ACTIVITy GuIde |TITANIC scIence
1
INTRODUCTION
has fascinated audiencessince long before thatfateful April day in 1912 when it disappeared beneath the waves. Itsconstruction, representing the cutting edge of the time, generated amedia blitz that promoted the notion that the ship was “unsinkable.”The human drama of its maiden voyage resulted in numerous booksand movies.“Titanic Science” tells the story of how the cutting edge of science andtechnology in 1912 and the present have come together to give newinsights into the tragedy. It’s a story about scientific investigation andthe search for answers.The purpose of this guide is to explore the story of
Titanic
primarilyfrom the scientific point of view. The emphasis is on hands-on investi- gation for students. How could 66,000 tons of steel float in the firstplace? How could an iceberg sink the “practically unsinkable”? Whatmodern scientific techniques can answer these and other questions?All activities are coded to the appropriate National Science Standardsand National Social Studies Standards. Several activities promoteopen-ended problem solving. Relevant background information isprovided for each activity, along with additional resources such asbooks, websites and videos that expand on the activity.
The Great Ship: History andShipbuilding Principles
. . . . . . . . . . . . .3Sinkers and Floaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Buoyancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Design a Ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Watertight Bulkheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
What Sank the
Titanic
?
. . . . . . . . . . . .10Making an Iceberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Plotting Icebergs and Locations . . . . . .12Calculating Iceberg Frequency . . . . . . .15Iceberg Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Water Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Rivet Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Create Your Own Photomosaic . . . . . . .23Photomosaic of
Titanic
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Communication
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29What We Have Hereis a Failure to Communicate . . . . . . . . .29Wireless Radio and
Titanic
. . . . . . . . . . .32Wireless Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Survivor Stories
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36Survivors’ Testimonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37Estimating the Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38Testing Eyewitness Memory . . . . . . . . . .39Could More Have Been Saved? . . . . . . .40
The Fate of
Titanic
and its Artifacts
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43Rust in the Classroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43Rust on the
Titanic
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44Artifact Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Contents
The Story of Titanic
Acknowledgements
Writer:
Jeannine Finton
Graphic Design:
Alton Creative
Evaluation:
Randi Korn &Associates
Content Reviewers:
John Eaton,Titanic HistorianCharles Haas,Titanic HistorianDr. D. Roy Cullimore,MicrobiologistDr. Timothy Foecke,Material Scientist
The Maryland Science Center
acknowledges the generousassistance of the following during the design and development of Titanic Science:For more information about the exhibition, check out the
Titanic Science
Web site at
www.titanicscience.com
Partners:Video Footage:Major Funding:
ACTIVITy GuIde |TITANIC scIence
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TITANIC SCIENCE
NationalEducationalStandards
S C I E N C E S c i e n c e a s I n q u i r y P h y s i c a l S c i e n c e E a r t h a n d S p a c e S c i e n c e L i f e S c i e n c e S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y S c i e n c e i n P e r s o n a l a n d S o c i a l P e r s p e c t i v e s H i s t o r y a n d N a t u r e o f S c i e n c e S O C I A L S T U D I E S T i m e , C o n t i n u i t y a n d C h a n g e P e o p l e , P l a c e s a n d E n v i r o n m e n t s
Activities
The Great ShipSinkers and FloatersBuoyancyDisplacementDesign a ShipWatertight BulkheadsWhat Sank the Titanic?Making an IcebergPlotting Icebergs and LocationsCalculating Iceberg FrequencyWater PressureRivet FailureCreate Your Own PhotomosaicPhotomosaic of TitanicCommunicationWhat We Have Here is a Failureto CommunicateWireless RadioSurvivor StoriesSurvivors’ TestimoniesEstimating the AnglesTesting Eyewitness MemoryCould More Have Been Saved?The Fate of TitanicRust in the ClassroomRust on the TitanicArtifact Conservation
• •• • •• • •• • • •• • • •• •• •• • • •• •• • • •• •• •• •• •• •• • •• • •• • • • ••• • •• • • •
Titanic Statistics
•The largest movable man-madeobject ever made (at that time)•Passenger capacity: 2,435•Total crew: 885•Total passengers and crew: 3,320•Displacement/weight: 66,000tons of water•Length: 882.5 feet•Width: 93 feet•Height from bottom of ship(keel) to top of funnels: 175 feet•Draught (depth to which a vesselis immersed): 34 feet 7 inches•Cruising speed: 22.5 knots (milesper hour = knots multiplied by1.152)•Combined weight of 3 anchors:31 tons•Size of propellers: The 2 outerpropellers had a diameter of 23feet. The center propeller had adiameter of 17 feet.•Rudder: 78 feet high, weight 101tons•A total of 3 million rivets (1,200tons) held the ship’s steel hulltogether•Engines: two four-cylinder steamreciprocating engines and onelow-pressure turbine engine.Total horsepower was 46,000•159 furnaces (stoked by hand)burned coal to operate 29 boilers
ACTIVITy GuIde |TITANIC scIence
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PART ONE
The Great Ship
HISTORY ANDSHIPBUILDINGPRINCIPLES
Introduction to Titanic
Titanic
and her sister ship
Olympic,
owned by the White Star Line, weredesigned to set new standards of luxuryfor trans-Atlantic travel. They weren’tintended to be the fastest, but they wereto be the largest, able to accommodatemore freight and pas-sengers than theirfaster competitors.They could guaranteea week’s crossing inspectacular condi-tions. The first classaccommodationsincluded elaborate suites decorated in avariety of styles. First-class passengerscould also enjoy a gymnasium, swim-ming pool, squash racket courts andTurkish bath. Second class accommoda-tions on
Titanic
were better than firstclass on many other ships. Third classpassengers, most of them emigrants,would find the accommodations morecomfortable and the food more plentifulthan anything they had previouslyknown in their lives. Inaddition to carryingpassengers,
Titanic
wasalso designed to carrycargo.The Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast,Ireland, handled actual construction.Harland and Wolff had built ships forthe White Star Line since 1870. The shipswere constructed on a cost-plus basis.Instead of providing a constructionbudget up front, the White Star Lineexecutives would tell Harland and Wolff
Above:
Photograph of
Titanic’s
massive rud-der and propellers. Note the relative size ofthe man standing beneath them.
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