, it cannot be as-
sumed that Mobile Marketing Providers can acquire and own all relevant con-
text information about a mobile user. By observing the fixed as well mobile
Internet, one can state that mobile users typically have multiple partial identi-
ties. These represent only part of their real identity, which is currently re-
quired in the prevailing application context (FIDIS 2006, p. 20). This imposes
additional research questions on how Mobile Marketing Providers can acquire
these distributed identities of a mobile user, and aggregate them to a mobile
attention profile commonly understood by all mobile media market partici-
pants.
• Analysis of Context-sensitive Mobile Attention in the Supply Chain: The
analysis of context-sensitive mobile attention has been conducted along with
the mobile attention value chain, which was derived from the way value crea-
tion in two-sided mobile media markets is conducted. Thereby, mobile users
have been considered as attention suppliers, Mobile Marketing Providers as
attention manufacturers, and advertisers as attention consumers. The aim of
246 Conclusion and Further Research

Mobile Marketing Providers is to acquire as much relevant context-rich mo-


bile attention as possible and subsequently sell it on at the optimal price to
advertisers. Consequently, this supply chain analogy offers the opportunity to
apply knowledge from the domain of supply chain management (Arndt 2008),
in order to analyse and optimise the activities of Mobile Marketing Providers
in this value creation process.
• Empirical Evaluation of specific Mobile Media Market Platform Imple-
mentations: The proposed engineering recommendations for mobile media
market platforms provide a feasible generic approach on how to commercial-
ise context-sensitive mobile attention. This means that engineering recom-
mendations have to be highly abstract (e.g. “use multi-attributive auctions as
allocation mechanism”). Consequently, empirical research is needed, which
aims at acquiring knowledge on the utility of specific implemented mobile
media market platforms. This may start with the identification of relevant
context information for a category of Mobile Advertising campaigns. Fur-
thermore, it is also interesting to evaluate the value of combining actively dis-
closed context information (e.g. location information) by mobile users, with
passively acquired online behaviour data (e.g. click-streams). Additional re-
search could be conducted in order to empirically evaluate feasible matching
concepts for attention and targeting profiles. Finally, this leads towards the
empirical evaluation of different multi-attributive auction formats and con-
figurations.
• Development of Negotiation Mechanisms for the Disclosure of Context
Information: The value of mobile attention significantly depends on the will-
ingness of a mobile user to disclose their personal information. Consequently,
Mobile Marketing Providers have to provide mobile users with incentives to
do so (cp. Section 3.2.1). Therefore, research regarding the preferred incen-
tives of a specific mobile user could help Mobile Marketing Providers apply
the most effective incentives for a specific offering. In this regard, it would
also make sense to develop a negotiation mechanism for personal information
of mobile users. This enables Mobile Marketing Providers to negotiate the in-
centives for the disclosure of the required context information to target a Mo-
bile Marketing campaign. Thereby, this negotiation mechanism allows both
parties to express and communicate their demands and negotiate an agree-
ment.
Conclusion and Further Research 247

• Evaluation of Design Aspects of Context-sensitive Mobile Advertising


Campaigns: One of the aspects of context-sensitive Mobile Marketing cam-
paigns, which have been completely excluded from the scope of this work,
constitutes the design of the Mobile Marketing campaigns itself. Conse-
quently, research approaches are needed to order to explore if novel design
concepts for context-sensitive Mobile Marketing campaigns are required. For
instance, Radmacher (2007b) stresses the need to make the mechanism behind
mobile products or service recommendations transparent to the mobile user.
This allows to establish trust as well as to aid the mobile user in assessing the
value of the provided Mobile Advertising message.
• Analysis of additional Context-sensitive Mobile Marketing Campaigns:
This work solely analyses pull-based context-sensitive Mobile Advertise-
ments as a subclass of Mobile Marketing campaigns. However, Mobile Mar-
keting comprises more concepts such as mobile direct response marketing,
mobile permission marketing (e.g. push messages) or mobile customer rela-
tionship management (cp. Section 2.4.2), which are worth analysing for im-
pacts of context information.
The outlined further research directions document the early stage of the research
on the commercialisation of context-sensitive mobile attention in mobile media
markets. The explored impacts of context information on the commercialisation
of mobile attention and the provided means to address them (i.e. MoMeMa
framework), is supposed to stimulate the number of Mobile Marketing Providers
enabling context-sensitive Mobile Marketing campaigns in practice. If this suc-
ceeds, it could open the door for new behavioural science research towards a
better understanding of the impacts of context-sensitive Mobile Marketing cam-
paigns on the behaviour of mobile users and advertisers.
References 249

References
Aalto, L.; Göthlin, N.; Korhonen, J. and Ojala, T. (2004) Bluetooth and WAP
Push Based Location-Aware mobile advertising system, Proceedings
of the Second International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applica-
tions and Services, Boston, MA, USA, pp. 49-58.
ABI Research - Technology and Market Intelligence (2009) Asia-Pacific Leads
Mobile Marketing and Advertising: Nearly $7.7 Billion to Be Spent in
2011, http://www.abiresearch.com/press/1428-AsiaPacific+Leads
+Mobile+Marketing+and+Advertising%3A+Nearly+%247.7+Billion
+to+Be+Spent+in+2011, accessed 2010-02-04.
Aggarwal, G.; Goel, A. and Motwani, R. (2006) Truthful Auctions for Pricing
Search Keywords, Proceedings of the 7th ACM conference on Elec-
tronic commerce, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Albers, A. (2007) Allokation und Bepreisung mobiler Kundenkontakte im Mo-
bile Marketing, Proceeding of 7th Internationale Tagung Wirtschafts-
informatik, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Albers, A. (2008) An Electronic Market Framework for context-sensitive Mo-
bile Consumer Profiles in the Marketing Domain, Proceedings of the
13th Americas Conference on Information Systems, Keystone, CO,
USA.
Albers, A.; Figge, S. and Radmacher, M. (2005) LOC3 - Architecture Proposal
for Efficient Subscriber Localisation in Mobile Commerce Infrastruc-
tures, Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Workshop on Mobile
Commerce and Services (WMCS'05), Munich, Germany.
Albers, S. (1998) Besonderheiten des Marketing mit Interaktiven Medien, in: M.
C. S. Albers; K. Peters and B. Skiera (Eds.): Marketing mit interakti-
ven Medien, Frankfurt am Main, pp. 380.
Amazon Corporation (2009) Amazon Web Services, http://aws.amazon.com,
accessed 2010-02-04.
American Marketing Association (2007) AMA Definition of Marketing,
http://www.marketingpower.com/Community/ARC/Pages/Additional/
Definition/default.aspx, accessed 2010-02-04.
Anderson, S. and Gabszewicz, J. (2006) The media and advertising: a tale of
two-sided markets, in: V. Ginsburgh and D. Throsby (Eds.): Hand-
book of the Economics of Art and Culture, Elsevier Science, Amster-
dam, Netherlands.
250 References

