Professional Documents
Culture Documents
engleskog jezika
lYlustafa Tanovic
fhn
Mostar, 2002.
Izdavac: Faku!lct humanistickih nauka
Univerzitcta "Dzcmal BijediC" 1I Mostaru
Za izdavaca: Proi'. dL Elbisa Ustamuji6
Autor: Prof. dr. Mustafa Tanovic
Rccczcnti: Colleen B. London. M.A. Linguistics
Prof. dr. SnczanH Hilbija
Lcktor i korcktor za
cngJeski j bosanski jczik: Jasna Lizdc, prof.
Lektor za bosanski jczik: Alen KalajdZic, proJ:
TANOVIC, Must"f"
Gramatika cngleskog jezika I Mustafa Tanovi6.
Mostar: UniverLitet "Dzemal BijediC", Fakultet
humanistickih nauka, 2002. - 217 str. : 24 C111
Bibliografija: str 217
ISBN 9958-c,04-06 -X
COBISS / Bill -JD 11242758
Predgovor
Knjiga je napisana u New Yorku, gradu 1I kojel11 su sc nasli I11nogi nasi izgnanici. Neki
Sll imali osnovnn znanja i vjestine potrcbne za minimalno kOl11l1niciranje na englcskorn
jeziku. drugim<.l je susret sa englcskim .lczikom II Nc\.v York - u bilo prvo iskustvo sa
ovil11 jezikom. Vecina polaznika kurseva, koje jc auto!" organizirao za nase izgnanike,
bili su u poodl11akloj zivotnoj dobL Iskustvo steceno u radu sa oelraslim po\aznicima
bilo.ie visestruko korisno i dragocjeno. Vecina polaznika kurseva u New York - u bilaje
prinuctena brzo usvajati vjestine nuzne za najjednostavniju komunikaciju kako hi se
mog[i na trzif;tu rada, II izuzctno teskim uvjctima i ujakoj konkurcnciji, karaktcristicnoj
za amcrieko trzliitc rada, ukljucivati 1I nckc poslovc u novoj srcdini i tako prehranjivati
svoju porodieu.
3
lzvodi iz recenzija
This is a good basic compilation artlle essential rules of grammar of EngJish explained
in Bosnian, J intend to use it for first~year students of English at Mastar University. The
university student of English needs til is overall picture of the tricks of grammar. Then,
she or he can begin to put to good use any oCthe many availnble grammars and advanced
textbooks written in English.
5
SADRZAJ
7
I GLAGOLSKA VREMENA U ENGLESKOM JEZIKU
Ovoj cinjenici treba dodati pociatak da spomenuta engJcska vremena itnaju dva aspekta:
tzv. simple aspect i progressive (coninuous) aspect. ImajuCi 1I viclu tu cinjenicll cia za
sest vremena aktiva imamo dvanaest razlicitih glagolskih oblilul i osam oblika pasiva,
zatimjos dcsetak razlicizih glagoisldh mogncnosti za iskazivanjc vrcrncna, dolazimo
do L1ntasticne konstatacije cia mi pri upotrcbi engleskih glagolskih vrcmena 111ora1110
nasc predstave 0 tri (cetiri) vremcna mijenjati prema zahtjevima engleskog jezika u
kome, eto, imaju bar tridcsct i dvi,ie razlicite gJagolske forme aktiva i pasiva koje
moramo prirnjcnjiv<lti u proccsu komunicirar~ja na engleskomjeziku, narocito u procest!
pismenog komuniciranja.
No, spol1lenuta cinjenica preclstavlja manji clio problema za nase studente ,ier se ta
fonnalna obiljcija, ipak, mogu nalleiti rclativno brzo. Tei,i dio problema sustinske je
sem.mticke prirodc. Naime, postoje brojna pravila koja na!azu k<1c1a se koji glagolski
oblici za razlicita vremcna moraju Llpotrijcbiti, kacla sc neki glagolski oblici ne mogu
upotrijebiti 11 datom kontekstu i situaciji bez rizika da doc1e do ozbiljnijih nesporazuma,
nerazumjevanja, a postoje i okolnosti u kojim<l je izbor ocigovarajuccg glagolskog
vrcmena stvar intcrpretacije kontcksta.
Pored spomenutih vremena postoji jos odrc(1cn broj glagolskih ob!ika koji ~ strogo
govorcci - nisu glagolska vremena iako se i POITIOCU njih moze izraziti vrijemc: cetiri
gerunda, pet razlicitih participa, sest infinitiva ( mi imamo same jedan infinitiv), 1'azni
idiomatski iZ1'azi itd. Sve to posebni su glagolski oblici koji usloznjavaju ionako slozenu
II
j slojevitu strukturll engleskih vremenai drugih glagolskih oblika koji sc bitno - formalno
i sustinski - razlikuju od nasih jczickih sredstava za iskazivanje tri vremenska okvira:
sndasnjost, pros!ost j buducnost. Ovdjc treba 1111ati u vidu tri cnglcska nacina (illdilultiV,
kOl1juktiv i imperativ), dva kondicional<l (koudicional sadasnji i kondicioual proIi),
te.skocc oko slaganja vremen<l, upotrcbe if - recenica, direktnog i indirektnog govora
itd.
Jpak, najvece potdkoce prccistavlja pravilno iskazivanjc triju osnovnih vremenskih
pOJl11ova sad~lsnjosti, prosIosti i buduclIosti za sta sc koristi iZl"azito vcllki broj
razlicitih gJagolskih oblika.
13
SADASNJOST
Trajni prczcnt gradi sc od prezcnta pOlllocnog glagola "to be'l i participa prezenta
aI{tiva od glagola koji zclimo upotrUebiti. (prc::enf pO/llO(:l1og p,/ago/a "(0 be "+ particip
prezenla akfiva).
I am O!QU arc he is she i5; 1\'(' {frc 1'011 (//'(' tlwl' are) writing sDca/\./m r sf/litH! l2lQ)~i.J1g..
sieevilw (~s/d/w lI'orkillV Cl'l'ilw ild
Upitni oblik tvori se invcrzi.iom potvrdnog obIika, ~j. zamjcnolll mjesta subjckta i
glagola. Am I ( is he. is she) wril-iol,! sleeping, sitting. pJaving? itd.
Odricni oblik pravi sc dodavanjcl11 ncgacijc not koja se slnv lja iZI11Cciu odgovarajuccg
oblika pomocnog glagola "to be" i participa prczcntn ujJotrijcbljcnog glagola.
[alii !lot i he i\" lIot she is /lot> sleepifl u It'l'ifil]J:, yitriflV n/avillo. ifd.
NapofJIel1a 1: Alol"(lfl/o iowti 1/(/ /III/If da II parlicipu pre::enta mogll nas/ati iZl.'leSlIe
prollljelle pri l~jegoJ'(~j {Forbi. Dokle: porticip pre::en{a sc tvori
dodavaJ!jem glagolu nm·;wl'ka -- "ing". Pri tome st' maze desitijedan
od sfjedei'a fri s/uc({ja:
lJpolrdlH
15
o Vera's always messing Ull the whole kitchen.
• She is always tlying to show me that she is much smarter than 1 am.
o She says that her husband is always snorinjJ.
Napomcf7a: Postaji rc/ati1'!lo vellki bmj giago/a kaj; ne fIIogu bill lIpofrUebUcni /.I trqjnofll
obliku, osll/l u i:.:u:.:etllilll kOlltekstilll({, II izuzetnilll lfpotreiJa/l/a. Ib su g/ago/i
ko)! se ocinose 11(1:
Prezent obicni se u potvrdnom ublilw tvori taka da se trecem lieu jednine dodaje
nastavak -5 iIi -cs. Sva ostala lica jednine i ml10iine imaju isti oblik kao iniinitiv
glago!a bez "lo". Ako se glagol zavrsava I1n -S, -z, -S, -z, -c, -d1 , onda se trecemlicu
prezcnta doJajc nastavak -cs. Taj _. cs se uvijek izgovara "jz".
• to miss he (she) misses to npologize he (she) apo!ofizes
e to box be (she) boxQli to arrange bc (she) arrang-es
• to confess he (she) confe~ to fish he (she) fishes
• to teach be (she) teaches to watch he (she) watches
• to push he (she) pushes to energize he (she) encrg-izes
16
Glagolima koji se zavrsavaju na -c dodajc sc u 1rccem lieu nastavak -s koje se razliCito
jzgovara II ovisnosti od toga cia Ii .ie suglasnik koji prethodi nas1avku -c zVllcni iii
bczvLlcni:
.. to live he (she) lives
• to decide he (she) decides Na i,",'li l/aCin se POfUL\'(!ju i drugl
.. to close he (she) closes g/ogoli koj; se z({vdmY{jll no -e:
• to like ill: (s heJJik9", fa agree, to iJJl'iie, (0 lise, to
.. to hope he (she) hopes imagine, to phone, to hesitate,
.. 10 insure he (she) insures /0 leave. /0 arrive.
.. to drive he (she) dri\~f.:ii
U drugim slucajevima trecem liCll jcclnine se dodaje nastavak -s ion se moze izgovarati
kao nase s iii kao nase z. Kao s izgovara se ako se gJagol zavrS<1va I1n bezvucni
konsolla111 (-p, -k, - t, -0, a kao z ako se gJago\ zavrS(1va na zVLlcni konsonant ( -b, -d,
-g, -11, -m, -I)
-, -z
.. to stop he (sh~) stQPS to come !J..h.l,~he) comes
• to cut he (she) Cllts to ill1<lgine he (SllclJ,m.ugjIles
.. to look hushe) looks to live he (shQ.)Jivcll
.. to laugh he (she) laughs to Cell! he (she} crdls.
• to put he (she) PlliS1 to clerl11 hushc) cleems
• to talk he (she) 1a Il~s to wear he (she) wears
• to keep Ilushe} k~eps 10 sail he (sbt.l sails
• to cook he (sh~} cQ9ks to swim he (she) swims
• to surf be (sh~) smfs to vacuum he (she) vacuums
Potvrdni ohlil\.: I ask, you a;>k he asks she askL\Y.(;": ask. you (lsk. they ask.
Odricni oblik tvori se dodavanjem infinitiva glagola koji z,elimo upotrijebiti prezentu
pomocnog glagola to do U oclricnoll1 ob!iku.
r do not (don 'I) ask You dQ not (don 'I) ask l-1e docs 1101 (docs!Li) ask, We do ll,ot,i.dmLLl
ask, You do not (don't) ask They do not (don\L.WiL
UpH-ni oblil{ pravi se oel upitnog prezenta pomocnoga g];:lgola to elf) kojem se doda
infinitiv upotrijebljcllog glagola.
Do I ask?, Do VOll ask'?, Does he ask? Does she ask? On weask? Do vou ask? Do they
ask?
Odricno-upitni oblik gradi se dodavanjcm ncgacije nol' iza upitnog oblika prezcnta
glagola to do, a isprecl iniinitiva glagola koji zclimo upotrijebiti,
Do I not ask'?, Do VQU not ask') Docs he- not ask') Does_5he 1101 ask2J)o we not ask? DQ
XQ1Lilll.t ask" Do they oQ1 afikl
17
Pri tvorbi ovog prezenta u glagolu se desava sUcde6a promjena: kod gtagola koji se
zavrsavaju na y to y mijenja se u 1, ako tom nastavku prethodi konsonant. Nakon toga
se doda nastavak cs u trecem lieu jed nine. Meuutim, ako se glagol zavrsava na )', a
prethodi 111U vokal ovakve promjene nema, vee se glagolu S81110 doda nastavak s.
• to cany he (she) carries to pIny he (she) plays
• to elY he (she) cries ali to pay he (she) pays
• to t1y he (she) tries to say he (she) says
• to fly he (she it) nies to buy he (she) buys
• to apply he (she) applies to enjoy lli:-Ls.he) enjoys
Upotrcba
1. Kada sc iskazuje uobicajena radnja ("habitual action"), tj. radnja koja se uobiCajcno
desava, ali nc u trenutku kada se 0 njoj govori. U ovakvim recenicama cesto se
upotrebljavaju iii podrazumUcvaju adverbijalne oznake vremena: very oftcn every week
almost eyel)' day sometimes from time to time eve.!')! month twice a month (a week)
now and then.
e He starts to work at 8 a.m. and ~ home at 6 p.m.
18
• Don't cry over spilt mille
o A stitch in time saves nine.
She reads these sentences aloud, throws the letter away and starts to Cl)'.
The robber ~ the bag,jlllIl12sjnto the car very quickly and drives away as fast as he
can. He knows' the police (Ire nearby.
t gs.?UlI2Jl.lte, take a shower very quickly,J.l.rink a glass of' orange juice, dOll 'I eat anything,
jump into my car and drive to school hoping to arrive on time.
Svi ovi dogactaji desili su se u prosIost,i ali im narato1' zeli dati poseban pecat zivosti pa
ih priea u sadasnjem vremenu.
5. Ovo se vrijeme upotrebljava sa glagolima koji ne mogu imati trajni aspekt (progressive
tense,) iako se njime iskazuje radnja koja se upravo dogada u trenutku govora.
e I llnderstand what he is telling me.
• They recognize their car that was stolen two days ago.
Kad se .:leli posebno nagJasiti da je raclnja koja se spominje zaista u toku,,, kad 0 njoj
govorimo, moze se upotrijebiti modalni glagol can tJ kombinaciji sa glagolima koji ne
mogu imati trajni oblilc Dalele: I can hear you (see you, understand you, feel the danger,
imagine your trouble).
19
6. U vremenskim pogodbcnim reCcnicama kada je gJavna reccnica u futuru iii u
impcrativu upotrebljava se u sporednoj recenici prezent obieni .
.. If he has enough time, he will join us.
e If they hcl.I2 us, we wi!! be able to finish our job before noon.
:'0
- Ako se infinitiv glagola zavrsava lla sllglasnik kojem prethocii kratak i naglasen
samoglasnik onda sc taj suglasnik udvaja:
.. drop droJ2l].hd permit 12IT!llitted
• prefer preferred refer to referred to
• stop :;1Qp~ tip tiJ:lpffi
• beg ~ trim trimmed
• rob robbed plan planned
• skip ~ omit Q.lllllled
- Alw se infinitiv zavrsava na ~y, a prethocJi l11U suglasnik taj se ~y mijenja u i kada ITIU
sc doda nastavak -cd.
Medutim, ako tom -y prethodi vokal nema nikakvih prornjena U glagolu pri dodavanju na-
stavka -y prethodi vokal nema nikakvih promjena u glagolu pri dodavanju nastavka ~ed.
• marry married ali: enJoy 5dl.joved
• study otudied play ~
• copy copied stay ~
• imply implie.d
• t1y triee!
Napomef}a 2: Kod Ilepmvilnih glago!a particip p('I/e!aa se mora nal/cUi napamet pO/lio
nema post(~ianih pmvi/a 0 grcute/?ju ovog glagolskog oblika.
Pot'vrdni oblik
I (we you they) have visited (planned cried studied stayed. gsked. taken),
He (she) has ,"lsiled (planned cried stayed asked fo[gQttcll~il..k£.n1
Napomena: Ob/ik 1, YOll, we they maze se pisati i izgol'Clrati skraceno kao 1 've vOII've
)j'f! 've the)! 've dak se she i he pi§u; izgav(lrc!iu skr({(:'eno kaa she:} he :~'.
Upitni oblik: tvori se inverzijom j)otvrdnog oblika perfekta tj. zamjenom mjesta
subjckta i prcdiklta. Drugacije receno: uphni oblik ovog vremena tvori \se od upitnog
obtika prezenta glagola to have i participa perfekta glagola koji zelimo upotrijebiti.
J-lave I (you we. llley) visited 11lanned cried stayed. forgotten lnken(~
Odnosno: Has_:ih~t) visited planned cried. staved. forgotten taken?
21
Odricni oblik gradi se od oJrienog oblika prezenta pomocnog glagola have i participa
perfekta giagola koji zclimo upotrijebiti.
·1 (you, we, they) have not visited (planned, cried; stayed, forgotten, taken),
• She (he, it) has not visited (planned, cried, stayed, forgotten itd.)
I ovi oblici pel/ekta se mogu izgovarati i pisa!i skraceno law: haven ,I (you, we, they)
+ particip pet/ekta, odnosf1o hasn [she (he, it) + particip pellek(a,
Upotreba
Ipak Present Perfect Tense najcesce je povezan sa proslim ili sadasnjim zbivanjima u
sJijedeCim uvjetima:
U primjerima datirn pod II vise odgovara prevod sa nasim sadasnjim vrcmenom, a pod
b, oeito je, postoji ko\ebanje pa je moguce prevoditi iii nasim perfektom (eesee), iii
nasim prezentom (!jeae).
2. Ovo vrijeme kodst! se cia oznaei radnju koja je poceln u prosiosti, zavrsila se, ali se
posljedice jos Llvijek osjecaju u sadasnjem trenutku, tj. njene posljedice prislltne Sll u
sadasnjosti.
• I have bought a new suit. (Sadasnja posljedica je: I am wearing it) Dakle: Kupio
sam ..
• Look what you have done, (Sadasnja pos\jedica: the table is dirty now)
• My parents have gone out (Pos\jedicaje: they are not at home.)
• They have moved into a new apatiment. (Posljedica: they don't live here any
longer).
o They have built a new bridge over the Neretva. (Mozemo prelaziti preko njega).
• I have not read this weU known noveL (ne mogu 0 njemu raspravljati)
e The stucients ~ll1proyed their skills and their knowledge very much.
23
~ I have been to Nevv York. ( KOllstatacija - vrijemc nije bltno).
e We have heard this terrible. llews .
.. Hay£' you read the Report on human rights abuse?
o Mirza has not \vrittcn his homework.
Present Perfect Tense sc upotrebljava Sa stjedecim prilozima: ever, ~cr, yet (not yen,
alread.y. . since fill:.. a[vYm:§... recentlv.
• ~ be ner written 10 you? (Da Ii tlje on ikada pisao?)
• "Have you ever been to New York", asked Selma. "No, I've never been in this
huge town."
• I-lave they alrcndy seen that famolls film?
• My sick friend has been in bed 1iill~ March
Napofllena:TreiJa imati na lIIlIlI cia adllcr/} sillce trazi doplIIw odrectenil71 vremenOIll, tj.
tackol11 U pOll/enu/om vremellll, l1ek011l vremens/wl7l odrec/nicom, (s'ince
Dctobel; s'/nee SUllday itd.) a da sc adverb lor doplIl?java vrcmenolll /wje
izrazava t/"{{j(l/(je (for two "veeks, lor three months, for a couple of hOllrs)
Trajni pedckt se u potvrdnom obliku pravi od perfekta p0l110cnog gJagola "to be" i
pmticipa prczenta glagola koji zelimo upotrijebiti .
.. I (you, \\~~, they) have been_playing (teaching, erving, cutting driving itd.)
.. I-Ie (she) has been playing (teaching, crving cutting driving itd.)
Upitni obHk gradi se upotrebom upitnog oblika perfekta pomocnog glagola "to be"
kojem se dod a particip prczenta glagola koji zelimo upotrijebiti.
• I-lave J (you .we they) been plaYing (teaching, crYing cutting. driving)?
• Has she (he) been plaYing (tcDching, clying cuning. driving)?
Odricni ohlik tvori se dodavanjcm participa prezenta glagola koji zctilTIO upotrijebiti
odricnom obliku perfekta pomocnog glagola to be.
a Uyon, we they) have not been playing (teaching. cryjng cutting drivjng)
• She (he) has not been playing (teaching clying cB1ting driving).
Odricllo - upitni nhlik gratli sc lako SIO sc odricno -upitnom obliku perrekta p011locnog
gJagoJa "to be" dodaje particip prezenta glagola koji zelimo upotrijcbiti.
• Have r (you we they) not been playing teaching crying, cuttitlg driving'!
• 1-1as she (he) nQl been playing teaching crying cutting driving?
Upotrcba
2. Kada se ovaj gJagolski oblik upotrebljava bezjasne naznake vremena onda on izrazava
generalnu, opeu aktivnost i radnju koJa se odncdavno odvija.
• I have been thinkin~ about this ditTicult problem.
· An my students have been stui:lyiIJz-very hard and I'm proud of it.
• Some people have been tryinZJo play basketball with no success.
e Hasn't she been \vdting the report?
3. Kacl se radi 0 izvjesnom broju glagola narocito to live, to work, to teach, gotovo
i da nema nikakve razlike izmcdu upotrebe Present Perfect Tense Continuous
(Progressive) i Present Perfect Tense Simple.
25
.. I have been living in New York since 1993 iIi
6 I have lived in New York since 1993.
• He has been working for this company for twenty years iii
.. He has worked for this company for twenty years.
e [ have been teaching English since 1960. iii
4. Izvjestan broj glagola koji oznacavaju stanje subjckta kao sto su: to sit, to stand, to
lie (lezati), to rest, to wait gotovo nikad se ne upotrebljavaju u Present Perfect Simple
vee u Present Perfect Progressive .
.. I have been waitint; f(x my [I'lend since noon .
.. We have been standinl? in the corridor quite a while .
.. Martha has been lying- in bed for almost a week .
.. Sbe has been resting all afternoon.
Preostale dvije mogucnosti za iskazivanje sadasnje radnje upotrebom pas iva (The Simple
Present Tense Passive i The Progressive Present Tense Passive) su objasl1jene LI poglavlju
koje se odnosi na pasiv. Ova elva vremena pasiva se upotrebljavaju u istim okolnostima
i pod istim uvjetil11a kao j odgovarajuce vrijeme u aktivu, samo sto su upotrijebljeni
oblici pasiva a ne obtici aktiva.
• Peter is given some apples.
• The book is being read by Illy students.
• The !lumber o/the studellts is limited.
.. Shoes are being made in this factOl:Y
• SOllie books are given to myfj·fend Azra.
• The letter is being written by my [ather.
26
VJEZBE
Prepisi date recenice i pri tom ad glagola u zagradi upotrijebi Present Simple iii Present
Progressive Tense u skladu sa pravilima njihove upotrebe.
1. Look at these two girls! They (talk) quite a long time.
2. My parents nevver (read) after ten p.111. They (go) to work early every morning.
3. He is now in an Italian restaurant and he (have) his dinner.
4. Maria usually (drink ,- negative) a lot of coffee. At the moment she (drink) quite a
bit. She probably has a hcndache.
5. I seldom (meet) him these dnys. He is husy nnd he rarely (go out).
6. Where arc they? Can'l you sec them? They ( sit) in the corner over there. That's
their usual place. They often (sit) there.
7. He is [! famous writer and (write) a new novel.
8. The students are at schoo!. Maria is in her class and she (write).
9. What Ali usually (drink)? I think he (drink negative) any alcohol, he only (drink)
soda or mineral water.
10. What (look at)? I (look at) these wonderful paintings over there.
II. Who Anna ( sit) with over there? I think she (sit) with her boyfriend.
12. Mary generally (sleep) in the afternoon, but she (sleep ·-negative) although it is 4
p.m.
13. Do you often speak English'? Yes I (speak) that language whenever I have an
oppOltunity.
14. Look tit them! Some students (stand), some of them (sit) and some even (run). I
wonder what they (do)"
15. Where he usually (work) ? I think he (work) in a very high building on the 20th
floor. And what (do) now? As a computer programmer he (program) something
new. He (work) full time or part time? Programmers usually (work) full time.
16. What he (look for)'? I think he (look for) a nice tie. He has a paIiy.
]7. Is Maria a waitress? Yes, she is. She (be) in the restaurant now. She (serve) a few
customers. One customer (give) her a good tip. This customer is her good friend and
he often ( come) there and (give) her good tips.
18. My rather (drink) two cups of tea every morning. Right now he (drink) a cup of tea.
19. Is Elizabeth (sit) over there? Yes, of course. She (talk) 10 her husband, obviously
not very friendly. Maybe they two (discuss) or even (quarrel) about something. I
know their relationship (be) not very good.
20. Our teacher never (smoke), but look at him, he (stand) in the backyard and (smoke)
one cigarette after another. He mllst be very nervous for some reason.
21. "You (listen - interrogative) to me" asks the teacher" Yes, we (be). We (listen) to
you because we are vety interested in this topic."
22. Mohammad (study) on Sunday, but he never (do) it on Friday. Today is Friday and
of course he (study ~ negative).
23. I do not agree with my brother. He (talk) nonsense. Maybe he is nervous.
27
24. \Vho usually (help) your mother at home? My rather (do), of course. J suppose he
(help) her now, although he is very tired, because he (work) all day long every day.
25. You regularly (pay -intcrrogntive) your rent? Of course, I (do) but my boyfriend,
who (live) with me ahvays (puy) half ortbe rent.
26. What (eat)? Can't you see'? I (cat) French fries. They (be )delicious.
27. What you (wait for) '! I (\vait for) IOrlhc bus which n!ways (stop) here.
28. Where he (go (0)" What he (look [(ll').l don'l know. He (be) here and you can ask
him about it.
29. My brother (like) German. That's \-vhy he (take) German lessons twice a week: on
Tuesday and all Friday. Tod::!y is Friday and he (have) Germaan lessons,
30. Whose number (look up) in the telephone book? I need to ask Mark about this problem
but I don't know his telephone number. So, J (look up) his number,
28
PROSLOST
OV1111 vremcnom veoma se cesto iskazuje p1'0513 radnja koj<1 se dc-sila u nedefiniranom,
neodrcc1enom, nespomcl1utom, nepodrazumljevEll1ol11 pros 10m vrcmcnskom okviru.
Buduci cia se OVi111 vremenom testa iskazuje i sadasnjost njegovi oblici i upotreba Sli
poblizc obrazloz,eni u poglavlju koje se odnosi na sadasnjost.
The Present Perfect Progressive (Continuous) Tense takoc1er se koristi kako za iskazivanje
saciasnjc, tako i za isknzivanjc prosle mcJnje. Njegovi oblici i upotreba takOll"er Sll
obrazlozeni u pog\avlju sto se oclnose 11a saclasnjost.
Pros lost se u engJeskom, kao i 1I nascm jeziku, moze izraziti sadasnjim vremenom, jer
se njegovom upotrcbom postize veca dramaticnost, privJaci veea paznja slusalaca,
ostvaruje veca tenzija, postize bolja k011centracij[l i govornika i slusalaca. Ovakva
mogucnost izrazavanja proslosti spomenuta .Ie u poglavlju koj; se odnosi na upotrebu
sadasnjih vremcna.
****
BudllCi da su tri l11ogucnosti za izrazavanje proslih radnji vee obrazlozene II poglavlju 0
sadasnjosti potrebno .Ie spomenuti i objasniti i druge nacine iskazivanja proslosti: the
Past PerFect Tense (Simple i Continuous - Progressive), would + Infinitive, the Past
Participle i clrllge.
