‫ابزاردقيق های اندازه گيری فشار‬

‫جعفر قیصری‬
 Units of Measure
System Length Force Mass Time Pressure

MKS Meter Newton Kg Sec N/M2 =

Pascal
CGS CM Dyne Gram Sec D/CM2

English Inch Pound Slug Sec PSI

 How Much is a Pascal (Pa)
• A Newton is the force necessary to
accelerate a mass of 1 kg at a rate of 1
meter per second per second.
• The acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/sec 2
• The force due to gravity on a 1 kg mass is
9.8 N is 1 kg weight.
• 1 Newton is 0.102 kg weight.
 How Much is a Pascal (Pa)
• 1 n/m2 is a very small pressure
• Therefore kilopascal (kPa)
• 1 atmosphere (14.7 psi, 750mmHg) is
approximately 100 kPa = 1 bar
• 1 kPa is about 7 mmHg
 Mechanical Methods of pressure
measurement
• Manometry
• Bourdon
• Bellows
• Aneroid
• Diaphragm
• Diaphragm Capsule
• Strain gauge
Manometry
Bourdon
Bourdon Tube Types
Aneroid
Diaphragm Types
Diaphragm Types (cont.)
 From Mechanical to Electronic
• After the 1920s, automatic control
• By the 1950s pressure transmitters and centralized
control rooms.
• Bourdon tube, bellows, and diaphragm no longer had
to be connected to a local pointer, but served to convert
a process pressure into a transmitted (electrical or
pneumatic) signal.
 From Mechanical to Electronic
• Mechanical linkage, pneumatic pressure transmitter, 3-15
psig output signal, for transmission over distances of
several hundred feet.
• Later, as solid state electronics matured and transmission
distances increased, pressure transmitters became
electronic.
• The early designs generated dc voltage outputs (10-50
mA; 1-5 V; 0-100 mV), but later were standardized as 4-
20 mA dc current output signals.
• 1930s, the first unbonded-wire strain gages.
• bonded thin-film strain gages.
• diffused semiconductor strain gages.
• Semiconductor pressure sensors are sensitive,
inexpensive, accurate and repeatable.
• Capacitance
 Strain Gage Based Pressure
Transducer
• Narrow-span pressure
• Gauge Pressure
• Differential pressure
• Absolute Pressure
• Full Scale:
3 inches of water to
200,000 psig
(1400 MPa).
• Accuracy: 0.1% to
0.25% of full scale.
 Capacitance-Based Pressure Transducer

• Capacitance change results

from the movement of a
diaphragm element.
• Stainless steel is the most
common diaphragm material
used.
• Balanced or unbalanced mode
• Two Capacitors
• Single Capacitor with moving
plate on a diaphragm.
Capacitance-Based Pressure Transducer
• Widespread in part because of their wide rangeability.
• Full Scale: from high vacuums in the micron range to 10,000
psig (70 MPa).
• Differential pressures as low as 0.01 inches of water
• In compared with strain gage transducers, they do not drift
much.
• Accuracy: within 0.1% of reading or 0.01% of full scale.
• A typical temperature effect is 0.25% of full scale per 1000 F.
• Applications: low-differential and low-absolute pressure
 Potentiometer-Based Pressure Transducer

• Electrical output from

mechanical pressure gauge.
• Unavoidable errors
• Temperature effects cause
additional errors
• Strong output
• Low power applications
• Full scale: 5- 10,000 psig
• Accuracy: 0.5-1%
Resonant Wire Pressure Transducer
Introduced in the late 1970s.

Based on resonant frequency

1 k
f 
2 m
 Resonant Wire Pressure Transducer

• Advantage: Inherently digital output

• Limitations:
• sensitivity to temperature variation
• nonlinear output signal
• sensitivity to shock and vibration
• Absolute pressures from 10 mm Hg
• Differential pressures up to 750 in. water
• Gauge pressures up to 6,000 psig (42 MPa).
• Accuracy: 0.1%
 Piezoelectric Based Pressure Transducer
• Dynamic Pressure
• NO Static Pressure
• FS: 0.1 and 10,000 psig
• Accuracy: 1% FS
• Temp. Compensated
• FS: 3 psi to 14,000 psi
(21 KPa to 100 MPa).
 Optical Pressure Transducer
• Infrared light
• Compensation for the LED light source
by means of a reference diode.
• Immune to temperature effect
• Movement is very small (under 0.5 mm)
• hysteresis and repeatability errors are
nearly zero.
• No much maintenance
• Excellent stability
• Long-duration measurements
• FS: 5 psig to 60,000 psig (35 kPa to 413
MPa)
• Accuracy: 0.1% fullscale.
Magnetic Pressure Transducer
Electronic Pressure Sensors Range
 Practical Considerations
• In industrial applications, good repeatability often is more
important then absolute accuracy.
• For a wide range, transducers with good linearity and low
hysteresis are the preferred choice.
• Ambient and process temperature variations also cause
errors in pressure measurements, particularly in detecting
low pressures and small differential pressures. In such
applications, temperature compensators must be used
• Power supply variations reduce the performance of
pressure transducers.