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There has been a huge surge in the number of questions about perfect squares, in almost
all mocks. The basic trick to any such question is assuming the number as a perfect
square of an integer k and then using techniques of completion of square and then the
formula of (a^2-b^2) and solving using divisibility theory
step 1 n(n+16)=k^2
step 2 (n^2+2.8.n+8^2)-8^2=k^2
step3 (n+8+k)(n+8-k)=64
see now lhs and rhs both are integers then both of (n+8-k) and (n+8+k) are divisors of
64. But note that we add the two equations we will get 2n+16, so teh sum of two divisors
should be even hence both divisors even or both odd
Note : The source of this problem is Pomona Wisconsin mathematics talent search exam!
Practice problem!!
Find the sum of all such positive integers m’s such that m^2+25m+19 is a perfect
square
I was recently reading a blog by one MIT student, wherein he quotes one of his
professors, ” Mathematicians are annoyingly Precise” and he further adds, ” think deeply
of simple things“. So thats what we will do, be precise and rigorous in our deep thinking
of simple things, that is exactly what CAT wants us to do. Lets roll!
Theorem 4.1 Prime numbers are odd, except for 2, and they have exactly two
factors, the number and 1 itself.
You would be wondering, why I have started with this, but whole prime number theory is
based on this only.
From here, I will formulate something, which I use excessively in problem solving !. But
first lets solve an example. This question is taken from My quant problem set III, the link
of which can be found,” free material for cat”.
2a+3b+5c+7d=162
11a+7b+5c+4d=162
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 e) 4
How we go about this? We were told in school, that n variables need n equations, but we
have n-2 here. A road-block? No, a call to think deeply. Just see how we can reduce
variables or increase equations .
Back again 3a=d-4=>d=3a+4 gives us (a,d)=(5,19),(11,37).. but clealry the second set
wont work, very large values. We found the set, just by using the constraint, all are
distinct primes and 3 has been used.
Seems like a marathon, but no its a 3-4 minute problem, once you start doing what I want
you to !
Now, if you have understood this concept, you should be able to get the practice problem,
which is taken from one of the simcats.
Practice Problem 4.1 A boy spends Rs. 81 in buying some pens and pencils. If a pen
costs Rs.7 and a pencil Rs 3, What is the ratio of pens to pencils when the maximum
number of pens are purchased such that no extra money is given to the shopkeeper?
Theorem 4.2 : All prime squares ( p>3) are of the form 6k+1, i.e , p^2=6k+1, for all
primes p>3.
Lets try to prove this, any three numbers (p-1)p(p+1) will be divisible by 6. but as p is a
prime greater than 3, it would neither be divisible by 2 nor 3, hence p^2-1=6k so
p^2=6k+1.
Some purists will say, that as p is a prime greater than 3, then, p^2-1=24k+1, yupp I
agree, but 24k+1 becomes cumbersome to handle sometimes. The proof is simple again,
p is odd so both will be divisible by 2 and one by 4. also one of them by 3. hence p^2-
1=24k so p^2=24k+1
But, I have always used 6k+1, may be just used to it. You may pick the one that suites
you.
Kindly note, this is a necessary condition not a sufficient one, means all prime square
will be of form 6k+1, but all no of 6k+1 cant be prime square
Example 4.2 : Find the number of primes p, such that p^2+3p-1 is also a prime?
A quick check will tell 2 does not satisfy and 3 does.
More to follow, do tell us how you like this, press the rating button on the left !
Written by Implex
I am delighted with the response, my concept lessons are being well received. Thank
you.
It will be injustice to combinatorics, if I write just once lesson, so I will try to write a few
more, for the moment, I will pick up one of the darling principles of Combinatorics,
known as Pigeon-Hole Principle.
Theorem 5.1if n+1 pigeons fly to n holes, there must be a pigeonhole containing at
least two pigeons
Well this theorem, look apparently simple and trivial, but its extremely powerful. Lets
take a test of it.
Example 5.1 Let A be any set of nineteen integers chosen from the arithmetic
progression 1,4, . . . ,100. Prove that there must be two distinct integers in A whose sum
is 104.
Now how do we go about this? remember n and n+1. The hint is to make n+1=19.