29
PAST TENSE
Postoje dva aspekta ovog vrcmena kao uostalom i u drugim engJeskim vrcmcnima: Past
Tense Simple i Past Tense Continuous (Progressive). Izmedu ova dva aspckta - Dei to "'-
postoje i formalne i semanticke razlike. Formalne razlikc se odmah uocavaju (I worked
i I was working) a semanticke treba posebno obrazloziti. U "continuous" ("progressive")
aspektu uvijek nagiasena je duzina trajanja radnje i to gotovo uvijek ima znacaj kao i
sailla radnja.
Oblikuje se na elva l1a6ina. Kad pravilnih glagola gradi se tako cia se infinitivu glagola
dada nastavak -ed. Pri tome u glagolu nas1aju iste one promjene koje Sli spomcnutc pri
objasnjavanju tvorbe participa pcrfekta,jer pravilni glagol imaju iJentican obiik za Past
Simple Tense i Past Participle. Za nepravilne glagole Past Simple Tense se mora uciti
napamet, posto nema postojanih i dosljednih pravila 0 njihovoj tvorbi.
Znaeajno je istn6i da se nepravilni giagoli cesto upotrebljavaju i u LlSmenOI11 i u pisanol11
kOl11uniciranju, paje bitno da sc njihovi obliei u Past Tens-u sto prije nauee napamet.
U Past Tens-u glagoli mase ne dodaju nikakv1 nastavei u trecem lieu jednine kakav je
slucaj u Present Simple Tens-u, pa se jedan te istj obUk koristi za sva liea jednine i
mnozine.
Potvrdni ohlik pravilnih glagoJa pravi se dodavanjem nastavka -ed, a kod nepravilnih
glagola potvrdni oblik je identiean za sva liea jcdnine i mnozine i on se mora pamtiti.
Donjih nekoliko primjera nepravilnih glagola pokazuju oblike koji se moraju pamtiti.
• to go ~ to be }Yflli
• to give gave to have had
• to bring l2.rmuili.! to come ~
• to write wrote to understand understood
Upitni oblik pravilnih i nepravilnih glagola gradi se pomo6u oblika did koji se
stav1ja isprcd subjckta i kojem se zatim dodn intlnitiv upotrijebUenog giagola bez
"to" .
• J2i..d you go to school yesterday'? I2lli you ask your teacher about it?
• I2.i.d ~he write an the \ctters'? D.i.d she inyite you to the part(:
• lli..d they giy(' y~)U any nwney? I2i.d she pby tennis:
e lli.d :\ZP.1 \'Iring hcr \'lag': Did ~\irza yisit his friend E>J.d'?
Odricni oblik pravilnih i nepravilnih g\agoJa, gradi se pomocu preterita odricnog
oblika glagola to do kojem se doda infinitiv upotrijebljcnog glagola bez "to"
e He didn't go to school yesterday. The teacher did not ask him.
e She did not write all the !etters. She did not invite us to the pmiy.
• They didn't give me any money. She did not play tcnnis yesterday.
• Azra did not bring her bag. Mirza didn't visit his friend Esad.
Upotreba
31
e He said that all students were afraid of a man with a gun.
• We all ~ be wa$. a Russian.
3. Za radnju u zavisnoj recenici nakon izraza: I wisit, if, as if, as though, it's time,
suppose, if only.
· I wish you ,"vere in my shoes.
• I wIsh I.lilld as much money as you do.
o Ifwe were in time at school, the teacher would not blame us.
4. Za kazivan,ic proslc i zavrScnc radnje koja se desila kada je neka druga racinja
izrazena sa Past Tense Progressive bila u toku.
• She came in when I was playing the piano.
o My mother was reading a book when I ~the room.
Ovo vrijeme se u potvrdnoll1 obHku pravi ad preterita pomocnog glago!a "to he' i
partidpa prczcnta glHgola koji ze!imo upotrijebiti. (Promjcne kat! llckih glagola pri
tvorbi participa prezcnta objasnjene su ranije).
I (he, she, it) was playing, cutting, smiling, carrying, studying, writing, itd.
WC ( you, they) were playing, cutting, smiting, carrying, studying, writing.
Odricni oblik gradi se dodavanjem negacije not potvrdnom obliku, izmed'u pOll1ocnoga
glagola (""as, were) i participa prezenta.
e I (he she it) was not playing cutting smiling. carrying stUdying writing
• We (you they) were not playing cutting. smiling carrying studying itd.
Upitni oblik gradi se inverzijom, ~j. zamjenom mjesta subjekta i pomocnoga glagola
(was, were)
1,7
Was J (he, she, it) playing, cutting, smiling, carrying, studying, writing?
Were we (you, they) playing, cutting, smiling, carrying, studying, writing?
Napomel1a:Cesto s'e lIlJ?jesto pUl1ih ob/ika ad glagola "to be" upotreb/javaju saieti
oblici If odricnol1l i odrihw-upitnolJl obliku.
• J (he, she, it) wasn [playing, clitting, smiling, ca!'l:l'ing, studying, writing.
• We (YOl!, they) weren i playing, CUffing, smiling, c(fI"J'ing, studying, writing
• ~Vwm r1 (he, she, it) playing, cutting, smiling, canying, stu{(ving, writing?
• Weren '/ we ()lOll, they) playing, cutting, smiling, c(lf")'ing, studying, ltd.
Upo!reba
1. Ovo se vrijeme upotrebljava za proslu radnju koja je trajala duze iii krace vrijeme.
Vrijemc trajanja moze biti izricito naglaseno: for two hours, the whole day, from nine
a.m. till four p,m., a long time, ali se vremenski okvir i njegova duzina mogu naznaCiti
kontekstom. U svakom slucaju naglaseno je trajan,ie prosle radnje.
• She was reading a book for six holll's without any break.
• We were traveling a long time from New York to Denver.
• They were building that beautiful bridge for over three years
• Mark~.dyjng mathematics till midnight.
• How long were they writing their reports yesterday?
• I was wai1.i.ug here for half an hour to meet my boss,
3. Ovim vremenom izrazavajll se dvije iIi vise para\elnih radnji koje su istovrerneno
trajale bez obzira na vrijeme njihovog pocetka i zavrsetka.
• While we were playi'llt.chess, Bob and Jim were playing tennis.
• We were pla'yjlll~Jennis and our friends were watching us.
33
~ When my father was smoking., r was reading while. my mother and Jane were
talking and~.
5 Nero and Tarik were programming a llC\V program and their two friends were
waiting and talking.
e 'While I "vas cleanin¥-I11Y bedroom, my mother \,\I8S cooking the dinner for us and
Ova vrijel11e postoji i u nasem jeziku, ali ga 111i upotrebUavamo daJeko ljedc.
Razlika je, medutim, i u cinjenici da englcski jezik posjeduje dva aspekta ovog vrel11ena
(simple i progressive - continuous), dok bosansld jezik Be poznaje takve aspekte u
OVOI11 kao ni u drugim gragolskim vremcnima.
05110vna karaktcristika ovog vremcna je da ono oznacava proslu radnju koja sc desila
prije neke druge proslc I'adnje.
Upitlli oblil( gradi se inverzijom potvrd11og oblika tj. zamjenom mjesta subjekta j
predikata.
• Had I {you, he, she, we, they) played cut. smiled taught. carried studied?
Odricni oblil( tVOrl se dodavanjem negacije not iza preterita pomocnoga glagola "to
have"
I (you he she we, they) had not played cut smiled, taught carried studied
34
• Had r (vou. he. she we. they) 110t played cut sI11iled taught carried studied?
Upotrcha
1. The Past Perfect Simple Llpotrebljava se da izrazi proslu radnju koja se desila pfije
neke drugc proslc radnjc. To znaci da postoje dvije pros!e radnje od kojih se
jedna
desil<l prije od druge. Ta prva radnja izrazava se pluskvampcrfcktorn obicnim, druga
prcteritom.
• She was a\V(1rc that she had forgotten her umbrella at home.
• He h.ad.ls:f! his house before I C1:l.!M there.
• After my mother had spent three weeks in London, she !d.1l11e back home.
• I-Ie ~ his wallet before he reached the subway station.
• Vlhen we arrived the bilihday patiy had already started.
• As soon as they had finished their breakfast, they ran out to play.
• On coming back home he understood that he had fOlJ,;!01tcn to lock the cloor.
• I had lived in Mostar, before IJll.ovcd 10 New York.
• They had spent all their money before their father ~ame to them.
35
• She made so many mistakes as if she had never studied mathematics.
• If only J had met him before.
• He behaved as if he had written the best novel in the entire world.
• I wish we had heaal'd about this earlier
Upitni oblik gradi se inverzijom potvrdnog oblika lj. zamjcnom mjesta subjekta i
predikata.
• Had I (you, he she, we, they) been playing, cutting, smiling, teaching, canying,
studying, stopping, \vriting?
Napomena: Umjesto punih oblika cesto, se pLfu i izgovaraju sazeti pofvrdni i odricno-
upitni ab/iei.
e 1 {JJou, he, she, we, the)) Iwdn t been playing, cutting, smiling, teaching, canying,
stopping writing.
6 Hadn 'l 1 (Vall, he, she, we, they) been playing, cutting, smiling, teaching, canying,
stopping, l,vriting.
Upotreba
1. Kada zelimo izraziti radnju kojaje pocela u prosiosti prije neke druge prosie radnje i
koja je trajala duze vrijeme i vjerovatno se nastavila u trenutku pominjanja druge,
upotrebljavamo pluskvamperfekt trajni. U oYom vremenu je izrazito znacajno
naglasavanje trajanja radnJc pri ccrnu to naglasavanje ima izrazitu sernanticku
vrijednost.
• He discllssed the film he had been direc1ing
• I ~ her cat, which she had been carrying in her arms.
• The train arrived when they had been talking about the accident.
• Mary showed me the report she had been writjng.
• The composer ~ il part of the symphony he had been composjng.
8. Used to + Infinitive
Ovaj oblik upotrebljava se cesto. Njime se izrazava prosla radnja iii stanje, to jest prosla
navika, prosia ponavljana radnja. Izraz" Used to + infinitiv se na bosanski jezik prevodi
37
sa izrazima "obiell0 sam + partieip prosli: nekad sam + partieip prosli; uobicavao sam
da + prezcnt; i111ao sam obic[~j da + prczcnt glagola koji zelimo upotrUebiti.
• My father used to play the guitar, when he \vas a young boy.
• He doesll't drink cotlee now, but he lIsed to drink a lot of coffee when he was
younger.
• We used to meet every Saturday a few years ago.
• This is the place where we used to play when we lived nearby.
• My aunt used to come velY oflen to visit me.
• When we were at the seasicle, we !J1i.~ very early.
o vVhcn she \vas a young girl she llSSd 10 be keen on reading.
Glagolskije oblik kojim se moze izraziti prosla, 1l0bicajen3, ponavljana radnja. Ovaj se
oblik l1e koristi kao zamjcna za preterit trajni (progressive), niti za perfekt ni
pluskvaillperfckt trajni vee za njillOve "obiene" oblike. To pokazuje da se '\vould +
infinitiv bez to" upotrebljava za povremcne radnje iIi stanja.
• As I vvorked very hard these days I \Vonld comc home exhausted.
• Our uncle would somctimes 1rll us many interesting stories.
• My father used to work all clay and he would seldom.iilln us for lunch.
• My mother WQ100 always count the money she got back after paying,
• When we lived with our grandpa we .i:Y..Qu!d run in the field every day.
• When Ann was here she }:YQu.1.dJ1clp my mother to prepare meals.
• Once done, it can never be undone. (Kad se oe5to uradilo nikad se ne maze
promijeniti. Jec!nom llcinjeno se ne moze promijeniti.)
Dvn gornjn glagolskn oblika upotrcbljnv<lju sc clll iznlzc proslu i Z<lvrsenu radnju koja
se dcsila prijc nckc drllgc profile radn,ie. Ocito ave strukturc mogu zamijeniti
pluskvamperfekt. Struktura "having + past participle" lma obiljezja aktiva, dok struktura
"having been + past participle" ima svojstva pasiva.
39
14. Being + Past Participle
Struktura "being + Past Participle" koristi se da iskaze prostu i zavrscnu radnju koja se
dogodila prije neke druge prosie radnje. To znaCi da i ova struktura ima funkciju
pluskvamperfekta i obiljezja pas iva.
• Being recovered hom the illness Mark went home with his 'wife.
e £king interviewed politely, Anita expected to get a job in that firm.
o Being seen in front of tbe bote!, the thief couldn't run away.
• Being visited by all her friends, Azra felt very happy and satisfied.
• Being informed about the situation the boss made his final decision.
o Being given orders, we started at once.
• .B...~ well tl1Uili!, she never made mistakes during the procedure.
Preostale tri mogucnosti kazivanja prosIosti The Simple Past Tense Passive i The
Progressive (Continuous) Past Tense Passive, te The Simple Past Perfect Tense Passive
objasnjeni su u poglavlju koje se odnosi na tvorbu i upotrcbu vremena paslva. Ova
vremena pas iva upotrebljavaju se u uvjetima, u kojima se upotrebljavaju oclgovarajuca
vremena aktiva~ ali se umjesto oblika za aktiv upotrebljavaju oblici pasiva.
BUDUCNOST
na engleskom jeziku buducnost se moze izr3ziti na mnogo vise naCina nego na nascm.
Postoji, zapravo, osam mogllcnosti cia se izrazi buduca radnja:
I.the Simple Future Tense,
2.the Future Progressive Tense,
3.the Present ProgrcssiveTensc,
4.thc Present Simple Tense,
5.the Simple Present Perfect Tense,
6.the future Perfect Tense,
7.the going to + Infinitive j
8.to be about to + Infinitive.
Potvrdni oblik gradi se od gJagola shall i will !cojima dodajemo intinitiv upotrijebljenoga
glagola. Shall sc upotrebljava sa prvim licem jednine i mno±ine (1, we ), a will sa 5vi111
ostalim licima. MCGutim, u govornom jeziku, narocito u americkoj verziji sve vise se
upotrebljava wil! za sva licajednine i mooline.
• I (we) shall pIny. cnt smile teach carry stlldy. write itd.
·)'011 (be she it HleY) will play ClIt smile teach corry, study write.
Odricno-upitni oblik tvori se dodavanjem negacije not upitnom obliku. Negacija not
stavlja se izmedu subjekta i infinitiva glago\a.
• Shall I 0Yn not play, ('Ill smile 1eDcb cany study write?
• Will you (j-hey he she it) 1101' play cut smile leach cony study, wrile?
41
ob/ikll. 1 '11, (he'll, she 'f! lFC"!I, YOl! 'II, fhey '!I) pia); ClI!, slIIile, tcach, ccmy.
Slll(~V,write. I (he, she, it. 'FC. YOIl, {lie}) 'POll 't play, Clll, smile, teach, cany,
study, write) i IYou 't I (yOI/, he, she. it ,we, the)) pili)', cut, smile ,teach,
c{m)" Sll/ely write?
Upotreba
3. Kada se glagol shall upotrijebi LI drugom lieu jednine iii mnozine (you shall) onda
taj oblik ne izrazava futur vee zapovijest, iii ncku prijetnju iii, cak i obeCalljc.
• Zapovijcd: You shall wr.i.t£ your homework right now,
You shall gQ homc at Ollce.
You shall ask your Lather about it.
You shall tcllmc the truth, or.
• Obc¢nnje: r promise you, VOll shall get your money back.
You shaH have your cake, for sure.
You shall be awarded for this heroic action.
• Priictllja' You sh,~a vcry high price if' you do it.
You shall have a lot or trouble if you go there.
Napomf!!la: Shall se moze upotrijebili i u rl"ei;clllliclijednil1e; lII!1oiinc (hc. she, it, they)
ali !Ill! se fuc/a lIlIeko/i/w prolllUeni :';Il{/(:el~je. U tom se s/U(;({ju lie izrazava
obicno buduCl10st ve(' rUde/lOst i (~vrSla odlllka do ce all ili Olla iii ani
i:,;vrSili odre(tene radnje. Ovakva upotreba je lIaroeilo cesta 11 pravl10m
dokwllcntima.
o He (she, tliey) shall.f1giJt/or his (he/; their) rights as long as hersheY lives (they
live).
• They shailnot go there any more because II is dangerous.
e He (she) shall help you anyway; YOll are his (he/) ji'iend.
42
2. The Future Progressive Tense
Odricni oblik gracli sc clodayanjem negacijc not potyrdnom obliku. Taj not se stavlja
iza pomocnoga glagola (shall, will)"
• I (we) shall Dol he nhviJ.ll! c!lain\{ smiling teDching c:wryinl! writing
·1l011~~ey) will no! be plnyj~d,:l!lljng smiling !eachjnu, writing
Upitni oblik pravi se inyerzijol11 potyrdnog oblika, tj. zamjenol11 I11jesta subjekta i
pOl11ocnog glagola shall will
• Sholl I (we) be pinyin£" CUlling- smjlior: j"ciwbjng cQrryjnfl wri1"il1gC~
• Will you (th~w she) be playing euning smiling. j"cucbing, writing')
Odricno-upitni ohlik pray! se dodavanjem negacije not upitnom obliku. Taj not se
stavlja izmec.1u pomocnoga glagola shall ( will) i pomocnoga glagola be.
• Shall J (we) !lot he playing, (cutting silliling leachjng cany)ng writing)?
• Will YOIl (they she be) not h(' playing (c!!t!'jng smjling teaching, carryjng),)
• 1 '1/ (VOti "II, ·we "II, they '/1, he 'Il, she'll) be playing, clltting, smiling, teaching,
carrying, stU(Z),llg.
• J (we) shall"t he pia)'ing, ctltting, smiling, tcacliing, canying, and writing.
• You (they, he, sht') won't be playing, cuttil/g, smiling, cao:l'il1g, and wriring.
• Shan't I (we) be playing, clitting, smiling, c([I"]ying, iVfiring, and studying?
• rVon 't .1'0/1 (they, she, he) be playing, clitting, slIIiling, carlying, and .,vf/ring?
Upotrcba
1. Ovim se vremenOI11 oznacava buducn radnja za koju sc zna iIi ocekuje da potrajati ce
cluze iii haee vrijeme. Naglasava se trajanje radnjc, a ne samo njeno buduce trajanje.
• On Friday IJlJ2e studyinG English irregular verbs.
• They'll be working the whole day tomorrow.
s They say it will be raining all afternoon.
43
Q 1 wonder what Azra will be doing the next day.
• Will he be traveling the whole night?
• My mother wi1l be watching TV after six o'clock.
2. Buduce trajno vrijeme koristi sc da izrazi radnju koja cc tnljati prijc, a i poslije
nekog buduceg vremenskog period:!. Taj buduri vremenski period maze se izricito
spomenuti, a moze se i podrazumijevati kad kontckst to nalaze.
~ When you call me 1'1\ be playing footbalL l'1l be playing for at least four hours .
.. He says he'll be working hard when we come to see him,
.. She insists that 1 don't cal! her because she wil! be practicing the Violin .
.. They wi 11 be slandinfl by the window to watch the parade .
.. The whole f~lmily wil! be waiting at the airport.
.. Will you be waiting for me by when I call you?
Potvrdni oolik
• 1 ( we) should play, cut, smile, teach, carry, study, write, read
• You (he, she, it, they) would play, cut, smile, teach, carry, study, write.
Upitni oblik tvori se inverzijom potvrdnog oblika, y. z3mjenom mjesta subjekta i glagola
should i would.
e Should I (we) play, cut, smile, teach, carry, study, write, read?
.. Would you ( they, he, she, it) play, cul, smile, teach, carry, study, write?
Odricni oblik gradi se dodavanjem negacije not izmedu subjekta i glagola should iii
would.
• I (we) should not play, cut, smile, teach, carry, study, write, read.
• You ( they, he, she) would not play, cut, smile, teach, cany, study, read.
Odricno-upitni oblik pravi se od upitnog oblika ovog vremena i od negacije not koja
se stavlja iza subjekta i infinitiva upotrijebljcnog glagola.
• Should I (we) nol play. cut, smile, teach, carry, study, write, read?
• Would you (they, he, she) not play, cut, smile, teach, cany, study, write?
Napomena: Cesto se upotl'ebljavqju i sate!i potvrdni, odricni i odricno-upitni oblici.
• I'd (YOll 'd, he'd, she'd, we 'd) stll(~V, ClIt, smile, teach, CO/'1)1.
• I'd not (ili I shouldn I). you'd not (iii you wottlrln 't), he'd not (he lvollldn 't) she'd
not ( she wouldn't) they'd not (they 'wollldn 't ) play, cut, smi Ie, tench, amy, study.
• Shouldn't 1 (we) play, Cllt. smile, teach, cony, stU(~V, write, read. ask itd?
e Wouldn 'f you (he. she, the}) play, cut, smile. teach, can~v, study. write?
Upotreba
Ovaj glagolski oblik Izraz<1va radnju koja se desHa II proslos!, ali kojajc buduca rad11ia
u porcc1cn,iu sa nekom drugom, izrazenorn preteritorn u glavno,i recenici. To znaci
da se futur II ( Future in the Past) upotrebljava pri slaganju vremena i - svakako- u
ncupravtlom govoru.
Gracli se od fu1'1lra proslog pomocnog glagogla "to be" i participa prezenta glagola
koji ielimo upotrijcbiti. (Moguce promjene u participu pri dodavanju nastavka -"ing
objasnjene Sll HZ Present ContinuoLls (Progressive) Tense.
45
Potvrdni olJlik:
e I (we) should be playing, cutti1lg, smiling, carrying, writing, studying.
• You (they. he, she) would be playing, cutting, smiling, carrying, writing.
Upitni oblik gradi se inverzijom potvrdnog oblika tj. zaIl1jenom mjesta subjekta i g!agola
should. \vould.
• Should l (we) be playing, cutting, smiling, carrying, writing, reading?
• Would you (they, he, she) be playing, cutting, smiling, carrying, Writing?
Odricno-upitlli oblik gradi sc dodav<lnjem ncgacije not upitnol11 obliku. Taj not se
stavlja iza subjckta.
• Should 1 ('Ne) not be playing, cutting, smiling, carrying, writing, studying?
• Would you (be, she, they) not be playing, cutting, smiling, carrying. writing?
NapomeJ1a 2: (:esfo se Z(/ PrI'O liccjedllillc i 1lI110Z;ne lfjJotreb{/ava giago/ would lfJ1~.jes(o
should.
Upotreba
Ovaj .'iC glagolski oblik 1I potvrdllom obliku gradi oel glagola shall i \vill kojima se
doda infinitiv pcrfekta. A infinitiv perfckta gradi se dodavanjem participa perfekta
gJagoJa koji zelimo upotrijebiti pOl11ocno!TI gbgolu "to have". Upitni i upitno oddeni
. obEci veomCl se rijetko upotrebljavaju pa ill nijc potrebno ovdje navoditi.
Potvrdni ohlik
~ f (we) shall have played, cut, smiled, taught, carried, studied, written.
• You (they, he, she) will have played, cut, smiled, taught, carried,written
Upotreba
The Future Perfect Tense upotrcbljava se da izrazi rndnju kojn ce biti zavrsena u nekom
trenutku u buducnosti iii ncposrcc!no prije l-og proslog trenutka. Potrebano je paziti pd
prevodenju ovog g!agolskog ob!ika,jer mi nelll<lmo ovo vr!jcl1lc. Pri prevodenju ovog
oblika treba da koristimo naSl! rijee vcc koja nagovjcstava okvire karakteristicne za
futur perfckta.
• I shall have passed my exams by this time next year. (Ja ell vee po!oziti 111o.1e ispite
do ovog vrcmena sljedcce godine)
• They will have written their report by the end of this week. (Oni ce vec napisati
svoj izvjciitaj do kraja ove sedmicc).
• She will have heard this news by the end ofthe next day. (Ona ce vec cuti tu vijest
do kraja sUccleceg dana).
• We'll not have read this novel by Sunday. (Do nedeljc necemo nwci ... )
Ovo vrijeme se takoder cesto koristi za izrazavanje un8prijed planirane buduee radnje.
Objasnjenja 0 tvorbi i upotrcbi ovog vremena za isk8zivanje buduce radnje data su uz
Present Perfect Tense Simplc,
47
7. The Present Progressive Tense
Kao u gomjem slucaju i Present Continuolls (Progressive) Tense moze se upotrijebiti
da se izmzi bliska, izvjesna, buducnost. Oblic! i primjeri takvc llpotrebe ovog vremena
dati su uz objasnjenje prezcnta trajnog.
Buduca, izvjesna, unaprijed planirana radnja, ili cak i namjcra koju sma odlucili ostvariti,
cesto se iskazuje oblikom "Going to" + ini1nilive.
Napol1lena: U ameriawlJI gOV0l'!10111 jezikll se cesto cuje izraz 1 'm gonna, he~' gOl1na
ftd. ali se lIpotreba fog oblika ne preporucuje u njegoV(l110m govoru, pogotovo
ne II akademskim raspravama.
Upotreba oblika pas iva za izrazavanje buduce radnje obrazlozena je u pog\avIju koje
se odnosi na vremena pasiva. Oblici pasiva se upotrebljavaju za buduCll radnju II skladu
sa pravilima upotrebe pas iva uopste. Uvjet 1I kojima se upotrebljava aktiv za izrazavanje
buduce radnje slicni Sll uvjetima u kojima sc koristi pasiv za buduC:ll radnju, samo se
dodatno moraju imati u vidu opci okviri za upotrebu pasiva i, naravno moraju se
upotrijebiti oblici pas iva za buduCll radnju.
49
PASIV
2. U engleskom jeziku razlikujcmo dvije vrste pas iva: pasiv radnje i pasiv stanja.
Pasiv radnje ima sva obicna gJagolska vremena ("simple tenses") i samo dva trajna
vremena ("continuous - progressive tenses": (Present Progressive Tense i Past
Progressive Tense), dok se druga trajna vremena ugJavnom ne upotrebljavaju ni u
usmenome ni u pismenome komuniciranju.
Pasiv stanja opisu/e stanje i fie izraiava aktivl105>'f niti praces radnje. To potvrctuju
sljedece rc(:en;ce:
• The window is broken.
• The door is locked.
• Jane is married to Henry.
• Peter is interested in modern painting.
• He is quite satisl1ed with his new job.
Pasiv stanja ncma "progressive" oblike, za razliku od pasiva radnje koji ima dva trajna
obllka: prezent i preterit.
3. Pasiv radnje mogu po pravilu imati samo prijelazni glagoli tj. glagoli koji obavezno
imaju iIi mogu imati objekt u akuzativu. Neprije\azni gJagoli kao "to go" "to run" (u
znacenju treatl), "to spring", "to lie" (Jczati), "to die", "to fall" "to bleed", "to come",
"to travel", "to alTive", "to bow", "to endure", "to bargain", "to appear", "to disappear"
hd. ne l110gu bit-i upotrijebljeni u pasivu.