Apple Corporation (2009a) Apple iPhone, http://www.apple.com/iphone, ac-


cessed 2010-02-04.
ARAL Corporation (2009) Aral WAP Portal, http://wap.aral.de, accessed 2010-
02-04.
Armstrong, M. (2006) Competition in Two-Sided Markets, RAND Journal of
Economics (37:3), pp. 668-691.
Arndt, H. (2008) Supply Chain Management, 4th Edition, Gabler, Wiesbaden,
Germany.
Art.29 Data Protection Working Party (2007) Opinion 4/2007 on the concept of
personal data, http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/fsj/privacy/docs/
wpdocs/2007/wp136_en.pdf, accessed 2009-12-13.
Arthur, W. B. (1989) Competing technologies, increasing returns, and lock-in by
historical events, Economic Journal (99:1), pp. 116-131.
AT&T Inc. (2009) Yellow Pages, http://www.yellowpages.com, accessed 2010-
02-04.
Awad, F. and Krishnan, M. (2006) An empirical evaluation of information
transparency and the willingness to be profiled for personalisation,
MIS Quarterly (30:1), pp. 13-28.
Bachem, C. (2008) Der multioptionale Kunde im Web, in: Thorsten Schwarz
(Eds.): Leitfaden Online Marketing, marketing-börse, Waghäusel,
Germany, pp. 24-30.
Barwise, P. and Strong, C. (2002) Permission-based Mobile Advertising, Jour-
nal of Interactive Marketing (16:1), pp. 14-24.
Bellmann, S.; Johnson, E.; Lohse, G. and Mandel, N. (2006) Designing market
places on the artificial with consumers in mind: Four approaches to
understand consumer behavior in electronic environments, Journal of
Interactive Marketing (20:1), pp. 21-33.
Belysio (2009) Belysio – My Social Navigator, http://www.belysio.com, ac-
cessed 2009-12-13.
Bennefeld, C. (2008) Klickbetrug und Affiliate-Hopping, in: Thorsten Schwarz
(Eds.): Leitfaden Online Marketing, marketing-börse, Waghäusel,
Germany, pp. 593-600.
Bernhardt, M.; Spann, M. and Skiera, B. (2005) Reverse Pricing, DBW - Die
Betriebswirtschaft (65:1), pp. 104-107.
Bichler, M. (2000) An experimental analysis of multi-attribute auctions, Deci-
sion Support Systems (29:1), pp. 249-268.
References 251

Bichler, M. (2001) The Future of eMarkets – Multi-Dimensional Market


Mechanisms, 1st publication, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge,
UK.
Bill, R.; Kofahl, M. and Mundt, T. (2004) Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in
Mobile Environment - a Review and some investigations on WLAN-
Positioning, Geographic Information Sciences (10:2), pp. 91-98.
Birkel, M. (2008) Mobile Lifestyle: Das Herz des Kundengewinnen, in: Thors-
ten Schwarz (Eds.): Leitfaden Online Marketing, marketing-börse,
Waghäusel, Germany, pp. 481-485.
Blue Cell Networks (2009) Profession Bluetooth Marketing,
http://www.bluecellnetworks.com, accessed 2010-02-04.
Blyk (2009) Blyk, http://www.blyk.com, accessed 2010-02-04.
Bogs, N. (2001) Werbeagenturen im Mediamarkt und allokative Effizienz,
Lang, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Bohte, S.; Gerding, E. and Poutré, H. (2004) Market-Based Recommendation:
Agents that Compete for Consumer Attention, Proceeedings of the
ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (4:4), pp. 420-448.
Borden, N. (1964) The Concept of the Marketing Mix, Journal of Advertising
Research (4:1), pp. 2-7.
Bortz, J. and Döring, N. (2006) Forschungsmethoden und Evaluation, 4th Editi-
on, Springer Medizin Verlag Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germa-
ny.
Brommund, T. and Amthor, A. (2008) Web Analytics – Web Controlling, in:
Thorsten Schwarz (Eds.): Leitfaden Online Marketing, marketing-
börse, Waghäusel, Germany, pp. 566-577.
Bruner, G. (2007) Attitude toward Location-Based Advertising, Journal of In-
teractive Advertising (7:2), pp. 154-177.
BSI (2008) Öffentliche Mobilfunknetze und ihre Sicherheitsaspekte, Bundesamt
für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik, Bonn, Germany.
Buchholz, T.; Küpper, A. and Schiffers, M. (2003) Quality of Context: What It
Is And Why We Need It, Proceedings of the 10th International Work-
shop of the HP OpenView University Association (HPOVUA 2003),
Geneva, Switzerland.
Bulander, R.; Decker, M.; Schiefer, G. and Kölmel, B. (2004) Enabling Person-
alized And Context Sensitive Mobile Advertising While Guaranteeing
Data Protection, Proceedings of the EURO-mGOV, Brighton, UK.
Bulander, R.; Decker, M.; Schiefer, G. and Kölmel, B. (2005b) Kontextsensi-
tives mobiles Marketing, Proceedings of the 11th GI-Fachtagung für
252 References

Datenbanksysteme in Business, Technologie und Web, Karlsruhe,


Germany.
Bulander, R.; Schiefer, G. and Decker, M. (2005a) Anonymity by Design - Eine
Architektur zur Gewährleistung von Kundenschutz im mobilen Mar-
keting, Proceedings of the Conference on Mobile Business – Proc-
esses, Platforms, Payments. Proceedings zur 5. Konferenz Mobile
Commerce Technologien und Anwendungen (MCTA 2005), Bamberg,
Germany, pp. 87-100.
Bundesnetzagentur (2008) Teilnehmerentwicklung und Penetration im Mobil-
funk, http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/media/archive/12955.pdf,
accessed 2010-02-04.
Bundesverband Digitale Wirtschaft (2009) OVK Online Report 2009/01 - Zah-
len und Trends im Überblick, http://www.ovk.de/fileadmin/downloads/
fachgruppen/Online-Vermarkterkreis/OVK_Online-Report/OVK_
Online-Report_200901_Webversion.pdf, accessed 2010-02-04.
Caillaudy, B. and Jullien, B. (2001) Chicken & Egg: Competing Matchmakers,
Proceedings of the Economics of the Software and Internet Industries,
Toulouse, France.
Caillaudy, B. and Jullien, B. (2003) Competition among Intermediation Service
Providers, RAND Journal of Economics (34:2), pp. 309-328.
Camponovo, G. and Pigneur, Y. (2005) Business Model Analysis applied to
Mobile Business, Proceedings of The 5th International Conference on
Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS), Angers, France.
Cary, M.; Das, A.; Edelman, B.; Giotis, I.; Heimerl, K.; Karlin, A.; Mathieu, C.
Schwarz, M. (2007): Greedy bidding strategies for keyword auctions,
Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce,
San Diego, CA, USA.
Choi, S. and Stahl, D. W. A. (1997) The economics of electronic commerce,
Macmillan Technical Publishing, Indianapolis, USA.
Cisco Corporation (2009) Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data
Traffic Forecast Update, http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions
/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-
520862.html, accessed 2010-02-04.
Daconta, M.; Obrst, L. and Smith, K. (2003) The semantic Web: A guide to the
future of XML, Web Services, and Knowledge Management, Wiley,
Indianapolis, USA.
Darby, M. and Karni, E. (1973) Free competition and the optimal amount of
fraud, Journal of Law and Economics (16:1), pp. 67-76.
References 253