Something clicked?
see we have 34 numbers of the form 3k+1, from 1 to 100. If we do not want a sum of 104
, we will break them in the sets of 2 integers whose sum is 104
{4,100},{7,97}..{49,55} and {1}, {52}. Clearly we have 16 two element sets and 2 one
element set.
So if we make a set of 19 integers, we will have to pick both the integers from atleast one
of the two element sets, which will give us a sum of 104.
If you still have doubts, let me explain again, suppose you are four friends ( boys)
and there are three girls. And each one of you like a girl out of the three. So at least
one of the girls will be liked by two boys.
Lets solved a more involved example, wherein we need not prove a thing, but find a
thing. Some people may be feeling cat does not want us to prove but find. Here is how we
do that.
Example 5.2 Let there be n balls with Ram. he decides to colour one ball with colour 1,
two balls with colour 2 and so on upto, fifty balls with colour 50. At the end of it , all n
balls are used, and no ball is coloured twice. Ram then draws balls from the lot at
random, without replacement. What is is the minimum number of balls that he must draw
in order to gurantee drawing 10 balls of the same color?
What the hell is his problem. Why coloring and then taking out. Stupid chap. Let us help
him with the math now.
see if he picks all the balls with colors which are less than 10 it will come upto
(1+2+3..+9)=45.
Now for the worst case he will pick 9 balls each from rest of the balls, which is 41*9
now if he picks one more ball, atleast one of the set will be of 10. so we are done
Practice Problem 5.1 A circular table has exactly 60 chairs around it. There are N
people seated at this table in such a way that the next person to be seated must sit next to
someone. What is the smallest value of N?
Practice Problem 5.2 We call a set “Sum-free” if no two elements of the set add upto a
third element of the set. What is the maximum size of the “sum-free” subset of {1,2,3…
2n-1}?
Thats all in this lesson, this is more than enough, if you need more, look into the mock
papers, you will find something.
I would like to thank Mr. David Santos, as I have used his book on number system
extensively to make this lesson, but I have tried to add my own flavor to it.
Written by Implex
“The ultimate goal of mathematics is to eliminate any need for intelligent thought.”-A. N.
Whitehead
Well, for starters try to think what’s the meaning of the above quote, it has a nice and
beautiful meaning. To make things so simple that an average mind is able to see it. So
lets put this into practice, with another concept lesson.
Today, we will discuss DATA SUFFICIENCY, one of the very scoring problems in cat
and other mba entrance exams. The good thing about DS is we get DS both in quant and
DI, and it makes for 6-8 problems in almost every paper. As there are no theorems in DS,
we will take things to note
Things To Note:
2) Some questions ask , is this true? So if we can find that the information available is
enough to prove that it is not, we are still able to answer the question, that it is not
true. Hence we are able to answer the question.
3) Check for all possibilties, that is using one statement, using second, then only
combine the two.
Each question is followed by two statements, X and Y. Answer each question using
the following instructions:
Mark (A) If the question can be answered by using the statement X alone but not by
using the statement Y alone.
Mark (B) If the question can be answered by using the statement Y alone but not by
using the statement X alone.
Mark (C) If the question can be answered by using either of the statements alone.
Mark (D) If the question can be answered by using both the statements together but
not by either of the statements alone.
Mark (E) If the question cannot be answered on the basis of the two statements.
Example 6.1
<!--[if gte mso 9]> Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE
MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]> <![endif]-->
In a triangle ABC, D is a point on the side BC and M, N are length of perpendicular dropped on
line AD from the vertices B and C respectively. Is M > N?
(X) AB > AC
(Y) BD < DC
The problem is simple, but again see this, this question asks is M>N? The answer may be
yes or no, but what we are concerned with is our ability to answer it and not the actual
answer.
AB>AC gives us no idea, just imagine a few figures and you will know this.
Look at the other statement it says BD<DC, if BP and CQ are the perpendiculars then,
BDP and CDQ are similar
so BD/DC=BP/CQ so we know the ratio and thus are able to answer and see this teh
answer came NO.
so, we dont really want the answer, but the ability to give a unique answer.
So, answer is B)
This question was taken from QQAD practice test 4, here is the official solution.
<!--[if gte mso 9]> Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE
MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]> <![endif]--> Let D’ be the
midpoint of BC and let X’ and Y’ be the feet of the perpendicular from B and C to AD’ respectively => X’
= Y’. As D’ shifts to right or left, we can know which of M or N is bigger. Thus, (Y) answers
Is x=y?