4. Pasiv se u engleskom jeziku kodsti veoma testa. Ova narocito vazi za tekstove i
usmene rasprave sto se ad nose nu gotova sve tehni6kc grane, tchnoloske postupke, na
nauena istrazivanje i interpretiranje rezultata istrazivanja. U takvim tekstovima postize
se veea koncentriranast, veea gustoea, jer je u njima u prvom planu konstatacija bitnih
Cinjenica i rezultata istrazivanja, isticanje nalaza do kojih se doslo. Vrsenje radnje je u
pasivnim konstrukcijama vaznije ad vrsiaca. Vrsioci radnje, istrazivaci, interpretatori
rezultata istrazivanja Sll u drugom planu, gotovo nikad se i ne pominju, jer su nebitni u
datom kantekstu. Citalac u takvom zgusnutom tekstu brze dalazi do infonnacije koja ga
zanima, do rezultata istrazivanja pa tako gubi manje vremena. Procjeniuje se da se
najmanje jedna trecina recenica u tekstovima i raspravama 0 tehniCko-tehnojoskirn,
naucno-istraiiv<lckim temama izrazava pasivnom kODstrukcijom
a) aka je subjekt aktivne reecnice sasvim nepoznat iii nema u datim okolnostima nikakvu
veeu vainost.
• My umbrella was stolen yesterday.
• The b,.;clge over the Neretva wm built last ye([/:
• German is spoken in three European countries,
• The boss has been informed about the accident.
• This action will never .b..U'ru:~
• The new highway will be completed sometime next month.
• Foreign languages are taliS/ht in eVely' school il1 Bosnia.
• The World Clip/ootball games are beil1f' tclel'i.<.;ed allover the world.
• Computers are used (have been used were used, had been used, will be lIsed) all
over the globe,
• It is said (assumed, known) that much damage had been caused.
• Mathematics is' aoolfed in many sciel1!(/1c bra/lches.
• Will these letters be answered soon?
• T"vo wires have' heen welded vel)' quick)v.
• The definilion has been used mallY times during the research.
• Forces are classified under two general headings.
• The shape of this body will be changed.
51
• It is estimated that one third orthe total energy hus been lost.
.. The chemical constituents of this material must be controlled.
• All these free samples should be controlled.
o Our house must be (shQuld be) painted this week.
U gornjim primjcrima ne znamo ko je vrsilac radnje iIi nam on nije poscbno vazan.
b) ako jc subjckt pasivne recenice vazniji od subjekta aktivnc recenice, tj. ako je radnja
rccenice bitnija od izvrsioca radnje.
• The poem you are reading was WIi11&u by Keats.
• Mmy W((), Dunished by her/atha
• He was driven to Sarajevo by his friend Bob.
• This ft:lIllOUS :iymphony vms composed by Beethoven.
• The dass ,vas being tallght by a famous teacher.
• He has been interro~by the police for five hours.
• Many car engines arc cooled by watel:
• The fact that the Earth revolves round the sun was discovered by Galileo.
Treba poscbno istaci cia u gornjim recenicama i drugima koje imaju iste karakteristike i
svojstva subjekt aktivne recenice kojem prethodi prepozicija "by" tini bitan diD informacije
kaa cjeline i u pravilu se mora upotrijebiti u pasivnoj recenici tj. ne smije se izostaviti.
c) ako je vrsilac radnje, ocigleuan u datoj situaciji ili poznat, pa ga slusaoci i Citaoei
podrazumijevaj II bez obzira sto nije pOlllcnuL
• The new president was elected last year.
.. Many mistakes were made during the last exam.
• This new road in our town has already been built.
.. The new member of our party was \Vel~.
• "Hamlet" was written a long time ago.
• Football is played very well in England.
• I will be told the latest news when I come home.
• The New Year will be celebrated everywhere .
.. English is taught almost everywhere.
• That can't be done easily in the existing situation.
• The sick girl in my neighbor's family was looked after very welL
.. He was la1!ghed at eveD in his family .
.. President Clinton was re-elected six years ago.
-llil.s. the business lIetter been sent in time?
• He was told to be to work on time.
U gornj im recenicama fokusira se radnja i njeno vrsenje, dokje vrsilac (iii vrsioci radnje)
u drugolU planu, te je stoga n~bitan. To je razlog da se konstrukcija "by" i subjekt
aktivne recenice izostavljaju u pasivnoj recenici.
5. U bosanskom jeziku pasiv se lIpotrebljava veoma rijetko kako u govornom
komuniciranju tako i II najraznovrsnijim pisanim tekstovima. Neposredna posljedica te
yaine cinjenice je dvojaka:
• mnoge recenice izrazene pasivom na engleskomjeziku moramo prevoditi ili nasim
aktiyom, iii upotrebom povratne zamjenice se, iIi koriStenjem bezlicnih glagola;
• rnnoge recenice izraiene aktivom na nasem jeziku se mora..iu preyoditi pasiynirn
konstrukcijama na engleski jezik. U protivnom ce se elesiti cIa se gubi znacajna
karakteristika engleskog jczika - njegoyo svojstyO da pasivom postize vecu
lIsmjerenost na bitne informacijc i bric vodcnje citaoca cIo sllstinskih konstatacija,
njegovu mogucnost cIa jace istakne vrscnjc glagolske radnje, a cIa vrsioca potisne
u drugi plan.
Pasiv u engleskom jeziku ima sva "simple" vremena kao i u aktivu i sarno elva
"progressive" tj. "continuous" vremena: Present Tense Progressive i Past Tense
Progressive.
Opee pravilo za tvorbu razlicitih vremena pas iva glasi: pasiv se pravi od odgovarajuceg
vremena pomocnoga glagola "to be" i participa perfekta glagola kojeg zelirno
upotrijcbiti.
Present simple: This letter is written.
Present Progressive: This letter is being written.
Past Tense Simple: This letter was written.
Past Tense Progressive: This letter was being written.
Present Perfect Tense Simple: This letter has been written.
Past Perfect Tense Simple: This letter had been written.
Future Tense Simple: This letter wi!! be written.
~t) Prczent pasiva u kombinaciji sa modalnim glagolima pravi se tako da se modal nom
glagolu doda saelasnji jntin!tiv pasiva. A sadasnji infinitiv pasiva se prav! tako da se
glagolu "be" doda pllrticip perfekt:l glagola koji zelimo upotrijebiti. (Dakle'
modal + be + Particip perfekta)
• The window can'r be opened.
• All children need to be taught Mathematics.
• May I be excused this time'?
• Those books ought to be sent as soon as possible.
• Heat may be transmitttd in three ways.
53
.. Dynamics can be divided into two branches .
.. The shape of the body can be cbanged
• A distinction can be (must be) made between the external and intel11al forces .
.. These samples can be (must be ought to be) analyzed very carefully before we use
them.
• Mary must be told the news as soon as possible.
• How can this statement be interpreted?
e Energy can be converted from Ol1e form to another.
• The whole procedure should be defined very precisely.
• The letter must be written and mailed before noon,
D Steam can be (may be) converted into water.
• This caD be calculated by applying the appropriate formula.
• Substances may be changed il'om onc state into another.
.. The greatest attention must be paid to this difficult situation .
.. Her handwriting caunot be read.
• Energy ~ neither created nor destroved,
• Heat energy can be converted into mechanical work .
.. A lot of experiments must be done to prove that theOlY.
• Electrical energy cannot be transmitted without some losses.
Konstmkcije i frazeoloski izrazi kao sto su: he was known, he was said, he was believed,
he was undcrstoood, he was found itd. 1ma neke sUcnosti sa "it" konstrukcijom ali
ima i bitnih strukturalnih raz!ika. Umjesto subjekta "it" upotreb\javaju se zamjenice iIi
imenice. Nakon fraza: he was known, he was believed itd. obaveznaje struktura "to" +
"be" + particip prezenta iii particip perfekta.
• The sun was to be seen through the clouds.
e The current is known to flow from the positive to the negative pole,
55
Vpotrcba trajnih vremena pasiva
Present Passive Progressive oznacava radnju koja se dogada, kojaje u toku u trenutku
govorenja, u trenutku njenog pomil\janja ili komentiranja.
• Some new buildings are being built in our town.
• This class is being taught by a very C11110US teacher.
• A big power plant is being designed.
• My fumiture is being put into the living room.
• The wavelength is being decreased.
• The position of the osciHating electron is being changed
• A simple motion is being performed in this process.
• The oil of the car is being changed
• He had an automobile accident and his car is still beiniJ repaired.
• His clothes ~still being cleaned at the cleaner's.
Past Passive Progressive kazuje radnju koja je duze trajala u odredenom poznatom
prosiom vremenu ili radnju kojaje vee bila u toku kad se dogodila neka druga radl\ja.
• The dinner ~ust being prepared for him when he came home.
• All the bridges were being repaired for a long time.
• This moving part of the machine was being subjected to continuous friction.
• Many materials were being used as lubricants during the whole process.
• The machine was being transpOlied with a lot of diiTiculty.
• This robber was being chased by the police for a long time,
• The car engine was being tuned when I came to see it.
• All four tires were being changed when I called the mechanic.
• Many interesling topics were being discussed during the meeting.
• Her poems were being translated when I called the publisher.
• These students were being taught chemistry when I entered the room.
Primjeri:
Aktiv: Peter visited my family two days ago.
Pasiv: My family was visited by Peter two days ago.
Napomena: A1oramo imati na 1I/1l1l da lwd g/agola koji im(~iu elva objekta (direktni i
indirektni) postoje dl'lje fIIOguC:"05;fi :;a pf'ebaciv[[f!ie aktivl1ih re(.~enica u
pasivne. Kako di/'ektuj tolw i !Ildir(,ktllj objekt //IoZe bjtj lfDotr{jebUan u
fUllkciij wb)ekta p(!SiJ'l7e reCenice
57
The Grandfather told the children an interesting story.
a) An interesting story was told to the children by the grandbthcr;
b) The children were told an interesting story by the grandfather.
59
1. NapiSite na bosanskome jcziku prijevode svih primjera koji su navedeni pri
objasnjavanju pasiva u engleskom jcziku.
60
12. Two police officers pushed the robber out of the room.
13. Most probably they will print this f~llnous novel in Sarajevo.
14. Such newspaper reports confuse many readers.
15. The English police arrested the driver for speeding.
J 6. Someone must fix that leaking sink.
17. The boss yelled at the employee for being an hour late.
18. The film director will direct a new expensive film.
19. He had painted this painting beforc he came to Bosnia.
20. This famous inventor has invented many useful machines.
2 J • Mary must write down John's telephonc number.
22. Maria has done all the dishes in a VCIY short time.
23. The police have\been chasing the robber al! over the town.
24, Somebody has turned oirthe lights,
25, The parents woke up both children,
26. They must look into that matter.
27. Today the teacher wil! give us a new test.
28. This doctor ordered the patient to rest for two weeks at least.
29. The computer performs these mathematical operations in no time.
61
KONDICIONAL
Kondicionalima se iskazuju pogodbcne recenice, tj. uvjeti pod kojima ce se radnja glavne
recenice 1zvrsiti iii se nece izvrsiti. Razlikujcmo tri vrste kondicionala:
za izrazavanje pogodbe u sadasqjosti;
• za iskazivanjc ostvarive, rcaine i moguce pogodbe lIpotrebom preterita;
• za kazivanjc Ilcostvarive, irealnc pogodbe upotrebom pluskvamperfekta.
Pri izrazavanju pogodbenih rccenica sva tri pomcnuta tira koristi 5e jedan od dva
postojeca kondicionala: kondicional I (The Present Conditional) i kondicional II (The
Past Conditional).
Ponovo treba naglasiti da Future in the Past i The Present Conditional imaju identicne
oblike, ali se njihove semanticke karaktcristil{c medusobno bitno razlikuju. Stoga
futur prosli moramo prevoditi na nas jezik nasim futurom, a kondicional I nasim
pogodbenim reccnicama. Ocito, tc razlike u znacenju dviju idcnticnih glagolskih [ormi
su zaista velike i ta razlicitost u znacenju sc ne smijc zanemariti.
Tvorba
Upitni oblik pravimo inverzijom, tj. zamjenom mjesta glagola should (would) i subjekta.
• Should I (we) play, cut, smile, cany, write, study, read, start.
• Would you (they, he, she) play, cut, smile, carry, write, study, read, start.
6)
• Should I (we) not play, cut, smile carry, write, study, read, start?
• Would you (they, she, he) not play, cut, smile, carry, write, study, read?
• Shouldn't I (we) wouldn't you (they, he she) play, cut, smile, eany itd.
Napomena: Veoma cesto piSli se i govore sazeti oblici II potvrdnim, odricnim i odricno
~llpitnil11 I'ecenicama.
• I'd, we'd, you'd, he'd, she'd, they'd play, cut, smile, carry, 'write, read. ftd.
• /'d not, (iii Ishouldn 't) we'd not, (we ).jlou/dn i) you'd not (vou wouldn't) she'd not
(she wouldn't), he 'el nol (lte rvouldn 't), they 'e! not (they lNouldn i) play, cut, smile,
Can)', write, read, start.
Vpotrcba
SadasnJost:
• If they carne here now, they wOll1 d help us for sure.
Da dodu ovamo, ani bi nam pomogli.
• What would you think if I did such a thing?
Sta bi ti mislio da uradim nesto tako?
• Ifwe bought tickets, we would go to the movie theatre.
Da kupimo ulaznice, isli bismo u kino.
• lfmy friends weren't too busy, they would play with us.
Da nisu zauzeti igrali bi se sa nama .
.. She wouldn't have any problems, if she studied harder.
Ne bi imala nikakvih problema, da vise uti.
• We would go to the U.S.A .. if we hill! any 0ppOltunity.
ISH bismo u SAD da imamo neku mogucnost.
• She would be vely foolish if she did something like that.
BHa bi veoma blesava da uradi neato tako.
• If my parents ~ rich, they would buy me a new car.
Da su moji roditelji bogati, kupili bi mi nova kola.
• If the mechanic could fix our car by tomorrow, we would visit our uncle.
Ako mehanicar 1110gne popraviti nasa kola do sLltra, Illi bismo posjetili naseg amidztl
- daidzu.
· rf she came in by.f1ve 0 'clock we would go out to ({ restaurant }vith he/:
Da dode do pet sati iZ<lsli bismo sa njolll u restoran.
·Ifwe were able to finish our job by 4 p.m. we would play basketbalL
Ako mognemo zavrsiti svoj posao do 4 popodne, igrali bismo kosarku
63
o They wouldn't try it again, if they knew all the circumstances.
Ne bi to ponovo pokuasli da znaju sve okolnosti.
Upitni oblik pravi se inverzijom potvrdnog oblika, tj. zamjenom mjesta subjekta i
glagola should, would.
e Should I (we) have played, cut, smiled, carried, written studied, read, ...
• Would you (they, he, she) have played, cut, smiled, carried, written, read?
Odricni oblik pravi se upotrebom negacije not koja se dodaje potvrdnom obliku iza
pomoC:lloga glagola "to have".
• I (we) should have not played, cut, smiled, carried, written, studied, read)
• You (they, she, he) would have not played, cut, smiled, carried, written
• Shouldn't I have played, cut, smiled, carried, written, studied, read? Would you
(they, he, she) not have played, cut, smiled, carried, written,
• Wouldn't you (they, he, she) have played, cut, smiled, canied, written,
NrlpOlllena: Pot\nln;, odriclli i odricno-upifni ahlici se (~eSfa IIpafl'eblal'{{jll II
sazetqj/i)f"fni: 1 'd (we 'dj it; I (we) should/) 't have played, clll, smiled,
carried, written, stlfded, read, itd.
" Yall 'd (they'd, he'd, she'd) not have pjayed, cut, smi/cd, carried, writte
&Yr)1I (t//(:v, she, he) l,vollldl1 i have played, Clft, smiled, carried. written.
Upotrcba
65
KONJUNKTIV
Indikativom se iskazuju radnje iii zbivanja koji su reaini, koji se stvarno dogadaju,
koji su se dogodili iIi ce sc dogoditi. On, dakle, iskazuje stvarne cinjenice, konstatacije,
stvama dogadanja ili nedogadanja.
• They go ta school.
• Azra doesn't like to get up early.
• My mother has lived in Mostar for 10 years.
• They visited us an Sunday,
• Has he always been such workaholic?
• She had forgotten to ask about it.
• He will come in time.
• Are you going to travel this week?
1.Glagol "to be" u svim licima konjunktiva prezenta ima isti oblik: infinitiv bez "to~
be you be he be she be it be we be they be,
2,U prvom i treccm lieu Past Tens-a u konjunktivu se koristi oblik were umjesto was.
(Jf! 'were, ifhe were, ifshe were). Ostali oblici Past Tens-a ostaju isti kao u indikativu).
3. U trecem lieu jednine u Present Simpl-u ucma nastavka s kojije u indikativu obavezan
(osim izuzetno kod nekih glagola): he go, she go, it go,
Upotreba
66
1. Konjunktiv upotrijebljen u glavnoj recenici iskazuje zelju.
•Iwill =
I lucky enough to get the scholarship!
• I wish I ~ in your shoes!
• Long llY.c. our country!
~ Long llY.c. our freedom!
• Long l~ the young couple!
67
IMPERATIV
Zapovjednim se naCinom izrazava naredba, zahtjev, zabrana, opomcna, paziv i molba.
Za drugo lice jednine i mnozine zapovjcdni nacin identican je infinitivu glagola bez
"to".
·~here.
• Ask him about it.
• Qp.rn the window.
• Hurry up
• Sit down.
• ~ this book, not that one.
• Th.ll me the truth.
• Take him out.
• Switch the light QiI.
U odricilom obliku imperativa u drugoml ieu jednine i mooiinc isprcd gJagola stavlja
se odricni oblik pomocnog glagola "to do": do not (don't).
• Do not (don't) ask him about it.
• DQ not (don't) sit down here.
• Do not ( don 'j) take this book.
• Don'1 (do noO open the window.
• Don't (do not) come late to school.
.. Don't (do not) take him out.
• Don't (dol1Q1} eat too much icc cream .
.. Do not (don't) listen to her.
69
Subjekt se u imperativu izostavlja za drugo licejednine ako imperativ nije upotrijebljen
emfaticno. Ali ako se zahtjev odnosi na vise osoba onda se, za drugo lice mnozine,
stavlja zamjenica you ispred imperativa.
• Sil down. (jedno lice).
• Ylli! Ann and Maty sit down.
• Slay in your room. (jedno lice).
• Ylli! two stay in your rooms.
• \Vrite these sentences down.
e You all write these sentences down,
Uz imperativ moze se upotrijebiti please iii will you. U tom slucaju ne iskazuje se
naredba. zahtjev, nego rnolba, sugestija, nesto nagJaseniji prijedlog ,a won't you pretvara
zahtjev u pozlv i prijedlog.
• ~ lhis leIter, ~. Woo't you write this letter?
• ~ me these books, will you Won't you give me these books?
• ~ mathematics, !lkl= Won't you study mathematics?
•sum smoking, !lkl= Won't you stop smoking?
• Cilll me back, ~. Won't you call me back?
KHd uz glagol stoji prcpozicija iii ncka druga partikuhl , onda se one u il11pcrativu
najcesce upotrebljavaju na kraju recenice, ali se one IllOgU upotrijebiti i neposredno
nakon imperativa
• :I:iJJs& your books llllI. Take out your books.
• Iw:n the TV Qlh II.iJ:n...Qn the TV
• Write my phone number llilli:u. Write down my phone number.
• P.ll.t the light Qlh lJ.lLQn the light.
• Drink up the mille l2rink the mi Ik lIj2.
Kad se poslije imperativa upotrijebi zamjcnica kao objekt, onda pattikule i prepozicije
moraju biti na kraju recenice.
• Bring them in.
• Look it up.
70
o Drink it up.
UCtivi zahtjevi
Najces6i nacini ispoljavanja tih blagih zahtjeva su: Would you, will you, could you,
caD you + infinitive bez ~'to."
Potrebno je da se ovi oblic; usvoje vee u prvim fazama ucenja i da se pravl imperativj
upotrebljavaju samo izuzetno i rijetko. Izrazima would you? i could you? iskazuje se
btagi zahtjev u formalnoj atmosferi gdje ima {judi koje ne poznajete a njima se obracate,
dok se izrazi will you? can you? upotreb\javaju l! neformalnoj atmosferi, dakle u situaciji
kad se obraca poznanicima, iii bliskim osobama.
Izmedu fraza could you? i would you? nema nikakvih bitnih razlika, a takode nema
razlika izmedu izraza can you i will you?
71
e Would you help me please? ( umjesto: Help me please.)
• \Vil1 you (can you) QQ it for me'?
• Cmllil you (~you) stay here f'or an hour or two'?
• Could you ~ you) QJ2Cll the windo\v'?
• Cilll you (will you) take this dog out?
e .cnu you (yJll you) ~ to see us on Sund,1y'l
• Cill.l you (.lYill you) rul1 a taxi?
• Cilll you ( lYill you) clem} up this mess?
Fraza would you mind ko1'isti se testo u cng!eskom jcziku da uclivo izrazi prijedlog,
blagi zahtjev, sugcstiju, Nakon "would you mimI" maze sc upotrijebiti jedna ad dvije
mogucnosti:
Kad se ouaberc nastavak if, onda se iza toga upotrijebi Past Tense, a semanticka poruka
je trazcnjc dopustcnja da se Besto udni. Ova struktura zapravo znaci: smcta Ii yam ako
zatvorim prozor, sto implicira prijedlog, sugestiju. Upotreba Past Tense-a ne znaci da se
radnja odnosi na pros!ost. Radnja se, zapravo, odnosi na sadasnjost iii buducnost.
Vv'ould you mind my smoking ima slicnQ znacenje kao a) struktura ("if struktura").
Medutim b) struktura (gerund) vise se koristi kad se sugestija upucuje nekome drugom
da nesto ucini, lako sc u govornom jcziku cesto upotrebljava gerund i kad sc traii
dopustcnje. Mogucc je, prclll<J tome, rVouid YOIl mind Illy smoking? (Smclll Ii 1/(l/1I (//w
pUSilll?) lii J-VouLd you I/Iilld opening the window sto bi se preve/o sa: Bisie Ii otvorili
prozor?
Sugcriran,ie lIeke radnje u cngleskom jeziku pocesto se vrsi izrazima: Why don't
we'! lli shall we'!
e Why don't we £n.li our parents now? Shall we call our parents now?
• \Vhy don't we ~ Sl1.all wc~
• \Vb\' don't we meet at four o'clock? Shall we ~ at four o'clock?
• \Vhv don't we ~ something? Shall we ~ something?
INFINITIV
Neprelazni g\agoli nemaju infinitive pasiva. Otudaje njiilov broj manji (cetir!) 1I odnosu
na infinitive prelaznih gJagola kojih imn sese U aktivu neprelazni imaju iste oblike
infinitiva kaQ i prelilznj glngoli
Ove oblike, tvorbu i upotrebll treba ukratko obrazloziti. Nacelna infinitivi imajll svojstva
gJagoJa ali i neka svojstva imenica. Glago\ske osobine in fin it iva se potvrduju Cinjenicom
da infinitivi mogu imati razl iCita vremena i aspekte (sto je svojstvo sarno glagola), imaju
oblike u aktivu i u pasivu, a karakteristike imenica se potvrouju cinjenicom da infinitivi
mogu biti upotrijebleni i u funkcUi su~iekta i u funkciji objekta.
Infinitiv prez~nta; to write, to smile, to cut, to study, to eany, to send. Ovaj infinitiv je
naznacen u Ijecnicima. Njegovu tvorbu nije potrebno objasnjavati.
73
Upo!reb.
Infinitiv moze u recenici imati tri razlicite funkcije iako mu oblik ostaje nepromijcnjen.
Ta cinjenica odreduje i mogucnosti upotrebe infinitiva. Razni oblici infinitiva se u
engleskom jeziku testa upotrebljavaju, svakako mnogo ceSce U odnosu na nas jezik.
Stoga je neophodno pokazati mogucnosti upotrebe infinitiva u engleskom jeziku.
74
• I bought the history book WEill).
~ Some people go to the conecti just to be seen in the theater.
.. That job needs to be done as accurately as possible .
.. The patient went to his doctor to be examined .
.. They stayed at home ~ for an important phone caB.
Iza izvjesoog broja glagola kao slo su: to know to teach, to learn to show, upotrebljava
se rijec how,
• They know how to do it.
• He showed us how to swim.
• The teacher taught his students how to dan~.
• In this way we leam how to concen~
e I didn't know how 10 help in this situation.
6. Odredeni broj pridjeva koji izrazavaju osje¢aIlje ( h~lppy, delighted, gJad, sorry,
pleased, sad, relieved, proud itd.), zatim neki drugi pridjevi koji ne izrazavaju osjecanje
i raspolozenje kuo fortunate, lucky, ready, anxious, eager, hesitant, reluctant itd,
nalaze da se iza njih upotrijebi intinitiv sa "to",
75
• I was glad ~ a letter from you.
o She was relieved In find out that she passed the test.
7. Infinitiv sa "to" upotrebljava se poslije upitnih rijcci: what, whom, whose, which,
110\"', when, where, whether.
• \Ve really didn't know what to do.
• Have you already decided whom to invite to the dinner'?
• I don't know :i:Y.b.i.ctl or these three books to take.
• Nobody knows how they C(l1I be l/l?/um right "mv.
• Have you forgotten 110W to do it?
• Of course they will know when 10 come.
• I-lave you decided where to go?
• They didn't kno\N whether to !Jo or to wait.
• Nobody was sure \vhen to caillhe manager.
8. Poslije red nih brojeva, superlativa pridjcva fraza: the only, the only one
upotrebljava se infinitiv sa "to".
• That must be the best thing to do now.
• They were the last 10 ask about the accident.
• He was the first 10 con,gm1lliut~ us on our success.
• The oJ1(v one to (/vrce with Ollr slfggesstioll was Azra.
• It was the only news to be discussed at the press conference.
9. Nakon glagola to need i to dare kaJ se !lC ujJotrcbljavaju kao 1110ua!ni glagoli vee
kao glagoli sa samostalnim znacenjclTl upotrebljava se infinitiv sa "to". Uz gtagol ought
obavezan je lnfinitiv sa "to"
• He needs 1.QJlQ it inlluediate!!y.
• Does he really need 10 know all these details?
• I-Ie dared his rivals to try to run as fast as he did.
• You don't need to worry at aiL
• He ought 1Q.gQ. there every Saturday.
• We ought to write this letter immediately.
11. lza iZrrlZ{( too + pric(jeJ! i pl'h(jel' + enough o/;uve::{[njc illfjllifil' S'{[ "to ",
e They were too busy to hear and 1Q understancll1s
• He was too tired 1.QJJ..clp LIS.
e She was too nice ~ something like that.