Davenport, T. and Beck, C. (2001) Attention Economy, Harvard Business


School Press, Bosten, USA.
Denning, P. J. (1997) A New Social Contract for Research – The Science of Fu-
ture Technology, Communications of the ACM (40:2), pp. 132-134.
Deschene, L. (2008) What Is Behavioral Targeting? http://www.bnet.com/2403-
13237_23-199800.html, accessed 2010-02-04.
Dewenter, R. (2006) Das Konzept der zweiseitigen Märkte am Beispiel von Zei-
tungsmonopolen, Helmut-Schmidt-Universität, Hamburg, Germany.
Dey, A. K. and Abowd, G. D. (1999) Towards a Better Understanding of Con-
text and Context-Awareness, Proceedings of the 1st international
symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing, Karlsruhe, Ger-
many, pp. 304-307.
Dickinger, A. and Zorn, S. (2008) Compensation Models for Interactive Adver-
tising, Journal of Universal Computer Science (14:4), pp. 557-565.
Dufft, N. (2003) Basisreport Mobile Marketing - Einsatz, Erfolgsfaktoren,
Dienstleister, Berlecon Research, Berlin, Germany.
Duncan, T. and Moriarty, S. (1998) A communication-based Marketing Model
for Managing Relationships, Journal of Marketing (62:1), pp. 1-13.
E-LBA Project (2002) European Location Based Advertising, http://www.e-
lba.com/, accessed 2010-02-04.
Edwards, J. (1999) 3-tier client/server at work, John Wiley, New York, USA.
Ehrlich, M. (2008) Die Entwicklung der Onlinewerbung, in: Thorsten Schwarz
(Eds.): Leitfaden Online Marketing, marketing-börse, Waghäusel,
Germany, pp. 265-270.
European Commission (2009) Copyright and Neighbouring Rights,
http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/copyright/index_en.htm, accessed
2010-02-04.
European Interactive Advertising Association (2006) Europe Online 2006,
http://www.eiaa.net/ftp/casestudiesppt/EIAA%20Europe%20Online%
202006%2015.6.07.pdf, accessed 2010-02-04.
European Interactive Advertising Association (2008a) EIAA Online Shoppers
2008, Executive Summary, http://eiaa.net/Ftp/casestudiesppt/
EIAA_Online_Shoppers_2008_Executive_Summary.pdf, accessed
2010-02-04.
European Interactive Advertising Association (2008b) Media Scope Europe
2008 - Executive Summary, http://www.eiaa.net/Ftp/casestudiesppt
/EIAA_Mediascope_Europe_2008_PanEuropean_Executive_Summar
y.pdf, accessed 2010-02-04.
254 References

European Interactive Advertising Association (2008c) Marketers' Internet Ad


Barometer 2008, www.eiaa.net/./EIAA_Marketers_Internet_Ad
_Barometer_2008.pdf, accessed 2010-02-04.
European Interactive Advertising Association (2008d) MediaScope Europe
2003-2008, http://www.eiaa.net/Ftp/casestudiesppt/EIAA_Mediascope
_deutsch_final.pdf, accessed 2010-02-04.
European Parliament (1995) Directive on data protection (95/46/EC),
http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/fsj/privacy/docs/95-46-ce/dir1995-
46_part1_en.pdf, accessed 2010-02-04.
European Parliament (2002) Directive on privacy and electronic communica-
tions (2002/58/EC), http://eur-x.europa.eu/pri/en/oj/dat/2002/l_201/
l_20120020731en00370047.pdf, accessed 2010-02-04.
Evans, D. (2003) Some Empirical Aspects of Multi-sided Platform Industries,
Review of Network Economics (2:3), pp. 191-209.
Farrell, J. and Saloner, G. (1986) Installed base and compatibility: Predation,
product preannouncements and innovation, American Economic Re-
view (76:5), pp. 940-955.
Feldmann, V. (2005) Leveraging mobile media – Cross-media strategy and in-
novation policy for mobile media communication, Physica-Verlag,
Heidelberg, Germany.
Ferrando, J.; Gabszewicz, J.; Laussel, D. and Sonnac, N. (2004) Two-Sided
Network Effects and Competition: Application to Media Industries,
Proceedings of The Economics of Two-Sided Markets, Toulouse,
France.
FIDIS (2005a) Identity of Identity: Models, http://www.fidis.net/fileadmin/
fidis/deliverables/fidis-wp2-del2.3.models.pdf, accessed 2010-02-04.
FIDIS (2005b) HighTechID: Study on Mobile Identity Management,
http://www.fidis.net/fileadmin/fidis/deliverables/fidis-wp3-del3.3.
study_on_mobile_identity_management.pdf, accessed 2010-02-04.
FIDIS (2005c) Interoperability of Identities and Identity Management Systems:
Structured account of approaches on interoperability,
http://www.fidis.net/fileadmin/fidis/deliverables/fidis-wp4-
del4.1.account_interoperability.pdf, accessed 2010-02-04.
FIDIS (2005d) HighTechID: Overview on IMS, http://www.fidis.net/
fileadmin/fidis/deliverables/fidis-wp3del3.1.overview_on_IMS.
final.pdf, accessed 2010-02-04.
References 255

FIDIS (2006) Mobility and Identity: Collection of Topics and Clusters of Mobil-
ity Identity – Towards a Taxonomy of Mobility and Identity and,
http://www.fidis.net/fileadmin/fidis/deliverables/fidis-wp11-del11.1.
mobility_and_identity.pdf, accessed 2010-02-04.
FIDIS (2007a) Mobility and Identity: The legal framework for location-based
services in Europe, http://www.fidis.net/fileadmin/fidis/
deliverables/fidis-WP11-del11.5-legal_framework_for_LBS.pdf, ac-
cessed 2010-02-04.
FIDIS (2007b) Privacy and the legal-social content of identity: Privacy model-
ling and identity, http://www.fidis.net/fileadmin/fidis/deliverables/
fidis-wp13-del13.6_Privacy_modelling_and_identity.pdf, accessed
2010-02-04.
FIDIS (2009a) Mobility and Identity: Study of Mobile Communities, accessed
2010-02-04.
FIDIS (2009b) HighTechID: Study on Usabilty of IMS,
http://www.fidis.net/fileadmin/fidis/deliverables/new_deliverables/fidi
s-wp3-del3.13.Study_on_Usability_of_IMS.final.pdf, accessed 2010-
02-04.
Figge, S. (2007) Innovatives Mobile Marketing - kontextabhängige Kundenan-
sprache mit Hilfe mobiler Portale, Kovac, Hamburg.
Figge, S. and Albers, A. (2008) Mobile Werbung: Wie sich Aufmerksamkeit
vermarkten lässt, Teletalk - Kundendialog für Profis (6), pp. 40-41.
Figge, S. and Theysohn, S. (2006) Quantifizierung IKS-basierter
Marketleistungen - Analyse eines werbefinanzierten Geschäftsmodells
für den M-Commerce, Wirtschaftsinformatik (48:2), pp. 96-106.
Freytag, D. (2008) Kommt Online-Werbung an? in: Thorsten Schwarz (Eds.):
Leitfaden Online Marketing, marketing-börse, Waghäusel, Germany,
pp. 825-826.
Friberg, Å. (2007) An Empirical Evaluation of Online Privacy Concerns with a
Special Focus on the Importance of Information Transparency and
Personality Traits, Luleå University of Technology, LULEÅ, Sweden.
Ghosh, R. (1997) Economics is dead. Long live the economics! A Commentary
on Michael Goldhaber's ''The Attention Economy'',
http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view
/529/450, accessed 2010-02-04.
Gläser, J. and Laudel, G. (2009) Experteninterviews und qualitative Inhaltsana-
lyse als Instrumente rekonstruierender Untersuchungen, 3rd, Edition,
Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden, Germany.
256 References