X: (x+y)(1/x+1/y)=4?
Y: (x-50)^2=(y-50)^2
Y: mn=30
Note: Both the practice problems are old cat problems, enjoy!
Example 6.2
The distance of point P=(x,y,z) from the origin is sqrt(62) units, then find the coordinates
of point P.
X: x+y+z=12
From statement X
(x+y+z)^2=144
2(xy+yz+zx)=62
positive integers
but we can easily find two pairs (1,5,6), (2,3,7). can’t find a unique solution
Option E
Rahim plans to draw a square JKLM with a point O on the side JK, but is not successful.
Why is Rahim unable to draw the square?
Y: The length of OM is 4 cm
Example 6.3Let p(x) = x^2 + 40. Then for any two positive integers i and j where i > j, is p(i) +
p(j) a composite number?
<!--[if gte mso 9]> Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE
MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]> <![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]> <![endif]-->
Good Luck!
Written by Implex
Date 6 March
Essay
We were given 10 mins to write an essay in the area provided in the interview form. We
were forewarned to stop rightaway when we are asked to stop. Essay topic was how other
games were not eclipsed by Cricket and something like that.
Wrote a decent essay.. examples from olympic winners not getting padma awards etc..
Interview
I was last in the panel and the panelists told us that they will take 15 mins each.
They took a break just after the 7th guy left and it started to scare me..
M: me
P2 called me in.
I stood up went close to P2 and showed the Gold medal certi and explained it was given
to me for getting the highest marks in CBSE Board amongst all thirteen schools run by
Bokaro Steel.
P2: Ok XXX , you have done electrical engg from IIT Kanpur.
M: Yes Sir!
P2: There were a few electrical enggs before you, what did they tell you?
M: Sir, they were telling you gave questions about probability etc
P2: Ok.
P2: How would you explain to a layman why he pays for electricity? Electrons come to
his home and then he returns it back, he doesn’t keep any why should he pay for it?
M: Sir, although he is not keeping any electrons, but energy is required to maintain this
flow of electrons and the power company thus needs to be compensated.
M: Sir, it is like the current won’t flow unless there is potential difference.
P2: Speak in layman’s terms.
P2: Ok
P2: Ok tell me how will you explain integration to a layman. And dont tell me area under
the curve ok.
M: Sir, it is basically a better form of summation when the function is discrete you can
use sum, but when it is continuous it can’t be summed, so we break into parts.
P2: Now you are using discrete continuous, I have told you four times speak in layman’s
terms.
M: Sir, take a Asymmetric figure, now if we need to find the area of this figure,
summation would not help us, but we would need integration to do it.
P2: DO you know transmission losses form the major part of power losses?
M: Yes sir
M: no sir, thats not it primary purpose but in course of transmission we need a lot of
transformers and if we have efficient ones, we can reduce losses.
P1 Takes over
P1: Ok XXX, You have done electrical engg from IIT Kanpur, Can you make electricity
flow without a wire
M: Sir, if we apply voltages at sharp points, the air around the points will breakdown into
ions and then start conducting. Sound and corona discharge will accompany this
phenomena and this will be very inefficient way of transmitting electricity.
P1: Ok, this sound and light thing doesn’t look practical. ANy other way?
M: Sir, basically what I did there was made air an conductor and replaced wire by air. If
we have to remove wire, we can use any other conductor ( smile). May be water.
P1: Ok do you know function of a function, can you differentiate it?( passes me a paper)
We use a lot of calculus in Management.
M: Sir, it is basically defined when the independent variable is not a basic. For example
y=f(x) and x=g(z) then y=f(g(z))
M: y’=f’(g(z)g’(z)
M: dy/dz=d(f(g(z)))/d(g(z))xd(g(z))/dz
P1: why is this a product and not a sum? Can you prove it?
M: yes sir.. I prove it using basic definition of derivative and the chain rule fo limits. he
takes the paper and verifies it.
M: yes, y=cos(sinx).
M: y’=-sin(sinx) cos x
P1: Good.
P1: XXX, Can you tell me the difference between electrical force and gravitational force?
M: Electrical force can be attrcative or repulsive but gravitational force is attractive only.
P1: Ok, Do you know the nucleus, there are only protons, are they like charges?
M: yes sir.