1. Iza defektnih glagola: can, could, must, may, might, shall, should, will, would, a
ponekacl iza glagola need I dare.Kad se ova dva posljeclnja glagola upotrijebe kao pomocni
obavezan jc krnji infinitiv.
• I think I shall do it tomorrow.
• I would help him in this situation.
• J-Je dare not kill him again.
• She need not come today at all.
• Cill1 you g.Q with me tomorrow night?
• It is cold and it might snow tomorrow.
• Probably she will forgive all of them.
• I-Ie said he could trans!8tc the letter without any help.
• You must gtljJJ2. very early tomorrow m0111ing.
2. [za glagola "to make" u znacenju prisiliti. navesti, nagovorili i glagola to let"
upotrcbljava se k111ji infinitiv. Iza g!agola "to help" upotrebljiv je infinitiv sa iii bez "to".
• Let them finish their job.
• Thc actrcss made the audience liw,gh.
• Tbis judge made him confess his crime,
• Let her write this letter first.
• My parents Mmc drive thcir car.
• Our tcacher usually let us discuss many topics with him.
• Don't let him gQ out. It's mining.
• His son and daughter ill~ him stop smoking.
• We didn'l make them writc this sentence.
• The boss mad.!: his secretary answer all business letters.
• \Vhat makes you think so?
77
o Hcl.u me (to) move out of this apartment.
o l:1..cll2 your mother fJ.Ql.s.QLthe table.
o Let's wait [or him in front of the theater.
o Ltlthem S1!Y. what they want to.
• We m8dc OUf father QJ.li.1 smoking.
b) Infinitiv perfekta obiCnog aktiva i pas iva ima samostalnu i dosta cestu upotrebu.
1. Infinitiv perfekta oznacava radnju koja se desila priie radnje izrazene liCnirn
glago\skim oblikom,
• He was velY happy iiLhave met such a nice girl.
e I was satisfied to haye been understood correctly .
Preostali oblici infinitiva: trajni infinitiv prezenta, trajni infinitiv perfekta, ne moraju se
posebno objasnjavati, jer se rijetko upotrebljavaju.
79
GERUND
Gerund je glagolska imcnica koja sc gradi dodav3njcm nastavka iug infinitivu glagola.
To znaci da se gerund grad! na isti nnein k<1o i particip prezenta j da pri tome u gJagolu
mogu nastati iSle promjcnc kao i prj tvorbi participa prczenta. Tc promjcnc su naznaccnc
uz objasnjcnjc Present ContinuOLls (Progressive) Tense-a. (jcrund treba mzlikovati ad
imcl1ica koje se zavrsavaju na ·,·jog a kojc nCl1laju svojstva gcrtlnda: b.u.iJ.ili1lg. morning. .
evcnjn!,§:. bappening, marketing.
Gerund moie imati imenicka iii glagolska svojstva tj. biti upotrijebUcn i kao imcnica i
kao gJagolskii oblik, pa in cinjcnica odrcduje svc rnogucnosli upotrebe gcrunda a one su
vcoma razlicitc.
Subjckt
Reading is a very useful skill.
• Hunting was a popular sport in England.
• Talking about politics is crucial for some people.
• Smoking is forbidden in this waiting room.
a Interrupting people white they arc talking is not. polite.
Determinativi
Upotreba
Gerund se veoma testo upotrebljava iii u funkciji imenice iIi u funkciji glagola, pa.ie
potrebno poznavati ol<oll1osti u kojima je njegova llpotreba ne sarno pozeljna vee i
potrebna.
1.. Cestaje upotreba gerunda iza glagola koji iskazuju pocetak, zavrsetak iii nastavak
glagolsl<e radnje. Takvi glagoli su: finish, quit, stop, keep (keep on), begin, start, end,
continue, go on, postpone, put off itd.
• He finished reading his book at six o'clock.
• His father has some heatt trouble and he must quit smoking
• Do you ever stop talking?
.. Keep writing your report and finish it before noon.
o They will begin writing as soon as they come home.
2. U ovu kategoriju spadaju i glagoli koji iskazu.iu osjecanja : enjoy mind appreciate,
love hate like dislike. zatim gJagoli: avoid delav consider talk about. speak, mention.
suggest prefer itd
.. She enioyed (liked loved) swimming at noon and gQ.ing out in the evening.
• Many people hate {dislike} going to the dentist.
• Did you consider moving to another apartment?
• I hope you don't mind my smoking
• They enjoyed reading vel)' much and they talked ahout reading a long time .
.. This woman avoided working late at night.
.. They .s.p~lill.YjD.lllQill1 very much when they were young.
• My aunt always preferred traveling by air.
3. Poslije izraza: it is no lISC, how about, it is no good, I can't help, to look forward
to, to feel like, to be accustomed to, to be fond of, to be afraid of, to be proud of, to
get (be) used to, to be interested in, would you mind, do you mind, zatim poslije
pridjeva worth i busy upotreb\java se gerund .
.. Many young people are proud ofbejng students .
.. I'm still not used to getting up so early.
• It's no good talking about it now.
e Is it worth trying to save them in these circumstances?
83
• We cOlll<1n'1' help smiling all the time.
• Do YOlllllind my smoking in this room?
• Would you mind my coming in a bit late tomorrow?
• ['m looking fonyard to meeting you there.
• It wou! d be WOl1 h trying it once more.
o They are very (ond of walking early in the morning.
4. Gerund perfekta izrazava radnju koja prethodi radnji izrazenoj licnim glagolskim
oblikom.
• I'm extremely sorry for having lied to you this sad news.
• The student went out without having answered my questions.
• That little girlleji the room lvitliout bein/( taught hmv to sing this song.
• He traveled abroad without having bought a new suit.
• He went to school after haying written his homework.
• Azra felt happy after having passed all the necessary exams.
• After having been lold what to do she began doing it.
• We are sorry for having mentioned your man"jage troubles.
Napomena: Oblici gerunda sadas'~ieg aktiva i pasiva '". asking i being asked, £1!..l2Q.
identiCnj ob1icima participa sadaSnjeg aktjya j pasiya . To isto vazi i
[Ol'!ui
za oblike gerunda aktiva i pasiva proslog koji su formal no jdentj¢ni sa
obJjcjma pa!1icipa proSlog aktjytl i pn$jya' having asked i having been asked.
PARTICIPI
Participi su vrsta rijeci koje mogu imati dvojake osobine: a) osobine glagola, b) osobine
pridjeva.
Kao pridjevi participi stoje ispred imenica i pokazuju njihova svojstva. Kao i svi drugi
pridjevi mogu se upotrijebiti atributivno (ispred imenica) iii predikativno (kao diD
predikata).
Postoje po dva oblika paIiicipa aktiva i pasiva: particip sadaSnji i pD!1'icip perfekta
Particip prezenta
Tvorba patticipa prezenta i promjene kaje pri tome nastaju su obrazlozeni u dijelu koji
se odnosi na tvorbu i upotrebu Present Tense Progressive,
Paliicip prezenta sluzi da se pomoctt njega grade svi oblici trajnih (progressive) vremena
i 0 toj fuukeiji bilo je rijee! na vise mjesta prilikom njihovih objasnjenja. Ali particip
prezenta moze imati i sljedece cetiri samostalne funkcije tj. mogucnosti upotrebe:
• atributska upotreba (pddjev ispred imenice da je poblize oznaei);
• predikativna upotreba (pridjev koji se dodaje glagolu - predikatu - da mu dopuni
znacenje);
• upotreba u sluzbi skracivanja recenica;
• dopuna izvjesnim ustaljenim frazama.
Atributivna upotreba: a flying bird, a crying child, a smiling girl, a singing actress, a
lasting peace, breaking news, an encouraging event, a room with running water, working
people, a freezing wind itd.
Predil{ativ : a bird is flying, a child is crying, a girl is smiling, an actress is singing, the
peace is lasting, the event is encouraging itd.
Skracivanje recnica: Coming borne late at night, she went to bed, to have a good rest.
(when she came home ...... )
• Knowing this we decided to give up,
• We enjoyed having such nice weather (as we had, .)
• We thanked him for d.illn.g us such a favor; (because he did us ... ).
• Being recognized he ran away as quickly as he could, (When they",)
• They saw a lot of people waiting for the train (who were waiting for ... )
• LOQkin~ up Maria saw her good school friend. (When she looked up ... )
85
Ovoj kategoriji pripadaju glagoli koji iskazuju. fizicke percepcijc: to watch to see. to
hear to notice to smell to look at to listen to to observe zatim g!agoli: to feel. to
~ jer se iza njih skracuje zavisna rccnica.
I watched (saw observed) the plane landinb{ (The plane that was landing.)
We heard (noticed) something moving behind us, (that something was)
I;uncll something hlli:ni.!:u! in the kitchen. (that something is burning ... ) They ~
at (watched, saw, observed) the birds ~birds which were ..
John felt the whole hOllse shaking, (That the house was shaking,)
All the students cl~oycd ~to the park after the lecture,
Ustaljene Craze
Particip prosli aktiva ima dva oblika u pasivu jedan oblik u aktivu. U aktivu se prosli
particip gradi od glagolskog oblika having kome se dodaje particip perfekta, Particip
pro~ili pasiva gradi se od gJagolskog oblika haying been i participa perfekta gJagola koji
zelimo upotrijebiti. Drugi je particip prosli pas iva zapravo preterit i on je kod svih
pravilnih i ,iednog rnanjeg broja nepravilnih glagoJa identiCan sa participom perfekta,
Pmiicip proSli aktiva: having asked, having written, having finished, having sent,
having ordered, having done ......
Pmiicip proSli pasiva' having been asked, having been written, having been fInished,
having been sent, baving been ordered, having been done ....
Upotreba
1. Participom proslim iskazuje se zayr$ena prQ~;la radnja koja se dogodila prije Deke
druge prosle radnje. To znaci da ovi participi (aktiva i pas iva) preuzirnaju funkciju
pluskvamperfckta.
• Haying finished his entire job, Peter went home.
o Having recovered from her surprise, Mary described the danger.
87
4. Partieip prosli u strukturi "causative infinitive" sa glagolom had (get u ovom slucaju
IlQmoZe biti upotriiebJjen) ima donekle izmijenjcDo znacenie gJago)a "to have" Had, u
kombinaciji sa participom proSlim znad pretrpjcti stetu, nesto podnositi, dozivjeti, itd.
• My father had his car ~ two days ago,(Mom oeu ostctili su" .. )
• I krlmY that they had their apartment QrQkru into on Saturday night. (Znam da je
neko provalio u njihov stan .... )
• During the bombardment a lot of buildings had their windows ~. (Na mnogo
zgrada su polomljeni prozori u toku bombardovanja ... )
• We hillL enough money ~ for new furniture, ( Ustedeno je dosta novea ... )
iii futurom, glagol upotrijebljen u sporednoj recenici moze biti u rna kojem
vremenu, zavisno od konteksta i smisla recenice.
1. Istovremcne radnje
• He :wid he understood English very welL (Rekao je da razumije ... )
• She 1.hru1.ght that the lecture ~ very important. (Mis1ila je da je predavanje veoma
vazno).
• I QQll.ldn'1" remember what his name~. (Nisam se mogao sjetiti imena).
• 1 ~ that it was raining. (Primijetio sam da pada kisa)
• He W1lkd to tell her who he illlJi. (Htio joj je reci ko je on).
• I 1.hru1.ght my friends ~ at home.(Mislio sam cia su mi prijatelji u kuCi).
• He drank because he illlJi thirsty. (Pia je jer kllli.l zedan).
• He ~ all morning because he illlJi happy. (Svirao je cijelo jutro jer .il;.J2.iQ.
sretan. )
• It was raining when I cam~home. (Pad ala je kisa kad sam dosao kuci).
89
Kantekst i smis(lo recenice adre(tl!je li l1{{sem jeziku kaje cemo ad fa dva
vremena upolrijebiti, dok u engleslwlJI Vl'emel1ll pravilo kale da se za
istovf'emene radnje 11 sporednoj recenici fI10ra upolrijebiti Past Tense (aktiv
iIi pasiv) ako je u glaviloj recenici upatrijebljen Past Tense (akriv iii pasiv).
lzuzetak
e moil poruku).
• He silld that he had writtetrthe report. (Rekao ie cia ie napisao izvjestaj.)
• 1 ~ that they had not been waiting too long. (liadao sam se cia nisu predugo
cekali.)
• I2id you k.nmY what he had doue? (Jesi ti znao sta je on uraclio?)
Gornji primjeri potvduju da ovaj tip recellica prevodi na nas jezik perfektom, iako se
radnja sporedne recenice desila prijc glavne reccnice,
90
IZl1zetak
Kadje radnja glavnc recenice izrazena preteritom a radnja sporedne recenice odnosi se
na buducnost, onda se ta buducnost iskazuje upotrebom futma II prosJosti (Future in
the Past)
• They wrote that they would come on Sunday.
• I was quite sure he would not do such a thing
• He silld he would be very tired then,
• We didn't know it ~~ so difficult.
• We were told that our uncle would arrive at 5 p.m.
• Semir thought he would leave for Sarajevo on Monday.
• They ~ they would have to work very hard,
• It was known that the next meeting would be held on Saturday,
Ako je 1I glavooj recenici upotrijebljen prczen t (Prcscn t Tense- aktiv ili pasiv), pcrfel(t
(Prcsent Perfect Tense -·aktiv ili pasiv) iii futur (Future Tense ~<1ktiv iii pasiv), onda
(lcma slagnn,ia vrcmcna tj, U spoJ'cdnoj reCenici mule biti upotrijcblieno 1113 koie yri~
II sklad!! sa zahtieyima konteksta
• She will probably tell you that she was not home at noon.
e She is telling you that she is at home,
• She has told you that she is at home now (~ at home, ~at home, had been
at home then).
• I am quite sure everything is fine (~ tine, ~ fine, has been fine had been
fine, lYllllld be fine).
iii
f
91 ,I
I
• He has. just 1ill.d me that he is very happy (~ happy, was happy, would be
bappy, bas been bappy) tbere .
• Maria says she is writing (wrote. has written. will wriite will be writing ... ) her
report.
UPRAVNI I NEUPRAVNI GOVOR
U razgovoru ucesnici cesto iskazuju necije tvrdnje, konstatacije, poricanja, pitanja itd.
Pri tome to se maze uciniti oa elva oaeina:
l.citiranjem tj. doslovnim navodenjem necijih rijeCi (upravni gayor);
2.prepricavanjem sadrzaja iskaza, tvrdnje, poricanja, pitanja bez doslovnog
ponavljanja govomikovih rijeci (neupravni gavor)
1. Promjene lica
Promjena liea U odnosu na direktni govor logicna je i nije sarno svojstvena engleskom
vee i drugimjezicima. To je iogicna posJjedica promjcne situaeijskoga kontekstualnog
okvira. Pravila 0 promjeni liea nalazu da se:
mijenja u he iii she;
You he, she iIi I;
We they.
93
3. Promjcnc 11 glagolskilll vrelllcnima
Najvise promjena u neupravnom govoru desava se u vremenima glagola. U neupravnol11
govoru obavczna jc prillljena pravila 0 slaganju vremcna.
BuduCi da su pravila a slaganje vremena objasnjena i potvrdena primjerima u poglavlju
o slaganju vrcmena nije potrebno to i ovdje ponavljati. Samo ce se naznaciti nekoliko
primjera kao ilustracija upotrebe neupravonga govora .
.. He says, " I study very hard every day."
• He says (that) he studies very hard every day.
• Ali He said (that) he studied vcry hard every day
• The manager says: "I am too busy now, but if you come tomorrow, I'll be able to
see you then."
• The manager says that he is too busy but if! come tomorrow he'll be able to see
me (you us,) then
• Ali: The manager said that he was too busy that day but if I came the next day he.
would be able to sec me then.
• My friend says: " I will go back to the school because I forgot my books there."
• My friend says that he (she) will go back to the school because he (she) forgot his
(her) books there.
• Ali: My friend said that he (she) would go back to the school because he (she)
hnd fOI'f'ottcII his (her) books there.
Svi navedelli prin~jeri potvrduju cia se pravila 0 slaganju vremena primjenjuju samo u
sluc\lju da glavna rec~el1ica koristi preterit (mid) i cia tog slagU/{ja ne1l1({ ako je u glavnoj
rec~e!lici upotrUebljel1 prczcnt, peJ.fekt Wlutw: Druge promjene se, naravno, primje,~jliju
i fwd nema s/aganja vrcmena (1((10 pl'omjene z({mjenica, prUoga itd)
4. Promjena struktufc upitne recenice u neupravnom govonl
Prenosenje sadrzaja pitanja u indirektnom govoru ima svoje specificnosti. Umjesto
glagola "to say", "to tel!" upotrebljavaju se u indirektnim pitanjima glagoli "to ask" "to
want to know" "to inquire" "to wonder." U upitnim recenicama koje pocinju nekom
upitnom rijeci: When, which, who, why, what, how many, how much itd. te upitne
rijeCi tl inc1irektnom govoru koriste se kao veza (spona) izmedu glavne i sporedne
recenice.
• "How often did you go to football matches last year?" my friend asked.
• My friend asked how often I had gone to footba!! matches the year before,
9S
• "Where were you three weeks ago?"
• She asked me (she wanted to know) where I bad been three weeks earlier
Znacenja ovih dvaju glagoJa su slicna ali Be identicna. Medu njima postoje odredene
razlike i njihova pravilna upotreba pricinjava odrcdcne tcskoce govornicima bosanskog
jezika.
Glagol "to say" upotrebljavamo u ovim slucajevima:
• Sam said: "1 am very busy and I cannot belp you now"
• Sam said that he was very busy and he could not help me then.
• Ali: Sam told me that he was very busy and that he could not help me then.
Navedeni primjeri pokazuju da se ova dva gJagola ("to say", "to tell") sarno u jed nom
slucaju upotrebljavaju u slicnim, ne identicnim okolnostima kada se upotrebljavaju u
neupravnorn govoru, (Razlike u njihovoj upotrebi u neupravnom govoru su vidljive u
prethodnim objasnjenjima i primjerima), U 5vim drugim slucajevirna mogucaje upotreba
sarno jednog glagola: u upravnom govoru sarno 5e upotreb~java "to say", II imperativll
moguce je upotrijebiti sarno "to tell".
97
POGODBENE RECENICE
Pogodbene (kondicionalne) su jedna vrsta zavisno s,lozcnih recenica. One sc sastoje od
glavne i pogodbene, tZY. if recenice. Ifrecenica iskazuje uvjet, a 11102e prethoditi glavnoj
reccnici ili se nalaziti iza nje. Pored veznika if u pogodbenoj roccnici maze se upotrijebiti "i
vezl1ik unless koji zapravo znaCi if ll.Ql.. Posta.unks..s. sadrzi u sobi i ncgaciju glagol iza
tog vcznika nc moze biti upotrijcblicn U odrjCoo!J) Qbliku u zavisnoj reCenici
U glavnoj receoici moze se upotrijebiti i odricni i potvrdni oblik. Pri upotrcbi veznika
~ sporedna receniea maze prethoditi glavnoj iii biti upotrijebljena iza nje.
Kondicionalne recenice mogu im3ti i jos oeke veznike kao: Q1} condition that. in case
(that), supposing, provided that itd. Medutim veznik if najcescije pa se stoga pogodbene
recenice cesto nazivaju if-recenicailla.
Imaju6i to u vidu sve pogodbcne recenice dijeliI110 na tri tipa (v1'ste). P1'voI11 tjpu pripadaju
po god bene recenice sa ostvarivim uvjetom, drugom recenice sa neostvarenim
(neispunjenim) ali moguCim (ispunjjvilll, ostvarivilll) uvietorn a treCem (jpu pripadaju
recenice u kojima su uvjcti ncostvarivi. nemogu¢i irealni
9vom tipu pripadaju recenice koje po ~j i nisl! PQgodbene ali po svojoj 5uStjnj
one to jesu. U njima se ne mora (a maze) upotrijebiti if kao pogodba vee rijeCi koje
ukazuju na uobicajcno ponavljanje radnje U odredenim razmacima when, always when,
whenever, every time.
• We go to the mountains when (whenever. always when) the weather is nice.
o' When I fuel tired I gQ to bed. (If! feel tired, I go to bed).
• Every time r have a fever r g.Q to my doctor. (If f have., .I go to ..
U ovoj vrsti pogodbenih recenica postavlja se uslov koji maze biti suprotan cinjeniCnoID
! stanju iIi jednostavno izrazavati nesto sto nije uracunato kao Cinjenica. Drugim rijecima
! uslov koji se postavUa neostvarenje, neispunjen ali De j nemogu¢ neostyarjy. neispunjiv.
U recenici:" Ifhe came he would help us" (Da doae, on bi nam pOlTIogao) pravo znacenje
I je: on nije dosao i ne maze nam pomoei, ali to ne znaci da je apsolutno sigurno da neee
doci i da nece mod pomoCi. Ove recenice dakle konstatira daje malo vjerovatno, ali ne
nemoguce, cia ce se uvjet ispuniti.
Ova vrsta recenica je nesto tela za nase stuclente (L1ccnike) .ier je obavczna primjena
pravila 0 slaganju vrcmena. To znaci cia se u glavnoj obavczno upotrebljava
kondicional prvi a u if rcccnici preterit (aktiv iii pasiv).
Na nas jczik prevodimo ovakve reeeniee sa "da"+ prezent (cia ima, da dade, cia upita
itd) ili "ako"+ kondicional (ako bi on imao, aka bi do sao, ako hi ... )
• Ifhe hili!. time, we would finish the laboratOlY tests. (Da on ima vremena, .. ili Ako
bi imao vremena .... )
o He would bllY that car ifhe b.illt enough money, (Kupio bi da ima, aka bi imao)
• IfI h.ad more patience, I would listen to him all the time.
• If you didn't carUk.with me, I Wlll~ for a walk. (Da ne ides ... Ja ne bih)
99
• He would work harder if he gill.. better pay. (Radio bi ... Ako bi imao)
• They could call on us if they lY.f!ll.lli! to. (MogIi bi svratiti .... Kad bi voljeJi)
.. You would not feel such pain if you took a painkiller.
• If you knew that, I would be very happy .
.. If they ~ more careful, they wouldn't be in trouble.
Ovom tipu rccenica pripadaju i one kojc se ad nose na buducnost tj. Cija ce se radnja
ostvariti iii se neee ostvariti u buducnosti. Najccsce se U ovakvim reecnicama upotrijebi
i neki prilog vremena koji ukaztve na to da se radi {) buducQj radnji, ali se nckad takvi
prilozi vremena izostave, l1a1'061to aka jc 1z konteksta jasno da je to buduca radnja.
• If they could come tomorrow, they would help us.
• If I were there next week, I would visit him.
• Ifhe ~ the 6 o'clock bus tomorrow, he would not be late.
• If] were given that book next Saturday, I WQuld read it by Monday
• Ylmlld you be surprised if you gut the money tomorrow'?
• If she ~ on time next Sunday, we would take her to the theater.
U ovom tipu recenica maze se takoder umjesto ifupotrebljavati unless (ukoliko ne, aka
n~) ali je i u tom slucaju ohavezno primjenjiv3ti pravila 0 slaganju vremena. U rccenici
sa unless glagol mora biti u potvrdnom obliku.
• Unless they b.uilLthat bridge, we would not be able to go over there,
• The students would not pass the exam unless they worked harder,
• You would not tell me this unless you ~quite sure.
• Water would not' boil unless we ~ it to 100 degrees C.
Ove vrste recenica prevodimo na nas jezik sa "da" + perfekL Njihova semantika
podrazumijeva da se uvjet nije ispunio i posto se odnosio na proslost, ne moze se ni sada
ispuniti, ne moze se korigovati, jer se proslost ne moze mijenjati.
• ffyou had come here in time, you would have seen him.CDa si dosao, vidio bi ga,
ali nisi dosao i nisi ga vidio i to se sad ne moze mijenjati).
• I would have avoided the trouble if! had known all these facts.
• Ifhe had checked up on it he would have been sure about it.
• If she had told you the truth, you would have been astonished.
• If we hadn't stopped him, he would have kept talking.
• If the doctor hadn't told him to do so, he wouldn't have given up smoking.
• Maria would have corne earlier if she had taken a taxi.
• He wouldn't have married her unless she had got (gotten) a lot of money.
• I would have been seasick ifI hadn't taken these pills.
8If it hadn't stopped raining, it would have been impossible to come in time.
• He would have lost his books unless he had put them in this bag.
101
NEPOTPUNI GLAGOLI
1. Cijela skupina glagola trazi neku dupunu da bi imali potPUl10 znaccnje. Bez tih
dopuna oni nemaju puna znacenje OSi111 U odredcnim kontekstima koji podrazu~
mijevanjem osiguravaju dopunu. pOI11Qrnj glagoli shall wi!! se dopunjuju jnfjnitiyoIU
bez "to" da bi se napravilo buduce vrijeme, should i \vOllld da bi se napravio futur drugi
i oha kondicionala.
3. Njihova treca zajednicka karakteristika: u trecem lieu jednine prczenta obicnog (Simple
Present Tense) ne dobijaju nastavak -5 kakav je slucaj sa ostalim giagolima.
5. Peta znacajka ovih glagola cinjenica jc da se mogu upotrijcbiti u pasivu ali tada
imaju neSto izmijenjenu strukturu u odnosu na pasiv 5vih drugih glagola.
1z ove se skupine kao posebna grupa izdvajaju defektni gJagoli koji pored gornjih
karakteristika imaju ijos neka obiljezja svojstvena samo njima, To su g/agoli can, may
must, ought to, need, should, would, dare.
Zajednicko obiljeije svim defektnim glagolima (pored one gore pomenutih pet
karakteristika) cinjenicaje da nemain SV3 yremena koja imaju ostali gJagoli. Njihje
potrebno posebno obrazloziti.
Glago) "can"
Ovaj glagol ima odgovarajuce oblike sarno za prezent (can) i preterit (could). Druga
vremena tvore se pomocu izraza "to be able to".
Treba uociti da se odricni obUk "cannot" uvijek pise zajedoo, nikad odvojcno, sto je
jZllzetak U odoos!I Da sye drHge g!agole.
3. Can i CQuid takoder se cesto preplii:u sa poljem upotrebe defektnog glagola: may.
Ovoj kategoriji upotrebe pripada i odricanje nekome da nesto ne maze (ne smije uciniti).
• You Q.iillll.Q.1 ~ whenever you want.
• C1ill I ~ your car, uncle George?
• Cilllli:!. I ~ your book, please?
• Cilll we (could we) go out now"?
Glagoll'may"
• MiJ:h1 I=
• You may come to me any time next week.
to your office on Monday?
• My friends were not allowed to go abroad.
• She was not pennitted to park her car there.