Gogolin, M. and Schneider, B. (2004) Towards a flexible technical infrastruc-


ture of electronic marketplaces, Proceedings of the Research Sympo-
sium on Emerging Electronic Markets, Dublin, Ireland.
Goldbach Media Gruppe (2009b) Goldbach Guide - Zahlen und Fakten 2009,
http://www.goldbachmedia.ch/_files/Goldbach_Guide_2009/Guide_W
ebsite_deutsch.pdf, accessed 2010-02-04.
Goldbach Media Gruppe. (2009a) Mobile Targeting steigert Werbeeffizienz,
Goldbach Report 04/09, Küsnacht-Zürich, Swiss.
Goldhaber, M. (1997a) The Attention Economy and the Net,
http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view
/519/440, accessed 2009-12-13.
Goldhaber, M. (1997b) What's the Right Economics for Cyberspace?
http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view
/537/458, accessed 2010-02-04.
Google Corporation (2009a) Android – An Open Handset Alliance Project,
http://code.google.com/intl/de-DE/android, accessed 2010-02-04.
Google Corporation (2009b) Mobile Advertising, http://www.admob.com, ac-
cessed 2010-02-04.
Google Corporation (2009c) Google AdWords, http://www.google.com/
adwords, accessed 2010-02-04.
Google Corporation (2009d) Google AdSense, http://www.google.com/adsense,
accessed 2010-02-04.
Google Corporation (2009e) Google Maps Mobile, http://www.google.com/
mobile/gmm/index.html, accessed 2010-02-04.
Google Corporation (2009f) Google Earth, http://www.google.com/earth, ac-
cessed 2010-02-04.
Google Corporation (2009g) Google AdWords API, http://code.google.com/
intl/de-DE/apis/adwords/, accessed 2010-02-04.
Google Corporation (2009f) Google Investor Relations,
http://investor.google.com/fin_data.html, accessed 2010-02-04.
Gopal, R. and Tripathi, A. (2006) Advertising via wireless networks, Journal of
International Communications (4:1), pp. 1-15.
Gregor, S. (2006) The Nature of Theory in Information Systems, MIS Quarterly,
(30:3), pp. 611-642.
Grether, M. and Markarian, S. (2008) Markenwerbung im Internet, in: Thorsten
Schwarz (Eds.): Leitfaden Online Marketing, marketing-börse,
Waghäusel, Germany, pp. 297-306.
References 257

GSM Association (2009) OneAPI Initiative, http://www.gsmworld.com/oneapi,


accessed 2010-02-04.
GyPSii Corporation (2009) GyPSii, http://www.gypsii.com, accessed 2009-12-
13.
Hegge, U. (2008) Targeted Advertising, in: Thorsten Schwarz (Eds.): Leitfaden
Online Marketing, marketing-börse, Waghäusel, Germany, pp. 286-
296.
Heinemann, A.; Ranke, J. and Straub, T. (2004) Zur rechtsverträglichen Tech-
nikgestaltung anhand einer M-Commerce-Anwendung, in: K. Poust-
tchi; K. Turowski (Eds.): Proceedings of Mobile Economy – Transak-
tionen, Prozesse, Anwendungen und Dienste, Proceedings of the 4th
Workshop Mobile Commerce, Augsburg, Germany.
Heinonen, K. and Strandvik, T. (2006) How do consumers react to mobile mar-
keting?, Processings of the International Conference on Mobile Busi-
ness (ICMB 2006), Copenhagen, Denmark.
Heinonen, K. and Strandvik, T. (2007) Consumer Responsiveness to Mobile
Marketing, International Journal of Mobile Communications (5:5),
pp. 603-617.
Hevner, A. R.; March, S. T. and Park, J. (2004) Design Science in Information
Systems Research, MIS Quarterly (28:1), pp. 75-105.
Hill, P. (1999) Tangibles, intangibles and services: a new taxonomy for the clas-
sification of output, Canadian Journal of Economics (32:2), pp. 426-
447.
Holland, H. and Bammel, K. (2006) Mobile Marketing – Direkter Kundenkon-
takt über das Handy, Vahlen, Munich, Germany.
Holtmann, C. (2004) Organisation von Märkten - Market Engineering für den
elektronischen Wertpapierhandel, Universität Fridericiana zu Karlsru-
he, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Hristova, N. and O’Hare, G. (2004) Ad-me: Wireless Advertising Adapted to
the User Location, Device and Emotions, Proceedings of the 37th
Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii, USA.
Huff, D. (1964) Defining and Estimating a Trading Area, Journal of Marketing
(28:1), pp. 34-38.
IEEE Standards Association (2009) Standard Group MAC Addresses - A Tuto-
rial Guide, http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/groupmac/tutorial.html,
accessed 2010-02-04.
258 References

Interactive Advertising Bureau Europe (2008) European Online Advertising


Market 2007, http://www.iabeurope.eu/media/5157/iab%20
europe%20online%20advertising%20market%202007%20020608%2
0final.pdf, accessed 2010-02-04.
Iskold, A. (2007) The Attention Economy: An Overview,
http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/attention_economy_overview.
php, accessed 2010-02-04.
Iyer, G.; Soberman, D. and Villas-Boas, J. (2005) The Targeting of Advertising,
Marketing Science (24:3), pp. 461-476.
Jullien, B. (2004) Two-Sided Markets and Electronic Intermediaries, Institut
d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Université Toulouse, Toulouse,
France.
Jupiter Research (2007) European Online Advertising Forecast, 2007 to 2012,
http://www.goviral.com/articles/European_Online_Advertising_Forec
ast_2007_to_2012.pdf, accessed 2010-02-04.
Kahl, C; Albers, A. (2010) Towards reasonable Revenue Streams through Mar-
keting in Mobile Social Networks, Proceedings of the Multikonferenz
Wirtschaftsinformatik 2010, Göttingen, Germany.
Kaspar, C. (2006) Individualisierung und mobile Dienste am Beispiel der Medi-
enbranche, Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
Katz, M. L. and Shapiro, C. (1985) Network externalities, competition, and
compatibility, American Economic Review (75:3), pp. 424-440.
Kishore, A. (2008) Mobile Advertising: The Service Provider Revenue Oppor-
tunity, Heavy Reading, New York, USA.
Klafft, M. and Spiekermann, S. (2006) Lohnt sich kontextsensitives elektroni-
sches Couponing? Eine Fallstudie aus der Fast-Food-Industrie, Ab-
satzwirtschaft (9:1), pp. 66-75.
Kleindl, M. (2008) Bewertung von Web 2.0 Unternehmen, in: Thorsten Schwarz
(Eds.): Leitfaden Online Marketing, marketing-börse, Waghäusel,
Germany, pp. 705-707.
Klemperer, P. (2002) What really matters in Auction Design, Journal of Eco-
nomic Perspectives (16:1), pp. 169-189.
Klüver, L.; Berloznik, R.; Peissl, W. and Tennoe, T. (2006) ICT and Privacy in
Europe - A report on different aspects of privacy based on studies
made by EPTA members in 7 European countries,
http://epub.oeaw.ac.at/ita/itaprojektberichte/e2-2a44.pdf, accessed
2010-02-04.
References 259