P1: Then why don’t they come out and break the nucleus?
M: Sir, there are three forces inside the nucleus. Electrical force, gravitational force and
nuclear force. The gravitational force is very small and hence neglected. But to counter
the repulsive electrical force there is a nuclear force which keeps the protons inside the
nucleus.
P2 takes over
P2:Hmmm, have you heard of the city Mclean? Can you tell me the country it is in?
P2: Brussels?
M: Belgium?
P2: DO you know why most indian rivers originate from north and then flow into east or
west?
M: Sir, the melting ice of himalayas act as the source of rivers, hence they originate from
there. The rivers then flow southwards due to the slope and they move eastwards or
westwards due to the terrain they face in their course.
P2: Ok can you tell me the names of all major cities on the banks of river ganga from
west to east?
M: Haridwar.
M: Rishikesh.
P2: Ok Continue
M: Rishikesh, Haridwar, kanpur, allahabad, banaras, patna, sultanganj, Kolkata.
P2 looks at P1
I am out now..
There was no one left who could tell me the time but it was approx 20-25 mins.
Written by Implex
Five students Implex, Slam, Sanyo, dewan and nbangalorekar are wearing caps of
Blue or Green color without knowing the color of his own cap. It is known that the
students wearing the Blue cap always speaks the truth while the ones wearing Green
always tell lies. If the students make the following statements
Then, which among the following (Student, Cap Color) combination is correct?
(1) (Implex, Blue) (2) (Slam, Green) (3) (dewan, Blue) (4) at least two of the
foregoing (5) none of these
Written by Implex
Tagged with cat, quant, IIM, Online CAT, CAT 2009, Logic
1. Four digits of the number 29138576 are omitted so that the result is as large as
possible. The largest omitted digit is (A) 9 (B) 8 (C) 7 (D) 6 (E) 5
Written by Implex
Posted in CAT 2009, Mock Cat, Mock Quant, Number Thoery, Problem of the week,
Problems
Tagged with cat, Number Theory, IIM, Online CAT, CAT 2009
Find the sum of the digits of the least natural number N, such that the sum of the
cubes of the four smallest distinct divisors of N is 2N?
1) 9 2) 8 3) 7 4) 6 5) 10
Written by Implex
Posted in Algebra, CAT 2009, Mock Cat, Mock Quant, Number Thoery, Online CAT,
Problem of the week, Problems
Written by Implex
Posted in Algebra, CAT 2009, Mock Cat, Mock Quant, Number Thoery, Online CAT,
Problem of the week, Problems
Written by Implex
Posted in Algebra, CAT 2009, Mock Cat, Mock Quant, Number Thoery, Problem of the
week, Problems
Tagged with cat, quant, Number Theory, Algebra, Mock Quant, Mock Cat, IIM, Online
CAT, CAT 2009
a) a, b, c are distinct.
b) a, b, c ε {1, 2, 3, …2008}
c) x + 1 divides ax² + bx + c
a) 2013018 b) 2013021 c) 2014024 d) 2018040 e) none of these
Written by Implex
Tagged with cat, quant, Number Theory, Algebra, Mock Quant, Mock Cat, IIM, Online
CAT, CAT 2009
The perimeter of a right triangle is 60. The height to the hypotenuse is 12 what is the
area?
(A) 75 (B) 144 (C) 150 (D) 300 (E) none of these
Written by Implex
Posted in Algebra, CAT 2009, Geometry, Mock Cat, Mock Quant, Online CAT, Problem
of the week, Problems
Tagged with cat, Problem of the week, Geometry, IIM, Online CAT, CAT 2009
If x² + y²= 1 and x, y are real numbers. Let p, q be the largest and smallest possible
value of x + y respectively. Then compute pq
a) 0 b) 1/2 c) −1/2 d) 2 e) −2
Written by Implex
Posted in Algebra, CAT 2009, Mock Cat, Mock Quant, Online CAT, Problem of the
week, Problems
Tagged with cat, Problems, Problem of the week, Algebra, Mock Quant, Mock Cat, IIM,
CAT 2009, trigonometry
Written by Implex
Posted in Algebra, CAT 2009, Combinatorics, Mock Cat, Mock Quant, Online CAT,
Probability, Problem of the week
Tagged with cat, quant, Problem of the week, IIM, CAT 2009
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) More than 3