• Mm'I illu:!:illY your book?
Jn~t
o Whatever one might say .... (Ma sta se reklo.,.)
Glagol "must"
Glagol must ima sarno prezent. Za druga vremena koristi izraz "to have to" iIi to be
obliged to. I must, she must; must I, must he? Za negiranje koristi se oblik must not, ali
mu se tada mijenja znacenje, U negativnorn obliku on ne znaCi ne rnorati. ~
~
Za izrazavanje znacenja ne morati koristi se drugi defektni glagol "need not".
2. vjerovatnoca:
• He!l1llilJls: in New York by now.
• This is a good car. It must cost a lot of money.
• He must have been very tired as he had worked for 16 hours without a break,
• The book is not here, Jane mllst have taken it.
o My mother isn't at home, She must have gone out
• It's late and he hasn't shown up. He must be coming tomon'ow moming.
3. zabrana:
• You mustn't go out right now, it's too dangerous.
• They llllliln:.t.= the prisoner.
• They mtlstn't park their car over there.
105
Gla.gnJi "necd" i "dlue"
Ova dva glagola mogu biti dvojako upotrijebljcna: kao defektni i kao pravilni glagol
bez modalnih obiljezcna. Need kao defektni gIago! je pamjak nasem bezlicnom glagolu
1.l:ctlli.ti a k;w pravilan gJagol on se prcvodi nasim frazama biti potreban zatrebati
Defektni gl{lgo\ need ima samo prezent i sve druge karakteristike defektnih glagola.
UpotreqIjaya;sc u potvrdnom, upitnom i U odricnom obliku. Ali U odriCnom obliku on
"..-." ; !
mije~)l~:s,;ojc 05110vno znacenjc i zIl3ci ne monlti. Tako rccenicu: "I-Ie need not go"
prevod~l11(J;_sa: "On ne mora iei".
Ak(i'ft~:'n~,ea upotrcbljava kao samostalni (pravilni) glagol onda on ima sva obiljezja
pravfJ#Ih-'.,&lagola: dobiia nastavak -s u treeem lieu prezenta jednine (he, she needs);
upitQl)oQ~}{ tvori POlTIO¢U do iii does' odricni oblik sa do not doeWQ1; iZll njega se moze
uPQti~ti~q.w inDo!t!v sa "to" zatim on se ITIoze upotrebljavati u preteritu (nastavak -ed);
a u upithpm obliku sa did.
Glagol dare izrazava izazov i poziv ili pak odsustvo toga ako je u negativuom obliku.
• ~ he do it? ~he !.l.a.@ to do it?
• You !.l.a.@ call him stupid? ]2Q you !.l.a.@ to call him stupid?
• I2ill:cl he to conlinue living this way'?
• J2.lli he dare to continue living this way?
.l2illLt you dare call me stupid!
• /2Qn1YOtl dare to go viyit him!
.G.l.agQli "ollght". "should" i "wQuld"
Defektni glagol ought razlikuje se ad drugih defektnih glagola po tome sto je iza njega
obavezna upotreba infinitiva sa "to". Ow,ht to "'/QuId i would imaju samo po jedan
obHk. Ought (0 i sho/!Id izrazavaju moralnu obavezu. Po tome Sll gotovo identicni, ali
glagol ol/flll to tma nesto nagl(l.~enijll, izrazeniju moralnu obavezu.
Glagol ought to ima samo prezent a za tvorbu ostatih vremena koristi so izraz ~
obliged to".
• They ought to tell the truth. They hllOuld tell the truth.
• Next time you ought to be carefuL Next time you should be careful.
• They ought to get lip earlier. They should get lip cearlier.
e He ot!!Jbt to write this report. He should write this report.
• They were oblijJcd to come on lime every day.
Napomena 2: Ako se poslUe (h~(ektnih glagola upotrebUava gIagol have + past participle
upotr{/eb(jenog glago/a onda fa kOf1strukeija iz/,azava rae/nju kOja n!je
izvr.veno II prosiosti i/ije izvr.Vel1a a Ilije se trebala izvi'Siti.
• /"m sure / could /Jot have understood it.
• They could have done it {(they had tried.
• iVa ria lllf1J!.il11irhO how.> wiysed the 6 0 'dock bus to Sarqjevo
• Why didn ~ YOIl write the address? J dOli 't kl101l', J l1I(/ll (II/il'htl bal'<-' wrUfen it.
• They yhould have l'fyUed him, 1t :'l' pity they didn 'f do it.
• We sholl/da 't have done it.
• She should have been in time.
• We mus.t have wi'twzdet£tood the 'whole message.
• We Y//OII/dn 'f have (/one stich a bad thing.
• She ollght (0 have writl£ll her homework.
• I aug/an ( to have readyollr secret message.
• A1yfather alight to havg bough! the new em; but he had no money.
107
G They nr:edn L have vone to all that trouble.
• y()U lIecdn [ have been so scared.
Ova tri glago!a l110gu se upotrijebiti da oznace kako je lice A. navelo lice B. da nesto
uradi za lice A. Drugim rijecima neko vrS1 (obavlja) radnju rccenice po zelji i zahtjevll
subjckta reccnice. Kad su ova tri glagola upotrijcbljcna u poscbnom, "kauzativnom"
smislu njihova su znacellja sticna ali ne idenliCna. U rccenici "I made my sister write
the homework" znaccnje jc da samje prisilio i da u 10m ona nije imala izbora. U rccenici
""I had my sister write the homework" znacenje je: ona je to uradila jer sam ja trazio,
nije morala, ali je uradila da ispuni moje insistirartic. U recenici "I got my sister ~
the homework." porllka je da samje uvjerio (ubijedio) kako treba napisati svoju zadacu.
Glagol "get" II ovakvoj upotrebi slijedi infinitiv sa "to" a druga dva glagola slijede
infinitivi bez "to"
U gornjim primjerima upotrijebljena je struktura: Past Tense + objekt + infinitiv bez
~
Primjeri:
· I made my sister write the homework i
• I had my sister write her homework. -~ potvrduju gornju konstataciju.
Medutim, postoji i "kauzativna" struktura koja sc gradi taka da iza glagola: have i get
slijedi objekat i particia perfekta giago/a koga felllllG lIDotrijebiti. Neki od sljedeCih
primjera ce to potvrditi.
lOP
QUESTION TAGS
Nasa upitna [raza "Zur ne?" razlicito se prevodi l1a engleski jezik, Najmanje tridesetak
(pa i vise) razlicitih cngleskih ekvivalenata odgovara nasem izrazu "zar ne'?" To nasim
studcntima moze ciniti odrectene poteskoce. Citanjem recenica koje slijede shvatit ce
se da se svaka od navcdenih engJeskih upitnih fraza prevodi sa nasim jednim ~
izrazom "zar ne".
Ta nas Cinjcnica ocito, uvijek stavlja prcd tcZak izbor: Icoji ad moostva 11)o!J11¢ih pri~
izraza "zar ne')" treba upotrijebitj u datom kQntekstu? ler, tridesetak iii viSe mogucnosti
u engleskom jeziku stoje naspram nase jednc mogucnosti, koja se ~ to je jasno - ne
moze upotrebljavati arbitral11o. Prevod naseg izraza "zar ne?" ua englesld jezik mora
slijediti neka pravila koja odreduju kada se neki od mnostva engleskih mogucnosti moze
upotrijebiti.
Opee pravilo koje ce nam pomoci da svaki put ispravno prevedemo ovu nasu frazu na
engJeski jezik gIasi:
• Prvo treba utvrditi u kojem je vremenll prethodna recenica za koju treba postaviti
pitanje "zar ne?" Nakon toga za iZl"az "zal' ne?" koristimo pomocni glagol u istom
tom vremenu II kome je upotrijcbljen 1I prvom dijelu rccenice.
• Pomocni glagol mora biti u suprotnom obliku U odnosu na recenicu koja prethodi
[razl "zar neT'. Ako je pomocni glagol u odricnom. engleski ckvivalent za "zar
ne?" mora biti u potvrdnolTI obliku a ako je pomocni glagol prethodne recenice u
potyrdnom. ekvivalent za "2ar ne" mora bitt U odricnoITl obliku
• Ako je u prethodnoj recenici JJ.I2Qtrijebljen modalni (a ne pomocni) glagoJ, onda se
on uPQtriiebi u upitnoj fraz; umiesto pomoenog glagQla. Pri tome se, kao i kod
pomoenih glagola u frazi "zar ne?" modalni glagol L1vijek koristi u suprotnom
obliku u odnosu na prethodnu reccniclI.
• This is a young man over there, isn't it?( pri g\edanju fotografije).
• They visited the U,S.A last year, didn't lhey'!
• He can speak English, can't he?
• He isn't your brother, is he?
• They can understand normal English conversation, can't they?
.. You are writing a letter, aren't you?
.. You know my friend Bill, don~t you?
• He doesn't work on Sunday, does he?
• She helps you very often, doesn't she'!
• You didn't write your homework, did you?
109
o They don't get up very early, do they,!
Syojstva imenica
Rod: mllski, zenski iii srednji. Po ovom svojstvu englcske imenice razlikuju se od nasih.
Stvari u nasemjcziku imaju gramaticki rod, tj.jedan od tri roda (taj stol, ovaj izlog, onaj
prozoI', ta stolica, ova knjiga, ona sob a, to sed 1o, ovo pero itd.), dok su u engleskom
stvari (sa malim brojem izuzetaka) srednjeg roda.
Broj oznacavajedninu ili mnozinu imenica: book _. books, man -men, woman - women,
boy - boys, friend - friends itd.
113
Padei oznacava ocInos il11enice u recenici prema njenil11 drugim rijcCima. U nasem
jeziku funkcUa imcnice u recenici ocIreduje njene oblike, lljcne padez.ne nastavke. U
engleskomjcziku ne postoje paddni nastavci vcc Sll funkcija i padez odredeni mjestom
u recenici, ili nckil11 ad prijedloga (to, of itd.), odnosno apostrofom - s.
Subjekt: This man is VCty handsome. His sister is beautiful,
Objekt: Do you see that liliLfl over there? Give this book tQ his sister.
Rod imcnica
1. U pdncipu engleski rod slUedi prirodnu odrednicu da su sva ziva bica ili zenskog ili
muskog rada: zene, djevojke, odnosno zenke u zivotinjskom svijetu su zenskog rada,
muskarci, djecaci i l11uzjaci u zivotinjskom svijetu su l11uskog roda. Mala djeca, insekti
i ptice, mladunead zivotinja i stvari (sa malim brojem izuzetaka) imaju srednji rod.
• A ill.illl is coming. lk..is young. I have a new b.Q.Qk.
• A hlrd is flying. A girl is sitting. ~ is reading.
• 11 is velY interesting. 11 is cute. 1:k was a servant.
o A child is clying. II is ilL ~ was a servant, too.
2. Ako su zivotinje a kojima se govori veee iii snaznije, anda one cesto im<\ju muski, a
ako su manje i njeznije zenski rod.
There is a big llilg. lk is dangcl"Ous. This £ill is smalL ~ is nice.
3. Opec imcnicc kojc oznacavaju zanimanjc Sll u cnglcskomjeziku ili muskog iii zcnskog
roda bez ikakvih promjena u obliku imenica, bez nastavaka iii drugih oznaka kojc bi
pokazivale rod.
o Our teacher is very honest. She (hel is also very kind.
Napomcna: imenica SUllce {[he su/1)moie da bude mu§kog a imenice zemlja (the earth)
i 111jesec {(be 11100n) SLl tl poeziji ienskog roda. imcnice brad (the ship) i
parobrod (the yteamer) kola ([he car) voz (the train) i avion (the aiteral]),
narocito aka se pomiJ?iu iz milja, SlI cesto icnskog roda.
4. Od imenica muskog grade se imenice zenskog roda nastavkom - ess. Pri tome
imenice na: - e, - er iii - or g,ube vokale -c, odnosno -0 kada se doda nastavak - ess.
5. izvjestan broj imenica iii dobiju drllge nastavke za oznakll zenskog roda ilijos uz to
dozive izvjesne formalne promjene u samoj imenici.
master mistress duke duchess
negro negress
hero heroine
6. lsprcd nckih imenica kod kojih rod nije naznacen koristi se jedna od rijeCi kod
kojih je rod jasno naznacen. Time se odreduje rod upotrijebljene imenice.
Qm:friend girlfriend ITlill1 servant woman servant
ill: goat (jarac) :;ill: goat (koza) =-cat (macak) she cat (macka)
he-bear(medvjed) she bear father bear mother bear
male elephant female elephant
7. Iza neldh imenica dodaje se rijec koja pokazlIje rod upotrijebljenc imenice.
turkey cock ( puran) turkey hen (puranica)
peacock (paun) peahen (pallnica)
115
1. Ako se imenica ujednini zavrsava na wy kome prethodi suglasnik taj -y mijellja se u
i pa sc ollda dodaje nastavak -es. Medutim, ako tome - y prethodi neki samoglasnik
onda takvih promjena nema.
stOlY ~ reply ali way
country countries city boy
fly ~ family day
b) Mcdutim, postoji veliki broj imenica lwje sc zavrsavaju ua -f, a ipak prave
mlloiinu samo dodavanjcm nastavka -so
cliff £liffo. chief roof
proof IlI-QQ.fu belief
• Can you see iLdru over there? There are a lot of deer in our forests.
• This cross-roads is. dangerous. All cross-roads are dangerous.
• Tbat sheep is old. Many sbeep in tbis herd an: old.
• There is. no means to do it. There are no means to do it.
• This animal ~illtis in danger. These animal species are in danger.
man
child
=
children
woman
tooth
foot
ox
mouse lllke goose
117
7. Oblik mnozille a znacenje jednine
Slijedeca skupina imenica ima oblik i nastavak finozine) ali upotrebijavaju se samo u
jednini. Giagol koji se sa njima upotrebljava je uvijek u jednini.
8. Nebrojive imenice
Poveliki broj irnenica Cine skupinu koje se zovu nebrojive. To su uglavnom gradivne i
apstraktne imenice. Za njih je karakteristicno da nemaju mnozinu) da se s njima ne
upotrebljava ni neodreaeni ni odredeni 61an, a upotrijebljeni glagol je uvijek u jednini.
Ispred ovih imenica kol'iste se odrednicc I111!£h.. ~ a little too much. too little nJill;
ill.. plenty of ks.s... so much that hardly any. pitanje how much'? za razliku od brojivih
imenica koje imaju mnozinu a ispred kojih se koriste odrednice: many a few few. 100
many. fewer so many that ,1 couple of both several no a great deal of i pitanje how
IllillliL
bread butter cheese happiness love
lettuce milk courage ice cream work
money rice equipment courage health
honesty flour coffee WlIle sugar
shampoo toothpaste laundry detergent paper
meat pepper noise money time
salt homework soap waleI' air
jewelry baggage machinelY makeup traffic
mail steam oxygen smoke smog
space energy grammar vocabulaty chess
weather heat humidity electricity sow
light darkness sunshine fire fish
9. a) Mnozina slozcnica
SJozenice u engleskom jeziku su vrlo 6este naro6ito u tekstovima i raspravama koje se
odnose na tehniku, tehnoloske procese, oglase, razne grane nauke, naslove u novinama
j slicno. Njima se postize bolja konciznost, jezgrovito, kratko saopstavanje bitnih
informacija i preciznija pojmovna definisanost rije6i.
I
119
b) Kod sloienica ciji je prvi dio man iii woman oba dijeIa sloienice primaju svoja
karakteristicn3 obiljeija za mnozinu.
woman joumalist women journalists man friend men friends
woman doctor women doctors man-servant men-servanls
woman teacher women teachers man driver men drivers
woman driver women drivers
Ovoj kategoriji pripadaiu i imcna Ijudi i zena koja oznacavaju pripadanje nekolll llill:lli1.u...
Frenchman Frenchmen gentleman gentlemen
Englishman Englishmen Englishwoman Englishwomen
Frenchwoman Frenchwomen Belgian woman Belgian women
Swedish WOlllan Swedish women
Postoji odreden broj slozenica koje u sebi ne sadrze nijednu imenicu, a grade mnozinu
tako da se posljednjoj rijeci u nizu doda nastavak - 5.
get-up ~ merry-go-round . meny-go-rounds
grown-up grown-ups good-far-nothing good-for~notbing
look-out look-outs go-between go-betweens
push-up sit-up ~
axis
=
crisis illill.
basis
medium
~
llllilill
analysis
phenomenon
analyses
pbeDQm~Da
radius radii thesis ~ oasIs
=
120
datum ®tJ! formula formulae prognosis !ll1lll1lillies
antenna antennae criterion criteria cun'iculum curricula
Nastavak -es u mnozini garnjih imenica se cita kao nase dugo i:z
Kod izvjesnog broja imenica znacenje u mnozini maze biti isto kao u jednini ali moZe
hiti i razliCili1.
custom (abicaj) customs (obicaji, ('arinarnica)
force (sila) forces (sile, QIliZane sn~
quatler (cetvl1ina) quarters (cetvrtine, Stab)
spirit (duh) spirits (duhovi, :lestoka pjca,)
iron (gvoide, pegla) irons (pegle, QkQyjj
spectacle (prizor) spectacles (prizori, Illliltlll:.)
Padezi imenica
Padeii u nasem jeziku imaju izrazito veliki broj nastavaka u ovisnosti od roda, broja i
vrste irnenice. Padeini s1st-em u engJeskomjeziku krajnjejejednostavan. Zapravo, sarno
genitiv ima neka ohiljezja koja ga po formi razlikuju od drugih padeza. Svi drugi padezi
istj su po obliku, ali po funkc\ji raz1i6iti. Umjesto nastavaka za razli6ite imenice, rod i
broj u engleskomjeziku upotrebljavaju se priiedlozi koii odreduju odnos imenice prema
drugim rijeCima u reCenici. Tako se dativ determinira upotrebom prijedloga: m...lill:..
lYilh.
Nominatlv i akuzatiy po oblikn su Isti ali njihova ;e funkcija, odredena mjestom j
1im.k£ijom u reCenici Nominatlv je na prvoj pozjciii \I reCenic! j prethodi glago\u. dok
iza akuzativa slijedi glagoL Taka: A QQ/iceman Idlled an ;,,(ruder znaCi (palicniac je
ubio provalnjka) dok te iste rijeCi poredane druga¢ije POtpu110 mjjenjaju znaCenje' An
intruder killed a Doficemall (prova[njk ie uhio DoUeqica )
121
Saksonsl{i (posesivnil genitiv
Postoje elva razliCita oblika za genitiv. ledna mogucnostza gradnju genitivaje dodavanje
jednini imenice apostrof + s. A(v SOli \' car her daughter\' hook hjs (£-tlher'S' g/ques
tbe student:5 notebook. the doctor 'y wife" Bosllia S heroe ..
S. Ako se g0l11ja konstrukcija odnosi na dva iii vise lica onda se apostrof + s dodaje
posl.jednjoj imenici: Mary, Ann and Maria's cat, Fred and Frank's parents, Peter and
Jane.'s ap31iment is on the first noor.
Gellitiv u - of obliku
Kao sto je za biea preovladujuCi genitivni oblik apostrof+s tako je za stvari preovladujuci
genitivl1i oblik sa of + imenicH. Genitiv of lwnstrukcije ima viSe upotreba, Pored
najcesce upotrebe za stvari ova konstrukcija upotrebljava se .los:
122
1. ispred poirnenicenih pridjeva:
e the problems of the young,
3. sa imcnicama iivih bien knda im prethodi ncodredeni clan, glavni broj, ili neka od
pokaznih zarnjenica i prisvojnih pridjeva kada se zeli narocito izraziti odredeno lice
kad irna vise pomenutih liea, stvari itd. U takvim okolnostima mogu se upotrijebiti
oba genitivna oblika: i of oblik i apostrof:rs.
• a friend of my brother's (friends),
• a school friend of my sister's,
• that is a tie afmy father's (tics),
• this is a purse army mother's (purses),
• That was a promise of the President's,
• He took three of his brother's toys,
• A question of the journalist's (one of many),
• That was one mistake of the student's (mistakes),
• One suggestion of my student's was very useful.
123
III CLANOVI
Neodredeni clan ima dva oblika: a ian. Odredeni clan ima samo jedan obIik i zajedninu
i za mnozinu: the. Odredeni i neodredeni clan ne pokazuju rod, broj ni padez imenice
ispred koje stoje: oni same pokazuju da lije odgovarajtlea imenica vee ranije pomenuta,
da Ii govornik i slusalac (eitaIac) l! datom kontekstu spomenutu rijee podrazum~jevaju
vee definisanom, ranije pomenutom iIi ne.
U tOI11 pogledu, postoje znatne razlike od naseg jezika, jer nase odgovarajuce rijeei:
jedan,jcdna,jedno,jednoj,jednom itd, odnosno: taj, ta, to, ovaj, ova, ovo, ovima, ovom,
onoj itd. svojim nastavcima pokazuju rod broj i padez imenice ispred koje se upotrijebe,
Po svom porijeklu neodredeni clanje broj ali to znacenje gubi u mnogim okolnostima u
kojima se upotrebljava, iako ponekad i sada ima znacenje: jedanjedna,jedno itd. Oblik
a se upotrebljava ispred imenica koje pocinju sugJasnikom iii ispred imenica koje se
pisu pocetnim suglasnikom ali izgovaraju se pocetnim samoglasnikom. Tako se izgovara
i pise a university, a useful suggestion fl uniform>-. lako se ove rijeci piSu pocetnim
samoglasnikom. Oblik an se kazuje i piSe ispred rijeci koje se izgovaraju sa pocetnim
samoglasnikom: .arLQld man an evening flO orange an egg an aunt itd, ali an honest
man, an hour. Navedeni primjcri potvrduju da kriterij za upotrebu a iIi an nije kako se
neka rijet pise vee kako se onn izgovara: ( a.J1.!.J.iJ!£.rsitv, ali an umbrella, an armchair
a house a hem ali-.C1!1 hone'i! mall all hOllr)
127
2. ispred zajednickih imcnica upotrijcbljcnih u jednini ako prcdstavtjajll
cijelu vrstu. Uz ove imcniee upotrijebljenc da predstavJjaju eijeiu vrstu mozc se
upotrijebiti i odrcdeni ChHl.
• A.£ill:. is a very nice animal. A1LQX is ill1 animal.
• AJlQg is very faithful. A nightjngale can sing beautifully,
U gornjim primjerima svaka imenica predstavija cijelu svoju vrstu. lmenice "a cat", "a
dog" "an ox" "a nightingale" ne prcdstavljaju jcdnu pojcdinacnu machi, pojcdinacnog
psa, vola iii stavuja, ncgo svoju vrstu,
Izuzetak: Kad se upotrebljavaju rijeci man j woman u okolnostima kad oznacava Ijudski
rod - dakle kad predstavlja cijeiu vrstu - De npotrcbUava se ni odredeni ni ncodredeni
clan,
• Mill! is often cruel.
• \iVoman is often more diligent than man,
4. isprcd brojnih izraza kao sto su: a dozen half a dozen a thousand a hundred. a
mi.llim1.. umjesto broja
jedan.
• I want lLilll= eggs, please.
• He won a million euros,
• My mother spent a thousand dollars today.
• She bought haIfa dozen ski liS.
7. ispred izraza koji oznacavaju eijenu iIi vremensko odredenje, narocito ako mu
prethodi rijec once:
" Once a year, once a week, three times a year, twice a week, in a week, in a
month, once a month, twice a day
" These apples cost 80 cents a pound.
• I Ie earns a hundred dollars a day.
• His salary is 1400 dollars a month.
• They'll come back in a week.
• He buys such shirts four times a year.
• They go to college six times a month.
• He drinks beer twice a day.
" She will graduate in a year.
8.11 izrazirna: for a change, to be at a loss, to be in a hurry, a few, a little, a great deal
of: a lot of, it's a pity, ali ofa sudden, ill a shalt time, to give a guess, quite a bit, to have
a look, a wink, to make a mess, to take a seat, as a matter offact, a matter of taste, a great
deal of, a lot of.
• She has taken quite a bit of this bread.
" They had a look around the house.
• She couldn't sleep a wink.
" He made a mess in the kitchen.
• Take a seat, please.
" As a matter of fact, he didn't cal! us.
• This is just a matter of taste.
• This is really a matter of taste.
• Can you give a guess what happened?
9. u usklicnirn recenicarna:
What a great surprise! What a an interesting girl!
What a wonderful idea! What an exciting story!
10. iza rijeci such, half, quite i izraza many a: (u znacel1ju mnogi od):
• One should never do such a telTible thing.
• He is such a selfish person.
• Azra is quite an honest girl.
• Come in hal r an hour, please.
• Many a player was quite satisfied.
• Such a man is very irresponsible.
• He bought only half a pound of meat.
129
Izostavljanjc Ilcodre<1cnog CIana
Odredeni clan po svom porijekiu je pokazna zamjenica. On ima sarno jedan oblik i za
jedninu i za mnozinu: the.
Odredeni clan se upotrebljava:
1. isprcd imenica koje S1I vee ranije pomcnute sa neodreaenim clanoITI. Ovoj grupi
pripadaju i imenice koje su vee odreaene odnosnom recenicom, nekom frazom iIi nekim
pridjevom, a takoder i imenice koje su poznatc govorniku i slusaocu, koje
podrazumijevaju govomik i slusalac.
• There is a man waiting for you. The man is very tall.
e The city where he lives is beautiful. The man you met is my friend.
• The boy who gave you this is my relative.
• The day of their arrival was significant.
• I saw a girl in the street. The girl was beautifuL
• My father has bought a car. The car is out of this world.
• The boss wants to see YOll. The teacher is well again.
• Please, take the red book. The green dress is better.
U svim gomjim primjerima imenica 0 kojoj se govori ilije vee pomenuta, Hi definisana,
ili je podrazumijevaju govomik i slusalac.
2. ispred unikatnih imenica tj. ispred imenica ad kojih postoji sarno jedna: the east,
the nmih, the NOtih Pole, the south, the west, the present (sadasnjost), the past (proslost),
the sun itd.
• Is it in the n01ih or in the south? The present is difficult for him.
• I like to watch the moon. The earth is very much inhabited.
• The moon goes round the earth. The past cannot be corrected.
• The NOlih Pole is far from here. The sun shines very pleasantly.
131
5. Ispred naziva dri:lva i ostr\'3 s3.stavljcnih od pridjeva i imenicc
Ovoj kategoriji pripadaju i drugc vlastite imcnice geografskih pojmova llml1ozini,
• The United State:~ of America is big.
• She lives in the United Kingdom.
• The British Isles are popular.
• The Netherlands is small country.
o The Towcr of London is one of the oldest buildings in the United Kingdom.
10, ispred imena rijeka, mora, okeana, planinskih vijenaca (ali ne i naziva pojedinih
planina i njihovih vrhova)
• The Neretva is a beautiful river,
• The Adriatic (Sea) is usually clean.