Kobsa, A. (2001) Tailoring Privacy to Users’ Needs, Proceedings of 8th Inter-


national Conference on User Modeling, Sonthofen, Germany.
Kobsa, A. (2007) Privacy-Enhanced Web Personalization, in: W. Nejdl (Eds.):
The Adaptive Web: Methods and Strategies of Web Personalization,
Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany; New York, USA.
Koppius, O. (1999) Dimensions of Intangible Goods, Proceedings of the 32nd
Hawaii Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii, USA.
Kotler, P.; Bliemel, F. (2001) Marketing-Management – Analyse, Planung und
Verwirklichung, 10th Edition, Schäffer-Poeschel, Stuttgart, Germany.
Krafft, M. (2002) Kundenbindung und Kundenwert, 23nd Edition, Physica, Hei-
delberg, Germany.
Kurkovsky, S. and Harihar, K. (2006) Using ubiquitous computing in interactive
mobile marketing, Personal Ubiquitous Computing (10:1), pp. 227-
240.
Lai, C.; Kautonen, T.; Karjaluoto, H. and Jari, S. (2005) Permission To Use Per-
sonal Information In Mobile Marketing And The Impact Of Trust: A
Conceptual Framework, Proceedings of the Australian & New Zea-
land Marketing Academy Conference (ANZMAC), Perth, Australia,
pp. 97-106.
Lange, C. (2003) Analyse dynamischer Preisbildungsmechanismen im Internet,
Universität Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany.
Leppäniemi, M.; Sinisalo, J. and Karjaluoto; H. (2006a) A Review of Mobile
Marketing Research, Internation Journal of Mobile Marketing (1:1),
pp. 1-11.
Leppäniemi, M.; Sinisalo J. and Karjaluoto, H. (2006b) Mobile Marketing Re-
search 2000 -2005 – Emergence, Current Status, Future Directions, In-
ternational Journal of Mobile Marketing (1:1), pp. 2-12.
Lindemann, M. and Schmid, B. (1998) Framework for Specifying, Building, and
Operating Electronic Markets, International Journal Electronic Com-
merce (3:2), pp. 7-21.
Lindic, J. (2009) The Triangle of Content Success: Building the Perfect Combi-
nation of Editorial and User Content, Infused with the Intelligence of
Social Connections, E-Content Magazine (1:5), pp. 36-40.
Lispman, A. (2008) Number of U.S. Computers Accessing the Internet Via Mo-
bile Broadband Soars 154 Percent in 2007, http://www.comscore.com/
press/release.asp?press=2099, accessed 2010-02-04.
Loopt Corporation (2009) Loopt – Your Social Compass, http://www.loopt.com,
accessed 2010-02-04.
260 References

Love, S. (2005) Understanding mobile human-computer interaction, Elsevier,


Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Mahmoud, Q. and Yu, L. (2004) Mobile Agents for Location-Aware Advertis-
ing in Mobile Wireless Environments, Proceedings of the 10th Ameri-
cas Conference on Information Systems, New York, USA.
Malone, T.; Yates, J. and Benjamin, R. (1987) Electronic Markets and Hierar-
chies, Communications of the ACM (30:6), pp. 484-497.
March, S. and Smith, G. (1995) Design Science and Natural Science of Informa-
tion Technology, Decision Support Systems (15:1), pp. 251-266.
Mayer, R.; Davis, J. and Schoorman, F. (1995) An integrative model of organ-
izational trust, Academy of Management Review (20:3), pp. 709-734.
Mayring, P. (2008) Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse, 10th Edition, Dr. nach Typoskr,
Beltz, Weinheim, Germany.
McAfee, R. and McMillan, J. (1987) Auction and Bidding, Journal of Economic
Literature (25:2), pp. 699-738.
McCarthy, E. (1960) Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach, Journal of
Marketing (33:1), pp. 103-104.
Meffert, H. (2000) Marketing, 9th Edition, Gabler, Wiesbaden, Germany.
Michael, A. (2006) Mobile Marketing, Butterworth-Heineman, Oxford, UK.
Michael, C. and Rose, A. (2008) Onlinewerbung und Offlineleben, in: Thorsten
Schwarz (Eds.): Leitfaden Online Marketing, marketing-börse,
Waghäusel, Germany, pp. 86-90.
Microsoft Corporation (2009a) Bing Developer Center, http://www.bing.com/
developers, accessed 2010-02-04.
Microsoft Corporation (2009b) Microsoft Advertising – Search Advertising,
http://advertising.microsoft.com/search-advertising, accessed 2010-
02-04.
Microsoft Press (2007) Microsoft Acquires Mobile Advertising Pioneer Screen-
Tonic, http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2007/may07/05-
03ScreenTonicPR.mspx, accessed 2010-02-04.
Milgrom, P. and Weber, R. (1982) A theory of auctions and competitive bid-
ding, Econometrica (50:1), pp. 1089-1122.
Mobile Marketing Association (2007) Mobile Advertising Guidelines for
Europe, Middle East and Africa, http://mmaglobal.com/
emeamobileadvertising.pdf, accessed 2010-02-04.
References 261

Mobile Marketing Association (2008) Mobile Advertising Overview 2008,


http://www.mmaglobal.com/mobileadoverview.pdf, accessed 2010-02-
04.
Mohr, N. (2009) Mobile Web Watch 2009, Accenture Corporation, Kronberg,
Germany.
Moussis, N. (2001) Access to European Union, 10th rev. Edition, European
Study Service, Rixensart, Belgium.
Müller, M. (2009) Geo-Location Information, http://www.netip.de, accessed
2009-12-13.
Nah, F. (2004) A study on tolerable waiting time: how long are Web users will-
ing to wait, Behaviour and Information Technology (23:3), pp. 153-
163.
Neumann, D. (2007) Market engineering - A structured design process for elec-
tronic markets, Universitätsverlag Karlruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Nieschlag, R.; Dichtl, E. and Hörschgen, H. (2002) Marketing, 19., überarb. und
erg. Aufl, Duncker und Humblot, Berlin, Germany.
Nokia (2007) Nokia to acquire Enpocket to create a global mobile advertising
leader, http://www.nokia.com/A4136001?newsid=1153772, accessed
2010-02-04.
Nokia (2009) Ovi by Nokia - Mobile maps, music downloads, mobile games,
photos shariing, files storage, sync contacts, calendar and more,
http://www.ovi.com, accessed 2010-02-04.
Nysveen, H.; Pedersen, P.; Thorbjørnsen, H. and Berthon, P. (2005) Mobilizing
the Brand - The Effects of Mobile Services on Brand Relationships
and Main Channel Use, Journal of Service Research (7:3), pp. 257-
276.
Odlyzko, A. (2003) Privacy, Economics, and Price Discrimination on the Inter-
net, Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronic Com-
merce, Pittsburgh, USA.
Oesterer, M. and Winkler, K. (2008) Web-Mining, in: Thorsten Schwarz (Eds.):
Leitfaden Online Marketing, marketing-börse, Waghäusel, Germany,
pp. 578-584.
Ojala, T.; Korhonen, J.; Aittola, M.; Ollila, M.; Koivumäki, T.; Tähtinen J.; Kar-
jaluoto, and Karjaluoto, H. (2003) SmartRotuaari – Context-aware
Mobile Multimedia Services, Proceedings of the 2nd International
Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia, Norrköping, Swe-
den.
262 References

Olivier, M. S. (2004) Information Technology Research - A Practical Guide,


Van Schaik, Pretoria, South Africa.
Online Directionary (2009) Mille - Latin to English Dictionary,
http://www.onlinedictionary.biz/latin/english/vocabulary/reference/mi
lle.asp, accessed 2009-12-13.
Opera Corporation (2009) Mobile Web Report - January 2009,
http://www.opera.com/smw/2009/01/, accessed 2010-02-04.
Oracle Communications (2008) Mobile Advertising: Buy in or Lose Out,
ww.oracle.com/ocom/groups/public/documents/webcontent/020984.pd
f, accessed 2010-02-04.
Orange Corporation (2009) Orange Wednesdays, http://web.orange.co.uk/p/
film/orange_wednesdays, accessed 2010-02-04.
Osterwalder, A. (2004) The Business Model Ontology - A proposition in a de-
sign science approach, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Swiss.
Palm Corporation (2009) Palm Pre, http://www.palm.com/us/products/
phones/pre/, accessed 2010-02-04.
Parker, G. and Van Alstyne, M. (2005) Two-Sided Network Effects: A Theory
of Information Product Design, Management Science (51:10), pp.
1494-1504.
Peitz, M. (2005) Marktplätze und indirekte Netzwerkeffekte, Internationale
University in Bruchsal, Bruchsal, Germany.
Picot, A.; Reichwald, R. and Wigand, R. T. (2003) Die grenzenlose Unterneh-
mung, 2., aktualisierte Aufl, Gabler, Wiesbaden.
Porter, M. E. (1998) Competitive advantage - Creating and sustaining superior
performance, Free Press, New York, USA.
Post, J. E.; Preston, L. E. and Sauter-Sachs, S. (2002) Redefining the corpora-
tion, Stanford Business Books, Stanford, CA, USA.
Poulios, T. (2007) Two-Sided Market Networks: the case of MyOwnBook-
ing.com, http://www.poulios.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/
2sidedmartkets_poulios.pdf, accessed 2010-02-04.
PREMIUM (2003) PREMIUM, Preis- und Erlösmodelle im Internet - Umset-
zung und Marktchancen, http://internetoekonomie.uni-frankfurt.de,
accessed 2009-12-01.
PREMIUM Services (2009) PREMIUM Services Project, http://www.premium-
services.de, accessed 2010-02-04.
Qiro GmbH (2009) Qiro, http://www.qiro.net, accessed 2010-02-04.
References 263