• The Danube is a very long river.
• The Atlantic is not so big as the Pacific.
• The Mediterranean is seldom rough.
• The Alps are often covered with snow.
• The Lake of lablanica is velY nice.
• She likes the Lake of Skadar.
11. ispred imenica u jednini kad one predstavljaju cijelu vrstu, kakav je slucaj i sa
upotrebom neodredenog clana.
• The cow gives us milk.
• The bee is an insect.
• The wolf can be velY dangerous,
• The ship is a very usefld means of transport .
• He thinks the horse is the most beautiful and the most intelligent animal
V
12. ispred rijeci: "same" i iza "all" "half' ( kad znaci "this")
• It is the same to me.
• That is the same car I saw yesterday,
• They arrived at the same time.
• Why do you repeat the same question?
• We happened to go the Same way.
• He was helping us all the time.
• They spent half (of) the day there.
• I haven't seen him for half (of) the year.
133
• Will you be at home in the afternoon?
• I often do it in the evening.
• He came to this area the other day.
• She will get up early in the morning.
• They work during the night and, of course, they sleep during the day.
Napomcna: Ako se dijelovi danG upotrijebc sa prijedlozima: "by" iii "at" odrccteni
Clan se He upolreb(java.
1. ispred vlastitih imena liea, gradova, drZava cija su imena ti jednini, ispred naziva
zeljeznickih stanica, ulica, mostova, trgova, parkova, aerodroma pojedinih brda i
planinskih vrhova, vulkana.
• Heathrow AirpOli is very big.
- Have you been to Hyde Park?
• Etna is still a live volcano in Italy.
• Velez is to the east of Mostar.
• I met John yesterday morning.
• I'll meet him in Sarajevo on Sunday.
• Many people meet at Trafalgar Square.
• Many poor people live in Africa.
- She used to live in Oxford Street.
• We live in Europe.
• Victoria Station was built a long time ago.
• Sarajevo AirpOIi is pretty small.
• They alTived at Victoria Station at 6.
• Who came on Friday?
• Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the whole world.
• Westminster Bridge and London Bridge are well known everywhere.
135
• She likes music very much.
o Vole cannot live only on love.
3. ispred imenica: school, market, prison, college, hospital, horne, mosque, church,
table, bed, kad se podrazurnijeva njihova namjena i svrha. Medutim, kad se misIi na
zgrade u kojima se pomenute sluibe obavljaju, na predmete (bed, table) odredeni clan
se upotrebljava ispred tih imenica.
• School doesn't begin in August. You should go to bed early,
.. The intruder was sent to prison. They ail were at table at 5,
1](:
• Was he in hospital yesterday? She went to college last year.
Ali:
• That is the school of my son. This building is the prison.
• The bed! was given is comfortable. The table in the kitchen is clean.
4. ispred imenica koje oznacavaju diD dana ako im prethode prijedlozi at ili by.
Medutim, ako takvim imenicama prethode prijedlozi in ili during onda upotrebljava
se odredeni clan.
o They don't work by night. Most people work by day.
• He carne at dawn yesterday. I have lunch at noon.
• It is pleasant to have a walk at daybreak.
Ali:
• He works in the morning. She sleeps in the aftemoon.
• Who can sleep during the day?
137
IV PRJDJEVI
141
zata slo pricljevi i nemaju nikakvihfol'malnih obiljeija koja hi ill izdvajala
ad drugill vn·;la njeh Olli se S({fIla upntrebljavaju ispred imenica kao
odrednice till imcnica.
BUno obiljezje pridjeva kojc se mora objasniti i nauciti jcste njihovo poredenje.
Poredenjem se izrazavajednakost (istovjetnost) ili njihovo odsustvo (nulto poredeniet
Svojstvo (obiljezje) zastupljeno u vecoj mjeri (pozitivno iii negativno) izrazava se iIi
komparativom iii superlativom.
Poredenje pridjeva
1. Takozvano nulto poredenje u potvrdnom j odricnom obliku cine oblici pridjeva kada
se porede dvije pojave, dva svojstva itd. podjednakih iii veoma slicnih karakteristika i
vrijednosti. Ovakvo poredenje se upotrebljava i kada se porice postojanje veoma slicnih
iIi jednakih karakteristika i vrijednosti. Ovom vrstom poredenja se, dakle, potvrduje
jednakost iii neiednakost
l!J.
komparatjv iednosloinih (i nekih dvosloinih) pridjeva,
hl komparativ viSesloznih pridjeva.
14?
Komparativ jednosloznih i nekih dvosIoznih pridjeva
Jednoslozni kao i dvoslozni pridjevi koji se zavrsavaju na -er, -my, -le,-some, -y, i neki
pridjevi koji imaju nag-Jasak na pryom sJogu, grade komparativni oblik dodavanjem
nastavka -er iii -r. (-I' uz pridjeve koji se zavrsavaju na -e.)
sad sadder near nearer tall taller
soft softer large larger simple simpler
fat fatter brave braver cold colder
dry drier strong stronger shOJi shOlier
happy happier small smaller old older
meny merrier busy busier lazy lazier
yellow yellower clever cleverer easy easier
bitter bitterer nice nicer noble nobler
narrow narrower lonesome lonesomer
• She is a nicer person 1llim I thought. His hair should be a little ~r.
• He is friendlier than his brother. These streets are ~.
• Motorcycles arc ~ !han bicycles. Our summers are warmer than theirs.
• Which classroom is 0000?
• It's safer to live here 1l.lim...it used to be.
• His apartment is much ~r and lighter than mine.
o Mirsad was happier here than abroad.
Izuzetal(:
just - more just real - more real wrong - more wrong
143
.. \Vho is happier, you or your brother?
.. Buses are safer 1llim motorbikes. Stories are shorter than novels .
.. X is much younger thrul Y. This road is broader lliill! the other one .
.. She is prettier 1l:illn I thought. He wants the bigger, not the smaller size .
.. John is much older than Maria. My textbook is thinner than hers .
.. Peter is smatter 1h.;m his sister. It is colder today than it was yesterday.
• X is nobler lhllil Y My car is faster lhllil his .
.. Who is stronger? Mirza was much braver than Mladen .
.. It is really more wrong than I previously thought.
• His grandfather is much taller .thilu his grandmother.
.. His statement is more correct than mine.
Neki dvoslozni i svi viseslozni pridjevi lIe grade komparativ dodavanjem nastavaka-
er (r), vee upotrebom adverba more ispred osnovnog pridjevskog oblika. Dvoslozni
pridjevi koji imaju naglasak na prvom slogu i dvoslozni pridjevi sa zavrsetkom na dYa
suglasnika ponaSaju se prj kO!11parjraniu kao viSesloZni pridjevi i stoga ne dobivaju
nastavke.
• delightful =.delightful expensive !11.QIe expensive
• comfOitable ill.Q!e comfoliable charming more charming
.. interesting ~ interesting dangerous ~dangerous
• confused = confused learned ~learned
.. ancient ~ancient useful = useful
• crowded = crowded convenient ~ convenient
.. careful ~careful unpleasant ~unpleasant
lllQf.e....correct
=
Nevelik broj pridjeva mogu praviti komparativ na oba naNna
• severe ~severe severer
• precise lllQf£: precise preciser
• common ~common commoner
.. handsome l.11.Q.U':. handsome handsomer
• sincere ~sincere sincerer
• profouhd = profound profounder
• polite ~polite politer
U slozenih pridjeva komparira se njihov prvi dio na jedan od moguCih nacina, sto
ovisi od vrste pridjeva: jednoslozni pridjevi, pridjevi sa nepravilnom komparacijom,
viseslozni pridjevi itd.
~ JY.cll-kT1.Q.wn writer (actor, player) better known writer (actor, player)
o well-educated person better educated person
• llninfofl11.Q,d chief less inl~)fmed chief
·lonb'-!asting trouble lonGer-lasting trouble
• time-dependent process mOf£...timc-,dependent process
• ~ood~res\llling shape of this process hetter resulting shape of this process
• wel!- designed bridgebetter designed bridge
• There is a weU-educated man over there. He is sitting next to an even better educated
woman.
• Do YOIl think that Camil Sijaric is a well-known writer? Yes, I do, but a better~
known writer in Bosnia is Mesa Selimovic.
Karakteristicna Je struktura:
The + komparativ pridJeva + imenica + the + Iwmparativ.
• The younger the child, the more help of the parents it needs.
• The healthier food you eat, the better life quality you will have.
145
3. Superlativ pridjeva pokazuje da je ncko svojstvo Hi obiljdje imenica kojima su
dodati bilo kao atribut, bilo kao dio predikata (predikativ) izrazeno u najvecoj mogucoj
mjcri.
Superlativ jednosloznih pridjeva i dvosloznih pridjeva na -CI; -ow, -Ie, -some, -y, te
nckih dvosloznih pridjeva sa naglaskol11 na prvom slogu tvore superlativ dodavanjem
nastavaka -est, (iii -st za pridjevc koji se zavrsavaju na -e).
Kada se grade superlativi u pridjevu nastaju iste one promjene koje su pomenute uz
tvorbu komparativa: udvostrucavanje stIgiasnika, pl'ctvaranje y u i, doclavanje
nastavka -st -est.
sad the saddest near the nearest tall the tallest
brave the bravest cold the coldest nice the nicest
dry the driest strong the strongest large the largest
happy the happiest small the smallest old the oldest
simple the simplest merry the melTiest busy the busiest
lazy the laziest itd.
146
.. Who nms the cheapest store?
.. He chose the finest color for his painting.
Viseslozni pridjevi grade superlativ upotrebom rijeci most a ispred rijeCi "most" obavezan
je odredeni 61an iIi p1'isvojni pridjev (my, his, her, our itd.) iii neka druga od1'ednica
(pokazni pridjev: this, that, these, those), iIi neki od glavnih brojeva (one, two, five .. ).
• Germany produces the 1110st reliable cars.
• He is the most honest man I know.
• We sell the most beautiful suits here .
.. Azra is the most intelligent person .
.. Who is the most interesting teacher?
• Who is the most generolls teacher?
• They are the most energetic parents .
.. He is the most impolite student.
• He sold me the most comfOliable chairs.
• She has two most talented children
.. This was the most dangerous war.
• This is the most expensive botel.
• Her fumiture is the most comfortable.
• Who is the most stubborn girl here?
• Is this the most convenient time?
.. She must be the most helpful person.
• This is the most beautiful sonata.
• I watched the most exciting film.
• They built the most impressive bridge here.
• This famous architect designed the most magnificent building.
• You can get the most delicious mea!s bere.
• The most famous actress in the whole world wore these earrings.
• They have bought the most uncomfotiable armchairs.
147
• That gentlemen often wears the most modem suits you can imagine .
• He plays football and he is the most popular student in Mostal'.
• His brother Mark is a better man. But the best of all is his sister.
• My report was better than yours. Mary's report is the best one.
• Your grades are very bad. My grades are even worse.
• And Anna's grades are the worst of alL
• His parents had little good luck ill their life.
• We all bad even less good luck when the war began.
• But those who were wounded had the least good luck.
PotrebllO je objasniti upotrebu nekih pridjeva koji imaju nepravilnu komparaciju i onih
koji imaju dvostruke komparative i (ili) dvostruke superlative da bi njihovi komparativi
i superJativi bili pravilno upotrebljavani.
Few - many upotrebljavaju se HZ brojive imenice u mnozini. Few znaei mali broj
neeega, izvjestan broj a many veliki broj.
• Few students have passed the exam. • Fewer students attend the lecture.
• Bring me a few books, please. • A few of my friends have come,
• Many students have passed the exam. • More students attend the lecture .
.. Most of them are good students.
- A few of the soldiers have been wounded velY badly.
149
u konkretnom ZIl<lCenju da iskazu udaljenost. Oblici }LlrthC!; the furthest mogu se
upotrijebiti i u konkrctnom i u prenescnom znacenju,
e Who needs further information? Would you need further help?
e I couldn't walk any furthcL
150
• We have the velY lowest price/or high qualityfurniture.
• She is, byfm; the most beautiful girl in our class.
e That mllst be the velY easiest problem 1 have everfaced.
151
V ZAMJENICE
I:
U engleskom jeziku obieno govori se 0 tri vrste zamjenica: liene, prisvojne i
povratne. Druge vrste rijcCi, koje se u nasemjeziku uce kao zamjenice, mogu u engleskom
jeziku biti upotrijebljene kao zamjenice i kao pridjevi, pa ce biti obradene pod naslovom
Zamjenice iii prir!jevi.
Licne zamjenice
Kad licnih zamjenica razlikujemo njihove eetiri karakteristike: rod broj vadei i lice
Nominativ Iicnih zamjenica: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Njihova funkcija u
recenici je subjekat ~ tj. vrsilac radnje. Ako je u recenici upotrijebljena jedna od licnih
zllmjenica u nominativu, ona ie najcesce (ne uvijek) upotrijebJjena na prvom mjestu u
reeenici.
U nasem jeziku taj zahtjev ne mora biti zadovoijen, jer okruzenje uvijek polcazuje koja
je rijee subjekat. Ides Ii u skolu? (subjekat je ti) Idem u skolu., 0a); Idemo u skolu.,
(mi); Idete u skolu. (vi) . Formalna obiljezja rijeci U okruZenju oa morfoloskom nivou
ne ostavljaju nikakvu sumnju koja rijec (zamjenica) ima funkciju subjekta. To nije slucaj
sa engleskim jezikom pa se subjekat mora 1zri6to pomenuti.
• We have just come back. She will go with liS to work.
• He will not come to the party. We stayed at home yesterday.
• They gave me some money yesterday. It is a \vonderful experience.
• Have you already called him? [ really don't know that.
Akuzativ licnih zamjenica me, you, him, her, it, liS, you, them. One se upotrebljavaju
u funkciji direktnog objekta. Mec1utim, po svojoj formi akuzativ licnih zamjenica se ne
razlikuje od njjhovog datjva Drugim rijeCima jedni te 1sti oblici imajll dvostrukll I
funkciju: funkciju direktnog i fllnkcijll indirektnog objekta. Dativ (indirektni objekat) I
obicno se naznacava prepozicijama: (to, with itd.) koje oznacavajll njihovll funkciju, I
ili glagolima koji zahtijevajll upotrebu indirektnog objekta.
155
lli1~ktniJ.l.!.:ill'kut.
o Whom did you ask, him or her? Neither him nor her. 1 saw you.
• Will your t~lther send you abroad? I'm sure he will help us tomorrow.
o Where is your book? It is in the living room. 1 put it on the shelf
Prepozicionalni objekat
• I explained everything to them. He is waiting for us.
• Did you buy something for me? Please give that book to me.
• Have you got any answer from him? No, but I got the answer from her.
• Will the teacher explain this rule to you?
Prisvojne zamjenice
Povratllc zamjcnice
2. Ove zamjenice mogu se upotrijebiti emfatictlo. Tada se prevode sa: ia lieno. ia sam.
mi Iieno itd Kada se taka llPotrebljavaju onda se naglasayaju priJikom njihov..Qg
.izgQvaran_ia~
I myself didn't understand the question. You l11ust do it yourself.
The president herself warned us. She herself said so.
He himself told me this bad news. Can you do it by yourself?
She did it by herself. He carried this by himself.
We ollrselves wanted to see the manager.
They say they have done this difficult job by themselves,
Anna said that the teacher herself (himself) told her the test result.
He tried to fix his car by himself.
She tried to fix her fridge by herself.
They repaired their TV by themselves.
I fixed my bicycle by myself.
157
VI ZAM,JENICE ILl PRIDJEVI
Sve ove rijeci koje mogu imati i funkeiju pridjeva i fllnkcijll zamjcniee J110gu se podijeliti
na:
1. prisvojne zarnjenice i pridjeve,
2. "pitne zamjenice i pridjeve,
3. pokazne zamjenice i pridjeve,
4. odnosne zamjenice i pridjeve,
5. neodredenc zamjeniee i pridjeve.
Prisvojni pridjevi su: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their. Upotrebljavaju se sarno
uz imeniee da odrede pripadanje . Prisvojni pridjevi mogu svojom formom naznaCiti
rod imenice sarno u treeem lieu jednine (her brother, his sister).
Prisvojni pridjevi cesto se upotrebJjavaju umjcsto odredenog ciana kada se naeu ispred
imenica koje oznacavaju dijelove tijela (my left leg, my face, my right hand) i kada se
odnose na roditelje, braeu, sestre, rodbinu (her father, his sister, my aunt)
161
• Her husband fixed their TV,
.. She gave her brother some money.
.. My aunt came to New York.
o His sister started 10 work at (the) hospital.
Upitne rijeci: who, whom, whose, what, which, imaju razlicite funkcije u recenici.
Who i whom mogu biti upotrijebljeni samo kao zamjcl1ice. Upitne rijeci ~
which i what se magu upotrijebiti i kao pridjevi (ispred imenice) i kao
zamjenice.
Who, whom
Upotrebljavaju se sarno kao zamjenice i odnose se sumo no liea De i na stvari, Pri
upotrebi zamjenice ~ ona najcesce ima funkciju subjekta, ali se moze upotrijebiti i
kao objekat, kada se upotrebljava umjesto zamjenice J:Ybmn
• Who is your brother? • Who has come to help you?
• Who will go with us to the airport? • Who wants to read this report?
• Who went to do shopping yesterday? • \Vho would have done such a thing?
Whom
Zamjenica whom ima funkciju direktnog objekta,
• Whom did she invite to the palty? • Whom arc you looking for?
• Whom do you want to ask? • Whom do you want to introduce to me?
• Whom is he calling? • Whom is Mr. Smith visiting?
162
Prijcdlozi: rl'ith (OJ' oC to (mm itd. mogu biti upotrijebljeni na jedan od
sljedcca elva nacina:
a) prijedlog pa zatim zamjenica whom: to whom fur whom with vl'hom aLu:lul111. itd.
b) who na pocetku recenicc a na njenom kraju pojavi se odgovarajuCi prijedlog.
• Who is he working with? e With whom is he working?
e \Vhn did you give your money lQ.? e To wh.Qill did you give your money?
Whose
Moze se upotrijebiti i kao pricljev (ispred imenicc, daje odredi) i kao zamjenica (umjesto
neke imenice)
Pridjev: Zamjcnica:
• ~ bicycle is in front of our ,house? • Whose is the book on the table?
• Whose father has already come? • Whose are those books?
• Whose answer was incorrect? • Whose \vas this suitcase?
• Whose brother gave you this? • Whose were those lost books?
What
Upotrebljava se dvostruko i kao pridjev i kao zamjenica. Aka se upotrijebi kao pridjev
onda znaci koji (koja, koje, kakav, kakva, kakvo, kakvi)? , a ako se upotrijebi kao
zamjenica onda znaci: sta? What kao upitni pridjev se upotrebljava za lica, iivotinje i
stvari.
Pridjev:
• What city is she fulm? (iz kog grada) • What food do you like?
• What news do you have for me? • What advice can you give me?
• What kind of films do you like? • What animal do you like most?
• What questions have you been asked? • What girl told you that news?
• What time do you go to school"
Zamjenica:
• .w.hill is he doing there'? • Wb.n1 did you do yesterday morning?
• What did you want to ask me? • What do you want me to buy for you?
• What would you like to tell him? • What happened yesterday in your city?
• What are you looking for? e What have you promised me?
• What made him stop smoking? • :1Yh.il1 made you do such a stupid thing?
• What are you writing about? • What did you hUli yourself with?
What se tlvijek upotrebljava kada se zeli saznati necije zanimanje, profesija, zvanje.
• What is your brother-in law? • What was your grandmother?
163
G What is her daughter? e What is your brotber's wife'?
Which
Upotrebljava se u dvostrukoj funkciji: kao pridjcv (isprcd imcnicc) i kao zamjenica. U
upilnom znacenju ova rijec se moze upotrijebiti za lica, zivotinjc i stvari. Odnosi se na
pitanja kojima se ~eli utvrditi izborjednog lica,jcdnog predmeta,jedne zivotiqje.
Pridjev:
• Wbich bus goes to the Bronx? Which book do you like most?
• Which way shall we go? ~ question was impolite?
• \Vhich answer was so rude? Which boy has told you that?
• Which tie do you prefer: the red one or the blue one?
Zamjcnica:
• Which do you like more: jam or butter? Which would you like to have'?
• Which of them was here yesterday? 'll!JlliJJ is his girlfriend?
• Which would you prefer? 'll!JlliJJ of them asked you that"
• ~ is less dangerous?
• Which of thel1l gut the scholarship?
3. Pokazlle zamjcnice
NajceSce pokazne zamjenice u engleskomjeziku su this, that. This i thal imaju obi ike
za mnozinu koji se po svojil11 forl11alnil11 obiljezjima razlikuju od jednine: these, those.
Such, the same, one (ones), the former, the lattcr takoder l110gu biti upolrijebljcne iii
kao pokazne zamjenice iii kao pridjevi iii mogu imati te obje funkcije. Such j the same.
the fQrmer the latter imaju istl Qblik ujednini i u mnozini dQk Ql1h ima ul11nozini oblik:
ones.
This that, these those, mogu biti upotrijebljeni i kaQ z811ljenice i killLpridjevi. Na nas
jezik se prevode sa: ovaj (taj), ova (ta), ovo (to), ovi (ti), ove (tc) i onaj, ana, ono, oni,
one,
Prid.icvi:
.. This nOlebook belongs to my friend .
.. Thcsb: notebooks belong to my friend .
.. That bus over there is old. .. Those busses over there are old.
• Thili homework is incorrect.
~ Ibis building is very old. . Ih= buildings are very old.
e Thai day was a rainy day. • Those days were rainy days .
.. I cannot flnish it t11i2 week .
.. I cannot finish it during these two weeks.
Zamjt'nica:
• What do ynu think of this? • Ihlsjs a very good idea.
• That cannot be a very good idea. .. Ihat cannot be true, I hope.
• ThM must be very Important to you. .. Yes, tlmLis important to me .
.. Those were our happy days. .. These are terrible comments.
• Those were my best memories. • What do you think ofthcsk ones?
• This. is small compared to 1b.ill. • She tells me !llli. and that.
Such kao pokazni pridjev znaci takav, takva, takvo, takvi, takve a U odredenim
kontekstima moze znaciti i veliki velika vcliko, vclikc. Kad se such upotrebljava sa
imcnicama u jednini testa se upotrebljava ncodreaeni clan a, an llZ imenicu, ali se taj
neodredeni Clan upotrebljava iza rijeci 'weI! n(' iSDred~, Such moze imati i funkciju
zamJel1lce.
o Such books are both interesting di:ld popular. • Such-fL terrible mistake.
o Such mistakes can be neither forgotten nor forgiven.
Zarnjenica:
o Such was not my hope,
Kada se iza such upotrijebi rijec H5, onda ta konstrukcija znaCi: kao 11a primjer.
• Students such !.l..~ those who were late yesterday, are not responsible enough.
• Employees such as office administrators and computer programmers should go to
our manager.
165
Same
Ova rijec IIloze bit! upotrijebljena kao pridjev i kao zamjenica. U oba slucaja obavezna
je upotreba odredenog clana ispred rijeCi same.
One - Olles
Cesto se iza pokaznih zamjenica this. that iIi iza odredenog clana the upotrijebi zamjenica
~ da se izbjcgne ponavljanje imellicc. To isto vaii i za pokazne zamjenice u mnoiini
~c those ali se onda koristi zamjenica ~
• She prefers this book than lIill1...Qru;.
• Will you ask this question, not lIill1...Qru;?
• Ihis is my book and lIill1...Qru; is yours.
• That is my chair and ~ is yours.
• I'll put on the blue I-shirt and you should put on !ill; yellow=.
• Please give me the green notebooks and give my son the blue~.
• These are our seats, and those ones are yours.
• Those must be your tickets and these ones here are ours.
The fonner - the latter mogu biti upotrijebljeni i kao pridjevi i kao zamjenice. Znacenje
zamjenice (pddjcva) the {(mucr jc prvopomcnuti, ovaj prvi (prva, Jl(YQ) a the latter
znaci onaj drugi (ona druga, ono drugo), drugopomenuti (-a, -0).
Odnosne zamjenice su: who, whose, whom, which, that, what. Po svom obliku who,
whose, whom, which, what su identicni sa upitnim zamjenicama ali su im funkcije u
recenici potpuno razliCitc pa se razlicito i prevode na nas jezik.
Odnosna zamjenica that je po obliku identicna sa pokaznom zamjenicom that, ali
funkcije su im bitno razlicite.
Who - whom
m
o Is this the girl phoned you last night?
o Are they people lYhlLhelped you?
167
e Is this the girl YOli are waitingjQr?
Whose
Upotrebljava se samo 1«10 pridjev, a maze se odnositi na lica,zivotinje i stvari.
• Is that the girl vvhosc mother called you last night?
• This is the student ~I:w.s.e books YOlt found yesterday afternoon.
• A book ~ pages are so dirty cannot be minco
• That must be the house whose roof needs repairing.
• Those men and women ~ children are so irresponsible should do something
about it.
• The cat J:YhQ.s.e tail is injured is in the backyard.
• The chair whose one leg is broken, cannot be used.
• She has a nice dog ~ name is Rover.
Which
Odnosna zamjenica odnosi se na ±ivQtinje stvari i apstraktne poimove. Ona nema
selektivno znacenje kakvo ima upitna zamjenica which. To zna6i ona se ne odnosi na
izbor jednog od vise postojccih predmcta. Odnosna zamjenica w.hkb. moze biti
upotrijebljen i kao pridjev i kao imenica. Pridjevska upotreba relativne zamjenice which
je znatno lje(ta. .
Pridjev:
• l-Ie was waiting for uS for two hours after which time he went home.
Zamjenica:
• Take the book Yi.hiJ;h is on the table.
• The apartment in YLh.icll we live is large.
• That is the room in ~ he studies.That is the dog which you were looking for.
• Take the book which is yours.
• We will take the things M1kh are ours.
• Is that the building in which he lived?
• That is the cat which she spoke about.
e The room which needs cleaning is on the second 1-100r.
Napomena 1: Akoje 'v\!Mch Ilpotr{/ebljen kao dire/ani o~jekat ,onda se on maze izostaviti.
That
Relativna zamjenica that odnosi se na Iica, stvari, zivotinjc i apstraktne imenice, That se
moze upotrijebiti samo kao zamjenica i liZ ovu relativnu zamjenicu se ne mogu
upotrebljavati prijedlozi, That se najcesce upotrebljava iza supertativa, iza izraza: llil..
everything, much nothing little.
169 'I
Ako sc upotrijebi kao direktni objekat tlJiJl moze sc izostavitL
• She was the greatest actress tl.w1 was ever born.
• He is the man t.!.J.m 1 have supported for a long time.
• The book Lb.iJ1 you gave me yesterday is velY interesting.
e The dog 1.lJ.SJ1 \VC saw last night was pretty dangerous.
vThere was ~ in her neighborhood tl.w.1. was not ready to help her.
I.lill1 se ne upotrebljava ako postoji samo jedna osoba ili predmet na koju se that odnosi.
U takyim slucajevima upotrebtjava se who (za liea) i which (za predmete stvari) umiesto
lllli1
• His mother, Will is a manager, goes to work by her car.
e The World Trade Center, which was well known everywhere, was destroyed.
What
Relativna zamjenica what maze se upotrijebiti samo onda, ako u gJavnoj recenici nije
pomenuta imenica na koju se zamjcnica what odnosi. Ova zamjenica odnosi se na
cijelu prethodnu informaciju (poruku) i zapravo znaCi ono sto, to sto.
Neodredene zamjenice cine veliku grupu zamjenica koje se mogu podijeliti u dvije
5kupine: proste i sloZene Za obie skupinc jc karakteristi¢no da oznacavaju neodreden
broi. neodredenu kolicinu neodredeno lice Njih najces6e prevodimo sa ikoliko, ista,
svako, 5vaka, svake, svasta, nista, iCiji, niciji. Upotrebljavaju se i kao zamjenice (izuzev
~) i kao pridjevi (izuzev none. ones)
Proste neodredene zamjenice (pridjevi) su: some, any, one, eVelY, each, all, none, both,
either, neither, no, none, other.
Some - any
PridJcv:
• We bought some sligar yesterday. He eats lill1l1!:; bread for breakfast.
• Who needs some money? He lived in Mostar for s.un:l.Q time.
• He needs some time to recover. Bring ~ fruit with you.
• I have ~ books at home. Can you lend me ~ books?
• May I give you ~ fish? He has SQl1lk work to do.
• He didn't buy =
• Do you have ~questions?
sugar yesterday.
Dic! you make illlY mistakes?
Do you need ililY money right now?
• We haven't made ll!:!X mistake.
• She hasn't read any newspaper today
• Any student can understand it.
Did he hear ==
Have you drunk
news?
alcohol today?
ZamJenica:
• Sm:n~ agreed, some didn't agree. I will take .s..ums;: more.
• Sm:.u.Q. always come on time. Smn.s;: are almost always late.
• ~ liked the conceli, ~ didn't. ~ went home early.
• Sm:n~ have bad luck, ~ have good luck.
171
One - olles
One llpotrcbljava se sanw ujednini, a ~ 1I mnozini. PrevoJi sc 11<1 nas jezik bezlicno:
sc. U tall. vim okolnostima one ozoacava general no bilo koje lice i moze se prevoditi sa:
covjek. Qne zajedoinu i ones za mnozinll se upotrebljavaju kao zamjenicc cia sc izbjegne
ponavUanjc prethodne imenice, ili prethodnih imenica. One, ponekad, ujJotrebljava se
u funl<ciji pridjcva. Kao zan~cnicc one (csto sc koristc kao kontrasti zamjcniCHml1: the
01 her another.
Zamjenica:
• ~ never knows such things. • ~ should always leU the truth.
*' One must learn all about it. • One has to be patient with people.
• f-Ie didn't want the big dog, but the sma!!~ .
.. I like the green book, not the red ~ .
.. The green books look better than the red ones .
.. That shirt "vas too big and this ll.llS: is too smalL
• I saw two students. Qnh. was very tal! and the other very short.
• Give me another pencil, ~ I have is not good.
*' Two busses have just come. Q.ru;: is early, 1'he oth~I is in time.
Every - each
Evel:)! upotrebljava se isJdjuCivo kao pridjcv (ispred imenice), nikad kao zamjenica,
dok ~moze se upotrijebiti i !cao pridjev i kao zamjenica. Every znaci svaki (svaka,
svako) bez izuzetka. Upotrebijava se U okoloos1ima kada se odnosi n<1 svakog iIi na sve
zajedno u grupi (dvoje iIi vise, dva ili vise) ako svi clanovi (dijelovi) grupe imaju neku
zajednicku karakteristiku, zajednicko svojstvo.
Each znac! svako pojedinacno u grupi, svaki clan grupe pojedinacno.
• EYm word I wrote is true, *' He works ~ day this week.
• Who plays tennis every Sunday?
~ ~ student should study ~ day.
• ~doctor recommends this. • We enjoyed eve!:)! minute .
. EYm member ormy family works hard. • He drinks coffee ~ morning.
• Take this medicine ~ single night before going to bed.
172
Every resta se upotrebljava u vclikom broju fraza, idioma.
• kY'{;IX-Qth£uUl.)': (sv"ki drugi dan); every nm\' <1nd then (povremeno);
e She had £,Yery reason. to do it (lrnalaje puno ra/loga; Imalaje puno pravo)
No - none
;'\'0 upotrebljava se samo kao pridjcv, a 110ne samo low zamJcnica i ne upotrebljava se
sa imenicom. !::/.Q znaci nijedan i zamjenjuje izraz not an}! not a.
Uz [lQl1.£... maze se upotrijebiti glagol u jednini ili II mnozini zavisno od konteksta t;j. ad
cinjcnice da li se 11011(" odnosi najedan iii na vise predmeta, najedpu iIi na viSe osoba .
.. I have jlQ book here. NQ person should do it
• There was no cbild here. We bad no lecture on Sunday .
.. We accept no orders from you. There has been no snow this winter.
• You'll get no chocolate today. NQ cakes for you, you eat too much.
• ~ of them knew what to do. ~ of these things can be used.
• ~of us could comc yesterday. He received illm~ of your messages.
• ~ of your friends came. I will have none of it.
• There were none here on Saturday. None of them were hurt.
• Nill1~ of this is W01ih buying. None have been wounded.
All
Moie se upotrijebiti kao pridJcv i kao zamJcnica. Kac!a imn funkciju pddjeva illl
oznacava iIi kolicinu i prevodi se sa: say, cia, cijeli, cijelu itd.; iii broj kada se prevodi sa
svi. Upotrijebljcn da oznaci broj isprcd imenica u mnozini flll zahtijcva da i glagol bucle
u mnozini.
173
Pridjev:
e We stayed here .aU day long. e All food must be sent today.
• He spent nllhis money in OIle day. e He hated fill women.
• .6-11 students can understand this . .. Did you sleep ill these nights?
.. AlLterrorists have been punished. .. Did you write all the letters?
e All members are asked to do it.
ZamjeniC:l:
.. They arc illl mine. .. That is all, my friends .
o Have fIlLof you done that? .. It's all the same to me.
o All of them liked that lecture. • AlLhavc come in time .
.. All hated these terrorists. • He threatened them all.
Napomena 1. Aka all oznacava sasvim odrc{tenu koliCinu necega ili odrcaen braj necega,
onda se ispred imenice ufJotrebljava odreaeni Clan.
Napomena 2: Kada se iza a.J1 lipatrijebi prijedlog of, anda iza tog prijedloga slijedi
jednina iii I1ll1oiina.
Both
Moze biti upotrijebljen i kao pridjev i kao zamjenica. Prevodi se sa: oba, obje, oboje, i
jedan i drugi; i jedna i druga; i jedno i drugo. Moze se upotrijebiti za lica i za stvad.
Glagol uz ovaj pddjev (zamjenicu)je uvijek u mnotini.
Pridjev:
• B.Q.th. girls were sick at that time. • Both parents were very happy.
o !iillh bedrooms have been cleaned. o !iillh buildings were destroyed.
• Have you used b.uth rooms? o He has paid for both shirts.
Napomena: Aka se zamjenica hath lIpotrijebi izmeall dva pridjeva i spaja veznikom !111il.
onda se takva konstrukcija prevodi sa: isto tako ... kao;ne samo." vee- i..
Either - neither
Mogu se upotrijebiti kao pridjevi i kao zamjenice. E.i1hcr se prevodi sa: bilo jedan, bilo
drugi; bila jedna, bila druga; bilo jedno bilo drugo. Upotrijebljeni glagol uz ti!lJ.cr iIi
neither mora biti u jednini. Kad se upotrijebi zamjeniea (pridjev) ~ glagol mora
biti u potvrdnom obliku, jer nri.!.hsa: po svojoj prirodi saddi u sebi negaciju.
Pridjev: either
• You may have either book you want. Either solution can be useful.
• E.i.!hg boy can help me. Either computer is very good.
• He will read ~r newspaper.
• I have not accepted your excuse in ri.tb.Jd case.
• Either parent can come to school.
Zamjenica: either:
• Either of them can come to see me. Either will serve the purpose.
• Have you seen either of them? I won't buy either of them.
• You may take either of them. Did you write to either of them?
Napomena: Kad se either upotrijebi na krajll recenice i kad se hpred either napise
zarez, onda telj either nije nl zanu'enica nl pridje)~ vee prilog sa znacenjem
takoae isl0 taka i (nO iG' i (nj) on. IjYOlf don't write, I ·won 'I, eithel:
Pridjev neither:
• Neither film is my cup of tea. ~ answer is quite correct.
• Neither solution is good for us, Neither plan is acceptable.
• He bought ~ tic there.
• Neither employee has ever been absent.
• I have accepted your excuse in neither case.
175
Zuntjenica neither:
.. I~£jJh£r or
us liked the fIlm. Neither will serve the purpose.
o Nei1l.l£r will be used in this situation. Nc.itlli:Lis possible right now.
• Neither of them knows German. I approve neither of these actions.
Other
Moze sc upotrijcbiti kao pridjcv i kao zamjcnica. Prcvodi sc sa drugi (druga, drugc), He
taj (ta, to, te). Other moze se upotrijebiti i sa odredenim i sa neocireoenim cianom. Ako
se upotrijebi neodreoeni Clan ondn se on pise lIviick zaiedno sa zamie~ (pridievQm)
£l.tOO.
Prid.iev:
• Please sho\-v me another tie. Can you ask me another question?
• He is talking to the other woman. I want to take the otl~ book.
• In other words: we must do it. He was sitting on 11~ side.
• He came to see us the other day. On the other hand, he was wrong.
• He wants to read some other newspapers.
Zamjenica:
• Others have tried it in vain. Vole must believe to each ~
• Will you give me the other, please? The other will be very usefuL
• Consult the others about it, too. Why don't you show me the other?
• If it's not one thing,it's another.
• I won't take this book, give me the other over there.
Zamjenica i pridjev other upotrebljava se u viSe razlicitih fraza: every ojher day. each
other. one another. the other day, the other morning the other two no other than (niko
drugi ncgo), other th<U1.J.lli!t (osim toga), any other than (bilo koji samo ne .. ) something
~ (taka nesto).
Napomena: Zamjenica Q./J.J.sa. i!1la i genitivlli oblik U 10m s/ucajll se zal11jenici doda
apostrof i ".'I' ".
176
grade Se i,lh!ck~;.s;:;;:..~g"-"",, ··bo~~ 'ill -{tnt -If; ~"\ii;;'>'-.(;,;~"';!;-1' 1";\';'f<i."U il,;;:~1:\\.\"';;';J,
zamienjcu. SlDzcne neodredenc L3.mjenice koje ~t tieu stY3.ri U'1T'CJUKt':.l) \\ \){'C ::'\ ,\j \lbhk
dodavanjem nastavka -thing na odgoyaraju¢u prostu neodreGenu zamienlcu
Slozenc neodredene zamjenice za ljude su: somebody - so~, ill1.Yl1.llilv -- anyone,
nobody - no one everybody everyone a za predrnete: something, anythin~, UQJhing,
everything
Somebody - someone
Potvrdnc rcccnice:
• She had to talk to someone (somebody) about her problem.
• Somebody (someone) must have some idea about it.
• There is someone (somebody) waiting for you.
• Somebody (someone) must do it as soon as possible.
• She was not alone, I think. Somebody (someone) was with her.
• I-lave you asked somebody (someone) to help you?
• I'm sure somebody (someone) made a big mistake.
• Was there somebody (someone) to meet you at the station?
• Somebody (someone) will have to pay this bill.
Upitne recenice:
• Did she talk with somebody (someone) about her problem" ( ... s nekim)
• Has somebody (someone) been waiting for me? ( ... neko)
• Did somebody (someone) call me this morning?
• Do you think somebody (someone) has already bought our products? ( ... neko)
• Do you really think that somebody (someone) will pay this bill?
Napomena: Somebody i someone imaiu genitivni oblik sa apostrofom i "s" . rada, ove
zamjenice oznacavqju pripadanje neodretlenom Covjeku (ieni, djetetu) i
upotrijeb(iene Stl ili II fimkciji zan~jenice.
Anybody - anyone
177
prevodi sa: rna ko (rna koji. koja koje), bOo ko (koji koja koje) iko (ikoji ikoja
ikl!jll
Upitne:
• Have you already seen anybody (anvone)? C" .nekog)
• I am in a big trouble, can anybody (anyone) help me? (neko)
• Will anyone (anybody) travel with you to the United States?
• Would you like anybody (anyone) to go with you there? ( ... da neko)
• Has anybody (anyone) repaired myoid bicycle? ( ... ncko .. .iko)
• Do you know anybody (anyone) in this town? (ikoga,,)
Odricne:
• We have not seen anybody (anyone) in the hall. (nikog ... nikoga)
• I have not expected anybody (anyone) to help me in the current situation.
• I don't think that anybody (anyone) will travel with me to the U.S.A. ( ..iko, neko)
• He wouldn't like anybody (anyone) to go there with him.
• She did not expect that anybody (anyone) would repair that old bicycle. ( .. iko)
Potvrdne recenice:
• Anybody (anyone) could do such a thing. ( ... svak, bilo ko)
• That's not heavy. Aoybody (anyone) could carry it easily. ( .. bilo ko, svak, rna ko)
• Anybody (anyone) would be happy to get this wonderfuljob.( ... svak)
• Ask anybody (anyone) you want in our class about it. ( ... bilo koga)
• Anybody (anyone) in my family can travel with me to London. ( ... bilo ko ad .. )
Napomena: Anybody i anyone imaju i svoje genitivne oblike (apostroj' + s) i tada .'Ie
prevode sa: bilo ciji, iciji.
Everybody - everyone
•
Zamjenice: svako, svi upotrebljavaju se u potvrdnim i u upitnim recenicama, Glagoli
upotrijebljeui sa ovilll zarnjenicama su u engleskornjeziku uvijek ujednini, ali mi ih ua
nas jezik mozemo cesto prevoditi sa nasom rijeCi SY.i i, naravno, sa glagololU u mnozini.
Potvrdne reccllice:
• Everybody (everyone) knew that she would come on Sunday. (Svi su znali ... )
• Eve!:ybody (eyeryone) is expected to ask questions, (Svi su ocekivali,,)
• Of course, everybody (eyeryone) is welcome to our celebration.
• You know that eyel)lbody (eyeryone) can participate in the race,("svi..)
• We are all happy that everybody ( everyone) has come.
178
Upitne feeenice:
• Did everybodv (cvcryoneL understand my questions? C. svi . .razumjeli?)
• Does everyhody (Cvcl:yone) in this class have a TV set at home? (svako, svi)
• Was everybody (every.Q.D.h) pleased with her last visit?
• Did everyone (everybody) look forward to his coming here?
o Had evelybody (eyeryone) done this before 1 came in?
Nohody - no olle
• Really, I can see nobody (no one) in the street right now. (,..nikog ... )
• She talked with nobody (no one) about her recent problem. ( .. oi sa kim)
Napomena: Zamjenice nobodv i no one irnajll i svoje genitivne oblike (apostl'Of+s). One
su po sV(~ioj prJl'Odl negacije, pa glagol upolrijebUen sa njima tI recenici
mora hili u potvrdn0111 obliku,
Something - nothing
Potvrdne recenicc:
• I have somethint: interesting to show you,
e We are sure somethin!: must have happened to him.
179 I~
• I hear she has flu or something like that. (.,neSto .. taka)
Upitnc reCcnice:
~ Would you like something to eat or drink'?
• Do you have something interesting to show me?
GHas something bad happened to him there?
• \Vas the poor baby frightened by something?
• Did he tell you something exciting about it?
Everything - anything
Potvrdnc rcccniee:
• He is stubbom and he is convinced that he knows everything on this matter.
• You should tell me everything you know about it.
• She is v.ery curious and everything interests her.
• Many people say: money is everything but I don't think so.
• Evclything we had done then was quite wrong.
U pitne recenice
• Did he really know evecything there was to know about that?
• Shouldn't you tell me everything you know about it?
• Does she really want to know eyer:ything?
• Is money everything you need to be happy?
• Was everything you had done then, wrong?
Odricne recenice
• Of course, we cannot understand ever:ything we have just heard.
• I think money is not everythillgJhat makes me feel happy.
o Everything cannot be repaired after this terrible aggression.
Ocito je da veliki broj rijeCi moze u engleskom jeziku biti upotrijebljen u dvostrukoj
funkciji (ll funkciji zamjenica i u funkciji pridjeva) pa tu vazou Cinjenicll moramo imati
1I vidll kada prevodimo sa engleskog iii na engleski jezik.
181
VII PRILOZI
'I
Prilozi su vrsta rijeCi koje su pridodate glagolima, pridjevima iIi drugim
prilozima da ih odrede, definisu (definiraju), da istaknu njihove osobine. U recenici:
"He will never forget this action" - n=je prilng i odreauje glagal (will forget). U
recenici: "They finished their job earlier than we did" - earlier je takode prilog ion
odreduje glagol: finished,
"You have 1illL many excuses" je primjer u kame prilog (ovdje 1QQ) odreduje pridjev
(many), U sljedeCim recenicama imamo isti slucaj: "IQQ few people have come to our
party" (too prilog odreduje pridjev few). This is llilt a difficult assignment. (negacija
not i sazeci -o't se smatraju prilozima premu klasifikaciji vrsta rijeci pa i ovdje
prilog not odreduje pridjev difficult. He is = tall. (Vel)' prilog ispred pridjeva tall).
U sljedecim recenicama potvrdit ce se da prilog maze odredivati (definisati) drugi
prilog.
• "He spoke velY well." (VelY je prilog i odreauje drugi prilog: well).
• "I have eaten quite enough." (Quite je prilog kao i enough koga quite poblize
odreauje.)
• Please listen especially carefully to my explanation. (Especially je prilog ispred
priloga carefully da ga deftnise).
• He is ill.l!!m completely prepared for his lecture. (Always prilog ispred priloga
completely)
1. Tvorba priloga
Veliki broj priloga u engleskom jeziku gradi se oct prictjeva taka sto se prictjcvu doda
nastavak -Iy.
.. successful successfully complete completely
• fluent fluently soft softly
.. quiet quietly careful carefully
• easy easily happy happily
• quick quickly stupid stupidly
• pretty prettily cheap cheaply
"nice nicely glad gladly
• bright brightly slow slowly
• beautiful beautifully terrible terribly
185
G easy easily pretty prettily happy happily
.. busy busily lazy lazily sloppy sloppily
c) Pridjevi sa zavrsetkom na dvostruko "I" (Il) gube jedno "I" kada im se dodaje
nastavak -Iy.
• full fully dull dully
d) Neki pridjevi koji se zavrsavaju na l11uklo -e gube to~" kad se dada nastavak
Jx,.
• whole wholly true truly terrible terribly
• simple simply miserable miserably probable probably
2. Podjcla priloga
d) prilozi koji odrcduju stepen: Y.QIy, \QQ, ~, =sIl, ill!llI2l~ itd. Ovi prilozi
odgovaraju na pitanje: to what degree?
e) priIozi za mjesto: there, here over there. in the street. where outside clown. east
lip upstairs. inside at home at school in the middle of in the corner on the shelf on
the table itd. Ovi prilozi odgovaraju na pitanje where?
3. Poreaellje priloga
Prilozi porede se na isti nacin kao i pridjevi. Kompm',ativ priloga tvori se clodavanjem
nastavka -er, iii upotrehom priloga more ispred osnovnog oblika priloga. Prilozi
napravljeni od pridjeva dodavanjem nastavka -Iy postaju viSeslozni (izuzev priloga
186
early) pa stoga tvore komparativ kao i viSeslozni pridjevi. Earlyje u tom pogledu izuzetak
pa komparativ pravi nastavkom -cr.
Superlativ priloga tvori se isto leao i superlativ pridjeva pomoCli nastavka -est. ViSeslozni
prilozi i prilozi na -Iy tvore superlativ upotrebom priloga most. Izuzetakje prilog eaili
koji superlativ gradi nastavkom -est.
187
Nepraviino poredcnje priloga
Napomena: Postaji relativJ1a veliki braj pridjeva sa zavr.~etkom l1a -l}~ Te pridjeve ne
smijemo mijdati sa prilozima koji slIlIapravljeni od pridjeva t/astavkom-
ly. PricUevi na -ly: cowardly (kukavickij,/onely( usamljen), earthly
(zemaljski, ovozema(jskij, Fiendly (pnjatefjslci), kindly (ljubazllo), lively
(iivahan), lovely (mia, Ijubak), manly (hrabm) .
• 1'11/ sure that is a cowardly lie, JJis./li.f!JJ.diJ:.. Jloice made meleel relaxed.
• He wall ted to enjoy all ~joys. Her i.iJ!J:.b:. imagination sUlprises me.
• They have friendlv relations with us. He was the may! rriendlvperson.
• All waiters werefi'iendlier this time.
a) Neki prilozi imaju identican oblik sa pridjevima. Upotreba imje razlicita,jer pridjevi
pojasnjavaju imenice a prilozi glagole, pridjeve i priloge.
Long. enough. hard. close. fast straight easy, late firm. direct far. early su rijeci koje
se bez ikakvih promjena oblika mogu upotrijebiti kao prilozi i kao pridjevi. Naravno,
funkcija u recenici im je razlicita.
IRR
Pridje v Prilo~
• It is a long way from here to Sarajevo. The experiment win not last lmm..
~ We need enc'u,;h time to do it. It must be made hot <:ll'.ill;;h to bend.
~ He h..,." 2.. § ::~\\, ..::.:;.::, H\s- lK'\\ "::"'.l "(t':\.\S \'~r:' lli~,
• H~ ,:-.:-.:c:-lt Zc.::.: ~<:":-'::'F\ c·.~: ~;.-h' rr;llrL H,,~ r..::.:,-",> ~;:(,~:l:\~ l..~·':;;\\lh
~ 1 kno\\' Ihi~ 1S- \ cry hard work. nl~Y \\ ~wh Y(r:- h.;m.1C\ ('ry . .by.
• He lives far from the center. F rom here I'll go dinxt to Sarajevo,
• That is an ea~)' question. Take it q.:;)', don't hun)'.
• Here comes the early bird. \Vho goes to bed so ~?
• My father is a lUk TV watcher. I-Ie goes to bed very late.
• That was our firm decision. He stood firm in his demands.
• This is the direct train from Vienna.
• In the far corner of the room there is a chair.
b) Mali broj priloga koji su napravljeni nastavkom -ly moze biti upotrijebljen i kao
pridjev i kao prilog. Njimaje, ocito, oblik identican ali imje funkcija razlicita.
• I get daily papers. (dnevne novine- pridjev)
• Almost all important papers are being published lliJ.i.lx. (svakodnevno ... prilog)
• Our weekly salary is not bad at all. (sedmicna ... pridjev)
• Which magazines get published~? (sedmicno .... priIog)
• My monthly rent is too high.( mjesecna stanarina ... (pridjev)
• He gets paid only I!l.llIllhl.:l. (mjesecno ... prilog)
Ima nevelik broj priloga koji imaju po dva oblika od kojihje jedan identican sa pridjevom
a drugi napravljen pomocu nastavka -Iy. Cesto je kod takvih priloga znacenje razlicito
kad su im oblici razli6iti.
• My father works hard. (naporno)
• I-lis father hllllfu' works at all. (gotovo i ne radi)
• She lives quite near me.
• It was ~an accident.(gotovo ... nesreca)
• She works !illillY-well. (prilicno .. )
• Yesterday she sang)2rQ.11ib:. (pjevala lijcpo)
• Has he.i.\llil come back? (upravo) Was he treated jllSllY? (pravicno)
• Who went to bed ~last night? ( Ko je po sao na spavanje kasno?)
• Lately many important events have happened here. (u posljednje vrijeme .... )
.. They work high on the top of the house. ( Rade na visini... visoko)
• I h.ighly recommend him for this position. (posebno, svesrdno ga preporu6ujem ... )
• These scientists worked very h.ard to succeed. (naporno radili. ... )
189
• These facts were hill:dl.x..known. (Jedva da su se i znale te cinjenice)
• I haven't heard any news!.ill.clJ!. ( u posljednje vrijeme ... prilog)
• He came very ~ to his office. (kasno .. prilog)
Red rijeci u engleskoj reccnici ima izuzetan znacaj. Ponekad znacenje cijele rccenicc
moze biti dijametralno suprotno samo zato s10 se promijenio red rijeci. U tom sklopuje
vazno znati i mjesto priloga u recenici.
NateIno prilog trcba da bude sto je moguce blize rijeci koju odreduje i pojasnjava (sto
je mogucc blize glagolu, pddjevu i prilogu kome je pridodat). Ali to je samo opste
pravilo koje ne tjesava sve nedoumice oko pravilnog smjcstanja priloga u recenici.
a) Alw je u rcccnici upotrijcbljen prilog za nacin onda on stoji neposrcdno iza glagola
ako reCenica !lema direktni objckat.
• If we work hard we will be successfuL Did he feci worse yesterday?
• He felt better yesterday.
• Our team played badly last Sunday.
• They danced beautifully last night. I didn't feel well last night.
Medutim, ako je u reccnici upotrijebljen direktni objekat onda se prilog za nacin stavlja
odmah iza tog objekta.
• My friend speaks German fluently.
• He wanted to close the windows softly.
• Did he pass his eX{)!l1 successfully?
• He drove his new car slowly.
• We wrote our homework neatly.
• They painted their room sloppily.
• She sang this song beautifully.
• I translated this sentence accurately.
Ipak prilozi za nacin sa nastavkom na -Jy mogu se upotrijebiti i ispred glagoJa kada
naroCito zelilUo da istaknemo prilog.
• I accurately translated this sentence.
• He slowly drove his car: it is quite new.
.. He quietly closed all the wind
• We carefully entered the room.
• She ~accepted my invitation.
• He quickly hid the ball.
b) Prilozi odredenog vrcmena upotrebljavaju se iii na samom pocetku ill na kraju
1
recemcc.
e Now you may go home. You may go home llillY.
" ~ I will not go there. I will not go there ~
e Tonight I'm going out with my friend.
Napomena 1. Aka se ujednoj recenici upotrijebi vise priloga za vrijeme, onda se Dr;/og
z{/ m(llljll vrpnlCIlS!w jedinjcu stavlia ispred lJri/of/a za vd/( vremewi/al
jediniClI.