Qizhi, D. and Kauffman, R. (2002) Business Models for Internet-Based B2B


Electronic Markets, International Journal of Electronic Commerce
(6:4), pp. 41-72.
Radmacher, M. (2007a) Elicitation of Customer Profile Elements by Transpar-
ent communicated Extensions, Proceedings of the Recommender Sys-
tems 2007, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Radmacher, M. (2007b) Elicitation of Profile Attributes by Transparent Com-
munication, Proceedings of the ACM Recommender Systems 2007,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, pp. 199-202.
Ranganathan, A. and Campbell, R. H. (2002) Advertising in a Pervasive Com-
puting Environment,: September 28, 2002, Atlanta, Georgia, USA ; in
conjunction with ACM Sigmobile 8th International Conference on
Mobile Computing and Networking, ACM International Workshop on
Mobile Commerce, New York, NY, ACM Press, pp. VIII, 105.
Rannenberg, K. (2000a) Multilateral Security – A Concept and Examples for
Balanced Security, in: ACM Press (Eds.): Proceedings of the 9th ACM
New Security Paradigms Workshop 2000, Cork, Ireland, pp. 151-162.
Rannenberg, K. (2000b) Mehrseitige Sicherheit – Schutz für Unternehmen und
ihre Partner im Internet, Wirtschaftsinformatik (42:6), pp. 489-497.
Ratsimor, O.; Finin, T.; Joshi, A. and Yesha, Y. (2003) eNcentive: A Frame-
work for Intelligent Marketing, Proceedings of the 5th International
Conference on Electronic Commerce (ICEC 2003), Pittsburgh, USA.
Reilly, W. (1931) The Law of Gravitation, Knickerbocker Press, New York,
USA.
Reisinger, M. (2003) Two-Sided Markets with Negative Externalities, Ludwig-
Maximilian University Munich, Munich Germany.
RNCOS (2008) European Mobile Market Scenario to 2012, http://www.
pressreleasepoint.com/rncos-launches-new-report-european-mobile-
market-scenario-2012, accessed 2010-02-04.
Robra-Bussantz, S. (2005) Ubiquitous Customer Interface - Situationsbasierte
Informationsversorgung des mobilen Kunden, Wirtschaftsinformatik
(47:1), pp. 25-35.
Rochet, J. and Tirole, J. (2002) Cooperation Among Competitors: Some Eco-
nomics of Payment Card Associations, Rand Journal of Economics
(33:1), pp. 549-570.
Rochet, J. and Tirole, J. (2006) Two-Sided Markets: A Progress Report, The
RAND Journal of Economics (35:3), pp. 645-667.
264 References

Roesch, B. (2005) Marketing, das in die Hosentasche geht, OneToOne (6:1), pp.
6-10.
Rose, F. (1998) The Economics, Concept, and Design of Information Intermedi-
aries - A Theoretic Approach, Physica, Heidelberg, Germany.
Roson, R. (2005a) Two-Sided Markets: a Tentative Survey, Review of Network
Economics (4:2), pp. 142-160.
Roson, R. (2005b) Auctions in a Two-Sided Network: The Market for Meal
Voucher Services, Networks and Spatial Economics (5:1), pp. 339-
350.
Rukzio, E.; Noda, C.; De Luca, A. and Hamard, J. C. F. (2008) Automatic Form
Filling on Mobile Devices, (4:2), pp. 161-181.
Sacharin, K. (2001) Attention! John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA.
Salo, J. and Tahtinen, J. (2005) Retailer Use of Permission-Based Mobile Ad-
vertising, in: I. Clarke III; T.Flaherty (Eds.): Advances in Electronic
Marketing, Idea Group Publishing, Hershey, PA, USA.
Sasikala, T. and Srivatsa, S. K. (2006) Optimized Handoff Algorithms for
WLAN and UMTS Networks, Asian Journal of Information Technol-
ogy (5:5), pp. 485-490.
Schäfer, R. (2001) Rules for Using Multi-Attribute Utility Theory for Estimating
a User’s Interests, Proceedings of the 9th GI-Workshop ''Adaptivität
und Benutzermodellierung in interaktiven Softwaresystemen'', Dort-
mund, Germany.
Schiller, J. H. (2003) Mobile communications, 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley,
London, UK.
Schmid, B. (1999) Elektronische Märkte – Merkmale, Organisation und Potenti-
ale, in: A. Hermanns and M. Sauter (Eds.): Management-Handbuch
Electronic Commerce, Vahlen, Munich, Germany.
Schmid, B. (2000) Elektronische Märkte, in: Rolf Weiber (Eds.): Handbuch
Electronic Business, Gabler, Wiesbaden, Germany.
Schmid, B. and Lindemann, M. (1998) Elements of a Reference Model for Elec-
tronic Markets, Proceedings of the 31th Annual Hawaii International
Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii, USA.
Schmidt, H. (2008) Internetgiganten kämpfen um die Wolke,
http://www.faz.net/s/RubE2C6E0BCC2F04DD787CDC274993E94C1
/Doc~E1F5DC58852F24B3F9DC6AA81B0DF3977~ATpl~Ecommon
~Scontent.html, accessed 2010-02-04.
References 265

Schögel, M.; Walter, V. and Arndt, O. (2008) Management von Kundenbezie-


hungen, in: Thorsten Schwarz (Eds.): Leitfaden Online Marketing,
marketing-börse, Waghäusel, Germany, pp. 501-513.
Schubert, P. (1997) A framework for the analysis of socio-economic aspects of
Electronic Markets, Proceedings of the 10th International Bled Elec-
tronic Commerce Conference, Bled, Slovenia.
Sense Networks, I. (2009) Indexing the real world using location data for predic-
tive analytics, http://www.sensenetworks.com, accessed 2010-02-04.
Shapiro, C. and Varian, H. (2006) Information rules, Harvard Business School
Press, Boston, MA, USA.
Sharma, C.; Herzog, J. and Melfi, V. (2008) Mobile advertising, Wiley, Hobo-
ken, NJ, USA.
Sigma Limited (2009) Mobile Advertising and Marketing Technology,
http://sigma-hk.com/adplatform, accessed 2010-02-04.
Simon, H. A. (1971) Designing Organizations for an Information-Rich World,
in: C. C. a. t. P. I. Martin Greenberger (Eds.): Computers, Communi-
cation, and the Public Interest, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore,
MD, USA.
Simon, H. A. (1996) The Sciences of the Artificial, 3rd Edition, MIT Press,
Cambridge, MA, UAS.
Skiera, B. and Spann, M. (2002) Preisdifferenzierung im Internet, in: M.
Schögel; T. Tomczak; C. Belz (Eds.): Roadm@p to E-Business, Uni-
versität St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Swiss, pp. 270-284.
Skiera, B. and Spann, M. (2004) Gestaltung von Auktionen, in: K. Backhaus and
M. Voeth (Eds.): Handbuch Industriegütermarketing, Gabler, Wies-
baden, Germany, pp. 1039-1056.
Skiera, B.; Spann, M. and Schultheiß, M. (2001) Messung der Werbewirkung im
Internet, in: S. Albers; M. Clement; K. Peters; B. Skiera; M. Clement;
K. Peters; B. Skiera; K. Peters; B. Skiera and B. Skiera (Eds.): Marke-
ting mit interaktiven Medien, Frankfurt a.M., Germany, FAZ-Institut,
pp. 223-236.
Skiera, B.; Spann, M. and Walz, U. (2005) Erlösquellen und Preismodelle für
den Business-to-Consumer-Bereich im Internet, Wirtschaftsinformatik
(47:4), pp. 285-293.
Smith, V. (1982) Microeconomic Systems as an experimental Science, Ameri-
can Economic Review (72:5), pp. 923-955.
Stähler, P. (2001) Geschäftsmodelle in der digitalen Ökonomie, Universitätsver-
lag St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Swiss.
266 References

Stanoevska-Slabeva, K. (2004) The Transition from E- to M-


Commerce,Proceedings of the Research Symposium on Emerging
Electronic Markets 2004, Dublin, Ireland.
Steimel, B.; Paulke, S. and Klemann, J. (2008) Praxisleitfaden Mobile Market-
ing, mind Business Consultants & Strateco, Meerbusch, Germany.
Stewart, D. and Pavlou, P. (2002) From consumer response to active consumer:
Measuring the effectiveness of interactive media, Academy of Market-
ing Science (30:4), pp. 376-396.
Strategy Analytics (2007) Mobile Advertising: Forecast Methodology, Strategy
Analytics, Newton, MA, USA.
Subrahmanian, E. and Talukdar, S. (2003) Engineering of Markets and Artifacts,
Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Entertainment Com-
puting (ICEC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Sultan, F. and Rohm, A. (2005) The Coming Era of ''Brand in the Hand'' Mar-
keting, MIT Sloan Management Review (41:1), pp. 83-90.
Tang H.; Shaoyi Liao,; Shaoyi Liao, S. and JingJun Xu, D. (2007) An Open
Platform for Context-aware Short Message Service, Proceedings of
the America's Conference of Information Systems 2007, Keystone,
CO, USA.
Tapscott, D.; Ticoll, D. and Lowy, A. (2000) Digital Capital: Harnessing the
Power of Business Webs, Harvard Business School, Boston, USA.
Tewari, G. and Maes, P. (2000) Design and Implementation of an Agent-Based
Intermediary Infrastructure for Electronic Markets, Proceedings of the
ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce (EC-00), Minneapolis,
Minnesota, USA.
Thawani, A.; Gopalan, S. and Ramamritham, K. (2007) Context-aware Timely
Information Delivery in Mobile Environments, The Computer Journal
(50:4), pp. 460-472.
Thomas, W. (2008) Performance-Marketing - Direktmarketing im Internet, in:
Thorsten Schwarz (Eds.): Leitfaden Online Marketing, marketing-
börse, Waghäusel, Germany, pp. 559-565.
Time and Date (2009) CET-Central European Time,
http://www.timeanddate.com/library/abbreviations/timezones/eu/cet.ht
ml, accessed 2010-02-04.
Timmers, P. (1998) Business Models for Electronic Markets, Electronic Markets
(2:1), pp. 3-8.
References 267

TNS infratest (2009) Mobilfunknutzung und Nutzungsabsichten 2009,


http://www.mobile-zeitgeist.com/wp-content/plugins/download-
monitor/download.php?id=9, accessed 2010-02-04.
Tomczak, T. and Sausen, K. (2002) Drei Bausteine für ein erfolgreiches Ge-
schäftsmodell, Die Zeitschrift für Unternehmensführung, Marketing
und Kommunikation (2002:6), pp. 62-64.
Tripathi, A. (2003) Decision Models for Wireless Advertising, University of
Connecticut, Connecticut, USA.
Turowski, K. and Pousttchi, K. (2004) Mobile Commerce, Springer, Berlin,
Germany.
Tweakersoft (2009) AroundMe, http://www.tweakersoft.com/mobile/
aroundme.html, accessed 2009-12-13.
Urchs, O. (2008) 13 Jahre Web-Marketing – was hat sich verändert?, in: Thors-
ten Schwarz (Eds.): Leitfaden Online Marketing, marketing-börse,
Waghäusel, Germany, pp. 265-270.
Varian, H. (1996) Differential Pricing and Efficiency, http://www.uic.edu/
htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/473/394, accessed
2009-12-13.
Varian, H. (2007) The Economics of Internet Search, Angelo Costa lecture,
Rome, Italy, pp. 177-191.
Varshney, U. and Vetter, R. (2002) Mobile Commerce: Framework, Applica-
tions and Networking Support, Mobile Networks and Applications
(7:1), pp. 185-198.
Wang, R. and Strong, D. (1996) Beyond Accuracy: What Data Quality Means to
Data Consumers, Journal of Management Information Systems (12:4),
pp. 5-34.
Weiber, R. and Adler, J. (1995) Informationsökonomische begründete
Typologisierung von Kaufprozessen, Zeitschrift für betriebswirt-
schaftliche Forschung (47:1), pp. 43-65.
Weinhardt, C.; Holtmann, C. and Neumman, D. (2003) Market-Engineering,
Wirtschaftsinformatik (45:6), pp. 635-640.
Weinhardt, C.; van Dinther, C.; Grunenberg, M.; Kolitz, K.; Kunzelmann, M.;
Makio, J.; Weber, I. and Weltzien, H. (2006) CAME-Toolsuite
meet2Trade - auf dem Weg zum Computer Aided Market Enginee-
ring, Universitätsverlag Karlruhe, Karlruhe, Germany.
Wikipedia (2009) Geographical distance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Geographical_distance, accessed 2010-02-04.
268 References

Wiley, Z.; Leggett; W., and W., (2007) Yahoo! Extends Mobile Advertising
Leadership with Launch of Display Advertisements in 19 Countries,
http://yhoo.client.shareholder.com/press/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseI
D=229458, accessed 2010-02-04.
Wohlfahrt, J. (2002) Mobile Commerce: Wireless Advertising, in: J. W. T. W.
Günter Silberer (Eds.): Mobile Commerce - Grundlagen, Geschäfts-
modelle, Erfolgsfaktoren, Gabler, Wiesbaden, Germany, pp. 245-264.
Yahoo Corporation (2009a) Advertising Your Business with Yahoo! Search
Marketing, http://sem.smallbusiness.yahoo.com/searchengine
marketing/, accessed 2009-12-13.
Yahoo Corporation (2009b) Yahoo! oneSearch Mobile,
http://mobile.yahoo.com/onesearch, accessed 2010-02-04.
Yahoo Corporation (2009c) Yahoo Search Marketing API,
http://searchmarketing.yahoo.com/api/index.php, accessed 2010-02-
04.
Yom, M. (2002) Utility und Usability im Mobile Commerce, in: G. Silberer; J.
Wohlfahrt; T. Wilhelm (Eds.): Mobile Commerce – Grundlagen, Ge-
schäftsmodelle, Erfolgsfaktoren, Wiesbaden, Germany, Gabler, pp.
173-184.
Yoo, B.; Choudhary, V. and Mukhopadhyay, T. (2002) Pricing Strategies of
Electronic B2B Marketplaces with Two-Sided Network Externalities,
Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii International Conference on System
Sciences, Hawaii, USA.
Zängler, T. (2000) Mikroanalyse des Mobilitätsverhaltens in Alltag und Freizeit,
Springer, Berlin, Germany.
Zerdick, A.; Picot, A.; Schrape, K. and Artopé, A. (2001) Die Internet Ökono-
mie - Strategien für die digitale Wirtschaft, 3, Springer, Heidelberg,
Germany.
Zerdick, A.; Picot, A.; Schrape, K.; Burgelman, J.; Silverstone, R.; Feldmann,
V.; Heger, D. and Wolff, C. (2004) E-Merging Media, Springer Ver-
lag, Berlin, Germany.
Appendix A: Expert Interview Design 269

Appendix A: Expert Interview Design

Research Question
Are the proposed engineering recommendations for mobile media markets of
context-sensitive mobile attention appropriate?