-1 will meet YOIl CIt sjx 0 'clock in the evenjn?, 0/1 Monday.
• She was ho/'/1 ilu1J21iL i11J.222.
- Please, come Q.11J.be fint SU!1dav i~.
Aka je u recenici upotrijebljen glagol "to be", onda se prilog neodredeno!,! vremena
stayJja jza tog glagola. To isto vaii i za modalne (nepotpune) glagoie,jer se prilozi za
neodredeno vrijeme upotrebljavaju i iza glagoJa can, ma)', !nust.
• We JlsuaJiy have breakfast at seven. He always goes to work by bus.
• Maria never comes home after ten. I ~~to bed very late.
• They Q.[tQn ~ to sec us. She occasionally phones me.
- We seldom go to the movie theatre. I often read at night.
• Our busses are usually crowded. They usually have dinner at home.
• We are often very tired in the afternoon.
• They are ~very busy. He must never do such a thing again.
• You cftn always come to see me, They may sometimes leave the class.
.. I am usually at home on Saturday. She is generally a responsible person .
.. We have often been there.
191
Medutim ako su pomo6ni gJagol "to be" i l110dalni g!agoli (can, may, might, must itd)
poscbno istaknuti i nagiaseni, onda se prilozi za neodre(1eno vrijeme upotrebljavaju
ispred tih glago\a.
• He often can say such stupid things.
• He sometjmes can be careless.
• He generally !llil.Y. come in the morning.
• I often might call you in your office.
• They work and they usually are busy.
• She rarely is home at this time.
Prilozi: too, quite, ratheJ; enough, Vel}', completely nacesce uptrebljavaju se kao
odrednica za pddjeve iii priloge i rijetko se koriste da poblize oznace glagole. l~
priloga enough svi Jrugi prilozi za iskazivanje stcpcna se upotrebliavaju ispred pridjeva
iIi priloga kog? odre(luju.
• I think it is too cold to go out now. This film is quite boring.
• That story is rather interesting. He spoke very well that night.
• The tailor made your suit quite badly.
• He opened the door very Quietly. Quite a few people have come today.
e) Prilozi za mjesto
Napomena: Ako u jednoj recenici fma vise priloga za mjesto onda se prilog za manje
mjesto upotrebljava prije priloga za vece mjesto.
192
t) Upotrcba viSe priloga
Aka je u jednoj tc istoj recenici upotrijebljcno vise pril.Q.gn, onda se primjenjuju poscbna
In-avila za njihova mjesto u toj rccenici. Rcdosljed upotrebe raz!icitih priloga u jednoj
recenici je:
a) prilazi za nacin,
b) prijozj za mjcsto,
c) prilozi za vrijeme.
• Our troops stood.l1M (nacin), in their place (mjesto) all !he time, (vrijeme)
• They went.QJJ.i£kly (oatin) out of Om office (mjesto) when we came. (vrijeme)
• He came walking slowly (nacin), into our room (mjesto) at four o'clock, (vrijeme)
• She drove carefully (nacin) throngh the town (mjesto) last night. (vrijeme)
• Her brother was badly (nacin) injured at home (mjesto) yesterday. (vrijeme)
• I gladly (naein) accepted the oportunity to travel to London (mjesto) next month.
(vrijeme)
• My friend will come ~ (nacin) to my place (rnjesto) tomorrow, (vrijeme)
• We were lmijillx (nacin) welcomed by our friends in their gardrn (rnjesto)
• yesterday cveni~(vrijeme)
• They were extremely (l1aGin) surprised to see us ~ (mjesto) at three in the
morning (vrijeme)
• We llSdlrly: (naCin) missed our train at the station (mjesto) yesterday moming.
(vrijeme)
193
,. She doesn't reply quickly eoougb, He doesn't drive slowly euougb.
Kada se enough upotrebljava kao pridjev onda se upotrebljava ispred imenice koju
odreduje,
• We bought enough meat for our barbecue
.. She never has enough time but she has enough energy
.. We had enough food
Only moze se upotrijebiti na vise mjesta u recenici ali znacenje cijele recenice zavisi od
mjesta na kome je only upotrijebljeu.
• Qnbcl may ask him about it. (Samo ja ga smijem pitati i niko drugi),
• Qnl)c he will go there, (Samo on 6e iCi i niko drugi),
• We can m go there to see him.( I uikog drugog) IIi We can go there to see him
~. (Mozemo sarno otici. .. i uista drugo) .
.. I gave this book to him only. (Dao sam knjigu samo njemu i nikom drugorn)
• I Qlllx gave this book to him. (Samo sam mu dao knjigu ... i nisam mu pomagao).
• He only has to go there,( I uista drugo ue mora raditi).
Too moze imati dva razliCita mjesta u recenici. Ako se upotrebljava ispred pridjeva u
zuacenju ~ (previse premalo, prenisko itd.) onda se mora upotrijebiti neposredno
ispred pridjeva,
• He is lllll short. She is really lllll smart to do slIch a stllpid thing,
• Many books are 1lliLcxpensive.
Ako, medutim, .tQ.Q.... nije upotrijebljen ispred pridjeva da ga preciznije odredi, onda se
1.QQ...upotrebljava iza rijeci koju odreduje:
• He lQ.Q..wanted to go with us, You 1QQ must do it now.
• I wanted to drink a bottle of beer 1QQ. They wanted to visit us :tQQ...
Also
Prilog also moze biti upotrijebljen ispred ali i iza glagola koji pojasnjava. Nijanse
znacenja cijele recenice zavise i od mjesta na kome je also upotrijebljen.
• Als.o he is happy at the moment. (Takode i on je sretan ovog trenutka .. pored
drugih i on je sretan),
• She can als.Qbe happy at the moment. (Ona takode maze biti i sretna, ali uz to i
zadovoljna i raspolozena i vesela, .. ovog trenutka),
G We have ill.sQ been ta Paris. (Bili sma takode u Parizu ... pored drugil~ gradova).
(Znacenje zavisi ad naglasavanja rijeci) .
• Vie al.iill. have been to Paris. Takade i mi S1110 bili u Parizu ... pored drugih !judi).
(Znacenje zavisi ad naglasavanja rijeci).
Pravilna upotreba priloga, oCito, nije jednostavna vee i stoga sto postoje prilozi sa
razlicitim formalnim obilje±jima, prilozi koji su po [011111 identicni sa pridjevima ali
irnaju razlicite funkcije, prilozi sa dvostrukim oblicima, prilozi kod kojih znacenje
zavisi ad forme itd. Tome treba dodati i povelike poteskoee u vezl sa pravilnim
odabiranjem mjesta priloga u recenici.
195
VIll BROJEVI
Nacelno, redni brojevi od glavnih prave se dodavanjem nastavka -th na glavni broj,
ali od tog pravila ima i nekih izuzetaka. Redni brojevi the first, the second, the third
odstupaju od pravila 0 tvorbi rednih brojeva pa ih treba posebno zapamtiti. To isto vazi
i za os1ale podvucene redne brojeve: the Hfth, the ninth, the twelfth koji su doduse
nastali pomocu nastavka :ilL ali u bl'Oju oa koji se taj nastavak dodaje nastaju neke
dl1lge promjene. Brojevi five i twelve u rednom broju mijeoj;:~u -ve u -f, zatim dobiju
nastavak -tho Nine gubi -e u rednom broju (the ninth). Eight dobija u rednom broju
sarno nastavak -h. (the eighth)
Pred svim rednim brojevima' obavczna jc upotreba odredenog clana ako pred njim
ne postoji neka druga odrednica (kao na primjer prisvojni pridjev my, his, our) itd.
Our first visit, his second child, my fifth chance itd).
199
Glavoi hrojcvi Rcdni brojcvi
20 twenty the twentieth
21 twenty~one the t\venly~fjlli
22 twenty -two tlH~ tytcnt;t-sccond
23 twenty- three 111" twenty-third
24 twenty-four itd. the twenty-fourth itd.
30 t!li!:U the thinieth
40 fony the fortieth
SO !ill.x the fiftieth
60 sixty the sixtieth
70 seventy the seventieth
80 eighty the eightieth
90 ninety the ninetieth
Kad se slozeni brojevi Citaju iii usmcno izgovaraju koristi se rijec and i.\jJred desetica,
a ako njih nema onda se to and govori ispred jedillica.
Ako sc ispred rijeci hundred thousruld i million upotriiebi neki broj (two, three five itd.)
onda se na te tri pomenute imenice u mnozini ne dodaje nastavak s.
(Two hundred dollars, six thousand and thirty pieces itd.). U tim okolnostima imenica
koja slijedi iza pomenutih brojeva dobija nastavak -so
Izrazi a hundred, a thousand, a million se najcesee llpotrebljavaju umjesto: one hundred,
one tholHiand, one million.
Ispred broja hundred upotrcbJjava sc prijcdlog "'in" kad se bro,icm iskazuju godinc.
Cesto, u govoru izostavi se imenica hundred pa se samo kaze: in nineteen forty one: in
nineteen ninety two ali ] 900. se mora kazati in nineteen hundred, dalde hundred se ne
moze izostaviti jer bi tada smisao bio promijenjen.
Uobj¢ajeuo ie pisati datume May 1st.; May 2 nd ; May 3 rd May 4th itd. ili jednostavno:
May I. May 2. May 3, May 4, May 10 itd.
Brojevi za ponavljanje: jecinom, dvaput, trip lit, cetiri puta, pet puta itd kazu se: once.
twice. three times. four tjmes. five times itd. Dakle broju se doda djee times iZllzev u
once i twice
201
Razlomci
Decimalni brojcvi
Decimalni brojevi iskazuju se upotrebom imeniee point: 5.8 (five point eight);
2.12 (two)2Q.inL one two); 0.15 (ou point one five);
202
I Citanje osnovnih matematskih izraza
a+b
a-b
axb
a plus b
a minus b
a multiplied by b
a.b a multiplied by b
a:b a divided by b
alb a over b
a= b a equals b; or a is equal to b
ab / cd a times b over c times d; or all over cd
an a to the nth, or a exponent n
three squared, three to the second (power)
five cubed; five to the third (power)
two to the power of six; two to the sixth.
Izrazi dva na kvadrat se kazuju: two squared, dva na treeu two to the third; iii two
cubed; dva na osmu: two to the eighth ili two to the power of eight itd.
203
IX PRlJEDLOZI
Ceste Sll pogresne upotrebe engleskih prijedloga oak i kod !judi koji inace uspjeSno
komuniciraju na engleskomjeziku. To je posljedica razlika u upotrebi nasih i engleskih
prijedloga.
a) prosti prijedlozi: at, by, down, for, from, in, into, of, off, on, over, since, to, under,
until, up, upon, out, with, without itd.
b) slozeni prijedlozi: ahead of, along with, aside from, because of, except for, in addition
to, in front of, in spite of, instead of, next to, on account of, owing to itd.
PrijedIog ah.mJ1 ima vise znacenja ad kojih se neka podudaraju sa nekim nasim
prijedlozima, a cesto je aQQlJ1 upotrijebljen u sklopu neke frazeoloske cjeline pa, iii se
prevodi slobodnije iIi se ne prevodi. Najcesca znacenja ovog prijedloga su: u
neposrednoj blizini, vremenski okvir (.ab.uut midnight, at nhill.l1 this time), zauzetost
necim sto nepos red no predstoji (They know what they are illlmIt1 Ovaj se prijedlog
najcesce prevodi sa: 0 oko zbog otprjljke. u vezi sa po za jtd
• to speak about sombody. Do you speak ahm!t him?
(govoriti 0 nekom) We don't speak ahm!l you.
• to ask (to talk) allilliLsomething. I don't know what you are talking about.
(pitati 0, govoriti 0) ahm!l.
• to quarrel ahm!l What are you quarreling about?
(svadati se zbog)
• to wander ahm!l (lutati po svijetu). She wandered for six months about the
world.
• to have no opinion ahru!Lsornething. I have no opinion a.bmJ.t this issue.
(nemati rnisljenje 0 necemu)
• to make a fuss about smt. He made a big fuss ahm!l his salary.
(Digao veliku galamu zbog svoje plate)
Frazeoloska upotreba
207
• Be quick ill2.ill11 it. Pozuri s tim
• I am about to leave. Upravo odlazim
• He comcs illlQJ.lLnoon. (oko podn
• He beats illml!1 the bush.(On okoliSi),
• He wcnt abm.I1 his business as if nothing had happened.
Prijedlog at: ima izrazito ml1ogo razlicitih llpotreba II cl1gieskol1l jezikll, Najces6e
upotrebljava se u priloskim oznakamaza mjesto i vrijeme. Raznovrsna su polja upotrebe
ovog prijedloga: odredenje U prostol'u (to stay ill a hotel; to be ill a party), naznaka
cilja radnjc (Aim ill the target; Creditors are at him again.), Vremcllsko odredenje (at
midnight) zauzetost poslom (l-Ie's ill work), s"ojstvo (He is good ill chess), odredeoo
stanje al{tivno iii pasivllO (at liberty;.at rest), Ilacin, uzrok, sredstvo (sold.at auction;
They laughed ill my joke; Act ill your own discretion), stepen, polozaj nn skali (The
temperature is ill3R degree C; He will retire ill 65) itd.
Mjcsto Vrijeme
He stayed ill~. (n) We otten work ilLrlight. noell
The plane landed at SarajeYQ (u) She comes at midnight (nQon). (u)
He works at a museum, (clinic) (11) Call me at seven o'clock. (u)
His son is at school. (u) At the beginning of the session (ua)
1 was at the concert (lecture) (na) We dQn't talk at breaktast. (u tQku, za)
\Ve were at a meeting. (ua) She showed up at the same moment.(u)
Who was at the seaside? (na) He came at sunrise. pri, 11 toku
Meet me at the hotel. (kod) He could do it at the a~e of three, sa ..
I'll be at home tben. (lwd, 11) You can come at any time u svako doba
We will meet at the Smiths.(kod) I came at dawn (dusk) u zom, sumrak
WhQ will be at this table? (za) Don't call me at night. Iloell
I-Ie lives at 92 Main Street (u, na)
Mje,to Vrijeme
Sit ~,please. do, pored We traveled ~, danjll
She is sitting by the fire, uz vatru to pay by the hour pl.cati po satll
He passed ~ pored mene Come m: five o'clock. do ..
I have it la= Imam to kod sebe lalbm- dot.da
~ dosada
by this time do tog trenutk.
209
leave Mary fuLAnn), smjer (to !cave fur Paris). razlog~ povod (He was punished fur
murder), vrijeme ( He was sentenced fur life. I haven't seen you fur ages), odnos (as
fur me), prkos u znaceuju uprkos (fur all her large size, she moves gracefully) uzvik
(fur God's sake! Three cheers .fi:l.Lhim!), pogodba (Ifit were not iQLlllC, he would not
get this job.), nove ana naknada (You pay only ten dollars fur a hat), odllos grupa-
pojedinac ( EDr everyone that works, you will Hnd fiye that don't.)
Prijedlog Ii:JwL ima razlicitc upotrebe: dolazak iz pravea He came from the city),
oznacavanjc limita (a week fru.m today; That costs fr.Qm five to ten dollars), i1zicku
rllzdvojenost (It's a long way fr.Qm Mostar to Biha6),
zaSlita (She needs to be protected fr.Qm the sun.) ol.ksanje (relief from anxiety),
iskljucenost (That's far fr.Qm the tlUth.), os nov za zakljucivanje ( We could see this
from his behavior), izvor nasljedivanja (He inherited his talent fr.Qm his father.), uzrok
(She worked hard fr.Qm necessity). I ovaj prijedlog mora bili razliCito prevoden na
bosanski jezik: ad, iz, sa, po, zbog, izmedu, prativ.
Prijcdlog hUma vise razlicitih upotreba i stoga vise znacnja. On oznacava: iokaciju
(She was wounded in the leg. Have you seen that in the lake?), vremcnsko odredenje
(in the summer; in one hour), sredstvo (The letter was written in pencil.; all was bound
in leather), ograniccnjc (They are alike in some respects.; That was left in a hurry),
svrhu, razlog (He said that in reply), odnos prema grupi (one in six is eligible). Prevodi
se sa: tl, pod, za, na, od, za vrijeme, dok, l.lOutar, unutra, kod, zbog.
Prijedlog like ima nekoliko razlicitih znacenja i on izrazava: slicnost (His house is ~
a hotel.; It's likl: when we were kids), tipicnost (It was likl: him to do that), pribliznos!
(It costs li~ fifty dollars.) porcdcnjc (He acts likl: a fool), prcdvidan.ie (It looks likl:
rain). Ovaj prijedlog prevodimo sa: kaa, takav, da, oalik na, sliean, paput.
Don't talk like that. tako She looked it likl: death kao, poput
It looks ~ rain. Izgleda da ce kisa He behaves likl: a child. kao
She wasn't likl: that. Nije bila takva. He doesn't act ~ that.Tako on ne radio
What is he likl:? Kakav je covjck? ~ father ~ son kakav.. takav
That is just ~ him, On jc bas takav.
211
He felt l.i.k£ traveling to London. On bi da putuje .. , prohtjelo mu se da
He felt l..i1& having a good time. Htjelo 111U se da sc prove de.
He looks just lli his brother. Izgleda upravo kao njegov brat. LiN 5V0Il1 •.
Pri.iedlog ill kazuje genitiv rijeci ispred koje stoji, porijcklo (He comes ill a good
family), m,jcsto (south Qf Mostar) materiju (gradu) (This is made Qi' gold,), svojstvo
(posjcdovanjc) (blind Qi' an eye), mjcru, (a pound Qi'chcese), uzrok (He did it out Qf
charity),
He is a friend Qf.mine. moj prijatelj the Tower Q.[ London Londonska kula
The color Qithe wall boja zida a man ill courage hrabar covjek
It's Q[no value to nema vrijednosti a glass ill water casa vode
a piece Q[meat komad mesa He is one clthcm jcdan od njih
My letter cl August 2"d. od 2. a group ill 35 students od
He died Qfhunger. od gladi That's nice Qihim, Lijepo od njega.
To hear (think) Q.[ something. 0 to be in need ill something. potreba za
all Q[ a sudden iZIlenada Q[ course nanlVno
There is plenty Qf room dosta prostora It was Q[no use nije nista koristilo
He is proud uihis action. On se ponosi svojim djelovanjcm.
He is proud Q,f his SOIL POllosi se svojim sinom.
Which Qf these two books is yours. Kojc je tvoja knjiga od ove dvije?
Prijcdlog lill oznacava: fizicku razdvojcnost (a path lilllhe main walk; His shop is
jLlst QJI.the main street. Take it QiIlhe table.), ohjekt radnjc (He borrowed a hundred
dollars QiI him), odsustvo sa duznosti (lill duty), odust.janje od ustaljenih navika
(He is Qffliquor. She is QfIdrugs.), rezultat ispod mogucnosti (u sportn) (He is QfIhis
game).
Ovaj se prijedlog prevodi sa: po, van, odatle, dalje, od, sa.
212
illfthe record u povjcrcnju, nczvanicno
Now, tell me something about it, Q[f the record.
She is Qff this medicine now, ne uzima sad taj Jijek.
Cut a piece off the loaf. Otkini paree vekne (struee).
You are a long way off from understanding this problem. ni bUzu
Prijedlog 011 izrazava: lociranost na povrsini (The book is un the table.;The fly
landed on the ceiling. She has a cut Qllher finger.); lociranost u prostoru (The garden
is Qll the side of the house. He is on the bus.); nacin (He stood on one foot. They live on
a pension.); raspolaganje ncCim (She has some money Q1l her. He had a knife Qll him.);
vremensld olnrir (The parade is Qll Sunday. Qn..arriving home 1 fonnel your letter. Cash
QIl delivery); sredstvo. (She lives ill.l vegetables,); stnnjr (The hom~e is Qlllil'e,) Prcvodi
se sa: na, za, u, nakon, po, o.
Mjesto: na Vri,iemc
The book is on the table. na They will come on my birthday. nn
He is on the roof of his house Please come to my home on Saturday. u
He is riding on horseback. I-Ie went to his office on his arrival. po
He hit his head on the Ooor.
Is my shirt on the chair? On that day he stayed at home. toga
I-lis books are on the shelf. She came on a dark night. u, po
We are Qll the right track. ua Qn receipt po prijemu
On hearing this.. clIvsi
Prijedlog over kazuje: polozaj (The bird flew = r the lake.) hijerahiju u vlasti (Ask
those ~ him,), neciju naamoc, supcriornost ( She has a big lead over the others.),
213
heard it over the radio.), vremcnski period (Q.Yk( the past 25 years; Stay ~ Sunday.)
razlog te'koca (She had a lot of trouble = money).
Ovaj se prijedlog prevodi sa: nad, iznad, preko, pri, po. za vrijeme, kod, zbog.
a victOlY Q.Y£I 5mb. pobjeda nad The plane was t1ying...Q.Y.e£ us. iZllad
~ the door lind, iznad D..Y£I night prcko noCi
Q.YkLa glass of wine pri 6asi vina CbLcr. Prijem.
to jump ~ the fence preskociti all over the world po cijelom svijetu
It's~. Gotovo je, zavrseno je. .m:g,: the past month tolwm
There is nothing left QY.e.r. Nista nije prcostalo
Q.Y.ld: and above povrh svega
The water spilled QEr the floor. Voda se prosula po podu.
The water will be =' his head .. preko
Prijedlog t!!... Pored upotrebe za dativ ovaj prijedlog oznacava i mjesto (He pressed
her tQ his heart - na syoje .. Ii'om head to foot ~) broj iii koliNnu (They killed all
ill a man - ~~. His debts amount ill 3000 dollars dosczu iznose) vrijeme
(He lived from ill illL...QQ :Lodnos i pripadanje (a secretary.ill a university professor.
We had the whole big house tQ ourselves) poredenje (Compared tQ that I went through
... u poredenju) IIamjcru (I did it tQ help him ... iliLmu pomognem), djclovanjc (He
drank himself ill death - do smrti itd.
Prijedlog to se prevodi sa: u, za, na, do, prcma, pred, sa itd. iii se i ne prevodi.
214
_Prijedlog under jc jedan od engleskih prijedloga koji ima vise upotreba i znaci: polozaj
ispoel (under the table; under sunny skies), zasticenost, sl(fovitost (He escaped !lnder
cover of darkness.), podredenost po rangu (u sluibi) (He served lJllC.!!d general Smith),
uslove ( under the tenns of the contract; !J.1l.dcr the legal age), prinudu (!J11d.e.r pressure;
llll.Ckr the influence of alcohol), naslov (lJllC.!!d this heading) itd.
Ovaj se prijedlog prevodi sa: pod, ispod, za vrijeme (u doba), prema, u smislu, na
temelju, u skladu sa.
Pried log with: oznaeava: zajednicku aktivnost (rad) (She comes with her husband.
He works with his father. They were with their brother.),raskid, razlaz, Ijutnju (She
broke with her family. Mike is angry with his daughter.), nacin (our country is on ftiendly
terms with almost all other countries.), irnati (nernati) uticaja na (He no longer has
any influence Wfu them.), podrsku i slaganjc (I agree .Yii.th you: this painting is a
forgety. If he is for lower taxes, I'm Wfu him. She stooel well W.th all her classmates.),
sredstvo ( He hit her lYilh a roek. He is threatened lYilh divorce.), razlog (pale lYilh
anger; sick with fcar), nacin (She ran ffi1h effOlt.; He was sitling with his hat on. He
came W1h good news), karakteristicuu zalwuitost (The pressure varies with depth.),
ohiljefje osoha (a person W.th a sharp nose; a girl with a nice smile), vremensku
koincidenciju (With the outbreak of the war, they left the country.), zbivanje uprkos
(He is really a loveable man W1h all his stubbornness.).
215
Ovaj prijcd!og prevodil1lo sa: kod, od, protiv, zbog, radi, u drustvu, llZ, i pored, uprkos.
away 'vvith you nosi se I have no money with me. kod sebe
with pleasure sa zadovoljstvom \Vhat do you want .lY.@ me? od mene
pale with fear b\ijcd od straha She wept lYith joy. plakala od radosti
stiff with cold ukoccn ad He is in j~\vor with her. sklona rnu je
to quarrel with svadati s(' sa She is down with fever. lma groznicu
to work illlh raditi sa ro.ili enthusiasm sn odusevljenjcm
to fight lliili boriti se protiv to tremble with fear od straha
with raised arms podigllutih ruku. with bowed head pognute glave
to part wi1lLmoney rastati sc od, sa
The whole countly is with this president. uz tog predsjcdnika
They succeeded with my advice. Uspjeli su zbog mog savjeta.
She came in with a nice smile. sa lijepim osmijehom
with no end in sight bez izgleda na zavrsetak
to strike somebody W1ll a stick. udariti nekog stapom
to charge with murder optuziti za ubistvo
Od veceg broja slozenih prijedloga ovdje treba pomenuti samo slozeni prijedlog out
of zato sto on ima raznoliku upotrebu. On oznacava: pravac kretanja (He walked Q1!1
Qfthe room.), promjenu stanja (Wake up illl.LQfa deep sleep.), stal1je izvan ogranicenja,
oeekivaoja (QJJLQfpractice; He is out uf control); sredstvo (built QJJLQflumber;) razlog
(They came ill!LQf feaL) odoos prem. grupi (Only two ill!LQf seven survived). Ov.j
prijedlog prevodimo sa:od, van, iz, bez, preko, kroz, izvan.
He is illl.LQf reach van dometa We are .llilLQf danger now. (iz)van op.
to go ill!Ul.f a room iei iz sobe to do something Q1l1.Qf pity iz sazaljenja
illl.LQf hatred iz rnrznje They were Q.lJ..LQ.f money. ostali bez n.
out ofttlrIJ pn~ko reda He jumped illl.LQ.fthe window. kroz
She is Q!!LQfher mind. Poludjehl je. The book is Qill. J2.fprint. rasprodata
Q.lJlQf curiosity iz radoznalosti We are Q1!LQf soda. Nestalo l1amje sode.
That is Q1!1.QJ question. Ne doInzi U obzir.
The area is ill.lLQ.f touch with the world odsjecen od svijeta
to settle the case illli...Qf COUli rijesiti slucaj bez suda
Wake up ill!LQf deep sleep. Probudi se iz dubokog sna.
Three Q.lILQf len people don't want (0 do it. Tri od deset !judi ...
This furniture is made QJJLQf wood. od drveta
The rebels are Q..1.!LQ.f controL izvan kontrole
Od velikog broja prijedloga koji se upotrebljavaju u engleskom jeziku ovdje Stl tretirani
samo oni koji imaju veoma raznoliku upotrebu, pa stoga zahtijevaju posebnu paznju.
Narocita paznja je posvecena onim prijediozima koji odstupaju Qd upotrebe na5ih
priiedloga i koji su stoga izvor pogreSne !lpotrebe.
2J(,