Related Hypotheses Framework


H1: Mobile Marketing Providers are planning to integrate context information
into Mobile Marketing campaigns.

H2: Context information will create impacts on the traditional commercialisa-


tion of mobile attention and will affect all constituting parts of a mobile me-
dia market platform (business model, ICT-infrastructure, and resource allo-
cation mechanism).

H3: The occurring impacts of context information with regard to the allocation
of context-sensitive mobile attention can be addressed by the developed en-
gineering recommendations for a mobile media market platform.

H4: The proposed engineering requirements for a mobile media market platform
are technically and legally feasible.
270 Appendix A: Expert Interview Design

Part 1: Integration of Context Information into Mobile Marketing cam-


paigns
• Which kind of context information provided by the mobile network is cur-
rently used to target / personalise Mobile Advertising campaigns? General
priority of context information integration? Any lessons learned?

• Is there any context information, which is supposed to be integrated into Mo-


bile Advertising applications in the near future?

• Which are the current drivers and/or obstacles for integrating context informa-
tion into Mobile Advertising campaigns?

Part 2: Impacts of and design requirements for Context-Sensitive Mobile


Attention in Mobile Media Markets
• Can plain advertising platforms such as Google AdSense or AdMob.com pro-
vide context-sensitive information for Mobile advertising campaigns? Or does
a Mobile Marketing Provider need to offer ID centric services which attract
mobile users? Do mobile users reveal personal information only in exchange
for content, services, or incentives? What kinds of incentives are required?

• Has a common understanding between the mobile user, advertiser and Mobile
Marketing Provider, about the underlying identity (attributes) of a mobile
user, need to be established? Do we need a new identity concept?

• How does context information change the product of a Mobile Marketing


Provider? Do advertisers no longer acquire virtual advertising space? Or do
they instead compete for the attention of mobile users in their current context?
Appendix A: Expert Interview Design 271

• Do static pricing mechanisms (e.g. CPM) still apply to context-sensitive at-


tention of mobile users? Are traditional auction models (e.g. Google) suffi-
cient for such business models? Do we need new auction models? If yes, have
you already implemented some of those models?

• Can or will advertisers evaluate the individual (monetary) value of mobile


attention according to its current context, and apply this value as a bid in an
auction (adoption of concept)? Or can context information only be used to
improve the targeting / personalisation of Mobile Advertising campaigns?

• Should Mobile Marketing Providers evaluate/weight bids of advertisers for


the attention of a mobile user, in order to ensure a general level of relevance
for this mobile user? I.e. contact to the mobile user is not necessarily given to
the highest bidder.

• Can transaction for context-sensitive attention be processed on current Mobile


Marketing Provider ICT-infrastructures? Or does it additionally require an
Identity Management System to manage context-sensitive Customer Contacts
and comply with the legal framework?

• Are ICT-infrastructures of today able to cope with higher complexity and per-
formance load caused by context information?

• Are transactions regarding context-sensitive mobile attention for all partici-


pants feasible from a legal perspective? Especially, regarding the European
Data Protection Directive.
272 Appendix A: Expert Interview Design

Part 3: Open Issues of the Interview Partner


• Did I miss anything? Do you have something to add? Which topics are also
relevant from your perspective?

• Are there any open issues we should discuss?


Appendix B: Interviewed Organisations 273

Appendix B: Interviewed Organisations

Name Contact Address


allesklar.com AG Am Turm 40
53721 Siegburg
Germany

Deloitte & Touche GmbH Franklinstraße 50


60486 Frankfurt am Main
Germany

Detecon GmbH Oberkasseler Straße 2


53227 Bonn
Germany

InteractiveMedia CCSP GmbH Fischerstraße 49


40477 Düsseldorf
Germany

Nokia-Siemens Networks Sankt-Martin-Straße 76


81541 München
Germany

T-Systems International GmbH Hahnstraße 43d


60528 Frankfurt am Main
Germany
Appendix C: Expert Interview Introduction Slides 275

Appendix C: Expert Interview Introduction Slides


276 Appendix C: Expert Interview In
ntroduction Slides
Appendix C: Expert Interview Introduction Slides 277
Aus unserem Verlagsprogramm:
aa
Christian Schlereth
Optimale Preisgestaltung von internetbasierten Diensten
Hamburg 2010 / 200 Seiten / ISBN 978-3-8300-5259-3
Natalie Kink
Methodologie der empirischen Wirkungsanalyse
von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien
Analyse des Methodenpotenzials von Fallstudien,
Experimenten und Surveys
Hamburg 2010 / 248 Seiten / ISBN 978-3-8300-4779-7
Mike Radmacher
Transparente mobile Empfehlungssysteme
Gestaltung und Einfluss auf die Kundenbindung mobiler Dienste
Hamburg 2010 / 372 Seiten / ISBN 978-3-8300-4736-0
Frank Mohr
Empirische Untersuchung und Metaanalyse zur Akzeptanz
der elektronischen Gesundheitskarte für Deutschland
Hamburg 2010 / 624 Seiten / ISBN 978-3-8300-5280-7
Andreas Prieß
Ganzheitliche Informationssystemarchitektur als Basis
des strategischen Informationsmanagements an Hochschulen
Hamburg 2009 / 404 Seiten / ISBN 978-3-8300-4684-4
Thomas Balzer
Fernabsatzrechtliche Informationspflichten im M-Commerce
Eine rechtsvergleichende Studie am Beispiel Handyklingeltonvertrag
Hamburg 2009 / 180 Seiten / ISBN 978-3-8300-4112-2
Dietmar Georg Wiedemann
Entwicklung und empirische Überprüfung
einer Theorie zu Mobile Viral Marketing
Ein Methoden-Mix
Hamburg 2009 / 366 Seiten / ISBN 978-3-8300-4614-1
Monika Kriewald
Situationsabhängiges mobiles Customer Relationship Management
Analysen – Wettbewerbsvorteile – Beispiele
Hamburg 2007 / 328 Seiten / ISBN 978-3-8300-3150-5
Arne Meyer-Ramien
Strategische Gruppen in der Mobiltelekommunikationsindustrie
Eine globale Wettbewerbsanalyse der Mobiltelekommunikationsoperatoren
Hamburg 2007 / 614 Seiten / ISBN 978-3-8300-2981-6
Stefan Figge
Innovatives Mobile Marketing
Kontextabhängige Kundenansprache mit Hilfe mobiler Portale
Hamburg 2007 / 392 Seiten / ISBN 978-3-8300-2652-5

You might also like